Carbon emission auditing method and system based on block chain technology

Abstract

The invention discloses a carbon emission auditing method and system based on a block chain technology, and relates to the technical field of block chains and carbon emission auditing, and the method comprises the steps: obtaining the carbon emission data of a target carbon emission entity; based on a preset carbon emission internal control standard, evaluating the integrated data; when the evaluation result indicates that the abnormal item exists, tracing the abnormal data by utilizing the traceability of the block chain technology; for the data passing the traceability verification, using an intelligent contract to verify whether the data meets a predetermined standard; and performing reason analysis on the screened abnormal data, and evaluating the potential influence of the abnormal data. According to the carbon emission auditing method based on the block chain technology provided by the invention, enterprises can record and share the carbon emission data in real time through full-process data right confirmation and tampering resistance of the block chain technology, and tedious links of data collection and verification in traditional auditing are reduced, so that the auditing cost is effectively reduced, and the auditing efficiency is improved. And the accuracy and credibility of carbon emission auditing are improved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the field of blockchain and carbon emission audit technology, and specifically to a carbon emission audit method and system based on blockchain technology. Background Art

[0002] With the increasing global attention to environmental protection and climate change, carbon emission audits have become an important means of evaluating corporate environmental performance and implementing international climate agreements. However, the current carbon emission audits have the following main problems: the data collection process is complex and error-prone; the audit process is inefficient and costly; and due to the complexity and scale of the audit, it often requires huge human resources investment, making it difficult to ensure the continuity and comprehensiveness of the audit quality. In order to solve these problems, the introduction of blockchain technology has brought innovative solutions to the field of carbon emission audits, promoting the process of achieving full coverage and real-time audits of carbon emission audits.

[0003] At present, carbon emission audits mainly rely on carbon emission data reported by enterprises themselves. These data are often opaque and easy to tamper with, which seriously affects the accuracy and credibility of the audit results. In addition, due to the complexity and diversity of carbon emission data, traditional audit methods are difficult to achieve real-time monitoring and effective management of the entire carbon emission process. Blockchain technology is a decentralized, distributed storage database technology with the characteristics of data immutability, traceability, and high transparency. Applying blockchain technology to current carbon emission audits can better ensure the authenticity, integrity and reliability of the audit data collected related to carbon emission activities, and realize full-process monitoring, automatic auditing and transparent sharing of carbon emission data. Summary of the invention

[0004] In view of the above-mentioned problems, the present invention is proposed.

[0005] Therefore, the technical problems solved by the present invention are: the existing carbon emission auditing methods have complex and error-prone data collection processes, inefficient auditing processes, high costs, and require huge human resource investment, making it difficult to ensure the continuity and comprehensiveness of audit quality, as well as how to optimize the collection, verification and management processes of carbon emission data by introducing blockchain technology.

[0006] In order to solve the above technical problems, the present invention provides the following technical solutions: a carbon emission audit method based on blockchain technology, comprising:

[0007] Obtain the carbon emission data of the target carbon emission entity, and integrate, classify and store the data; based on the preset carbon emission internal control standards, evaluate the integrated data to identify whether there are abnormal items that exceed the preset threshold; when the evaluation results indicate the existence of abnormal items, use the traceability of blockchain technology to trace the abnormal data and verify the source and authenticity of the data; for the data that has passed the traceability verification, use smart contracts to verify whether the data meets the predetermined standards; if it does, confirm the validity of the data; if it does not, screen and process the abnormal data; analyze the causes of the screened abnormal data and evaluate its potential impact; if the data cannot be verified by the smart contract, initiate the offline audit procedure for additional verification; generate a carbon emission audit report through blockchain technology, and manage the access rights of the report according to the audit requirements.

[0008] As a preferred solution of the carbon emission audit method based on blockchain technology described in the present invention, wherein: the acquisition of carbon emission data of the target carbon emission entity includes deploying Internet of Things sensors at the target carbon emission source to collect carbon emission related data in real time; transmitting the collected carbon emission data to the central data collection system through a secure encryption protocol; using a data aggregation algorithm to aggregate data from different sensors, remove duplicate data, fill in missing values, and format them; storing the processed carbon emission data in the distributed ledger of the blockchain network, and generating a unique hash value for each piece of data.

[0009] As a preferred solution of the carbon emission audit method based on blockchain technology described in the present invention, the data integration, classification and storage include converting the aggregated carbon emission data into a unified data format through a data standardization process, including data type, measurement unit and timestamp information; using a hierarchical clustering algorithm to classify the data according to the type of carbon emission source; distributing and storing the classified carbon emission data on multiple nodes of the blockchain network, generating a unique hash value for each data item, and recording the storage time and location of the data through the timestamp function of the blockchain.

