A method for establishing a perovskite solar cell module array simulation model

Abstract

The application discloses a kind of perovskite solar cell module array simulation model's organization method, comprising: constructing perovskite cell ideal equivalent circuit model;Perovskite cell ideal equivalent circuit model is based on constructing perovskite cell equivalent engineering model;Perovskite cell equivalent engineering model is based on using simulation tool Matlab in Simulink module and constructs perovskite cell module array model;Perovskite cell module array model is corrected, and the quantitative correction model of perovskite cell module array is obtained;The quantitative correction model of perovskite cell module array is carried out simulink behavior level implementation, and the perovskite solar cell module array simulation model is obtained.The perovskite solar cell module array simulation model can realize the accurate prediction to perovskite cell module array behavior, and give certain guidance for promoting perovskite solar cell technology commercialization.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of solar cell module technology, and in particular to a method for constructing a simulation model of a perovskite solar cell module array. Background Technology

[0002] Against the backdrop of continuously growing global energy demand, photovoltaic technology has received widespread attention as a renewable energy solution. In particular, perovskite solar cells, with their high energy conversion efficiency and low-cost production potential, have become an important development direction for the commercialization of next-generation photovoltaic technology. Research on perovskite solar cells mainly focuses on their efficiency limits and stability, which are key challenges for achieving commercial applications. Currently, the efficiency of perovskite solar cells has reached a level comparable to traditional silicon-based solar cells, but their stability under actual outdoor operating conditions still presents challenges.

[0003] Typically, solar cell performance testing is conducted under standard test conditions, including a room temperature of approximately 25°C and a power output of 1000 W / m². 2 AM1.5G radiation. However, the actual operating environment is far more complex than laboratory conditions, including factors such as temperature variations, light intensity fluctuations, and air humidity, all of which affect battery performance and lifespan. Performance differences caused by these factors need to be predicted and compensated for using more accurate models.

[0004] Perovskite materials possess a wider bandgap than current mainstream photovoltaic materials. Therefore, the increase in dark carrier density and dark saturation current due to temperature increases is less pronounced. Secondly, unlike almost all other conventional semiconductors, the bandgap of perovskite increases with temperature; this increase mitigates open-circuit voltage loss and directly impacts efficiency. Therefore, studying the effect of temperature on perovskite solar cells is a crucial research direction for their commercial application.

[0005] Most existing photovoltaic module models are based on crystalline silicon cells, and models that meet the characteristics of perovskite cells are urgently needed. Summary of the Invention

[0006] The purpose of this invention is to overcome the shortcomings of the existing technology and provide a method for constructing a simulation model of a perovskite solar cell module array.

[0007] To achieve the above objectives, the technical solution of the present invention is as follows:

[0008] A method for constructing a simulation model of a perovskite solar cell module array includes the following steps:

[0009] Construct an ideal equivalent circuit model for perovskite solar cells;

[0010] Based on the ideal equivalent circuit model of perovskite solar cells, an equivalent engineering model of perovskite solar cells is constructed.

[0011] Based on the equivalent engineering model of perovskite solar cells, a perovskite solar cell module array model was constructed using the Simulink module in the simulation tool Matlab.

[0012] The perovskite solar cell array model was modified to obtain a quantitative modified model of the perovskite solar cell array.

[0013] The quantitative correction model of the perovskite solar cell module array is implemented at the Simulink behavioral level to obtain the simulation model of the perovskite solar cell module array.

[0014] As a preferred option, an ideal equivalent circuit model for perovskite solar cells is constructed, specifically including:

[0015] The working characteristics of perovskite solar cells were analyzed, and a single perovskite sub-cell was constructed using LTSPICE software.

[0016] The circuit of a single perovskite subcell was modeled using LTSPICE software to simulate its output characteristics and obtain its circuit structure.

[0017] The circuit structures of multiple perovskite sub-cells are connected in series to form the circuit structure of a perovskite solar cell module. The circuit structure of the perovskite solar cell module is modeled and simulated using LTSPICE software to obtain the output characteristics of the perovskite solar cell module under different parameter combinations. The parameter combination with the minimum power loss is determined by parameter scanning, and the circuit structure of the perovskite solar cell module with the parameter combination with the minimum power loss is used as the ideal equivalent circuit model of the perovskite cell.

[0018] As a preferred embodiment, the output characteristics of a single perovskite sub-cell are expressed as follows:

[0019]

[0020] Among them, R sh R represents parallel resistance. s Indicates the series resistance, I represents the output current, V represents the voltage, I0 represents the reverse saturation current of the diode, and I... ph Let q represent the photocurrent, q represent the electron charge, k represent the Boltzmann constant, n represent the ideality factor, and T represent the temperature.

[0021] Preferably, the parameters of the perovskite solar cell module include: photocurrent: I ph =20mA; Diode: Reverse saturation current I0 = 1 × 10 -10 A, ideality factor n = 1.5; series resistance Rs The resistance range is 2Ω to 5Ω, with a step size of 1Ω; the parallel resistor R sh The resistance range is 1000Ω to 3000Ω, with a step size of 500Ω; the interconnect resistor R IC The resistance range is 1Ω to 3Ω, with a step size of 1Ω. In the circuit structure of each perovskite sub-cell, the photocurrent source, parallel resistor and diode are first connected in parallel, and then connected in series with the series resistor. The circuit structures of two adjacent perovskite sub-cells are connected in series through interconnecting resistors.

