Ecological restoration system for mangrove forest wetland

Abstract

The invention discloses an ecological restoration system for mangrove forest wetlands, and relates to the technical field of ecological restoration of coastal wetlands, and the technical key points are as follows: the ecological restoration system comprises an algae-cleaning biocenosis: the number of algae is reduced through salt-tolerant algae-cleaning organisms, and the transparency of a water body is improved; the sea grass plant community comprises Sichuan fructus viticis and halophila acuminata, absorbs eutrophic substances in water through photosynthesis, and further purifies the water quality; aquatic animals comprise fishes, benthonic animals, shrimps and filter-feeding zooplanktons; the mangrove plant community is used for planting bruguiera gymnorrhiza, kandelia candel and aegiceras corniculatum in a layered manner according to tide and water depth so as to realize the functions of purifying water quality of an ecological system and providing a habitat; and the environment monitoring module is provided with tide monitoring equipment, observes tide water level change and salinity and alkalinity, and implements early warning and emergency measures under extreme climate conditions. According to the method, a multi-layer producer community system can be coupled and repaired, the eutrophication problem can be effectively solved by multi-dimensionally improving the biodiversity, and a new method is provided for coastal wetland repair.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention relates to the technical field of coastal wetland ecological restoration, and in particular to an ecological restoration system for mangrove wetlands. Background Art

[0002] The wetland ecosystem in coastal areas is affected by tides and pollution, and problems such as eutrophication and algae proliferation are becoming increasingly serious. Traditional wetland restoration methods are mostly focused on the restoration of a single ecosystem, which cannot achieve comprehensive ecological function restoration, especially the lack of multi-level ecological coupling methods. The composite system of mangroves and seagrass beds can play their respective advantages and effectively improve the self-sustainability and environmental adaptability of the ecosystem through coupled restoration. Summary of the invention

[0003] The purpose of the present invention is to solve the above problems and provide an ecological restoration system for mangrove wetlands.

[0004] In order to achieve the above object, the technical solution of the present invention is as follows:

[0005] The present invention provides an ecological restoration system for mangrove wetlands, comprising:

[0006] Clean Algae Biome:

[0007] Biological selection: Select algae-free biomes that are salt-tolerant and have high photosynthesis efficiency, and use them in the ecosystem after domestication to stabilize the number of algae and avoid excessive algae growth;

[0008] Function: Algae-removing organisms remove excess nitrogen, phosphorus and other nutrients in the water through adsorption and photosynthesis, reducing algae outbreaks and improving water transparency, creating a suitable environment for the growth of seagrass and mangroves;

[0009] Seagrass Plant Community:

[0010] Seaweed selection: seaweeds that are adapted to coastal salt water, such as Sichuan creeper, salt-loving grass and dwarf eelgrass, are preferred and distributed in the intertidal zone;

[0011] Function: Seagrass absorbs nutrients in the water through photosynthesis, inhibits eutrophication, increases oxygen supply, provides habitats for small fish and invertebrates, and enhances biodiversity;

[0012] Aquatic fauna:

[0013] Selection of animal species: Based on the principle of improving the food chain and enhancing the landscape effect, the proposed fish species include black carp, the benthic animals are mainly filter-feeding bivalves and scraping snails, and the shrimps are mainly green shrimps that feed on organic debris to purify the water quality;

[0014] Function: Used to extend the food chain, improve the water ecosystem, and at the same time improve the self-purification ability of the water body and the stability of the ecosystem;

[0015] Mangrove plant community:

[0016] Selection of mangrove species: Mangrove species such as lacquer trees, candel trees and tung trees are planted in layers according to the water level. The lacquer trees with strong salt tolerance are planted in low water level areas, candel trees are planted in medium water level areas, and tung trees are planted in high water level areas;

[0017] Ecological effects: Mangrove roots can stabilize soil and purify water, provide shelter for benthic animals and microorganisms, and form a complete coastal wetland ecosystem;

[0018] Environmental monitoring module:

[0019] System synergy: The algae-removing biological system reduces algae and improves water transparency; the seagrass community absorbs nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus to further purify the water quality; the mangroves provide a stable habitat for benthic organisms and small aquatic organisms. The three work together to build a producer community system;

[0020] Hydrological environment regulation: According to tidal changes and hydrological conditions, the salinity and nutrient levels of the water are controlled, and tidal monitoring and water regulation systems are added to ensure stable operation of the system in extreme weather conditions.