[0010] As a preferred solution of the carbon emission audit method based on blockchain technology described in the present invention, wherein: the evaluation of the integrated data includes deploying a smart contract in the blockchain network and presetting the evaluation rules of the carbon emission internal control standards; the smart contract automatically executes the data evaluation algorithm, performs a compliance check on each integrated carbon emission data, and uses a statistical analysis method to identify abnormal items that exceed the preset threshold; the identified abnormal data items are marked as abnormal on the blockchain; an abnormal data report containing the abnormal data item information is generated, and the report is stored on the blockchain.

[0011] As a preferred solution of the carbon emission audit method based on blockchain technology described in the present invention, the traceability includes generating a unique tracking identifier for each data item marked as abnormal, and recording the association between the identifier and the data item on the blockchain, including the data collection time, the collection equipment number and the operator identity; tracking the entire process of collection, transmission and storage of abnormal data items through the operation log on the blockchain, and recording the node information and operator identity of each data operation; auditors use the query function of the blockchain to access the detailed operation records of the abnormal data items based on the tracking identifier to verify the source, transmission path and processing history of the data; and verify the source of the abnormal data items in combination with external data sources to verify the authenticity of the data.

[0012] As a preferred solution of the carbon emission audit method based on blockchain technology described in the present invention, wherein: a preset smart contract is deployed in the blockchain network, and the smart contract contains the verification logic of the carbon emission standard, including data format verification, carbon emission detection and emission source category matching; the smart contract automatically calls the verification logic to perform a compliance check on each data item that passes the traceability verification, and the check includes whether the carbon emissions exceed the preset threshold, whether the emission source type meets the predetermined category, and whether the emission period is within a reasonable range; the smart contract updates the status of the data item that meets the standard to valid according to the verification result, and records the verification result on the blockchain; for the data item that does not meet the standard, the smart contract updates its status to abnormal and automatically triggers the abnormal data processing process.

[0013] As a preferred solution of the carbon emission audit method based on blockchain technology described in the present invention, wherein: the screening and processing of abnormal data includes using a machine learning algorithm to perform cause analysis on data items marked as abnormal; based on the analysis results, an exception handling report is generated to record the specific causes and handling measures of the data abnormalities, and the report content is uploaded to the blockchain; if the data item cannot be verified by the smart contract, the offline audit procedure is triggered through the blockchain, and auditors are designated to conduct on-site verification and data source verification; the auditors compare the supplementary data obtained through offline verification with the data on the blockchain to confirm the accuracy of the data, and upload the verification results to the blockchain, updating the status of the data item to verified or requiring further processing.

[0014] Another object of the present invention is to provide a carbon emission audit system based on blockchain technology, which can solve the problems of insufficient data authenticity, low audit efficiency and high cost in existing carbon emission audits by constructing a carbon emission audit system based on blockchain technology.

[0015] To solve the above technical problems, the present invention provides the following technical solutions: a carbon emission audit system based on blockchain technology, comprising: an application layer, used to deploy Internet of Things sensors, collect and pre-process carbon emission related data in real time; a contract layer, used to execute smart contracts, evaluate data compliance and generate exception reports; a consensus layer, used to verify data integrity through a consensus mechanism to ensure the security of the blockchain network; a network layer, used to connect the audited unit with stakeholders, manage data transmission and access rights; a data layer, used to store carbon emission data, using hash and encryption technology to ensure data authenticity and security.

[0016] A computer device includes a memory and a processor, wherein the memory stores a computer program, and when the processor executes the computer program, the steps of the carbon emission audit method based on blockchain technology are implemented as described above.

[0017] A computer-readable storage medium stores a computer program, which, when executed by a processor, implements the steps of the carbon emission audit method based on blockchain technology as described above.

[0018] Beneficial effects of the invention: The carbon emission audit method based on blockchain technology provided by the invention enables enterprises to record and share carbon emission data in real time through the full-process data rights confirmation and non-tamperability of blockchain technology, reducing the cumbersome steps of data collection and verification in traditional audits, thereby effectively reducing audit costs and improving the accuracy and credibility of carbon emission audits.

[0019] By utilizing the distributed storage and real-time tracking characteristics of blockchain, tasks such as data collection, verification, analysis and induction can be completed completely online and automatically, greatly reducing the burden on auditors, reducing manual intervention and error rates, and improving the efficiency and automation of carbon emission audits.