[0022] As a preferred option, an equivalent engineering model of the perovskite solar cell is constructed based on the ideal equivalent circuit model of the perovskite solar cell, specifically including:

[0023] The photocurrent, diode reverse saturation current, series resistance, parallel resistance, and ideality factor are simplified or approximated as follows:

[0024] I ph =I d +I sh +I;

[0025] Among them, I d This indicates the current flowing through the diode;

[0026]

[0027] Since the resistance of the series resistor is much smaller than the forward conduction resistance of the diode, the photocurrent is approximately equal to the short-circuit current, i.e., I0. ph ≈I sc Introduce the following coefficients C1 and C2:

[0028]

[0029] Among them, U oc This is the open-circuit voltage;

[0030] When the output power of a perovskite solar cell module is at its maximum, V = U m , I = I m Then we get the following formula:

[0031]

[0032] Among them, U m I represents the voltage at the maximum power point of a perovskite solar cell module. m This represents the current at the maximum power point of the perovskite solar cell module.

[0033] exist When the value is much greater than 1, it simplifies to:

[0034]

[0035] The inverse solution yields C1:

[0036]

[0037] In the case of an open circuit, V = U oc ,I=0, then:

[0038]

[0039] Since it is much greater than 1, we discard -1 and solve for C2:

[0040]

[0041] The formula is modified as follows based on the influence of temperature and light intensity under actual working conditions:

[0042]

[0043] Where a, b, and c are coefficients, e represents the natural logarithm, S0 represents the standard reference illuminance, T0 represents the standard reference temperature, S represents the illuminance, ΔS represents the difference in illuminance, ΔT represents the temperature difference, and U' oc U' represents the corrected open-circuit voltage. m I' represents the corrected voltage at the maximum power point. m This represents the current at the corrected maximum power point.

[0044] The final simplified equivalent engineering model of the perovskite solar cell is shown in the following equation:

[0045]

[0046] As a preferred option, a perovskite solar cell array model is constructed using the Simulink module in Matlab, based on the equivalent engineering model of the perovskite solar cell. Specifically, this includes:

[0047] Based on the equivalent engineering model of the perovskite cell, a Simulink data flow graph model was used to encapsulate the key parameters inside the model and create input ports for inputting environmental parameters, including light intensity and temperature.

[0048] Build a computation module in the Simulink dataflow graph to calculate the actual short-circuit current I′. sc The corrected maximum power point current I′ m Corrected open-circuit voltage U′ oc The corrected voltage at the maximum power point, U′ mThe output current I is connected to a controlled current source. The output current and voltage are obtained through a measurement module, and the output characteristic curve is displayed to obtain the simulation circuit of the perovskite solar cell module.

[0049] The simulation circuits of multiple perovskite solar cell modules are arranged into an array and packaged, and then connected in series and then in parallel to obtain a perovskite solar cell module array model.

[0050] As a preferred option, the perovskite solar cell array model is modified to obtain a quantitatively modified model of the perovskite solar cell array, specifically including:

[0051] Typical perovskite materials were modeled and simulated using the SCAPS-1D simulator, and key parameters were extracted, including the current I at the maximum power point. m Current density J sc Maximum current density J m and open circuit voltage U oc ;

[0052] Introducing the temperature coefficient of current K i to I ph The current equation is corrected as follows:

[0053]

[0054] Update the perovskite solar cell array model to obtain the updated perovskite solar cell array model.

[0055] The temperature coefficient TC(p) of the key parameter is calculated as follows:

[0056]

[0057] Where p represents the key parameter and T is the temperature;

[0058] In the MATLAB / Simulink simulation, an input port is created to input the temperature T. The key parameters are corrected using the temperature coefficient to obtain the corrected key parameters. The corrected key parameters are then applied to the updated perovskite solar cell array model to obtain the quantitatively corrected model of the perovskite solar cell array.

[0059] Preferably, the quantitative correction model of the perovskite solar cell module array is implemented at the Simulink behavioral level to obtain a simulation model of the perovskite solar cell module array, specifically including:

[0060] A photocurrent control module is constructed to describe the process of calculating the photocurrent based on temperature and light intensity.

[0061] In the diode of the quantitative correction model of perovskite solar cell array, a module for realizing the bandgap variation with temperature and a module for calculating diode current are built. The module for realizing the bandgap variation with temperature is used to reflect the sensitivity of the bandgap to temperature changes, as shown in the following formula:

[0062] E g =E g，Ref ·(1+dEgdT·(T-T0));

[0063] Among them, E g E represents the band gap. g,Ref T represents the reference band gap, T0 represents the standard reference temperature, and T represents the temperature.

[0064] The diode current calculation module is used to describe the behavior of a diode at different temperatures, as shown in the following formula:

[0065]

[0066] Among them, I 0,T I represents the reverse saturation current of the diode. 0,T This represents the reference reverse saturation current of the diode, and k1 represents the temperature coefficient of the corresponding bandgap.

[0067] Finally, a simulation model of the perovskite solar cell module array was obtained.

[0068] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following beneficial effects:

[0069] (1) The method for constructing the simulation model of the perovskite solar cell module array of the present invention proposes a perovskite solar cell module array model to achieve accurate prediction and optimized design of cell performance under changes in environmental factors (such as temperature and light intensity).