[0021] Compared with the prior art, this solution has the following beneficial effects:

[0022] 1. Coupling restoration of multi-level producer community systems: By constructing algae-cleaning organisms, seagrass communities and mangrove plant communities, a stable producer community system is formed to achieve water purification and ecological balance in coastal wetlands.

[0023] 2. Multi-dimensional enhancement of biodiversity: coupling mangrove and seagrass bed ecosystems to increase biodiversity, provide richer habitats, and support the growth of a variety of organisms such as fish and invertebrates.

[0024] 3. Composite restoration technology that adapts to tidal and saline-alkali environments: This technology is suitable for tidal dynamic waters and salinized water bodies, can effectively deal with eutrophication problems, and provide a new method for coastal wetland restoration. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0025] In order to enable those skilled in the art to better understand the solution of the present invention, the technical solution of the present invention will be further described in detail below in conjunction with the embodiments of the present invention. Obviously, the described embodiments are only part of the embodiments of the present invention, rather than all of the embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by ordinary technicians in the field without creative work should fall within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0026] It should be noted that, in the absence of conflict, the embodiments and features in the embodiments of the present invention can be combined with each other. The present invention will be described in detail below in conjunction with the embodiments.

[0027] Example:

[0028] First, remove the invasive plants, and use a combination of mechanical, chemical and manual methods to remove the invasive plants distributed at the edges of mangroves and native plants, in areas such as dikes and ridges. For the invasive plants distributed at the edges of mangroves and native plant communities, and at the edges of small woodlands, and that have adverse effects on the growth of mangroves and other trees, community succession, and landscape diversity, remove them, and take appropriate prevention and control measures to control them.

[0029] Reconstruct the original ecological restoration system. The original ecological restoration system is mainly composed of a complete ecosystem consisting of a net algae biological population system, an aquatic plant community system, an aquatic animal community system and a mangrove community system. Through this system, the self-purification function of the water body can be realized. Among them, the net algae biological population is mainly composed of professional companies that have been specially domesticated and improved, and can swallow and digest blue algae and green algae that are dozens of times larger than their own weight every day, and plankton that can quickly improve the transparency of the water body and has strong salt and alkali tolerance. Among them, the aquatic plants are mainly composed of improved aquatic plants that are salt-tolerant, evergreen, dwarf, cold-resistant, high-temperature-resistant, disease-resistant and pest-resistant, and have controllable growth rates after being improved and cultivated by professional companies. Aquatic animals are mainly composed of populations that are ecologically domesticated at the cultivation base of professional companies, maintain their original ecological habits and have strong salt and alkali tolerance. Mangroves are combined with the existing mangrove species and their population composition characteristics in the area, and the planting species are mainly sea lacquer, white bone soil, tung tree, autumn candelabra, etc. The ecological sequence of different varieties was fully considered during planting. According to the ecological sequence from front to back (i.e. from low water level to high water level), the varieties used were Tung tree, Kandelia ovata, Acanthus sibiricus and Red Mangrove.

[0030] Principle of the original ecological water treatment system: The original ecological water treatment system is a comprehensive technology. Its basic idea is to use the algae-purifying biological population to feed on algae to control algae growth and filter organic suspended particles as the starting factor, causing a chain reaction in various ecosystems, and then realize the artificial construction of an "aquatic animal-underwater forest" symbiotic system. Through the algae-purifying biological population feeding on algae, aquatic animal communities filtering plankton, and aquatic plant communities absorbing nutrients, an underwater double food chain is formed, submerged plants are restored, and the nutrient purification effect of submerged plants is brought into play.