[0020] Integrating blockchain's timestamp mechanism and distributed consistency technology into the carbon emissions audit process provides auditors with stable audit clues and reliable data sources, reducing audit risks caused by data tampering or loss. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0021] In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention, the accompanying drawings required for use in the description of the embodiments will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the accompanying drawings described below are only some embodiments of the present invention. For ordinary technicians in this field, other accompanying drawings can be obtained based on these accompanying drawings without paying creative work.

[0022] Figure 1 An overall flow chart of a carbon emission auditing method based on blockchain technology provided for one embodiment of the present invention.

[0023] Figure 2 An overall structural diagram of a carbon emission audit system based on blockchain technology provided for one embodiment of the present invention.

[0024] Figure 3 A carbon emission audit application framework diagram based on blockchain technology, which provides a carbon emission audit method based on blockchain technology according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0025] Figure 4 An audit preparation flowchart of a carbon emission audit method based on blockchain technology is provided for one embodiment of the present invention.

[0026] Figure 5 An audit implementation flowchart of a carbon emission audit method based on blockchain technology provided for one embodiment of the present invention.

[0027] Figure 6 An audit report flow chart of a carbon emission audit method based on blockchain technology provided for one embodiment of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0028] In order to make the above-mentioned purposes, features and advantages of the present invention more obvious and easy to understand, the specific implementation methods of the present invention are described in detail below in conjunction with the drawings of the specification. Obviously, the described embodiments are part of the embodiments of the present invention, but not all of the embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by ordinary persons in the art without creative work should fall within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0029] In the following description, many specific details are set forth to facilitate a full understanding of the present invention, but the present invention may also be implemented in other ways different from those described herein, and those skilled in the art may make similar generalizations without violating the connotation of the present invention. Therefore, the present invention is not limited to the specific embodiments disclosed below.

[0030] Example 1

[0031] Reference Figure 1 , as an embodiment of the present invention, provides a carbon emission audit method based on blockchain technology, including:

[0032] Audit process such as Figure 1As shown in the figure. First, the carbon emission audit platform is introduced from the perspectives of theory and application; second, audit preparation is carried out from the perspectives of blockchain technology evaluation, smart contract rules and on-site investigation; third, the audit implementation phase verifies the authenticity and compliance of carbon emissions and related data through data preprocessing, data verification and storage, supervision and early warning, etc.; fourth, the audit report phase is responsible for integrating all evidence collected during the audit implementation phase, identifying anomalies or potential problems in the data, forming an audit report, and opening relevant access rights.

[0033] Specifically, step S1: obtain the carbon emission data of the target carbon emission entity, and integrate, classify and store the data; step S2: based on the preset carbon emission internal control standards, evaluate the integrated data to identify whether there are abnormal items exceeding the preset threshold; step S3: when the evaluation result indicates the existence of abnormal items, use the traceability of blockchain technology to trace the abnormal data to verify the source of the data and its authenticity; step S4: for the data that has passed the traceability verification, use the smart contract to verify whether the data meets the predetermined standards; if it does, confirm the validity of the data; if it does not, filter and process the abnormal data; step S5: analyze the causes of the filtered abnormal data and evaluate its potential impact; if the data cannot be verified by the smart contract, initiate the offline audit procedure for additional verification; step S6: generate a carbon emission audit report through blockchain technology, and manage the access rights of the report according to the audit requirements.

[0034] The method of obtaining the carbon emission data of the target carbon emission entity includes deploying Internet of Things sensors at the target carbon emission source to collect carbon emission related data in real time, including but not limited to the emissions of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and methane; transmitting the collected carbon emission data to a central data collection system through a secure encryption protocol (such as AES-256); using a data aggregation algorithm to aggregate data from different sensors, remove duplicate data, fill in missing values, and format the data to ensure the consistency and integrity of the data; storing the processed carbon emission data in the distributed ledger of the blockchain network, and generating a unique hash value for each piece of data to ensure the immutability and authenticity of the data.

[0035] The data integration, classification and storage include converting the aggregated carbon emission data into a unified data format, including data type, measurement unit and timestamp information, through a data standardization process; using a hierarchical clustering algorithm to classify the data according to the type of carbon emission source (such as production process, transportation, energy consumption, etc.) for subsequent evaluation and analysis; distributing and storing the classified carbon emission data on multiple nodes of the blockchain network, generating a unique hash value for each data item, and recording the storage time and location of the data through the timestamp function of the blockchain to ensure the temporal consistency and non-tamperability of the data.

