Method for determining direct carbon emission of mixed combustion of fossil fuel and biomass fuel

Abstract

The application discloses a method for determining direct carbon emission of mixed combustion of fossil fuel and biomass fuel, and relates to the technical field of carbon emission, which comprises the following steps: determining a mixed combustion mode; the mixed combustion mode comprises solid-solid fuel mixed combustion, solid-liquid fuel mixed combustion, solid-gas fuel mixed combustion, liquid-liquid fuel mixed combustion, liquid-gas fuel mixed combustion and gas-gas fuel mixed combustion; based on the mixed combustion mode, fuel consumption and an emission factor of fuel combustion are obtained, and direct carbon emission is calculated based on the fuel consumption and the emission factor of fuel combustion; or the amount of flue gas, the volume fraction of CO2 in dry flue gas and a mixed combustion conversion coefficient are obtained, and direct carbon emission is calculated based on the amount of flue gas, the volume fraction of CO2 in dry flue gas and the mixed combustion conversion coefficient. The application can distinguish carbon emission generated by combustion of biomass fuel, and realize reasonable and accurate evaluation of the carbon reduction effect of mixed combustion of biomass fuel.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] The application relates to the technical field of carbon emission, in particular to a method for determining direct carbon emission of mixed combustion of fossil fuel and biomass fuel. BACKGROUND

[0002] A large amount of fossil fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas are consumed in the use process of combustion devices such as boilers, resulting in a large amount of greenhouse gas emission. Biomass and its derived fuel (referred to as biomass fuel) are carbon neutral fuels, and the carbon dioxide emission generated by combustion is not included in the carbon emission. Therefore, in recent years, biomass fuel has been widely used. However, when measuring the composition of flue gas, the conventional carbon dioxide concentration measurement method cannot distinguish the source of carbon dioxide, and thus the carbon dioxide emission generated by biomass combustion is deducted. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a method for determining the direct carbon emission of mixed combustion of fossil fuel and biomass fuel, so as to realize reasonable and accurate evaluation of the carbon reduction effect of mixed combustion of biomass fuel, and promote the popularization and application of low-carbon / zero-carbon fuel. SUMMARY

[0003] The purpose of the application is to provide a method for determining the direct carbon emission of mixed combustion of fossil fuel and biomass fuel, which can distinguish the carbon emission generated by the combustion of biomass fuel, and realize reasonable and accurate evaluation of the carbon reduction effect of mixed combustion of biomass fuel.

[0004] To achieve the above purpose, the application provides the following solutions:

[0005] The application provides a method for determining the direct carbon emission of mixed combustion of fossil fuel and biomass fuel, which comprises the following steps:

[0006] Determine the mixed combustion mode, wherein the mixed combustion mode comprises solid-solid fuel mixed combustion, solid-liquid fuel mixed combustion, solid-gas fuel mixed combustion, liquid-liquid fuel mixed combustion, liquid-gas fuel mixed combustion and gas-gas fuel mixed combustion.

[0007] Based on the mixed combustion mode, obtain the fuel consumption and the emission factor of fuel combustion, and based on the fuel consumption and the emission factor of fuel combustion, calculate the direct carbon emission; or obtain the flue gas volume, the volume fraction of CO2 in dry smoke and the mixed combustion conversion coefficient, and based on the flue gas volume, the volume fraction of CO2 in dry smoke and the mixed combustion conversion coefficient, calculate the direct carbon emission.

[0008] According to the specific embodiments provided by the application, the following technical effects are disclosed:

[0009] The application provides a method for determining direct carbon emission of mixed combustion of fossil fuel and biomass fuel, first determines the mixed combustion mode; then, the direct carbon emission based on fuel conversion calculation can be obtained by measuring fuel consumption and emission factor of fuel combustion, and the direct carbon emission based on direct measurement of flue gas can also be obtained by measuring flue gas volume, CO2 volume fraction in dry flue gas and mixed combustion conversion factor. The application fully considers the carbon neutrality of biomass fuel, and compared with the prior art, the application can solve the problem that the carbon emission of mixed combustion of fossil fuel and biomass fuel cannot be distinguished and quantified in the prior art. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0010] In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of the application or the prior art, the drawings needed in the embodiments will be briefly introduced as follows. Obviously, the drawings in the following description only represent some embodiments of the application, and other drawings can be obtained by those skilled in the art without any creative effort on the basis of these drawings.

