Fresh alfalfa-based fermented total mixed ration for beef cattle in fattening period and preparation method of fermented total mixed ration
Through the full mixed diet formula of beef cattle fermentation during fattening period and Lactobacillus reuteri fermentation technology based on fresh alfalfa, the problem of increased feed costs during beef cattle fattening is solved, and the effect of improving beef cattle digestibility, antioxidant performance and economic benefits is achieved.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- CN202510125025.2
- Authority / Receiving Office
- CN · China
- Patent Type
- Applications(China)
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2025-01-23
- Publication Date
- 2025-04-25
AI Technical Summary
During the fattening process of beef cattle, the increase in feed costs has a significant impact on the total cost of animal husbandry, and there are few researches on fresh alfalfa used to ferment fully mixed diets in the prior art, resulting in the failure to fully verified feeding effects and economic benefits.
A fully mixed diet formula for fattening beef cattle fermentation during the fresh alfalfa was used, and fermented by Lactobacillus reuteri A4-2, combined with raw materials such as corn, oil residue, wine lees, bean residue, wheat bran, wheat straw, corn stalk and premix, fermentation fully mixed diet with high nutritional value and antioxidant properties was prepared.
It significantly improves the digestibility of dry matter, fiber and protein in beef cattle, increases the antioxidant performance of diet, improves the growth performance and economic benefits of beef cattle, and at the same time enhances the serum antioxidant performance and immune performance of beef cattle.
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Abstract
Description
Technical Field
[0001] The invention relates to the technical field of biological fermentation, and in particular to a fermented complete mixed diet for fattening beef cattle based on fresh alfalfa and a preparation method thereof. Background Art
[0002] In animal husbandry, fattening of beef cattle is a key production link, and its purpose is to improve the growth performance and meat quality of beef cattle through reasonable feeding and management to meet the market demand for high-quality beef. According to surveys and studies, the increase in the cost of purchasing young animals and feed costs are the main contributors to the increase in the total cost of beef cattle production. This shows that the increase in feed costs has a significant impact on the total cost of animal husbandry. The global shortage of energy has led to a sharp increase in its price, and indirectly led to an increase in feed prices. This has reduced the competitiveness of animal production that relies on grains, beans and cultivated forages. The increase in production costs may lead to a sharp increase in the price of livestock products. How to reduce feed costs is an urgent problem to be solved in animal husbandry.
[0003] Total Mixed Ration (TMR) technology has been widely used in modern beef cattle breeding as an efficient feeding method. TMR technology provides balanced nutrition for beef cattle by mixing roughage, concentrate feed and other additives, thereby improving feed conversion efficiency and breeding benefits. Fermented Total Mixed Ration (FTMR) is an advanced feed processing technology that improves the nutritional value and utilization efficiency of feed by anaerobic fermentation of total mixed ration (TMR). The advantages of FTMR include increasing feed intake, increasing the proportion of low-cost raw materials to reduce feed costs, reducing the incidence of metabolic and digestive diseases, and reducing labor input for feeding. Compared with ordinary TMR, FTMR has the advantages of high preparation efficiency, long storage time, strong aerobic stability, good palatability, and easy circulation. Studies have shown that feeding FTMR can significantly increase the average daily weight gain and apparent digestibility of crude protein in beef cattle, reduce the total white blood cell count, hemoglobin content and platelet distribution width, and increase the concentration of total volatile fatty acids, acetic acid and propionic acid in the rumen. In addition, FTMR can increase beneficial bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract and improve rumen fermentation parameters. Research on alfalfa for FTMR mainly focuses on the effects of different additives on the fermentation quality and aerobic stability of alfalfa FTMR, as well as the preparation of FTMR with different roughages (king grass, paper mulberry, sweet sorghum, whole corn, etc.) and alfalfa in different mixing ratios and the study of its fermentation quality and aerobic stability. However, it is rare to use fresh alfalfa as one of the raw materials to ferment TMR in combination with corn straw and wheat straw. At the same time, there are very few studies on the preparation of alfalfa for FTMR and verifying its feeding effect and economic benefits. Due to the high quality of alfalfa, fresh alfalfa can improve the quality of FTMR and increase the feeding level of ruminants. Compared with silage alfalfa TMR, the preparation time of fresh alfalfa FTMR is shorter, thereby shortening the production cycle of FTMR and reducing production costs. Summary of the invention
[0004] The purpose of the present invention is to overcome the shortcomings of the prior art and to propose a fermented complete mixed diet for fattening beef cattle based on fresh alfalfa and a preparation method thereof, so as to increase the economic benefits while improving the immunity of beef cattle and achieve the purpose of double cost savings.
