All-steel tire tread pattern

Abstract

The invention provides an all-steel tire tread pattern, and relates to the technical field of tire production. The tire tread is sequentially divided into a first tire shoulder, a first pattern block, a central pattern block, a second pattern block and a second tire shoulder by the four longitudinally formed pattern grooves along a first direction; a plurality of transverse grooves are longitudinally distributed in the surfaces of the first pattern blocks, the central pattern blocks and the second pattern blocks, and frosted lines are further arranged on the sides, tightly attached to the transverse grooves, of the first pattern blocks and the second pattern blocks; the pattern grooves extend to the groove bottoms in a wavy shape, the groove wall angles alpha of the tops of the pattern grooves range from 10 degrees to 15 degrees, and the groove wall angles beta of the groove bottoms of the pattern grooves range from 20 degrees to 25 degrees. The problems that in the prior art, an all-steel tire pattern cannot enhance the road holding force, and foreign matter such as pebbles is often clamped into a tire tread are solved, and the technical effects that the performance of an all-steel tire under various road surface conditions is improved, and the stability and safety of a vehicle during high-speed running are improved are achieved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention relates to the technical field of tire production, in particular to a tread pattern of an all-steel tire. Background Art

[0002] Automobile tires are the only part of a vehicle that contacts the road. They not only carry the entire weight of the vehicle, but are also responsible for providing traction, braking force, and driving stability. The manufacture of tires needs to consider wear resistance, grip, aging resistance, heat resistance, and adaptability to different road surfaces. With the development of technology, modern tires are usually made of synthetic rubber, steel wire, and other composite materials to ensure good performance in various climates and road conditions.

[0003] All-steel tires are a type of automobile tire. The multi-layer steel cord structure of all-steel tires can withstand greater pressure and load, thus having a longer service life and better durability. They are usually used for heavy-loaded vehicles, such as freight trucks and buses. The pattern of all-steel tires can provide good road braking effect for heavy-loaded vehicles.

[0004] The existing tire tread patterns are designed for semi-steel tires suitable for small vehicles; as a result, the existing full-steel tires are relatively simple in functional pattern design, and fail to fully consider the performance of the tires under different road conditions; and the driving environment of the full-steel tires is often high-load and rough and harsh road conditions. Therefore, the tread patterns of the full-steel tires designed in the prior art cannot enhance the grip during driving, and the treads are often prone to foreign objects such as stones being stuck. Summary of the invention

[0005] The purpose of the present invention is to provide a tread pattern of an all-steel tire to alleviate the problems in the prior art that the tread pattern of the all-steel tire cannot enhance the grip during driving and foreign objects such as stones are often stuck in the tread.

[0006] The present invention provides a tread pattern of an all-steel tire, comprising: a groove; Four longitudinal grooves divide the tire tread into a first shoulder, a first pattern block, a center pattern block, a second pattern block and a second shoulder in sequence along a first direction; The surfaces of the first pattern block, the central pattern block and the second pattern block are all longitudinally provided with a plurality of transverse grooves, and the first pattern block and the second pattern block are also provided with frosted patterns on one side close to the transverse grooves; The pattern grooves extend toward the groove bottom in a wave shape, the groove wall angle α at the groove top is 10° to 15°, and the groove wall angle β at the groove bottom is 20° to 25°.

[0007] Furthermore, four longitudinally opened grooves are symmetrically arranged in pairs with the central pattern block as the midline.

[0008] Furthermore, the width of the groove is 12 mm to 14 mm, and the depth of the groove is 13 mm to 15 mm.

[0009] Furthermore, the surface of one side of the groove is a first fold line edge, and the surface of the other side of the groove is a second fold line edge; the groove wall angle α is the angle between the first fold line edge and the extension line perpendicular to the ground, and the groove wall angle β is the angle between the second fold line edge and the extension line perpendicular to the ground.

[0010] Furthermore, the depth from the corner of the first fold line edge 101 and the second fold line edge 102 to the groove bottom is 6.5 mm to 7.5 mm.

[0011] Furthermore, the transverse groove includes two inclined portions extending from the edge of the groove toward the middle of the tread, the ends of the inclined portions are connected to the vertical portions, and the two vertical portions are arranged in parallel.