[0011] Figure 1 FIG. 1 is an application environment diagram of a method for determining direct carbon emission of mixed combustion of fossil fuel and biomass fuel according to an embodiment of the application.

[0012] Figure 2 FIG. 2 is a flowchart of a method for determining direct carbon emission of mixed combustion of fossil fuel and biomass fuel according to an embodiment of the application.

[0013] Figure 3 FIG. 3 is a whole flowchart of a method for determining direct carbon emission of mixed combustion of fossil fuel and biomass fuel according to an embodiment of the application. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0014] The technical solutions in the embodiments of the application will be described clearly and completely with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the application. Obviously, the described embodiments only represent some of the embodiments of the application, rather than all the embodiments. Based on the embodiments in the application, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without any creative effort fall within the protection scope of the application.

[0015] The purpose of the application is to provide a method for determining direct carbon emission of mixed combustion of fossil fuel and biomass fuel, which is used for testing and calculating the direct carbon emission of mixed combustion of fossil fuel and biomass fuel, and has practical significance and practical value for accurately quantifying and evaluating the carbon reduction effect of biomass fuel for combustion equipment manufacturers, users and detection institutions.

[0016] In order to make the above objectives, characteristics and advantages of the present application more obvious and easy to understand, the present application will be further described in detail below with reference to the drawings and specific embodiments.

[0017] The fossil fuel and biomass fuel mixed combustion direct carbon emission determination method provided by the embodiments of the present application can be applied to the application environment as shown in Figure 1 The terminal 102 communicates with the server 104 through a network. The data storage system can store data required to be processed by the server 104. The data storage system can be separately arranged, or integrated on the server 104, or placed on the cloud or other servers. The terminal 102 can send a mixed combustion mode to the server 104, wherein the mixed combustion mode includes solid-solid fuel mixed combustion, solid-liquid fuel mixed combustion, solid-gas fuel mixed combustion, liquid-liquid fuel mixed combustion, liquid-gas fuel mixed combustion, and gas-gas fuel mixed combustion. After receiving the mixed combustion mode, the server 104 obtains fuel consumption and an emission factor of fuel combustion based on the mixed combustion mode, and calculates the direct carbon emission based on the fuel consumption and the emission factor of fuel combustion. Alternatively, the server 104 obtains flue gas volume, CO2 volume fraction in dry flue gas, and mixed combustion conversion coefficient, and calculates the direct carbon emission based on the flue gas volume, the CO2 volume fraction in dry flue gas, and the mixed combustion conversion coefficient. The server 104 can feed back the obtained direct carbon emission to the terminal 102. In addition, in some embodiments, the fossil fuel and biomass fuel mixed combustion direct carbon emission determination method can also be implemented by the server 104 or the terminal 102 alone, for example, the terminal 102 can directly determine the direct carbon emission for the mixed combustion mode, or the server 104 can obtain the mixed combustion mode from the data storage system and determine the direct carbon emission for the mixed combustion mode.

[0018] The terminal 102 can be, but is not limited to, various desktop computers, notebook computers, smart phones and tablet computers. The server 104 can be implemented by a single server or a server cluster composed of multiple servers, and can also be a cloud server.

[0019] In an exemplary embodiment, as shown in Figure 2 and Figure 3 A fossil fuel and biomass fuel mixed combustion direct carbon emission determination method is provided, which is executed by a computer device, specifically, can be executed by a terminal or a server, or both. In the embodiments of the present application, the method is applied to the server 104 in Figure 1 The method includes the following steps:

[0020] S1: determining a mixed combustion mode; the mixed combustion mode comprises solid-solid fuel mixed combustion, solid-liquid fuel mixed combustion, solid-gas fuel mixed combustion, liquid-liquid fuel mixed combustion, liquid-gas fuel mixed combustion, and gas-gas fuel mixed combustion.