[0031] The original ecological restoration system is based on the concept of artificially restoring the natural purification capacity of water bodies. In view of the problems existing in water bodies such as rich nutrients, low water transparency, easy algae production and difficulty in the growth of submerged plants, the system uses algae-removing microbial populations as a guide to inhibit algae occurrence, improve transparency, and gradually restore a relatively complete water ecosystem represented by submerged plants and benthic organisms through food chain transformation. The details are as follows:

[0032] Step 1: The algae-clearing biological population eats and digests algae, organic particles and suspended matter in the water, and produces weakly acidic excrement, which further inhibits the growth of algae in the water.

[0033] Step 2: After the algae and suspended solids in the water body are reduced and disappear, the water transparency increases, light enters the water bottom, promotes the growth of submerged plants, and forms a good symbiotic relationship with the algae-cleansing biological population. Submerged plants can absorb a large amount of excessive nitrogen, phosphorus and other nutrient-rich substances in the water body, promote nitrogen nitrification / denitrification and phosphorus sedimentation, form underwater forests to inhibit the resuspension of bottom sediments, and other ways to achieve the ecological self-purification capacity of the water body.

[0034] Step 3: After the aquatic plants are restored, the algae-free biological population will carry beneficial microorganisms to the bottom of the water body, promote the increase of the redox potential of the sediment, and be conducive to the large-scale breeding of aquatic insects and aquatic benthic organisms. Under the symbiotic effect of aquatic plants, the sediment nutrients are sealed and the ecological chain is self-purified (the gradual absorption and transformation of material energy). Then, snails, shellfish, fish, shrimps and other advanced aquatic animals are gradually introduced into the water body. Zooplankton and aquatic plants can be eaten by fish, shrimp, snails, shellfish and other advanced aquatic animals. Through the food chain, nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients in the water are transferred out of the water body, which completely reduces the degree of eutrophication in the water body and maintains the water quality of the landscape water body for a long time.

[0035] (1) Algae-control technology for algae population

[0036] Net algae population is a general term for heterotrophic invertebrates and chordate larvae that often float in the water and cannot produce organic matter by themselves. They either have no swimming ability at all or have very weak swimming ability, cannot move long distances, and are not strong enough to resist the flow of water. In freshwater, they mainly include: cladocerans, copepods and rotifers. Small floating animals or those with very weak swimming ability drift with the water flow and are one of the main consumers of lake ecosystems. They are small in size, large in number, and have strong metabolic activity. They can feed on phytoplankton, bacteria, detritus, etc., and control the population size and community structure of algae and bacteria. Phytoplankton is converted into secondary products by zooplankton, transferring substances and energy to higher-level consumers; they are also bait for fish and other aquatic animals at higher trophic levels in the food web, playing a connecting role in the material cycle of the ecosystem.

[0037] (2) Aquatic plant community construction technology

[0038] Submerged plants are not only important primary producers in aquatic ecosystems, but also important regulators of the water environment. They occupy key interfaces in aquatic ecosystems and play an important role in the material and energy cycles in aquatic ecosystems. The main mechanisms of submerged plants in maintaining the clear water state of shallow water bodies include:

[0039] ① Directly purify water quality: directly absorb nutrients in the water, mainly absorbing nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus.

[0040] ② Strengthen the denitrification and phosphorus removal in water bodies: In the nitrification / denitrification process, the roots, stems, leaf surfaces and bottom surface of submerged plants are the best attachment points and places for nitrification and denitrification bacteria. Water bodies with submerged plants can greatly enhance the nitrification / denitrification capacity of nitrogen, thereby achieving the purpose of eliminating total nitrogen in the water body.

[0041] ③Underwater forest oxygen bar: carbon fixation and oxygen production, highly oxygen-rich water body.

[0042] ④ Control and inhibit algae: secrete allelopathic substances through the allelopathic effect, that is, submerged plants can release some phenols and other allelopathic substances to inhibit the growth and reproduction of algae.

[0043] ⑤ Solidify the sediment and promote sedimentation: Promote the sedimentation of suspended matter, inhibit the re-suspension of sediment, and significantly reduce the release of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients in the sediment.