[0005] In order to achieve the above object, the technical solution specifically adopted by the present invention is as follows: A fermented complete mixed diet for fattening beef cattle based on fresh alfalfa, comprising the following raw materials (based on dry matter) in parts by weight and treated with Lactobacillus reuteri ( Lactobacillus reuteri A4-2) Fermentation results: 35-40 parts of corn, 1-4 parts of oil residue, 0.4-2.5 parts of distiller's grains, 0.3-1.4 parts of bean dregs, 5-9 parts of wheat bran, 23-30 parts of alfalfa, 7-12 parts of wheat straw, 10-16 parts of corn straw, and 1-2.5 parts of premix.
[0006] The present invention also provides a method for preparing the above-mentioned fermented complete mixed diet for fattening beef cattle based on fresh alfalfa, comprising the following steps: S1. Harvest alfalfa from the budding to early flowering stage, cut into 3-4 cm segments using a grinder, and set aside; S2. Weigh appropriate amounts of corn, oil residue, distiller's grains, bean dregs, wheat bran, alfalfa, wheat straw, corn straw and premix according to the formula ratio, stir them evenly in a TMR machine, spray the lactic acid bacteria solution, stir while spraying, and stir for 5 min after the lactic acid bacteria solution is sprayed until the lactic acid bacteria additive and the raw materials are fully mixed to obtain a mixture; S3, making the mixture into fermented TMR packages, and opening the packages for feeding after fermentation at room temperature for 1 month.
[0007] Furthermore, in step S2, the lactic acid bacteria are dissolved in tap water that has been left to stand for 24 hours, 1 g of bacterial powder is used for each ton of fermented TMR, and the volume of water for dissolving the bacterial powder does not exceed 10 L per ton of diet.
[0008] Furthermore, in step S3, if the pH is lower than 4.2 after room temperature fermentation, it is necessary to add an appropriate amount of baking soda to a pH greater than 4.2 to prevent rumen acidosis of beef cattle during feeding.
[0009] The present invention configures a total mixed diet formula that meets the nutritional needs of beef cattle during the fattening period and saves costs according to the nutritional needs of beef cattle. Through feeding after fermentation, the fermented total mixed diet significantly improves the digestibility of its dry matter, fiber and protein, increases the antioxidant performance of the diet, and improves the growth performance and economic benefits of beef cattle, while also improving the antioxidant performance and immune performance of beef cattle serum. DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0010] The present invention is described in detail below in conjunction with specific embodiments. The following embodiments will help those skilled in the art to further understand the present invention, but are not intended to limit the present invention in any form. It should be noted that, in the absence of conflict, the embodiments of the present invention and the features in the embodiments can be combined with each other. Example
[0011] 1.1 Test materials The fermentation strain in this experiment was Lactobacillus reuteri ( Lactobacillus reuteri A4-2), with the preservation number of CGMCC No.24966, is a functional silage lactic acid bacteria preparation developed by Lanzhou University.
[0012] 1.2 Experimental design 1.2.1 Experimental animals, diets and feeding management A single-factor completely randomized experimental design was used. Twenty healthy Simmental crossbred beef cattle with similar body weight (480±5.5kg) were selected and randomly divided into two treatment groups, with 10 cattle in each group, and each group was housed separately. The control group was fed with farm TMR: 42.18% corn, 9.93% soybean meal, 6.69% oil residue, 6.25% distiller's grains, 10.04% wheat bran, 8.04% wheat straw, 11.31% corn straw, 3.72% premix, and 0.93% salt; the experimental group (FTMR) diet formula was configured according to the beef cattle nutrition standard (NRC, 2012): 38 parts corn, 2 parts oil residue, 1 part distiller's grains, 0.8 parts soybean residue, 6 parts wheat bran, 27 parts alfalfa, 9.2 parts wheat straw, 14 parts corn straw, and 2 parts premix. Harvest alfalfa from the budding to early flowering stage, cut into 3-4 cm segments with a grinder, mix the raw materials in a TMR machine according to the proportion, add Lactobacillus reuteri A4-2, and add 1×10 5 cfu / kg fresh weight, made by wrapping, and started feeding after fermentation at room temperature for 1 month. Before the start of the experiment, the cowshed needs to be thoroughly cleaned, disinfected and dewormed, and a designated person is responsible for ensuring regular cleaning of drinking water equipment and cleaning of the cowshed. During the entire experiment, feeding was carried out once a day at 5:30 am and 5:30 pm, and it was ensured that the cows had free access to clean water all day long. The pre-trial period of the experiment was 7 days and the main trial period was 90 days. During the 7-day pre-trial period, the FTMR of the experimental group was added according to the daily increase of 20% of the basic feed. The baking soda in the fermented total mixed diet was added before feeding and mixed evenly and fed.