[0070] (2) The method for constructing the simulation model of the perovskite solar cell module array of the present invention proposes a quantitative correction model for the perovskite solar cell module array that can accurately simulate the behavior of perovskite cells under different temperature and illumination conditions, optimize the module's geometric layout and electrical connections, and also predict efficiency and compensate for performance differences caused by environmental factors. Finally, based on the simulation model of the perovskite solar cell module array, the mismatch between series and parallel connections in the array under different fault conditions is analyzed, and a proposed solution is expected, providing a theoretical basis for the optimization method of array mismatch power loss.

[0071] (3) The method for constructing a simulation model of a perovskite solar cell module array proposed in this invention can not only optimize the design of the battery module and array, but also achieve accurate prediction of the behavior of the perovskite solar cell module array, providing some guidance for promoting the commercialization of perovskite solar cell technology. Attached Figure Description

[0072] The accompanying drawings are included to provide a further understanding of the embodiments, and these drawings are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification. The drawings illustrate embodiments and, together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the invention. Other embodiments and many anticipated advantages of the embodiments will be readily recognized as they become better understood through reference to the following detailed description.

[0073] Figure 1 This is a flowchart illustrating the method for constructing a simulation model of a perovskite solar cell module array according to an embodiment of this application.

[0074] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the ideal equivalent circuit model of the perovskite solar cell, representing the method for constructing a simulation model of a perovskite solar cell module array according to an embodiment of this application. Figure 2 (a) shows the circuit structure of the perovskite solar cell module modeled using LTSPICE software. Figure 2 (b) A circuit diagram of a perovskite solar cell module;

[0075] Figure 3 The Simulink data flow diagram of the method for constructing a simulation model of a perovskite solar cell module array according to an embodiment of this application is used to model the formula.

[0076] Figure 4 The flowchart illustrates the functional implementation of the method for constructing a simulation model of a perovskite solar cell module array according to an embodiment of this application.

[0077] Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram of a simulation model of a perovskite solar cell module, illustrating the method for constructing a simulation model of a perovskite solar cell module array according to an embodiment of this application.

[0078] Figure 6 The diagram shows a simulation model of the perovskite solar cell output characteristics of the perovskite solar cell module array construction method according to an embodiment of this application.

[0079] Figure 7 A string diagram of a perovskite solar cell module with bypass diodes, illustrating the assembly method of a simulation model of a perovskite solar cell module array according to an embodiment of this application.

[0080] Figure 8 This is a schematic diagram of a perovskite solar cell module array model, which is a method for constructing a simulation model of a perovskite solar cell module array according to an embodiment of this application.

[0081] Figure 9Simulink behavioral-level modeling diagram of the quantitative correction model of the perovskite solar cell module array, which is a method for constructing a simulation model of the perovskite solar cell module array according to an embodiment of this application.

[0082] Figure 10 The diagram shows the internal calculation logic of the photocurrent control module in the method for constructing a simulation model of a perovskite solar cell module array according to an embodiment of this application.

[0083] Figure 11 The internal calculation logic diagram of the bandgap variation with temperature realization module of the construction method of the perovskite solar cell module array simulation model of the embodiment of this application is shown.

[0084] Figure 12 The diagram shows the internal calculation logic of the diode current calculation module in the method for constructing a simulation model of a perovskite solar cell module array according to an embodiment of this application.

[0085] Figure 13 This is an output characteristic diagram of the perovskite solar cell module array model of the construction method of the simulation model of the perovskite solar cell module array according to an embodiment of this application, wherein, Figure 13 (a) represents the effect of light intensity on the IV characteristics of the perovskite solar cell array model. Figure 13 (b) shows the effect of light intensity on the PV characteristics of the perovskite solar cell array model. Figure 13 (c) represents the effect of temperature on the IV characteristics of the perovskite solar cell array model. Figure 13 (d) represents the effect of temperature on the PV characteristics of the perovskite solar cell array model;

[0086] Figure 14 This is an output characteristic diagram of the short-circuit fault parallel mismatch of the construction method of the perovskite solar cell module array simulation model according to an embodiment of this application, wherein, Figure 14 (a) shows the effect of short-circuit faults on the current characteristics of parallel branches. Figure 14 (b) shows the effect of short-circuit faults on the power characteristics of parallel branches;

[0087] Figure 15 This is an output characteristic diagram of the partial shading parallel mismatch of the construction method of the perovskite solar cell module array simulation model according to an embodiment of this application, wherein... Figure 15 (a) shows the effect of partial obstruction on the current characteristics of parallel branches. Figure 15 (b) indicates the effect of partial shading on the power characteristics of parallel branches. Detailed Implementation

[0088] The present application will now be described in further detail with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the invention and not intended to limit it. Furthermore, it should be noted that, for ease of description, only the parts relevant to the invention are shown in the accompanying drawings.

[0089] It should be noted that, unless otherwise specified, the embodiments and features described in this application can be combined with each other. This application will now be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments.

[0090] refer to Figure 1 The embodiments of this application propose a method for constructing a simulation model of a perovskite solar cell module array, including the following steps:

[0091] S1, construct an ideal equivalent circuit model for perovskite solar cells.

[0092] In a specific embodiment, step S1 specifically includes:

[0093] The working characteristics of perovskite solar cells were analyzed, and a single perovskite sub-cell was constructed using LTSPICE software.

[0094] The circuit of a single perovskite subcell was modeled using LTSPICE software to simulate its output characteristics and obtain its circuit structure.