[0012] Furthermore, the inclined portion includes deep grooves and thin grooves, the length of the deep grooves is 2mm to 3mm, the deep grooves are connected to the pattern grooves, the thin grooves are connected to the vertical portions, the depth of the deep grooves is 1.5mm to 2mm, and the depths of the thin grooves and the vertical portions are 0.5mm to 1mm.

[0013] Furthermore, the width of the transverse groove is 0.5 mm to 2 mm.

[0014] Furthermore, the bottom of the transverse groove is in a rounded head shape.

[0015] Furthermore, the frosted texture is velvet or rubber.

[0016] Beneficial effects: The present invention provides a tread pattern of an all-steel tire, comprising: a pattern groove; four longitudinally arranged pattern grooves divide the tire tread into a first shoulder, a first pattern block, a center pattern block, a second pattern block and a second shoulder in sequence along a first direction; by symmetrically designing the pattern tire based on the center groove of the tread, the patterns on both sides are completely identical, ensuring balanced performance of the tire, and maintaining good grip on both dry and wet ground.

[0017] The surfaces of the first pattern block, the center pattern block, and the second pattern block are all longitudinally distributed with a number of transverse grooves, and the first pattern block and the second pattern block are also provided with frosted patterns on one side close to the transverse grooves. By combining the transverse grooves and frosted patterns on the first pattern block and the second pattern block, the contact area between the tire and the ground can be increased, thereby increasing friction and grip. On dry roads, the block area of ​​the pattern can better generate friction with the ground and provide stable driving performance. The center pattern block is the highest point of the tread arc, and the use of transverse grooves can enhance the stability of the tire; The grooves extend toward the bottom in a wave shape, the groove wall angle α at the top of the groove is 10° to 15°, and the groove wall angle β at the bottom of the groove is 20° to 25°. By setting the grooves at the corners, stones can be effectively prevented from entering the groove wall, thus improving the tire's stone pinching prevention rate. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0018] In order to more clearly illustrate the specific implementation methods of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings required for use in the specific implementation methods or the description of the prior art will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are some implementation methods of the present invention. For ordinary technicians in this field, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without paying creative work.

[0019] Figure 1 A schematic diagram of the structure of the tread pattern of an all-steel tire provided by an embodiment of the present invention; Figure 2 A schematic diagram of an overall tire with an all-steel tire tread pattern provided by an embodiment of the present invention; Figure 3 A partial enlarged view of a first pattern block and a second pattern block having a tread pattern of an all-steel tire provided in an embodiment of the present invention; Figure 4 A partial enlarged view of a central pattern block having a tread pattern of an all-steel tire provided in an embodiment of the present invention; Figure 5 A structural schematic diagram with cross-sectional diagram marks of a tread pattern of an all-steel tire provided in an embodiment of the present invention; Figure 6 A schematic cross-sectional view of the AA portion of the tread pattern of an all-steel tire provided by an embodiment of the present invention; Figure 7 A schematic cross-sectional view of the BB portion of the tread pattern of an all-steel tire provided by an embodiment of the present invention; Figure 8 A schematic cross-sectional view of the CC portion of the tread pattern of an all-steel tire provided by an embodiment of the present invention; Fig. 9 A schematic diagram of an inclined portion in a tread pattern of an all-steel tire provided in an embodiment of the present invention.

[0020] Icons: 1-groove; 101-first fold line edge; 102-second fold line edge; 2-first shoulder; 3-first tread block; 4-center tread block; 5-second tread block; 6-second shoulder; 7-transverse groove; 701-inclined part; 702-vertical part; 703-deep groove; 704-fine groove; 8-matte pattern. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0021] In order to make the purpose, technical solutions and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention clearer, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below in conjunction with the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention. Obviously, the described embodiments are part of the embodiments of the present invention, not all of the embodiments. Generally, the components of the embodiments of the present invention described and shown in the drawings here can be arranged and designed in various different configurations.

[0022] Therefore, the following detailed description of the embodiments of the present invention provided in the accompanying drawings is not intended to limit the scope of the invention claimed for protection, but merely represents selected embodiments of the present invention. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by ordinary technicians in this field without creative work are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0023] It should be noted that similar reference numerals and letters denote similar items in the following drawings, and therefore, once an item is defined in one drawing, further definition and explanation thereof is not required in subsequent drawings.