[0013] 1.3 Sample collection and index determination 1.3.1 Determination of dietary nutrient composition, fermentation quality and antioxidant properties After the fermentation process, samples of the TMR of the control group and the fermented mixed feed of the experimental group were collected from the cattle farm. These samples were divided into two parts, one of which was placed in a constant temperature drying oven set at 65°C for 72 h. The samples were crushed and screened through a 1.00 mm sieve and finally stored in a sealed bag. According to the standard method for animal nutrition and feed analysis, the conventional nutrients in the feed samples were determined, including dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and acid insoluble ash (AIA). The results are shown in Table 1. From the other part, 20 g was taken out and mixed with 180 mL of distilled water, squeezed in a juicer for 1 min, filtered with four layers of medical gauze, and the filtrate was poured into a conical flask through a short-necked funnel. Next, two 10 mL centrifuge tubes were prepared, and about 8 mL of filtrate was poured into each tube. 50% concentrated sulfuric acid was added to the first tube to adjust the pH to 2.0 for the determination of lactic acid (LA), acetic acid (AA), propionic acid (PA) and butyric acid (BA). The results are shown in Table 2. The filtrate was mixed with 25% trichloroacetic acid in a ratio of 4:1 in the second tube, and then allowed to stand at room temperature for 60 minutes to allow protein precipitation. After precipitation, it was separated by centrifugation (18000×g, 15min, 4℃), and the supernatant was collected for the determination of soluble carbohydrates (WSC) and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N). The results are shown in Table 2. The filtrate in the third tube was not treated in any way and was used for the subsequent determination of antioxidant properties. The superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) of FTMR were determined using the Nanjing Jiancheng Antioxidant Kit. The results are shown in Table 3.
[0014] Table 1 General nutritional composition of diet
[0015] Note: DM, dry matter.
[0016] Table 2 Fermentation characteristics of diets
[0017] Table 3 Antioxidant properties of diets (30 days of FTMR fermentation)
[0018] As shown in Tables 1 and 2, the dry matter and ash content of the experimental group feed was lower than that of the control group, while the fiber and protein of the experimental group feed were slightly higher than those of the control group. No butyric acid was detected after fermentation, indicating that the fermentation quality of the total mixed diet of the experimental group was very good.
[0019] As shown in Table 3, compared with the control group, the T-AOC of the experimental group feed increased by 42.11%, CAT increased by 283.56%, and SOD increased by 3.77%. It can be seen that the formula and preparation method of the present invention significantly improve the antioxidant performance of the diet.
[0020] 1.3.2 Determination of fecal nutrient composition and apparent digestibility of nutrients 5 days before the end of the feeding experiment, fresh fecal samples of beef cattle need to be collected every 6 hours for 3 consecutive days in three different time periods: morning, noon and evening. About 100 g to 150 g are collected from each cow each time. After all samples are collected, the fecal samples of each cow are thoroughly mixed. Then, one-tenth of the mixed sample is taken out, 20% concentrated hydrochloric acid is added to fix the nitrogen content, and it is sealed and stored at -20°C for subsequent determination of crude protein (CP) content in the feces. The remaining fecal samples are stored at low temperature and brought back to the laboratory, and dried in an oven at 65°C for 72 hours to determine the initial moisture content. Afterwards, the samples were crushed and passed through a 40-mesh sieve for the detection of crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and acid insoluble ash (AIA), and the apparent digestibility of nutrients in each group was calculated, where apparent digestibility of nutrients = 100% - (nutrient content in feces × acid insoluble ash content in feed) / (nutrient content in feed × acid insoluble ash content in feces) × 100%. The results are shown in Table 4.
[0021] Table 4 Apparent digestibility of dietary nutrients (%)
[0022] As shown in Table 4, compared with the control group, the digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber in the experimental group was increased by 24.79%, 43.06%, 54.74% and 56.67% respectively. It can be seen that the formula and preparation method of the present invention significantly improve the digestibility of dry matter, fiber and protein in the diet.
[0023] 1.3.3 Blood collection, serum antioxidant and immune index determination Blood samples were collected on the 90th day of the experiment. Eight cows were randomly selected from each group and blood was collected from the neck vein on an empty stomach in the morning. The blood samples were placed in a 37°C water bath for 30 min and centrifuged at 3500 r / min for 10 min. The supernatant was divided into 0.5 mL conical centrifuge tubes and stored in a -20°C refrigerator. The Nanjing Jiancheng Antioxidant Kit was used to determine the superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) of the serum of beef cattle in different treatment groups. At the same time, the ELISA kit of Shanghai Enzyme-Linked Corporation was used to detect the contents of immunoglobulin A (IgA), immunoglobulin M (IgM), immunoglobulin G (IgG) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) in the serum of beef cattle in different treatment groups. The results are shown in Table 5.