[0036] The evaluation of the integrated data includes deploying smart contracts in the blockchain network, presetting the evaluation rules of carbon emission internal control standards, including carbon emission caps, emission source categories and time ranges; the smart contract automatically executes the data evaluation algorithm, performs compliance checks on each integrated carbon emission data, and uses statistical analysis methods (such as the Z-score method and the interquartile range method) to identify abnormal items that exceed the preset threshold; marking the identified abnormal data items as abnormal on the blockchain, and recording their detailed information, including the type of abnormality, the exceeding value and the relevant data source information, for subsequent traceability; generating an abnormal data report containing abnormal data item information, and storing the report on the blockchain for auditors to review and analyze.

[0037] The traceability includes generating a unique tracking identifier for each data item marked as abnormal, and recording the association between the identifier and the data item on the blockchain, including the data collection time, the collection equipment number and the operator identity; tracking the entire process of collection, transmission and storage of abnormal data items through the operation log on the blockchain, and recording the node information and operator identity of each data operation; auditors use the query function of the blockchain to access the detailed operation records of abnormal data items based on the tracking identifier, verify the source of the data, transmission path and processing history, and ensure the authenticity and integrity of the data; and verify the source of the abnormal data items in combination with external data sources (such as internal corporate documents and third-party monitoring reports) to verify the authenticity of the data.

[0038] A preset smart contract is deployed in the blockchain network, and the smart contract contains the verification logic of carbon emission standards, including data format verification, carbon emission detection and emission source category matching; the smart contract automatically calls the verification logic to perform compliance checks on each data item that passes the traceability verification, including whether the carbon emissions exceed the preset threshold, whether the emission source type meets the predetermined category, and whether the emission period is within a reasonable range; the smart contract updates the status of the data items that meet the standards to valid based on the verification results, and records the verification results on the blockchain; for data items that do not meet the standards, the smart contract updates their status to abnormal and automatically triggers the abnormal data processing process.

[0039] The screening and processing of abnormal data includes using a machine learning algorithm to perform a cause analysis on data items marked as abnormal, and the machine learning algorithm includes a decision tree, a support vector machine or a neural network, which is used to classify and identify the specific causes of data abnormalities (such as data collection errors, calculation errors, data falsification, etc.); based on the analysis results, an abnormality handling report is generated to record the specific causes and handling measures of the data abnormalities, and the report content is uploaded to the blockchain; if the data item cannot be verified by the smart contract, the offline audit procedure is triggered through the blockchain, and auditors are designated to conduct on-site verification and data source verification; the auditors compare the supplementary data obtained through offline verification with the data on the blockchain to confirm the accuracy of the data, and upload the verification results to the blockchain, and update the status of the data item to verified or requiring further processing.

[0040] Example 2

[0041] Reference Figure 2 , as an embodiment of the present invention, provides a carbon emission audit system based on blockchain technology, including:

[0042] The application layer is used to deploy IoT sensors to collect and pre-process carbon emission-related data in real time; the contract layer is used to execute smart contracts, evaluate data compliance and generate exception reports; the consensus layer is used to verify data integrity through a consensus mechanism and ensure the security of the blockchain network; the network layer is used to connect the audited unit with stakeholders and manage data transmission and access rights; the data layer is used to store carbon emission data and use hashing and encryption technology to ensure data authenticity and security.

[0043] Example 3

[0044] An embodiment of the present invention is different from the first two embodiments in that:

[0045] If the functions are implemented in the form of software functional units and sold or used as independent products, they can be stored in a computer-readable storage medium. Based on this understanding, the technical solution of the present invention, or the part that contributes to the prior art or the part of the technical solution, can be embodied in the form of a software product. The computer software product is stored in a storage medium, including several instructions for a computer device (which can be a personal computer, a server, or a network device, etc.) to perform all or part of the steps of the methods described in each embodiment of the present invention. The aforementioned storage medium includes: U disk, mobile hard disk, read-only memory (ROM, Read-Only Memory), random access memory (RAM, Random Access Memory), disk or optical disk, etc., which can store program codes.

[0046] The logic and / or steps represented in the flowchart or otherwise described herein, for example, can be considered as an ordered list of executable instructions for implementing logical functions, and can be embodied in any computer-readable medium for use by an instruction execution system, device or apparatus (such as a computer-based system, a system including a processor, or other system that can fetch instructions from an instruction execution system, device or apparatus and execute instructions), or in conjunction with such instruction execution systems, devices or apparatuses. For the purposes of this specification, "computer-readable medium" can be any device that can contain, store, communicate, propagate or transmit a program for use by an instruction execution system, device or apparatus, or in conjunction with such instruction execution systems, devices or apparatuses.