[0024] In the description of the present invention, it should be noted that the terms "center", "upper", "lower", "left", "right", "vertical", "horizontal", "inside", "outside", etc. indicate positions or positional relationships based on the positions or positional relationships shown in the accompanying drawings, or the positions or positional relationships in which the product of the invention is usually placed when in use. They are only for the convenience of describing the present invention and simplifying the description, and do not indicate or imply that the device or element referred to must have a specific position, be constructed and operated in a specific position, and therefore cannot be understood as limiting the present invention. In addition, the terms "first", "second", "third", etc. are only used to distinguish the description, and cannot be understood as indicating or implying relative importance.

[0025] In addition, the terms "horizontal", "vertical", "overhanging" and the like do not mean that the components are required to be absolutely horizontal or overhanging, but can be slightly tilted. For example, "horizontal" only means that its direction is more horizontal than "vertical", and does not mean that the structure must be completely horizontal, but can be slightly tilted.

[0026] In the description of the present invention, it is also necessary to explain that, unless otherwise clearly specified and limited, the terms "set", "install", "connect", and "connect" should be understood in a broad sense, for example, it can be a fixed connection, a detachable connection, or an integral connection; it can be a mechanical connection or an electrical connection; it can be a direct connection, or it can be indirectly connected through an intermediate medium, or it can be the internal communication of two elements. For ordinary technicians in this field, the specific meanings of the above terms in the present invention can be understood according to specific circumstances.

[0027] Some embodiments of the present invention are described in detail below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. In the absence of conflict, the following embodiments and features in the embodiments can be combined with each other.

[0028] Example 1 The present invention provides a tread pattern of an all-steel tire, such as Figure 1 , Figure 2 As shown, it includes: a groove 1; Four longitudinal grooves 1 divide the tire tread into a first shoulder 2, a first pattern block 3, a center pattern block 4, a second pattern block 5 and a second shoulder 6 in sequence along a first direction; The surfaces of the first pattern block 3, the central pattern block 4 and the second pattern block 5 are longitudinally provided with a plurality of transverse grooves 7, and the first pattern block 3 and the second pattern block 5 are also provided with frosted patterns 8 on one side close to the transverse grooves 7; The groove 1 extends toward the groove bottom in a wave shape, the groove wall angle α at the top of the groove 1 is 10° to 15°, and the groove wall angle β at the groove bottom of the groove 1 is 20° to 25°.

[0029] Specifically, four longitudinal grooves 1 are provided on the tread of the tire along a first direction, wherein the first direction is a direction horizontal to the ground, i.e., the grooves are provided in sequence in a transverse direction. The four grooves 1 divide the tread of the all-steel tire and form a first shoulder 2, a first pattern block 3, a center pattern block 4, a second pattern block 5, and a second shoulder 6; the all-steel tire pattern is symmetrically arranged with the center of the tread as a reference, and the patterns on both sides are exactly the same, which can ensure the balanced performance of the tire and maintain good grip on both dry and wet ground. The first shoulder 2 and the second shoulder 6 are not provided with patterns, which can reduce the friction between the tire and the ground, thereby reducing the rolling resistance and improving the fuel economy of the vehicle. At the same time, since the all-steel tire is used for heavy-loaded vehicles, the noise is relatively large, and the first shoulder 2 and the second shoulder 6 are not provided with patterns, which can also reduce the noise generated when the tire is running.

[0030] like Figure 3 , Figure 4As shown, the surfaces of the first pattern block 3, the central pattern block 4 and the second pattern block 5 are all arranged with transverse grooves 7, which are formed by two oppositely arranged grooves. The two opposite transverse grooves 7 spread from the pattern grooves 1 on both sides to the center of the tread, and can be combined to form an "S"-shaped groove; a plurality of transverse grooves 7 are distributed longitudinally on the surface of the tire. Since the central pattern block 4 is the highest point of the transverse tread arc, the use of transverse grooves 7 can enhance the stability of the tire; and frosted patterns 8 are also arranged close to the inner side of the first pattern block 3 and the second pattern block 5. The frosted patterns 8 are exactly the same in shape as the transverse grooves 7. The frosted patterns 8 have no thickness and are the material added when making the tire. They will not protrude from the tread of the tire and are frosted in shape, which can increase the grip of the tire and are suitable for the heavy-load driving environment of all-steel tires; and the combination of transverse grooves 7 and frosted patterns 8 can increase the contact area between the tire and the ground, thereby increasing the friction and grip. On dry roads, the block area of ​​the pattern can better generate friction with the ground and provide stable driving performance.