[0021] It should be noted that when solid-solid fuel mixed combustion, solid-liquid fuel mixed combustion, or solid-gas fuel mixed combustion is performed, the mixed fuel is processed and calculated as solid fuel; when liquid-liquid fuel mixed combustion or liquid-gas fuel mixed combustion is performed, the mixed fuel is processed and calculated as liquid fuel; and when gas-gas fuel mixed combustion is performed, the mixed fuel is processed and calculated as gas fuel.

[0022] S2: based on the mixed combustion mode, obtaining fuel consumption and an emission factor of fuel combustion, and based on the fuel consumption and the emission factor of fuel combustion, calculating a direct carbon emission; or obtaining flue gas volume, CO2 volume fraction in dry flue gas, and a mixed combustion conversion coefficient, and based on the flue gas volume, the CO2 volume fraction in dry flue gas, and the mixed combustion conversion coefficient, calculating a direct carbon emission.

[0023] Implementing the above steps S1 to S2 can solve the problem that the carbon emissions of fossil fuel and biomass fuel mixed combustion cannot be distinguished and quantified in the prior art. At the same time, when using the direct carbon emission determination method for fossil fuel and biomass fuel mixed combustion proposed in the present application, the carbon reduction effect of mixed combustion of biomass fuel can be quantitatively analyzed.

[0024] As an optional implementation, in step S2, the fuel consumption and the emission factor of fuel combustion are obtained, and based on the fuel consumption and the emission factor of fuel combustion, the calculation formula for calculating the direct carbon emission is formula (1):

[0025] E f = B f · EF c (1);

[0026] Wherein, E f is the direct carbon emission generated by fuel combustion per unit time, kgCO2 / h; B f is the fuel consumption per unit time, kg / h or m 3 / h; EF c is the emission factor of fuel combustion, kgCO2 / kg or kgCO2 / m 3 .

[0027] As an optional embodiment, for solid or liquid mixed fuel containing biomass fuel, i.e. when the mixed combustion mode is solid-solid fuel mixed combustion, solid-liquid fuel mixed combustion, solid-gas fuel mixed combustion, liquid-liquid fuel mixed combustion or liquid-gas fuel mixed combustion, the calculation formula of the emission factor of fuel combustion is:

[0028]

[0029] wherein, is the mass percentage of fossil fuel in the mixed fuel entering the furnace, %; ω C.ar.c is the mass fraction of fossil fuel in the received element carbon, %; OF c is the carbon oxidation rate of fossil fuel in the mixed fuel, %.

[0030] As an optional embodiment, for gas mixed fuel containing biomass fuel, i.e. when the mixed combustion mode is gas-gas fuel mixed combustion, the calculation formula of the emission factor of fuel combustion is:

[0031]

[0032] wherein, is the carbon dioxide density, kg / m 3 , preferably 1.9638; is the volume fraction of fossil fuel gas in the gas mixed fuel, %; is the volume fraction of CO in the fossil fuel gas, %; is the volume fraction of C m H n in the fossil fuel gas, %; m is the number of carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon; n is the number of hydrogen atoms in the hydrocarbon; is the volume fraction of CO2 in the fossil fuel gas, %; OF c is the carbon oxidation rate of fossil fuel in the mixed fuel, %.

[0033] As an optional embodiment, for solid mixed fuel containing biomass fuel, i.e. when the mixed combustion mode is solid-solid fuel mixed combustion, solid-liquid fuel mixed combustion or solid-gas fuel mixed combustion, the calculation formula of the carbon oxidation rate of fossil fuel is:

[0034]

[0035] wherein, ω as.ar.c is the mass fraction of fossil fuel in the received ash, %; ω c.rs.m is the average mass fraction of combustible material in the ash, %; ω s is the mass fraction of furnace slag in the total ash of fuel, %; ω clω is the mass fraction of the coal leakage or the settled ash in the total ash of the fuel, %; as ω is the mass fraction of the fly ash in the total ash of the fuel, %; c.s ω is the mass fraction of the combustible in the slag, %; c.cl ω is the mass fraction of the combustible in the coal leakage or the settled ash, %; c.as ω is the mass fraction of the combustible in the fly ash, %.