[0047] More specific examples of computer-readable media (a non-exhaustive list) include the following: an electrical connection with one or more wires (electronic device), a portable computer disk case (magnetic device), a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable and programmable read-only memory (EPROM or flash memory), an optical fiber device, and a portable compact disk read-only memory (CDROM). In addition, the computer-readable medium may even be a paper or other suitable medium on which the program is printed, since the program may be obtained electronically, for example, by optically scanning the paper or other medium, followed by editing, deciphering or, if necessary, processing in another suitable manner, and then stored in a computer memory.

[0048] It should be understood that the various parts of the present invention can be implemented by hardware, software, firmware or a combination thereof. In the above-mentioned embodiments, a plurality of steps or methods can be implemented by software or firmware stored in a memory and executed by a suitable instruction execution system. For example, if implemented by hardware, as in another embodiment, it can be implemented by any one of the following technologies known in the art or their combination: a discrete logic circuit having a logic gate circuit for implementing a logic function for a data signal, a dedicated integrated circuit having a suitable combination of logic gate circuits, a programmable gate array (PGA), a field programmable gate array (FPGA), etc.

[0049] Example 4

[0050] Reference Figure 2-Figure 6 , which is an embodiment of the present invention, provides a carbon emission audit method based on blockchain technology. In order to verify the beneficial effects of the present invention, scientific demonstration is carried out through economic benefit calculation and simulation experiments.

[0051] The theoretical framework of carbon emission audit based on blockchain technology built in this embodiment is shown in Figure 2. The data layer mainly stores carbon emission data and other related data. Through the timestamp and smart contract technology of the blockchain, it ensures that these data are arranged in chronological order to build a clear and quickly locateable data chain. In the process of data storage and storage, the data related to carbon emissions are transmitted to each network node on the entire blockchain using technologies such as Hash algorithm, distributed data storage method and asymmetric encryption, and each node is given the responsibility to manage and protect these data, so as to better achieve decentralization and ensure the authenticity and security of carbon emission data to a certain extent.

[0052] The network layer connects the audited unit with various stakeholders by building a blockchain network platform. On this platform, both internal and external stakeholders are granted access to specific nodes of the blockchain network, which makes it easier for stakeholders to access and obtain information related to the company's carbon emission activities within the scope of their authority, greatly improving the transparency and sharing of carbon emission data. For internal stakeholders, through these assigned department nodes, the data related to carbon emission activities generated by the company during the production and operation process can be automatically entered into the blockchain, which helps to simplify the data collection process and improve the transparency of the company's carbon emission data. External stakeholders such as banks, suppliers, and customers can obtain more real, accurate, and difficult-to-tamper carbon emission data through blockchain technology, which facilitates the information transmission between the company and its stakeholders, and facilitates other stakeholders such as government departments to supervise the company's carbon emission activities, thereby better regulating the behavior of the company and reducing the occurrence of corporate violations.

[0053] The consensus layer is composed of multiple consensus mechanisms such as proof of work and authorized share proof. With the synergy of these mechanisms, each node in the blockchain network can quickly verify the newly entered data, thereby ensuring the authenticity and reliability of the data. In addition, to be officially stored in the blockchain, data must be verified by at least 51% of the nodes, which reduces the risk of human tampering with data to a certain extent, thereby improving data security.

[0054] The contract layer integrates a variety of smart contracts, sophisticated script codes, and complex algorithmic mechanisms to achieve automated processing and conversion after data input, greatly simplifying the cumbersome steps in the traditional audit process, thereby greatly improving the efficiency and accuracy of the audit work. In addition, the contract layer can instantly capture and feedback potential problems by presetting early warning rules closely related to corporate carbon emission activities on the blockchain, prompting companies to respond quickly and make timely adjustments and optimizations to irregular behaviors or excessive carbon emission activities. This early warning strategy not only helps companies effectively avoid greater losses that may be caused by failure to discover and solve problems in a timely manner, but also promotes the improvement of corporate environmental awareness and the enhancement of carbon emission management capabilities.

[0055] The application layer integrates the data of enterprise production and operation activities closely related to "carbon footprint" into the blockchain network. This move fundamentally enhances the authenticity, integrity and reliability of carbon emission-related data, builds a data ecosystem that is difficult to tamper with and traceable, enables regulatory authorities to perform their supervisory duties more effectively, improves the work efficiency of auditors, and reduces audit risks.

[0056] The carbon emission audit application framework based on blockchain technology built in this embodiment is as follows Figure 3 As shown. The data collection system is mainly responsible for collecting data related to carbon emissions from the audited units, and then organizing and classifying the data so that auditors can quickly understand and effectively use the information. In addition, this module also assumes the responsibility of supervising the data verification process in the blockchain, ensuring that each node on the blockchain follows the established verification standards when adding or updating data.