[0031] The grooves 1 extend toward the bottom of the grooves in a wave shape, that is, both sides of the four grooves 1 are bent. Compared with the traditional grooves 1 that directly adopt an inverted T-shaped slope, the wave-shaped grooves 1 can effectively prevent stones from passing through the groove walls of the grooves 1 and getting stuck in the groove bottom, which can improve the tire's stone pinching prevention rate. At the same time, the groove wall angle α at the top of the groove 1 is 10° to 15°, and the groove wall angle β at the bottom of the groove 1 is 20° to 25°.

[0032] Example 2 In an embodiment of the present invention, Figure 5 , Figure 6 and Figure 7 As shown, four longitudinally opened grooves 1 are symmetrically arranged in pairs with the central pattern block 4 as the midline.

[0033] The width of the groove 1 is 12 mm to 14 mm, and the depth of the groove 1 is 13 mm to 15 mm.

[0034] One side surface of the groove 1 is a first fold line edge 101, and the other side surface of the groove 1 is a second fold line edge 102; the groove wall angle α is the angle between the first fold line edge 101 and the extension line perpendicular to the ground, and the groove wall angle β is the angle between the second fold line edge 102 and the extension line perpendicular to the ground.

[0035] The depth from the corner of the first fold line edge 101 and the second fold line edge 102 to the groove bottom is 6.5 mm to 7.5 mm.

[0036] Specifically, there are four longitudinal grooves 1 on the surface of the tire, wherein the two grooves 1 between the first shoulder 2 and the first pattern block 3, and between the first pattern block 3 and the center pattern block 4 are consistent; the two grooves 1 between the center pattern block 4 and the second pattern block 5, and between the second pattern block 5 and the second shoulder 6 are consistent, so that the four grooves are symmetrically arranged in pairs with the center pattern block 4 as the center line; when the vehicle is driving on a slippery road, rainwater will enter between the tire and the road surface; the symmetrically arranged four longitudinal grooves 1 can effectively drain water from the contact area between the tire and the road surface; and the symmetrically arranged four longitudinal grooves 1 make the pressure distribution of various parts of the tire more balanced, so that the tire can maintain good stability under different road conditions, and on a road with a certain slope, it can ensure that the tire's grip is evenly distributed, which helps the vehicle to climb or descend steadily.

[0037] Specifically, a width of 12mm to 14mm allows more water to quickly enter the groove 1, while a depth of 13mm to 15mm provides sufficient channel space for water flow. Such width and depth dimensions can ensure that the groove 1 has sufficient volume to drain water. In addition, the groove width is between 12mm and 14mm, which ensures that the size and distribution of the tire are reasonable, and the tread blocks will not be too small due to the groove being too wide, affecting the grip.

[0038] Specifically, take the two grooves 1 on the left side as an example. Figure 6 As shown, one side surface of the groove 1 is a first fold line edge 101, and the other side surface of the groove 1 is a second fold line edge 102; wherein the first fold line edge 101 includes three fold line portions, wherein the three fold line portions extend from the groove surface of the groove 1 to the groove bottom in a stepped manner; the second fold line portion 102 also includes three fold line portions, wherein the first fold line portion extends to the upper right, the second fold line portion extends to the upper left, and the third fold line portion also extends to the upper right, and then extends from the groove bottom to the groove surface of the groove 1. The two right side grooves 1 are symmetrically arranged, as shown in FIG. Figure 7 shown.