[0095] The circuit structures of multiple perovskite sub-cells are connected in series to form the circuit structure of a perovskite solar cell module. The circuit structure of the perovskite solar cell module is modeled and simulated using LTSPICE software to obtain the output characteristics of the perovskite solar cell module under different parameter combinations. The parameter combination with the minimum power loss is determined by parameter scanning, and the circuit structure of the perovskite solar cell module with the parameter combination with the minimum power loss is used as the ideal equivalent circuit model of the perovskite cell.

[0096] In a specific embodiment, the output characteristics of a single perovskite sub-cell are expressed as follows:

[0097]

[0098] Among them, R sh R represents parallel resistance. s Indicates the series resistance, I represents the output current, V represents the voltage, I0 represents the reverse saturation current of the diode, and I... ph Let q represent the photocurrent, q represent the electron charge, k represent the Boltzmann constant, n represent the ideality factor, and T represent the temperature.

[0099] In a specific embodiment, the parameters of the perovskite solar cell module include: Photocurrent: I ph=20mA; Diode: Reverse saturation current I0 = 1 × 10 -10 A, ideality factor n = 1.5; series resistance R s The resistance range is 2Ω to 5Ω, with a step size of 1Ω; the parallel resistor R sh The resistance range is 1000Ω to 3000Ω, with a step size of 500Ω; the interconnect resistor R IC The resistance range is 1Ω to 3Ω, with a step size of 1Ω. In the circuit structure of each perovskite sub-cell, the photocurrent source, parallel resistor and diode are first connected in parallel, and then connected in series with the series resistor. The circuit structures of two adjacent perovskite sub-cells are connected in series through interconnecting resistors.

[0100] Specifically, LTSPICE software can be used to build and simulate individual perovskite sub-cells. Based on the requirements of different materials and structures, characteristic formulas can be fitted and output. LTSPICE software can also be used to model and simulate perovskite solar cell modules containing multiple perovskite sub-cells, such as... Figure 2 As shown in the figure. The parameter combination with the minimum power loss was found by parameter scanning. By running simulation, the output characteristics of the embodiments of this application under different parameter combinations were obtained. Table 1 shows some simulation results and their calculated efficiency and power loss results.

[0101] Table 1

[0102]

[0103] By calculating the output power and power loss of each parameter combination, the following conclusions can be drawn: series resistance R s The parallel resistor is 2Ω. sh The interconnect resistance is 3000Ω. IC With a parameter combination of 1Ω, the power loss is minimized. This indicates that as the series resistance and parallel resistance increase, the power loss decreases; however, this may also lead to a slight decrease in output power. Through this simulation, we found that the parameter combination with the minimum power loss can be used as an ideal equivalent circuit model for perovskite solar cells for optimization design.

[0104] refer to Figure 3 From this, we can draw the following conclusion: As R... s As R increases, the total current and power output of the perovskite solar cell module decrease. This is because the higher series resistance increases voltage drop, reducing the efficiency of the perovskite solar cell module. sh Increased leakage current in perovskite solar cell modules leads to increased total current and power output. This is because higher parallel resistance reduces current bypass paths, improving the fill factor (FF) of the perovskite solar cell module. This is achieved by adjusting R... s and R shThis can optimize the IV and PV characteristics of the module, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the perovskite solar cell module.

[0105] S2, based on the ideal equivalent circuit model of perovskite solar cells, constructs an equivalent engineering model of perovskite solar cells.

[0106] In a specific embodiment, step S2 specifically includes:

[0107] The photocurrent, diode reverse saturation current, series resistance, parallel resistance, and ideality factor are simplified or approximated as follows:

[0108] I ph =I d +I sh +I;

[0109] Among them, I d This indicates the current flowing through the diode;

[0110]

[0111] Since the resistance of the series resistor is much smaller than the forward conduction resistance of the diode, the photocurrent is approximately equal to the short-circuit current, i.e., I0. ph ≈I sc Introduce the following coefficients C1 and C2:

[0112]

[0113]

[0114] Among them, U oc This is the open-circuit voltage;

[0115] When the output power of a perovskite solar cell module is at its maximum, V = U m , I = I m Then we get the following formula:

[0116]

[0117] Among them, U m I represents the voltage at the maximum power point of a perovskite solar cell module. m This represents the current at the maximum power point of the perovskite solar cell module.

[0118] exist When the value is much greater than 1, it simplifies to:

[0119]

[0120] The inverse solution yields C1:

[0121]

[0122] In the case of an open circuit, V = U oc ,I=0, then:

[0123]

[0124] Since it is much greater than 1, we discard -1 and solve for C2:

[0125]

[0126] The formula is modified as follows based on the influence of temperature and light intensity under actual working conditions:

[0127]

[0128] Where a, b, and c are coefficients, e represents the natural logarithm, S0 represents the standard reference illuminance, T0 represents the standard reference temperature, S represents the illuminance, ΔS represents the difference in illuminance, ΔT represents the temperature difference, and U' oc U' represents the corrected open-circuit voltage. m I' represents the corrected voltage at the maximum power point. m This represents the current at the corrected maximum power point.

[0129] The final simplified equivalent engineering model of the perovskite solar cell is shown in the following equation:

[0130]

[0131] Specifically, to facilitate the establishment of equivalent models for solar cells and photovoltaic arrays and the simulation of output characteristics, in actual simulation modeling, some parameters in the formulas that have little impact on the actual modeling process are usually discarded or approximated to establish an equivalent engineering model. For the most classic engineering model of a single-diode equivalent solar cell, the photocurrent I... ph Approximately the short-circuit current I of the solar cell sc , that is I ph ≈I sc The reason is the series resistance R s The resistance of a diode in the forward conduction state is relatively much smaller, and R s The current I in the branch s It is much greater than the current in the branch where the diode is located; secondly, since the shunt resistance is usually quite large, the IV formula for solar cells is approximated as zero when calculating.