[0057] The data analysis system first integrates the comprehensive data of the carbon emission activities of the audited entity from the data collection system, and then relies on the evaluation results of the internal control effectiveness of the enterprise by the internal control test system to set the direction for the audit process. Among them, the evaluation results need to be further analyzed to determine whether they exceed the preset importance threshold. For the evaluation items that exceed this threshold, they are imported into the intelligent early warning system for analysis of suspicious items. If data anomalies are found, the traceability of blockchain technology can be used to locate the node where the abnormal data is entered, and then verify whether the data truly reflects the actual situation. If so, it is imported into the audit intelligent early warning system for the next step of verification. If the data is consistent with the standards and rules defined by the smart contract, it is deemed to have passed the verification. Otherwise, it will be screened out. These screened data need to be further verified to find out the real cause and potential impact of the abnormal data. If necessary, an offline audit procedure will be initiated as a supplement and deepening of the online analysis to ensure the comprehensiveness and accuracy of the audit work.

[0058] The core function of the audit report system is to generate and archive special and comprehensive audit reports, as well as various related reports. First, the system integrates blockchain technology to ensure that all data collected in the carbon emission audit process and its analysis results must be verified by at least 51% of the nodes in the blockchain network to ensure the integrity and immutability of the data. Secondly, the system backs up and stores these strictly verified data, and classifies them according to the nature of the audit results. Finally, the system automatically generates standardized audit reports and publishes them efficiently to provide stakeholders with transparent and reliable audit information.

[0059] The audit access layer closely connects the enterprise with many stakeholders. Through a strict authorization mechanism, it gives stakeholders convenient access rights on computer terminals or mobile devices, allowing them to easily access audit reports. This move not only simplifies the process of obtaining information, but also greatly improves transparency, creating unprecedented convenience for stakeholders to supervise the carbon emission activities of enterprises.

[0060] During the audit preparation stage, auditors mainly evaluate the blockchain technology level of the audited unit from the aspects of technology application level, the degree of emphasis on blockchain technology by the management, and the technical capabilities of relevant personnel. In addition, they will also have a deep understanding of the accuracy, consistency, reliability and isolation of carbon emission smart contracts, carbon emission smart audit contracts and carbon emission activity smart supervision and early warning contracts to ensure that the smart contract settings of the carbon emission audit system based on blockchain technology are reasonable. Based on these assessments, auditors will also conduct on-site investigations and review the relevant documents and materials of the audited unit to fully understand the basic situation of its carbon emission activities.

[0061] The distributed network architecture of the carbon emission audit system based on blockchain technology is as follows: Figure 4 As shown. First, it is necessary to build a multi-party alliance chain network around the audited unit. All nodes participating in the alliance chain must follow a unified protocol standard to ensure consistency and compliance of operations. At the same time, these nodes need to independently assume their verification responsibilities to ensure the safe flow of audit data on the chain. Importantly, the design of the alliance chain strictly restricts illegal operations on data, including destruction, tampering and leakage, thereby building a solid data security line of defense. In addition, the distributed nature of the alliance chain also provides a mechanism for mutual supervision between nodes, promoting transparency and trust. This mutual supervision mechanism not only enhances the stability of the system, but also ensures the authenticity and reliability of audit data, laying a solid foundation for the smooth progress of carbon emission audits. Then further set up an audit unit containing multiple audit teams to jointly take charge of the overall management of each node in the alliance chain network. By building this private chain platform, the audit unit can efficiently transmit information between groups and achieve seamless sharing and real-time synchronization of data.

[0062] The alliance chain jointly built by the audited unit and various stakeholders, as well as the private chain enjoyed by the audit unit, adopts a flexible docking mode in system design. During the audit period, this design enables the audit unit to quickly obtain the required data and carry out efficient audit work through fast and accurate docking; during the non-audit period, each chain focuses on its own daily operations to ensure the stable operation of the system, so as to achieve efficient, safe and orderly audit work.

[0063] The operational process of the implementation phase of carbon emission audit based on blockchain technology is as follows: Figure 5 First, a carbon emission data trading platform is built, which has a data trading pool to centrally store carbon emission data. Then, the integrity and consistency of the transaction data are ensured according to the data integrity and consistency constraints of the blockchain. If there is inconsistency, the data will be transmitted to the next link for verification and processing.