[0044] ⑥ Photosynthetic oxygen release promotes the combination of phosphorus in the substrate with iron, aluminum, etc., and promotes the deposition of phosphorus.

[0045] ⑦ Create an ecological environment and provide habitats for aquatic animals: Creating a good living environment and providing habitats for zooplankton, benthic filter feeders, beneficial microbial communities, fish and shrimps, etc. will help enrich ecological diversity and improve the self-purification efficiency of water bodies.

[0046] Therefore, submerged plants are the basis for maintaining the stability and ecological diversity of aquatic ecosystems and the key to the restoration of water ecosystems. After a stable underwater ecosystem is successfully established, producers, consumers, and decomposers in the water will naturally form a complete food chain, which can have a strong ability to improve the adverse factors of the surrounding environment and have a strong tolerance for growth stress caused by emergencies. For example, sudden deterioration of water quality, increase of SS, and rising water levels caused by heavy rains may cause a sharp drop in temporary visibility and turbid water. This underwater ecosystem can purify water quality under harsh conditions within a certain period of time through its own purification ability, quickly improve transparency, and achieve the function of long-term water purification and maintaining clear water.

[0047] (3) Optimization and improvement of aquatic plants

[0048] The improved aquatic plants are preferably well-developed with roots, stems and leaves, strong in photosynthesis, can produce a large amount of oxygen, improve the absorption and conversion efficiency of nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus, and do not grow out of the water, are not easy to spread, and are easy to maintain. They have the following characteristics: ① salt and alkali resistance; ② evergreen all year round; ③ low plants; ④ beautiful shape; ⑤ strong resistance to diseases and pests; ⑥ high purification efficiency; ⑦ resistance to weak light, high temperature and cold; ⑧ pollution resistance.

[0049] (4) Aquatic animal community construction technology

[0050] The stocking of aquatic animals will fully consider the configuration structure (temporal and spatial structure and nutritional structure) of aquatic animal species, and scientifically and rationally design the stocking pattern of aquatic animals (species, quantity, male-female ratio, individual size, feeding habits, living habits, stocking season, stocking sequence, etc.).

[0051] Aquatic animals include fish (which build the food web), benthic animals, shrimps and filter-feeding zooplankton.

[0052] By filtering and feeding on phytoplankton, blue algae blooms can be effectively controlled; N and P are converted through the trophic level of algae and fixed in the form of fish production, thereby achieving the purpose of purifying water quality.

[0053] ① Principles for fish selection: Based on the principle of improving the food chain and enhancing the landscape effect. Considering the water landscape requirements of the proposed project, taking into account both the landscape effect and the ecological effect. The proposed fish include black carp, etc.

[0054] ② Benthic animals: The stocking species are mainly filter-feeding bivalves and scraping snails. These aquatic benthic animals act as filters and precipitators for water bodies. They can prey on a large amount of organic matter and decayed aquatic plant residues in the bottom sediment, greatly reducing the organic matter content and nutrient release in the bottom sediment. At the same time, some substances released by large snails are natural flocculants in the water body, which can reduce suspended particles in the water and absorb a large amount of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients. Mussels filter the water body. For example, a mussel with a shell length of 10 cm can filter 60 liters of water per day at 20°C. This is of great significance for the balance and stability of the ecosystem in the later stage. Therefore, in order to build a benign aquatic ecosystem and protect water quality, it is very necessary to build a reasonable benthic animal community.

[0055] ③ Shrimp: Organic debris formed by fallen leaves, aquatic plants in water bodies, and organic matter formed by feces and corpses of aquatic animals can easily pollute water quality. A certain number of shrimps are released in landscape water bodies to feed on organic debris, which can purify the water quality.

[0056] Aquatic animals mainly include fish, benthic animals (mainly soft-bodied snails and shellfish), shrimps and filter-feeding animals, etc., which are used to extend the food chain, improve the aquatic ecosystem, and at the same time improve the self-purification ability of the water body and the stability of the ecosystem. The aquatic animals to be released in this project are: ring-shaped snails, river clams, shrimps, and fish include carnivorous mandarin fish and black fish.