[0132] When evaluating system performance under standard test conditions, the actual and theoretical results are consistent only when the photovoltaic cell parameters are extracted under the same operating conditions during the modeling process. Since the data obtained from the above formulas typically only represent the parameters of the photovoltaic module specified under standard test conditions, and these parameters vary significantly with environmental conditions (e.g., sunlight and temperature), the parameters of the perovskite solar cell module must be adjusted to adapt to changing operating conditions. Therefore, the embodiments of this application correct the parameters under all operating conditions. When the external conditions of the solar cell change, the five parameters solved in the above formulas will change accordingly based on the changes in the external environment, thus requiring correction of the five parameters under different temperatures and light intensities.

[0133] The equivalent engineering model of perovskite solar cells uses the following main parameters: short-circuit current I sc Open circuit voltage V oc The current I at the maximum power point m Voltage at maximum power point V m and the output power P at the maximum power point m These parameters are all provided by the battery manufacturer, and they were measured under standard testing conditions. This makes the equivalent engineering model of perovskite solar cells easier to implement and more accurate. The specific implementation process is as follows:

[0134] (1)R sh The resistance is very large, therefore (V+IR) s ) / R sh Approaching 0, i.e., I sh This item can be ignored.

[0135] (2)R s The resistance is very small, IR s Much smaller than the output voltage V, i.e., IR s This item can be ignored.

[0136] (3)R s The resistance is much smaller than the forward conduction resistance of the diode, i.e., I ph ≈I sc .

[0137] S3. Based on the equivalent engineering model of perovskite solar cells, a perovskite solar cell array model is constructed using the Simulink module in the simulation tool Matlab.

[0138] In a specific embodiment, step S3 specifically includes:

[0139] Based on the equivalent engineering model of the perovskite cell, a Simulink data flow graph model was used to encapsulate the key parameters inside the model and create input ports for inputting environmental parameters, including light intensity and temperature.

[0140] Build a computation module in the Simulink dataflow graph to calculate the actual short-circuit current I′. sc The corrected maximum power point current I′ m Corrected open-circuit voltage U′ oc The corrected voltage at the maximum power point, U′ m The output current I is connected to a controlled current source. The output current and voltage are obtained through a measurement module, and the output characteristic curve is displayed to obtain the simulation circuit of the perovskite solar cell module.

[0141] The simulation circuits of multiple perovskite solar cell modules are arranged into an array and packaged, and then connected in series and then in parallel to obtain a perovskite solar cell module array model.

[0142] Specifically, using an equivalent engineering model of a perovskite solar cell, a simulation circuit for the perovskite solar cell module can be built using the Simulink module in Matlab. The data flow diagram is as follows: Figure 4 As shown.

[0143] Based on the five-parameter behavioral model and the corresponding performance parameter correction formula, a simulation circuit for the corresponding perovskite solar cell module was developed on the Matlab / Simulink software platform. The simulation circuit for the entire perovskite solar cell module follows the... Figure 5 The flowchart shown illustrates the function implementation to simulate the output characteristics.

[0144] After encapsulation, the simulation model of the output characteristics of the perovskite solar cell module's simulation circuit is as follows: Figure 6 As shown, after all parameters are input and confirmed to be correct, the simulation of the output characteristics can be started.

[0145] A simulation circuit for a perovskite solar cell module was established using an equivalent engineering model. In practical photovoltaic power generation systems, photovoltaic arrays typically consist of multiple modules connected in series and parallel. During operation, partial shading and uneven illumination are common, and module heating can affect the overall array performance. The series diodes used in each module are called blocking diodes, whose function is to prevent reverse current flow in the photovoltaic string. The anti-parallel diodes in the perovskite solar cell module are called bypass diodes, whose main function is to prevent hotspot effects and reduce power loss under partial shading conditions. In the simulation of the photovoltaic array, bypass diodes were also connected in parallel to the modules, such as... Figure 7 As shown, this is a perovskite solar cell module string with bypass diodes. Ten perovskite solar cell modules are then connected in series and then in parallel using Simulink to form a perovskite solar cell module array model. Figure 8As shown, the open-circuit voltage of a single component is set to 8V, the short-circuit current is set to 2A, the voltage at the maximum power point is 6.4V, and the current at the maximum power point is 1.8A.

[0146] S4. The perovskite solar cell array model is modified to obtain a quantitative modified model of the perovskite solar cell array.

[0147] In a specific embodiment, step S4 specifically includes:

[0148] Typical perovskite materials were modeled and simulated using the SCAPS-1D simulator, and key parameters were extracted, including the current I at the maximum power point. m Current density J sc Maximum current density J m and open circuit voltage U oc ;

[0149] Introducing the temperature coefficient of current K i to I ph The current equation is corrected as follows:

[0150]

[0151] Update the perovskite solar cell array model to obtain the updated perovskite solar cell array model.

[0152] The temperature coefficient TC(p) of the key parameter is calculated as follows:

[0153]

[0154] Where p represents the key parameter and T is the temperature;

[0155] In the MATLAB / Simulink simulation, an input port is created to input the temperature T. The key parameters are corrected using the temperature coefficient to obtain the corrected key parameters. The corrected key parameters are then applied to the updated perovskite solar cell array model to obtain the quantitatively corrected model of the perovskite solar cell array.