[0064] Secondly, in the verification of carbon emission data, a node with special accounting authority, namely "verification node" or "accounting node", is set up in the consensus mechanism to be responsible for entering the strictly verified data information into the blockchain. Each node in the blockchain network is given the power to verify carbon emission data, and these nodes together constitute the "jury" of verification. In this "jury", each node has a "veto power", that is, if any node has doubts about the data or believes that the data does not meet the prescribed standards, it can raise questions and prevent the data from passing the verification. Only when all nodes in the blockchain network reach a consensus that the data is true, accurate and meets the requirements of carbon emission audits, the data will be deemed to be successfully verified and allowed to be entered into the blockchain. If the data fails to pass the verification of all nodes, that is, there is an objection from any node, then the data will be deemed to have failed the verification and needs to be returned to the original place for re-verification or correction.

[0065] Once the data has passed the preliminary verification and has been successfully entered into the blockchain ledger by the node with the right to record, each node in the blockchain network will receive the verification result immediately and automatically synchronize and update it in its local ledger, ensuring the consistency of the data across the entire network. Then, these data will activate the smart contract mechanism built into the blockchain and start a second, more in-depth verification process. If the data successfully passes this level of verification, they will be officially uploaded to the chain, forming a new block and will be stamped with a timestamp for permanent storage. The introduction of timestamps provides an unalterable time proof for the data on the chain, making it almost impossible to modify or delete any data, thereby greatly enhancing the credibility and security of the data. When conducting carbon emission verification work, the audit team can easily use timestamps to track the source, changes and final status of the data, greatly improving the accuracy and efficiency of the audit. In addition, the audit unit can easily access and extract the data that has been successfully uploaded to the chain through the network interface of the alliance chain and the private chain. This data sharing and extraction mechanism not only reduces the cost of information acquisition during the audit process, but also enables the audit work to be more deeply integrated with the data verification link of the blockchain, thereby indirectly verifying the reliability and efficiency of blockchain technology in data verification.

[0066] Finally, the data analysis system and intelligent early warning mechanism of blockchain are used to comprehensively evaluate the authenticity and integrity of carbon emission data. In this link, smart contracts are used to check the integrity of data and identify potential missing or inconsistent problems. Once a problem is found, the smart contract will immediately trigger a notification, requiring the audited unit to supplement the missing data as soon as possible and resubmit for review to ensure the comprehensiveness and accuracy of the data. For those data that pass the preliminary screening of smart contracts, the system will further match and compare them with the blockchain ledger data marked with timestamps in detail. If the data of the two are consistent, the verification is passed; if not, the abnormal data will be imported into the data analysis system for more in-depth analysis. During this process, auditors will also actively communicate with the audited unit to understand its business operations and data management to obtain more information. This communication helps auditors to more accurately judge whether the data is true. If the data is consistent with the actual situation, the audit will pass. Otherwise, a risk assessment will be conducted, and an audit opinion will be formed based on the actual situation, and an audit report will be issued in the end.

[0067] The operational process of the carbon emission audit report stage based on blockchain technology is as follows: Figure 6As shown. At this stage, the audit team needs to integrate all the evidence collected during the audit implementation phase, identify anomalies or potential problems in the data, and form written materials. Then, communicate with the management of the audited unit according to the nature of the problem. This information will be transmitted to the audit team leader or other responsible nodes through the private chain of the audit unit. After discussion and approval, the corresponding audit report will be issued. The issued audit report will also be uploaded to the alliance chain platform where the audited unit is located. At this time, the audit access level is opened, and stakeholders can review the content of the audit report after the application for access is approved. For reports containing trade secrets or sensitive information, advanced key encryption technology will be used to protect them to ensure that only authorized units or individuals can access them after identity verification and key unlocking. Audit reports that do not involve trade secrets adopt a more open strategy and are directly open to the public. The public can easily access these reports through official websites, mobile applications or other authorized channels. In addition, recommendations are made through statistical analysis of carbon emission data and audit clues stored in the blockchain.

[0068] It should be noted that the above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solutions of the present invention rather than to limit it. Although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the preferred embodiments, those skilled in the art should understand that the technical solutions of the present invention may be modified or replaced by equivalents without departing from the spirit and scope of the technical solutions of the present invention, which should all be included in the scope of the claims of the present invention.

Claims

1. A carbon emission audit method based on blockchain technology, characterized in that: include: Obtain carbon emission data of target carbon emission entities, and integrate, classify and store the data; Based on the preset carbon emission internal control standards, evaluate the integrated data and identify whether there are any abnormal items exceeding the preset thresholds; When the evaluation results indicate the existence of abnormal items, the traceability of blockchain technology is used to trace the abnormal data and verify the source and authenticity of the data; For data that has passed traceability verification, use smart contracts to verify whether the data meets the predetermined standards; if it does, confirm the validity of the data; if it does not, filter and process abnormal data; Analyze the causes of the screened abnormal data and assess their potential impact; If the data cannot be verified by the smart contract, the offline audit procedure will be initiated for additional verification; Generate carbon emission audit reports through blockchain technology and manage access rights to the reports based on audit requirements.