[0057] (5) Biomanipulation Technology

[0058] Controlling phytoplankton and improving water transparency are the keys to the restoration of shallow eutrophic water bodies. Increasing the number of carnivorous fish can control fish that feed on zooplankton, promote the growth of zooplankton, thereby controlling phytoplankton and improving water transparency, thus creating conditions for the recovery of large aquatic plants, especially submerged plants.

[0059] (6) Ecosystem balance regulation

[0060] The work in the later stage of construction mainly involves the replanting and adjustment of submerged vegetation, and the monitoring and adjustment of aquatic animals. According to the survival of submerged vegetation, submerged plants are replanted and transplanted. In areas with low survival rates, they are replanted according to the original planting density. According to the survival of aquatic animals, the number and species monitoring method is adopted. Aquatic animal species and numbers that exceed the design range are fished and removed, and aquatic animal species and numbers that are less than the design range are replenished.

[0061] (7) Post-operation and maintenance technology

[0062] Water maintenance is an important task to maintain the health of water quality and ecosystem. In addition to daily water cleaning, water quality testing is carried out regularly. According to the water quality, the water is oxygenated, beneficial aquatic animals in the ecosystem are replenished in time, the growth of aquatic plants is regulated at any time, the structure of aquatic plants is optimized, and the ecological stability and balance of the water body are maintained. Tidal monitoring equipment is added to observe tidal water level changes and salinity, and early warning and emergency measures are implemented under extreme climatic conditions. Water transparency, nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations and other indicators are regularly monitored to ensure the synergistic effect of algae, seaweed and mangroves to achieve balance and stability of the ecosystem.

[0063] The above specific embodiments are merely explanations of the present invention and are not limitations of the present invention. After reading this specification, those skilled in the art may make modifications to the embodiments without any creative contribution as needed. However, such modifications are protected by the patent law as long as they are within the scope of the claims of the present invention.

Claims

1. An ecological restoration system for mangrove wetlands, characterized in that it includes: Algae-cleaning biota: Reduce the number of algae and improve water clarity through salt-tolerant algae-cleaning biota; Seagrass plant communities: including sedge and salt-loving grass, absorb nutrients in the water through photosynthesis, further purifying the water quality; Aquatic animal community: Aquatic animals include fish, benthic animals, shrimps and filter-feeding zooplankton; Mangrove plant community: Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Kandelia candel and Aegiceras majus trees are planted in layers according to tides and water depth to achieve water purification and habitat provision functions of the ecosystem; Environmental monitoring module: Install tidal monitoring equipment to observe tidal water level changes and salinity, and implement early warning and emergency measures under extreme climatic conditions.

2. The ecological restoration system for mangrove wetlands according to claim 1, characterized in that: The net algae organisms in the net algae biological community are net algae organisms suitable for saline-alkali conditions, which are placed in the intertidal zone after being propagated and domesticated in the domestication pond, and reduce eutrophic algae in the water body through their photosynthesis.

3. The ecological restoration system for mangrove wetlands according to claim 1, characterized in that: The seagrass plant community is planted in shallow waters and includes cristobalite, salt-loving grass and dwarf giant algae to form a seagrass belt.

4. The ecological restoration system for mangrove wetlands according to claim 1, characterized in that: The mangrove plant community includes Aegiceras corniculata in low water level areas, Kandelia officinalis in middle water level areas, and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza in high water level areas.

5. The ecological restoration system for mangrove wetlands according to claim 1, characterized in that: The environmental monitoring module regularly monitors water transparency and nitrogen and phosphorus concentration indicators to ensure the synergistic effect of algae, seaweed and mangroves to achieve balance and stability of the ecosystem.

6. The ecological restoration system for mangrove wetlands according to claim 1, characterized in that: The algae biocommunity, seaweed plant community and mangrove plant community are arranged in zones to form a multi-level ecosystem, thereby achieving self-purification and balance of the ecosystem.