[0156] Specifically, the SCAPS-1D simulator was used to model and simulate typical perovskite materials, and key parameters were extracted: the current at the maximum power point (Imax). m ), current density (J) sc ), maximum current density (J m ) and open-circuit voltage (U ocCalculate the temperature coefficients of key parameters. With these temperature coefficients, an input port can be created in the MATLAB / Simulink simulation to input the current temperature T. Use the correction formulas above to calculate the correction values ​​for each key parameter at the current temperature. Apply the calculated correction values ​​to the parameters of the perovskite solar cell array model to update the quantitatively corrected model of the perovskite solar cell array.

[0157] S5. The quantitative correction model of the perovskite solar cell module array is implemented at the Simulink behavioral level to obtain the simulation model of the perovskite solar cell module array.

[0158] In a specific embodiment, step S5 specifically includes:

[0159] A photocurrent control module is constructed to describe the process of calculating the photocurrent based on temperature and light intensity.

[0160] In the diode of the quantitative correction model of perovskite solar cell array, a module for realizing the bandgap variation with temperature and a module for calculating diode current are built. The module for realizing the bandgap variation with temperature is used to reflect the sensitivity of the bandgap to temperature changes, as shown in the following formula:

[0161] E g =E g，Ref ·(1+dEgdT·(T-T0));

[0162] Among them, E g E represents the band gap. g,Ref T represents the reference band gap, T0 represents the standard reference temperature, and T represents the temperature.

[0163] The diode current calculation module is used to describe the behavior of a diode at different temperatures, as shown in the following formula:

[0164]

[0165] Among them, I 0,T I represents the reverse saturation current of the diode. 0,T This represents the reference reverse saturation current of the diode, and k1 represents the temperature coefficient of the corresponding bandgap.

[0166] Finally, a simulation model of the perovskite solar cell module array was obtained.

[0167] Specifically, based on the quantitative correction model of the perovskite solar cell array, the following steps are performed in Simulink: Figure 9The model shown has two input variables on the left side: irradiance and temperature. These two factors directly affect the photocurrent (Ir) generated by the photovoltaic cell. ph ). I ph The control section uses a photocurrent control module to adjust the output of the photocurrent based on these two inputs, simulating the behavior of real photovoltaic cells under different light and temperature conditions.

[0168] The diodes in the circuit represent the internal characteristics of the photovoltaic cell, such as forward conduction and reverse saturation. The circuit also includes a series resistor (Rs), representing the internal resistance of the cell, and a parallel resistor (R...). sh This is used to simulate battery leakage current. The filter in the circuit smooths the output signal, removing potential noise or high-frequency disturbances.

[0169] The label "Rsh5%" indicates that the parallel resistance (R) sh The value is taken as 95% of the reference value, or 5% less than the reference value. This is usually used to simulate small deviations under actual operating conditions, because in the real world, the characteristics of perovskite solar cells will differ slightly from the ideal, reference, or nominal values ​​due to differences in the manufacturing process, temperature changes, aging, or other factors.

[0170] In the equivalent circuit model of a perovskite solar cell, R sh This is used to represent the lateral resistance inside the battery. A higher value indicates a better battery quality because less current is lost through this parallel path. In this model, R is used to represent this lateral resistance. sh Setting a certain percentage of the reference value can simulate the battery's performance under non-ideal conditions, which takes into account the impact of real-world factors such as uneven lighting and battery aging.

[0171] Even in the model, R sh The diodes are housed within a single module, a designation that allows for easy setting of the parallel resistance value under specific simulation conditions. Finally, the model includes various governing equations and parameters that describe the detailed physical properties of perovskite solar cells, including the effect of temperature on cell efficiency. This model enables designers to predict and optimize the performance of perovskite solar cell modules in practical applications.

[0172] Photocurrent (I) ph ) module and internal calculation logic as follows Figure 10 As shown. Figure 10 The calculation process for how temperature and light intensity affect photocurrent is described in detail. The module implementing bandgap variation with temperature and its internal calculation logic are as follows: Figure 11 As shown, the diode current calculation module and its internal calculation logic are as follows: Figure 12 As shown, a simulation model of a perovskite solar cell array was constructed by considering the sensitivity of photocurrent, bandgap, and diode current to temperature changes.

[0173] The output characteristic curve of the perovskite photovoltaic array is as follows: Figure 13 As shown in the figure, by sequentially changing the light intensity received by each perovskite solar cell module, the output characteristic curves of the perovskite solar cell array under partial shading conditions can be simulated. It can be seen from the figure that, under the same temperature conditions, the short-circuit current has little effect on the open-circuit voltage, but it is almost directly proportional to the light intensity; therefore, the output power at the maximum power point is also positively correlated with the light intensity. When the light intensity is constant, the temperature has a smaller effect on the short-circuit current, but the open-circuit voltage is negatively correlated with temperature; therefore, the higher the temperature, the lower the output power at the maximum power point.

[0174] Perovskite solar cell arrays operating outdoors face various problems and challenges, and these faults or anomalies can significantly impact power generation efficiency and overall system performance. Four common faults or anomalies in perovskite solar cell arrays include short-circuit faults, degradation faults, open-circuit faults, and partial shading. Short-circuit faults and partial shading can cause string mismatch issues. To facilitate fault simulation, a simulation model of the aforementioned perovskite solar cell array in Matlab / Simulink was used to simulate and analyze two common faults. To correlate the model parameters with the faults, the impact of the model parameters on the shape of the PV characteristic curve was analyzed through simulation.