2. The carbon emission audit method based on blockchain technology as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that: The obtaining of carbon emission data of the target carbon emission entity includes deploying an Internet of Things sensor at the target carbon emission source to collect carbon emission related data in real time; The collected carbon emission data is transmitted to the central data collection system through a secure encryption protocol; Use data aggregation algorithms to aggregate data from different sensors, remove duplicate data, fill in missing values, and format data; The processed carbon emission data is stored in the distributed ledger of the blockchain network, and a unique hash value is generated for each piece of data.

3. The carbon emission audit method based on blockchain technology as claimed in claim 2 is characterized by: The data integration, classification and storage includes converting the aggregated carbon emission data into a unified data format including data type, measurement unit and timestamp information through a data standardization process; Hierarchical clustering algorithm was used to classify the data according to the carbon emission source type; The classified carbon emission data is distributed and stored on multiple nodes of the blockchain network. Each data item generates a unique hash value, and the storage time and location of the data are recorded through the blockchain's timestamp function.

4. The carbon emission audit method based on blockchain technology as claimed in claim 3 is characterized by: The integrated data of the assessment includes deploying smart contracts in the blockchain network and presetting assessment rules for carbon emission internal control standards; Smart contracts automatically execute data evaluation algorithms to conduct compliance checks on each piece of integrated carbon emissions data, using statistical analysis methods to identify anomalies that exceed preset thresholds; Mark the identified abnormal data items as abnormal on the blockchain; Generate an abnormal data report containing information about the abnormal data item and store the report on the blockchain.

5. The carbon emission audit method based on blockchain technology as claimed in claim 4 is characterized in that: The tracing includes generating a unique tracking identifier for each data item marked as abnormal, and recording the association between the identifier and the data item on the blockchain, including the data collection time, collection equipment number and operator identity; Through the operation log on the blockchain, the entire process of collection, transmission and storage of abnormal data items is tracked, and the node information and operator identity of each data operation are recorded; Auditors use the query function of blockchain to access detailed operation records of abnormal data items based on tracking identifiers to verify the source, transmission path and processing history of the data; Combine external data sources to check the source of abnormal data items and verify the authenticity of the data.

6. The carbon emission audit method based on blockchain technology as claimed in claim 5, characterized in that: Deploy a preset smart contract in the blockchain network, wherein the smart contract contains verification logic of carbon emission standards, including data format verification, carbon emission detection and emission source category matching; The smart contract automatically calls the verification logic to perform compliance checks on each data item that passes the traceability verification, including whether the carbon emissions exceed the preset threshold, whether the emission source type meets the predetermined category, and whether the emission period is within a reasonable range; Based on the verification results, the smart contract updates the status of the data items that meet the standards to valid and records the verification results on the blockchain; For data items that do not meet the standards, the smart contract updates their status to abnormal and automatically triggers the abnormal data processing process.

7. The carbon emission audit method based on blockchain technology as claimed in claim 6 is characterized by: The screening and processing of abnormal data includes using a machine learning algorithm to perform cause analysis on data items marked as abnormal; Generate an exception handling report based on the analysis results, record the specific causes and handling measures of the data anomaly, and upload the report content to the blockchain; If a data item cannot be verified by the smart contract, the offline audit procedure is triggered through the blockchain, and auditors are designated to conduct on-site verification and data source verification; The auditor compares the supplementary data obtained through offline verification with the data on the blockchain to confirm the accuracy of the data, and uploads the verification results to the blockchain, updating the status of the data item to verified or requiring further processing.

8. A system using the carbon emission audit method based on blockchain technology as described in any one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that: include: The application layer is used to deploy IoT sensors to collect and pre-process carbon emission-related data in real time; The contract layer is used to execute smart contracts, evaluate data compliance and generate exception reports; The consensus layer is used to verify data integrity through a consensus mechanism to ensure the security of the blockchain network; The network layer is used to connect the audited entity with stakeholders and manage data transmission and access rights; The data layer is used to store carbon emission data and uses hashing and encryption technology to ensure data authenticity and security.

9. A computer device comprising a memory and a processor, wherein the memory stores a computer program, wherein: When the processor executes the computer program, the steps of the carbon emission audit method based on blockchain technology described in any one of claims 1 to 7 are implemented.

10. A computer-readable storage medium having a computer program stored thereon, characterized in that: When the computer program is executed by a processor, the steps of the carbon emission audit method based on blockchain technology described in any one of claims 1 to 7 are implemented.

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