[0039] The groove wall angle α is the angle between the first fold line 101 and the extension line perpendicular to the ground, and the groove wall angle β is the angle between the second fold line 102 and the extension line perpendicular to the ground. The groove wall angle α is in the range of 10° to 15°, and the groove wall angle β is in the range of 20° to 25°, so that the groove 1 can effectively prevent stones from passing through the groove wall of the groove 1 and getting stuck in the groove bottom, which can improve the tire's stone-pinching rate. At the same time, during driving, the groove wall of this angle helps to get rid of dirt, stones and other debris in the groove, keep the groove clean, and thus maintain good drainage and grip performance of the tire.

[0040] Specifically, the depth of the first fold line edge 101 and the depth of the corner of the second fold line edge 102 are both 6.5 mm to 7.5 mm. That is, the first fold line edge 101 and the second fold line edge 102 are both bent from the middle, so that the height from the bent portion to the groove bottom is 6.5 mm to 7.5 mm, while ensuring drainage, the probability of stones getting stuck in the pattern groove 1 is increased to the greatest extent.

[0041] Comparative Example The comparative example is a groove in an inverted trapezoidal shape, wherein the groove bottom and the groove wall are all inclined surfaces with an inclination angle of 18°; the width and height of the groove are the same as those in Example 2, wherein the width is 13.5 mm and the height is 13 mm, but the stone-pinching prevention rate in Example 2 of the present invention can be increased by 20%; accordingly, the width of the groove 1 in Example 2 of the present invention is changed to the optimal 12 mm, which can prevent smaller stones from being stuck in the groove 1, and the stone-pinching prevention rate can be increased by 30%.

[0042] Example 3 In an embodiment of the present invention, Figure 3 , Figure 4 and Fig. 9 As shown, the transverse groove 7 includes two inclined portions 701 extending from the edge of the groove 1 to the middle of the tread, and the ends of the inclined portions 701 are connected to vertical portions 702, and the two vertical portions 702 are arranged in parallel.

[0043] like Fig. 9 As shown, the inclined portion 701 includes a deep groove 703 and a fine groove 704. The length of the deep groove 703 is 2 mm to 3 mm. The deep groove 703 is connected to the pattern groove 1. The fine groove 704 is connected to the vertical portion 702. The depth of the deep groove 703 is 1.5 mm to 2 mm. The depth of the fine groove 704 and the vertical portion 702 is 0.5 mm to 1 mm.

[0044] The width of the transverse groove 7 is 0.5 mm to 2 mm.

[0045] like Figure 8 As shown, the bottom of the transverse groove 7 is in the shape of a round head.

[0046] The frosted pattern 8 is velvet, rubber frosted or ceramic particles.

[0047] Specifically, taking the transverse groove 7 on the first pattern block 3 as an example, one transverse groove 7 includes an inclined portion 701 extending from the first pattern groove 1 on the left to the surface of the center of the first pattern block 3, and a vertical portion 702 extending downward from the center; another transverse groove 7 includes an inclined portion 701 extending from the second pattern groove 1 on the left to the surface of the center of the first pattern block 3, and a vertical portion 702 extending upward from the center, wherein the two vertical portions 702 are arranged in parallel. Correspondingly, the two transverse grooves of the center pattern block 4 extend from the second pattern groove 1 on the left and the third pattern groove 1 on the left to the surface of the center pattern block 4 respectively; the two transverse grooves of the second pattern block 5 extend from the third pattern groove 1 on the left and the fourth pattern groove 1 to the surface of the center. By combining the transverse groove 7 and the frosted pattern 8, the contact area of ​​the pattern block is increased to improve the grip of the tire.

[0048] Specifically, the inclined portion 701 includes a deep groove 703 and a fine groove 704. The transverse groove 7, which is deep outside and shallow inside, can be conducive to the removal of gas in the pattern, increase grip and reduce noise. The length of the deep groove 703 is 2mm to 3mm. The deep groove 703 is connected to the pattern groove 1, and the fine groove 704 is connected to the vertical portion 702, forming a relatively complex and interconnected drainage network; when the vehicle is driving on a slippery road, the accumulated water can be quickly discharged through these grooves, reducing the formation of water film, thereby reducing the risk of hydroplaning, improving the grip and handling stability of the all-steel tire on wet land, ensuring the safety of vehicle driving, and increasing the tire's anti-slip ability. The depth of the deep groove 703 is 1.5mm to 2mm, and the depth of the fine groove 704 and the vertical portion 702 is 0.5mm to 1mm. When the vehicle turns, it can help the all-steel tire better fit the road surface, make the steering more accurate and stable, reduce the risk of side slip and tail swing, and increase the stability when turning.