[0036] As an optional implementation, for the liquid mixed fuel and the gas mixed fuel containing the biomass fuel, i.e. when the mixed combustion mode is liquid and liquid fuel mixed combustion, liquid and gas fuel mixed combustion or gas and gas fuel mixed combustion, the calculation formula of the carbon oxidation rate of the fossil fuel is:

[0037]

[0038] wherein, ω is the volume fraction of CO2 in the dry flue gas, %; ω is the volume fraction of CO in the dry flue gas, %; ω is the volume fraction of CH4 in the dry flue gas, %; m H n n is the number of hydrogen atoms in the hydrocarbon.

[0039] As an optional implementation, in step S2, the flue gas amount, the volume fraction of CO2 in the dry flue gas and the mixed combustion conversion coefficient are obtained, and the calculation formula of the direct carbon emission amount is calculated based on the flue gas amount, the volume fraction of CO2 in the dry flue gas and the mixed combustion conversion coefficient:

[0040]

[0041] wherein, E f is the direct carbon emission amount generated by the fuel combustion per unit time, kgCO2 / h; is the carbon dioxide density, kg / m 3 , and preferably 1.9638; ω is the volume fraction of CO2 in the dry flue gas, %; V fg.d is the dry flue gas volume flow, m 3 / h; and ψ is the mixed combustion conversion coefficient.

[0042] As an optional implementation, for the solid mixed fuel containing the biomass fuel, i.e. when the mixed combustion mode is solid and solid fuel mixed combustion, solid and liquid fuel mixed combustion or solid and gas fuel mixed combustion, the calculation formula of the mixed combustion conversion coefficient is:

[0043]

[0044] wherein, The percentage of biomass in the mixed fuel fed into the furnace, expressed as a percentage. The percentage of fossil fuels in the blended fuel fed into the furnace, expressed as %; ω C.ar.b The mass fraction of elemental carbon in the biomass fuel received, %; ω as.ar.b The mass fraction of ash received as biomass fuel, %; ω C.ar.c The mass fraction of carbon in fossil fuels received as a base, %; ω as.ar.c The mass fraction of ash received from fossil fuels, %; ω c.rs.m The average mass fraction of combustible matter in ash residue, expressed as %.

[0045] As an optional implementation, for liquid blended fuels containing biomass fuel, i.e., when the co-firing method is liquid-to-liquid fuel co-firing or liquid-to-gaseous fuel co-firing, the formula for calculating the co-firing conversion factor is:

[0046]

[0047] in, The percentage of biomass in the mixed fuel fed into the furnace, expressed as a percentage. The percentage of fossil fuels in the blended fuel fed into the furnace, expressed as %; ω C.ar.c The mass fraction of carbon in fossil fuels received as a base, %; ω C.ar.b The mass fraction of elemental carbon in the biomass fuel received as a base, %.

[0048] As an optional implementation, for gaseous fuel mixtures containing biomass fuel, i.e., when the co-firing method is gas-to-gas fuel co-firing, the formula for calculating the co-firing conversion factor is:

[0049]

[0050] in, The percentage of biomass derivative gas in the gaseous fuel mixture, expressed as a percentage. The percentage of fossil fuel gas in the gaseous fuel mixture, expressed as a percentage. The volume fraction of CO in biomass derivative gas, in %; C in biomass derivative gas m H n Volume fraction, %; m is the number of carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon; n is the number of hydrogen atoms in the hydrocarbon; The volume fraction of CO2 in biomass derivative gas, expressed as %. The volume fraction of CO in fossil fuel gas, %; C in fossil fuel gas m H n Volume fraction, %; Volume fraction of CO2 in fossil fuel gas, %.

[0051] Compared with the prior art, the present application can solve the problem that the carbon emissions of fossil fuel and biomass fuel mixed combustion cannot be distinguished and quantified in the prior art. At the same time, when the direct carbon emission amount determination method for mixed combustion of fossil fuel and biomass fuel proposed in the present application is used, the carbon reduction effect of mixed combustion of biomass fuel can be quantitatively analyzed.