[0175] The following discussion focuses on short-circuit fault simulation. The embodiments in this application investigate a two-string parallel photovoltaic array, specifically addressing the case where the number of photovoltaic modules in the two strings of the parallel array differs. A short-circuit fault is simulated by short-circuiting one module in the parallel branch (the resistance can be set to zero or infinite). Figure 14 As shown, parallel branch 1 consists of three photovoltaic modules connected in series, and parallel branch 2 consists of four photovoltaic modules connected in series. These two branches are connected in parallel to form a photovoltaic array. Under the same conditions, simulations were performed on the perovskite cell array, parallel branch 1, and parallel branch 2 respectively. Figure 14 The output characteristic curve results show that when a short circuit fault occurs or the number of parallel branch components is not equal, it will lead to parallel mismatch, causing the open circuit voltage and the voltage at the maximum power point of the parallel array to be between the voltages of the two branches. At the same time, the maximum power is greatly reduced, while the short circuit current is the sum of the currents of the two branches and remains unchanged.

[0176] By adjusting the gain of the irradiance module, the embodiments of this application simulate local shading of a perovskite solar cell module, making the incident irradiance of one module in the array branch lower than that of other modules. The obtained IV and PV characteristic curves are shown below. Figure 15 As shown, the shape of the IV curve is significantly distorted, and two local maximum power peaks appear in the PV characteristic curve. Furthermore, the maximum power decreases with the appearance of partial shading, while the absolute values ​​of the slope, open-circuit voltage, and short-circuit current in the initial and final portions of the IV characteristic curve remain essentially unchanged.

[0177] This application proposes a perovskite solar cell module array model to achieve accurate prediction and optimized design of cell performance under environmental factors such as temperature and light intensity variations. A perovskite cell module model was developed using MATLAB / Simulink, and parameters were corrected based on material property data from the SCAPS-1D simulator. Taking the typical representative material CH3NH3PbI3 as an example, the changes in parameters such as current density, maximum power point current, current density, and open-circuit voltage under different light and temperature conditions were obtained. Temperature sensitivity coefficients of various electrical and physical parameters were calculated based on theoretically derived formulas to correct the model. The output characteristics of the perovskite cell module and its array under various operating conditions were studied in detail. Calculation results show that the quantitative correction model of the perovskite cell module array can accurately simulate the behavior of perovskite cells under different temperature and light conditions, optimize the module's geometric layout and electrical connections, and also predict efficiency and compensate for performance differences caused by environmental factors. Finally, based on simulation models of perovskite solar cell arrays, the mismatch between series and parallel connections in the array under different fault conditions was analyzed, and anticipated solutions were proposed, providing a theoretical basis for optimizing array mismatch power loss. These models not only optimize the design of cell modules and arrays but also enable accurate prediction of the behavior of perovskite solar cell arrays, providing guidance for promoting the commercialization of perovskite solar cell technology.

[0178] The specific embodiments of this application have been described above, but the scope of protection of this application is not limited thereto. Any variations or substitutions that can be easily conceived by those skilled in the art within the scope of the technology disclosed in this application should be included within the scope of protection of this application. Therefore, the scope of protection of this application should be determined by the scope of the claims.

Claims

1. A method for constructing a simulation model of a perovskite solar cell module array, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: Constructing an ideal equivalent circuit model for perovskite solar cells, specifically including: The working characteristics of perovskite solar cells were analyzed, and a single perovskite sub-cell was constructed using LTSPICE software. The circuit of a single perovskite subcell was modeled using LTSPICE software to simulate its output characteristics and obtain its circuit structure. The circuit structures of multiple perovskite sub-cells are connected in series to form the circuit structure of a perovskite solar cell module. The circuit structure of the perovskite solar cell module is modeled and simulated using LTSPICE software to obtain the output characteristics of the perovskite solar cell module under different parameter combinations. The parameter combination with the minimum power loss is determined by parameter scanning, and the circuit structure of the perovskite solar cell module with the parameter combination with the minimum power loss is used as the ideal equivalent circuit model of the perovskite cell. Based on the ideal equivalent circuit model of the perovskite cell, an equivalent engineering model of the perovskite cell is constructed. Based on the equivalent engineering model of the perovskite solar cell, a perovskite solar cell module array model was constructed using the Simulink module in the simulation tool Matlab. The perovskite solar cell array model is modified to obtain a quantitatively modified model of the perovskite solar cell array. The quantitative correction model of the perovskite solar cell array is implemented at the Simulink behavioral level to obtain the simulation model of the perovskite solar cell array.

2. The method for constructing a simulation model of a perovskite solar cell module array according to claim 1, characterized in that, The output characteristics of the single perovskite sub-cell are expressed as follows: ； Among them, R sh R represents parallel resistance. s Indicates the series resistance, I represents the output current, V represents the voltage, I0 represents the reverse saturation current of the diode, and I... ph Let q represent the photocurrent, q represent the electron charge, k represent the Boltzmann constant, n represent the ideality factor, and T represent the temperature.