[0049] Specifically, the bottom of the transverse groove 7 is rounded, which can reduce the stress concentration at the bottom of the groove, thereby improving the tear resistance of the bottom of the groove. At the same time, it can make the water flow in the transverse groove smoother, reduce the resistance of the water flow, and drain the accumulated water from the contact area between the tire and the ground more quickly, thereby improving the tire's grip and handling stability on slippery roads.

[0050] Specifically, the frosted pattern 8 is velvet or rubber frosted, which can increase the friction between the all-steel tire and the ground. When driving on dry roads, the tire can grip the ground better, improve the vehicle's acceleration, braking and cornering performance, enhance handling stability, and reduce the risk of skidding and tail swinging.

[0051] Finally, it should be noted that the above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solutions of the present invention, rather than to limit it. Although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the aforementioned embodiments, those skilled in the art should understand that they can still modify the technical solutions described in the aforementioned embodiments, or replace some or all of the technical features therein with equivalents. However, these modifications or replacements do not cause the essence of the corresponding technical solutions to deviate from the scope of the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention.

Claims

1. A tread pattern of an all-steel tire, characterized in that: include: Groove (1); The four longitudinally arranged grooves (1) divide the tire tread into a first shoulder (2), a first pattern block (3), a center pattern block (4), a second pattern block (5) and a second shoulder (6) in sequence along a first direction; The surfaces of the first pattern block (3), the central pattern block (4) and the second pattern block (5) are all longitudinally provided with a plurality of transverse grooves (7), and the first pattern block (3) and the second pattern block (5) are also provided with frosted patterns (8) on one side close to the transverse grooves (7); The pattern groove (1) extends toward the groove bottom in a wave shape, the groove wall angle α at the top of the pattern groove (1) is 10° to 15°, and the groove wall angle β at the groove bottom of the pattern groove (1) is 20° to 25°.

2. The all-steel tire tread pattern according to claim 1, characterized in that: The four longitudinally opened tread grooves (1) are symmetrically arranged in pairs with the central tread block (4) as the midline.

3. The all-steel tire tread pattern according to claim 2, characterized in that: The width of the tread groove (1) is 12 mm to 14 mm, and the depth of the tread groove (1) is 13 mm to 15 mm.

4. The all-steel tire tread pattern according to claim 3, characterized in that: The surface of one side of the tread groove (1) is a first fold line edge (101), and the surface of the other side of the tread groove (1) is a second fold line edge (102); the groove wall angle α is the angle between the first fold line edge (101) and an extension line perpendicular to the ground, and the groove wall angle β is the angle between the second fold line edge (102) and an extension line perpendicular to the ground.

5. The all-steel tire tread pattern according to claim 4, characterized in that: The depth from the corner of the first fold line edge (101) and the second fold line edge (102) to the groove bottom is 6.5 mm to 7.5 mm.

6. The all-steel tire tread pattern according to claim 1, characterized in that: The transverse groove (7) comprises two inclined portions (701) extending from the edge of the tread groove (1) towards the middle of the tread, the ends of the inclined portions (701) are connected to vertical portions (702), and the two vertical portions (702) are arranged in parallel.

7. The all-steel tire tread pattern according to claim 6, characterized in that: The inclined portion (701) comprises a deep groove (703) and a thin groove (704), the deep groove (703) having a length of 2 mm to 3 mm, the deep groove (703) being connected to the pattern groove (1), the thin groove (704) being connected to the vertical portion (702), the deep groove (703) having a depth of 1.5 mm to 2 mm, and the thin groove (704) and the vertical portion (702) having a depth of 0.5 mm to 1 mm.

8. The all-steel tire tread pattern according to claim 7, characterized in that: The width of the transverse groove (7) is 0.5 mm to 2 mm.

9. The all-steel tire tread pattern according to claim 7, characterized in that: The bottom of the transverse groove (7) is in the shape of a round head.

10. The all-steel tire tread pattern according to claim 1, characterized in that: The frosted pattern (8) is velvet or rubber frosted.

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