[0052] The present application also provides an application scenario for the above-mentioned direct carbon emission amount determination method for mixed combustion of fossil fuel and biomass fuel. Specifically, the direct carbon emission amount determination method for mixed combustion of fossil fuel and biomass fuel provided in the present embodiment can be applied in a carbon emission scenario. The carbon emission scenario includes a mixed combustion mode determination link and a direct carbon emission amount calculation link; first, the mixed combustion mode is determined; the mixed combustion mode includes solid-solid fuel mixed combustion, solid-liquid fuel mixed combustion, solid-gas fuel mixed combustion, liquid-liquid fuel mixed combustion, liquid-gas fuel mixed combustion, and gas-gas fuel mixed combustion; then, based on the mixed combustion mode, the fuel consumption and the emission factor of fuel combustion are obtained, and based on the fuel consumption and the emission factor of fuel combustion, the direct carbon emission amount can be calculated; or the flue gas amount, the volume fraction of CO2 in dry smoke, and the mixed combustion conversion coefficient are obtained, and based on the flue gas amount, the volume fraction of CO2 in dry smoke, and the mixed combustion conversion coefficient, the direct carbon emission amount can be calculated.

[0053] The technical features of the above embodiments can be combined in any way. To make the description concise, not all possible combinations of the technical features in the above embodiments are described, but as long as the combinations of the technical features do not exist contradictions, they should be considered as the scope of the present application.

[0054] The principles and implementation modes of the present application are described by using specific examples in this paper, and the above embodiments are only used to help understand the method and its core idea of the present application; at the same time, for those skilled in the art, according to the idea of the present application, the specific implementation mode and application range will be changed. In conclusion, the content of the present application should not be understood as a limitation.

Claims

1. A method for determining direct carbon emission from mixed combustion of fossil fuel and biomass fuel, characterized by, The method for determining the direct carbon emission of the mixed combustion of the fossil fuel and the biomass fuel comprises the following steps: determining a mixed combustion mode; the mixed combustion mode comprises solid-solid fuel mixed combustion, solid-liquid fuel mixed combustion, solid-gas fuel mixed combustion, liquid-liquid fuel mixed combustion, liquid-gas fuel mixed combustion and gas-gas fuel mixed combustion; when the mixed combustion mode is solid-solid fuel mixed combustion, solid-liquid fuel mixed combustion or solid-gas fuel mixed combustion, the mixed fuel is processed and calculated as solid fuel; when the mixed combustion mode is liquid-liquid fuel mixed combustion or liquid-gas fuel mixed combustion, the mixed fuel is processed and calculated as liquid fuel; when the mixed combustion mode is gas-gas fuel mixed combustion, the mixed fuel is processed and calculated as gas fuel; based on the mixed combustion mode, obtaining fuel consumption and an emission factor of fuel combustion, and based on the fuel consumption and the emission factor of fuel combustion, calculating a direct carbon emission; or obtaining flue gas volume, CO2 volume fraction in dry flue gas and a mixed combustion conversion coefficient, and based on the flue gas volume, the CO2 volume fraction in dry flue gas and the mixed combustion conversion coefficient, calculating the direct carbon emission; when the mixed combustion mode is solid-solid fuel mixed combustion, solid-liquid fuel mixed combustion, solid-gas fuel mixed combustion, liquid-liquid fuel mixed combustion or liquid-gas fuel mixed combustion, the calculation formula of the emission factor of fuel combustion is: wherein, is the mass fraction of fossil fuel in the mixed fuel, %; ω C.ar.c is the mass fraction of fossil fuel in the received base element carbon, %; OF c is the carbon oxidation rate of fossil fuel in the mixed fuel, %; when the mixed combustion mode is gas-gas fuel mixed combustion, the calculation formula of the emission factor of fuel combustion is: wherein, is the density of carbon dioxide, kg / m 3 ; is the volume fraction of fossil fuel gas in the gas mixed fuel, %; is the volume fraction of CO in the fossil fuel gas, %; is the volume fraction of C m H n in the fossil fuel gas, %; m is the number of carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon; n is the number of hydrogen atoms in the hydrocarbon; is the volume fraction of CO2 in the fossil fuel gas, %; OF c is the carbon oxidation rate of the fossil fuel in the mixed fuel, %; when the mixed combustion mode is solid-solid fuel mixed combustion, solid-liquid fuel mixed combustion or solid-gas fuel mixed combustion, the calculation formula of the mixed combustion conversion coefficient is: wherein, is the mass fraction of biomass in the mixed fuel fed to the furnace, %; is the mass fraction of fossil fuel in the mixed fuel fed to the furnace, %; ω C.ar.b is the mass fraction of elemental carbon in the biomass fuel on a received basis, %; ω as.ar.b is the mass fraction of ash in the biomass fuel on a received basis, %; ω C.ar.c is the mass fraction of elemental carbon in the fossil fuel on a received basis, %; ω as.ar.c is the mass fraction of ash in the fossil fuel on a received basis, %; ω c.rs.m is the average mass fraction of combustibles in the ash, %. when the mixed combustion mode is liquid-liquid fuel mixed combustion or liquid-gas fuel mixed combustion, the calculation formula of the mixed combustion conversion coefficient is: wherein, is the mass fraction of biomass in the mixed fuel fed to the furnace, %; is the mass fraction of fossil fuel in the mixed fuel fed to the furnace, %; ω C.ar.c is the mass fraction of elemental carbon in the fossil fuel as received, %; ω C.ar.b is the mass fraction of elemental carbon in the biomass fuel as received, %. when the mixed combustion mode is gas-gas fuel mixed combustion, the calculation formula of the mixed combustion conversion coefficient is: wherein, is the volume fraction of the biomass-derived gas in the gas mixture fuel, %; is the volume fraction of the fossil fuel gas in the gas mixture fuel, %; is the volume fraction of CO in the biomass-derived gas, %; is the volume fraction of CHm in the biomass-derived gas, %; m is the number of carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon; n is the number of hydrogen atoms in the hydrocarbon; m H n is the volume fraction of CO2 in the biomass-derived gas, %; is the volume fraction of CO in the fossil fuel gas, %; is the volume fraction of CHm in the fossil fuel gas, %; m is the number of carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon; n is the number of hydrogen atoms in the hydrocarbon; m H n is the volume fraction of CO2 in the fossil fuel gas, %.​​ 2. The method of determining direct carbon emission of fossil fuel and biomass fuel mixed combustion according to claim 1, wherein, the calculation formula for obtaining the fuel consumption and the emission factor of fuel combustion, and based on the fuel consumption and the emission factor of fuel combustion, calculating the direct carbon emission is formula (1): E f = B f · EF c ; wherein E f is the direct carbon emission from fuel combustion per unit time, kgCO2 / h; B f is the fuel consumption per unit time, kg / h or m 3 / h; EF c is the emission factor of fuel combustion, kgCO2 / kg or kgCO2 / m 3 .