3. The method for constructing a simulation model of a perovskite solar cell module array according to claim 2, characterized in that, The parameters of the perovskite solar cell module include: Photocurrent: I ph =20mA; Diode: Reverse saturation current I0=1×10 −10 A, ideality factor n = 1.5; series resistance R s The resistance range is 2Ω ~ 5Ω, with a step size of 1Ω; parallel resistor R sh The resistance range is 1000Ω ~ 3000Ω, with a step size of 500Ω; the interconnect resistor R IC The resistance range is 1Ω ~ 3Ω, with a step size of 1Ω. In the circuit structure of each perovskite sub-cell, the photocurrent source, parallel resistor and diode are first connected in parallel, and then connected in series with the series resistor. The circuit structures of two adjacent perovskite sub-cells are connected in series through interconnecting resistors.

4. The method for constructing a simulation model of a perovskite solar cell module array according to claim 3, characterized in that, Based on the ideal equivalent circuit model of the perovskite solar cell, an equivalent engineering model of the perovskite solar cell is constructed, specifically including: The photocurrent, diode reverse saturation current, series resistance, parallel resistance, and ideality factor are simplified or approximated as follows: ； Among them, I d This indicates the current flowing through the diode; ； Since the resistance of the series resistor is much smaller than the forward conduction resistance of the diode, the photocurrent is approximately equal to the short-circuit current, i.e., I0. ph ≈I sc Introduce the following coefficients C1 and C2: ； ； Among them, U oc This is the open-circuit voltage; When the output power of a perovskite solar cell module is at its maximum, V=U m , I=I m Then we get the following formula: ； Among them, U m I represents the voltage at the maximum power point of a perovskite solar cell module. m This represents the current at the maximum power point of the perovskite solar cell module. exist When the value is much greater than 1, it simplifies to: ； The inverse solution yields C1: ； ； In the case of an open circuit, V=U oc , I=0, then: ； Since it is much greater than 1, we discard -1 and solve for C2: ； The formula is modified as follows based on the influence of temperature and light intensity under actual working conditions: ； Where a, b, and c are coefficients, e represents the natural logarithm, S0 represents the standard reference illuminance, T0 represents the standard reference temperature, S represents the illuminance, ΔS represents the difference in illuminance, ΔT represents the temperature difference, and U' oc U' represents the corrected open-circuit voltage. m I' represents the corrected voltage at the maximum power point. m I′ represents the corrected maximum power point current. sc This represents the actual short-circuit current; The final simplified equivalent engineering model of the perovskite solar cell is shown in the following equation: ； 。 5. The method for constructing a simulation model of a perovskite solar cell module array according to claim 1, characterized in that, Based on the aforementioned equivalent engineering model of the perovskite solar cell, a perovskite solar cell array model was constructed using the Simulink module in the simulation tool Matlab, specifically including: Based on the equivalent engineering model of the perovskite solar cell, Simulink data flow graph modeling was used to encapsulate key parameters inside the model and create input ports for inputting environmental parameters, including light intensity and temperature. Build a computation module in the Simulink dataflow graph to calculate the actual short-circuit current I′. sc The corrected maximum power point current I′ m Corrected open-circuit voltage U′ oc The corrected voltage at the maximum power point, U′ m The output current I is connected to a controlled current source. The output current and voltage are obtained through a measurement module, and the output characteristic curve is displayed to obtain the simulation circuit of the perovskite solar cell module. The simulation circuits of multiple perovskite solar cell modules are arranged into an array and packaged, and then connected in series and then in parallel to obtain a perovskite solar cell module array model.

6. The method for constructing a simulation model of a perovskite solar cell module array according to claim 4, characterized in that, The perovskite solar cell array model is modified to obtain a quantitatively modified model of the perovskite solar cell array, specifically including: Typical perovskite materials were modeled and simulated using the SCAPS-1D simulator, and key parameters were extracted, including the current I at the maximum power point. m Current density J sc Maximum current density J m and open circuit voltage U oc ; Introducing the temperature coefficient of current K i to I ph The current equation is corrected as follows: ； Update the perovskite solar cell array model to obtain the updated perovskite solar cell array model. The temperature coefficient TC(p) of the key parameter is calculated as follows: ； Where p represents the key parameter and T is the temperature; In the MATLAB / Simulink simulation, an input port is created to input the temperature T. The key parameters are corrected using the temperature coefficient to obtain the corrected key parameters. The corrected key parameters are then applied to the updated perovskite solar cell array model to obtain a quantitatively corrected model of the perovskite solar cell array.

7. The method for constructing a simulation model of a perovskite solar cell module array according to claim 1, characterized in that, The quantitative correction model of the perovskite solar cell module array is implemented at the Simulink behavioral level to obtain a simulation model of the perovskite solar cell module array, specifically including: A photocurrent control module is constructed, which is used to describe the process of calculating the photocurrent based on temperature and light intensity. In the diode of the quantitative correction model of the perovskite solar cell array, a module for realizing the bandgap variation with temperature and a module for calculating diode current are constructed. The module for realizing the bandgap variation with temperature is used to reflect the sensitivity of the bandgap to temperature changes, as shown in the following formula: ； Among them, E g E represents the band gap. g,Ref T represents the reference band gap, T0 represents the standard reference temperature, and T represents the temperature. The diode current calculation module is used to describe the behavior of the diode at different temperatures, as shown in the following formula: ； Among them, I 0,T I represents the reverse saturation current of the diode. 0,ref This represents the reference reverse saturation current of the diode, and k1 represents the temperature coefficient of the corresponding bandgap. Finally, a simulation model of the perovskite solar cell module array was obtained.

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