[0024] Table 5 Antioxidant and immune indexes of beef cattle serum
[0025] As shown in Table 5, T-AOC, CAT, SOD, IgM, IgA and IgG of the experimental group were 7.419 U / mL, 6.006 U / mL, 14.288 U / mL, 823.57 ug / mL, 198.8 ug / mL and 7.573 mg / mL, which were increased by 253.6%, 33.4%, 0.83%, 10.2%, 9.1% and 28.4% respectively compared with those of the control group, and IFN-γ of the experimental group was 337.03 pg / mL, which was decreased by 14.0% compared with that of the control group. It can be seen that the formula and preparation method of the present invention significantly improve the antioxidant and immune properties of beef cattle serum.
[0026] 1.3.4 Growth performance and economic benefit analysis After the pre-feeding trial phase, the fasting weight of the beef cattle participating in the experiment was measured from the first day of the formal trial phase, and their initial weight was recorded. On the last day of the experiment, their weight was recorded again to calculate the average daily weight gain. Feed intake was measured once a week during the formal trial period, and the results are shown in Table 6. Based on weight gain, feed cost, and the market price of live cattle in November 2024, the feed weight gain cost, the income and profit brought by weight gain were further calculated, and the results are shown in Table 7.
[0027] Table 6 Growth performance of beef cattle
[0028] As shown in Table 6, the average daily feed intake of the beef cattle in the experimental group was 12.66 kg / day, an increase of 26.73% over that in the control group, and the average daily weight gain of the beef cattle in the experimental group was 1.35 kg / head, an increase of 48.35% over that in the control group. It can be seen that the formula and preparation method of the present invention can significantly increase the average daily feed intake of beef cattle and improve the growth performance of beef cattle.
[0029] Table 7 Economic benefits of beef cattle
[0030] It can be seen from Table 7 that the total weight gain of the experimental group was 48.7% higher than that of the control group. Due to the increase in daily feed intake, the feed cost increased, but the feed efficiency of the experimental group was 16.4% higher than that of the control group. At the same time, the weight gain income of the experimental group was 2920.01 yuan / head, an increase of 48.7% over the control group, and the profit increased by 68.4% over the control group. It can be seen that the formula and preparation method of the present invention can significantly improve the economic benefits of beef cattle.
[0031] In summary, the fermented complete mixed diet for fattening beef cattle based on fresh alfalfa of the present invention significantly improves the digestibility of dry matter, fiber and protein, increases the antioxidant property of the diet, and improves the growth performance and economic benefits of beef cattle, while also improving the antioxidant property and immune property of beef cattle serum.
[0032] The above shows and describes the basic principles, main features and advantages of the present invention. Those skilled in the art should understand that the present invention is not limited by the above embodiments. The above embodiments and descriptions are only preferred examples of the present invention and are not intended to limit the present invention. Without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention, the present invention may have various changes and improvements, which will fall within the scope of the present invention. The scope of protection of the present invention is defined by the attached claims and their equivalents.
Claims
1. A fermented complete mixed diet for fattening beef cattle based on fresh alfalfa, characterized in that: Based on dry matter, obtained by lactic acid fermentation of the following raw materials in parts by weight: 35-40 parts of corn, 1-4 parts of oil residue, 0.4-2.5 parts of distiller's grains, 0.3-1.4 parts of bean dregs, 5-9 parts of wheat bran, 23-30 parts of alfalfa, 7-12 parts of wheat straw, 10-16 parts of corn straw, and 1-2.5 parts of premix.
2. A fermented total mixed diet for fattening beef cattle based on fresh alfalfa as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that: The lactic acid bacteria is Lactobacillus reuteriA4-2.
3. A method for preparing a fermented total mixed diet for fattening beef cattle based on fresh alfalfa according to any one of claims 1 to 2, characterized in that: The steps include: S1. Harvest alfalfa from the budding to early flowering stage, cut into 3-4 cm segments using a grinder, and set aside; S2. Weigh appropriate amounts of corn, oil residue, distiller's grains, bean dregs, wheat bran, alfalfa, wheat straw, corn straw and premix according to the formula ratio, stir evenly in a TMR machine, spray the lactic acid bacteria solution, stir while spraying, and stir for 5 minutes after the lactic acid bacteria solution is sprayed until the lactic acid bacteria additive and the raw materials are fully mixed to obtain a mixture; S3, making the mixture into fermented TMR packages, and opening the packages for feeding after fermentation at room temperature for 1 month.
4. The method for preparing a fermented total mixed diet for fattening beef cattle based on fresh alfalfa according to claim 3, characterized in that: In the step S2, the lactic acid bacteria are dissolved in tap water that has been left to stand for 24 hours, 1 g of bacterial powder is used for each ton of fermented TMR, and the volume of water for dissolving the bacterial powder does not exceed 10 L per ton of daily diet.
5. The method for preparing a fermented total mixed diet for fattening beef cattle based on fresh alfalfa according to claim 3, characterized in that: In step S3, if the pH is lower than 4.2 after room temperature fermentation, it is necessary to add an appropriate amount of baking soda to a pH greater than 4.2.