3. The method of claim 1, wherein, when the mixed combustion mode is solid-solid fuel mixed combustion, solid-liquid fuel mixed combustion or solid-gas fuel mixed combustion, the calculation formula of the carbon oxidation rate of the fossil fuel is: where ω as.ar.c is the mass fraction of fossil fuel received ash, %; ω c.rs.m is the average mass fraction of ash combustible, %; ω s is the mass fraction of slag in the total ash amount of fuel, %; ω cl is the mass fraction of coal leakage or settled ash in the total ash amount of fuel, %; ω as is the mass fraction of fly ash in the total ash amount of fuel, %; ω c.s is the mass fraction of combustible in the slag, %; ω c.cl is the mass fraction of combustible in the coal leakage or settled ash, %; ω c.as is the mass fraction of combustible in the fly ash, %.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein when the mixed combustion mode is liquid-liquid fuel mixed combustion, liquid-gas fuel mixed combustion or gas-gas fuel mixed combustion, the calculation formula of the carbon oxidation rate of the fossil fuel is: wherein is the volume fraction of C02 in dry flue gas, %; is the volume fraction of CO in dry flue gas, %; is the volume fraction of C m H n in dry flue gas, %; m is the number of carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon; n is the number of hydrogen atoms in the hydrocarbon.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein the calculation formula for obtaining the flue gas volume, the CO2 volume fraction in dry flue gas and the mixed combustion conversion coefficient, and based on the flue gas volume, the CO2 volume fraction in dry flue gas and the mixed combustion conversion coefficient, calculating the direct carbon emission is formula (2): wherein E f is the direct carbon emission per unit time of fuel combustion, kgCO2 / h; is the carbon dioxide density, kg / m 3 ; is the volume fraction of CO2 in dry flue gas, %; V fg.d is the dry flue gas volume flow, m 3 / h; and ψ is the mixed combustion conversion factor.

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