A fattening method for improving beef quality of beef cattle

Abstract

The present invention provides a fattening method for improving the quality of beef from beef cattle, relating to the technical field of beef cattle breeding. The fattening method primarily involves adding varying amounts of tomato feed and pine cone shell feed to the feed during the skeletal growth period, muscle growth period, and subsequent breeding stages of beef cattle. Simultaneously, artificial lighting of varying intensities is controlled at each breeding stage to supplement lighting and assist in breeding and fattening. The present invention overcomes the shortcomings of the prior art by optimizing the feeding formula for beef cattle at different stages and collaboratively adjusting light intensity to improve the quality of the final beef produced, thereby achieving large-scale production of high-quality beef.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the technical field of beef cattle breeding, and in particular to a fattening method for improving the quality of beef from beef cattle. Background Art

[0002] In recent years, with rising living standards, people have placed higher demands on beef quality. Currently, the production of high-quality beef has become a burgeoning industry in my country. Premium beef is produced from superior cattle breeds, fattened under specific rearing conditions, slaughtered, acid drained, cut, and then screened according to carcass quality grading standards. Its color, tenderness, and flavor are highly acceptable, meeting the standards of a high-quality product. Premium cuts primarily consist of four cuts: sirloin, eye rib, tenderloin, and sirloin. These cuts yield only 5%-6% of the cattle's live weight, resulting in a higher price than regular beef. As living standards improve, dietary patterns have shifted significantly, leading to a year-on-year increase in demand for beef, shifting from quantity to quality, with a particular focus on premium beef.

[0003] Marbling refers to the visible pattern formed by the distribution of intramuscular fat within beef tissue, named for its marble-like appearance. Marbling is a key indicator of beef quality, closely related to tenderness and flavor. It also influences the beef's quality grade and visual perception, serving as a primary factor in consumer purchasing decisions. The content and distribution of intramuscular fat are the primary factors determining marbling. When intramuscular fat reaches a certain proportion and is evenly distributed, the cross-section of beef exhibits a beautiful marble pattern. This type of beef is tender, soft, and juicy, making it an ideal choice.

[0004] The formation of marble pattern is closely related to the breed of beef cattle. The beef cattle breeds in my country that can produce marble pattern include Qinchuan cattle, Luxi cattle, Nanyang cattle, Yanbian cattle, Jinnan cattle, Yunling cattle, etc. In addition to the influence of beef cattle breed on beef quality, the feeding method of beef cattle during the fattening period will also cause large differences in the final beef breed. Therefore, how to optimize the fattening and feeding methods of beef cattle, improve the productivity of high-quality cattle, and enhance the competitiveness of domestic beef in the high-end beef market is an important research direction in beef cattle breeding at this stage. Summary of the Invention

[0005] In response to the shortcomings of the existing technology, the present invention provides a fattening method for improving the quality of beef from beef cattle. By optimizing the feeding formula of beef cattle at different stages and synergistically adjusting the light intensity, the quality of the final produced beef is improved, thereby achieving large-scale production of high-quality beef.

[0006] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention is implemented through the following technical solutions:

[0007] A fattening method for improving the quality of beef from beef cattle, the fattening method comprising the following steps:

[0008] S1. Preparation of tomato material and pine cone shell material:

[0009] S1-1, tomato material: crush tomatoes, ferment them with Rhodotorula and Bacillus tequila, and then dry them to produce the tomato material;

[0010] S1-2, pine nut shell material: steaming the pine nut shell, microwave drying it, and then grinding it to obtain the pine nut shell material;

[0011] S2. Feed the following feed during the bone growth period: general cattle feed + hay 2%-4% + silage 8%-10% + tomato feed 1%-1.4% + pine cone shell feed 4%-6% + fish meal 1%-1.6%;

[0012] S3. Feed the following feed during the muscle growth period: general cattle feed + hay 3%-5% + silage 4%-6% + tomato feed 8%-12% + pine cone shell feed 2%-4%;

[0013] S4. Use the following feed ratio for subsequent feeding: general cattle feed + silage 4%-6% + tomato feed 8%-12% + pine cone shell feed 4%-6%;

[0014] S5. During the bone growth period, the daily artificial light exposure is: 280-350lx light intensity irradiation for 8 hours + 150-200lx light intensity irradiation for 8 hours + no light exposure for 8 hours; during the muscle growth period, the daily light exposure is: 280-350lx light intensity irradiation for 6 hours + 150-200lx light intensity irradiation for 10 hours + no light exposure for 8 hours; in the subsequent stage, the daily light exposure is: 280-350lx light intensity irradiation for 2 hours + 150-200lx light intensity irradiation for 16 hours + no light exposure for 6 hours.

[0015] Preferably, the fermentation method of the red yeast rice and tequila bacillus in step S1-1 is to first inoculate 0.2%-0.4% of the total mass of the tomatoes with the red yeast rice and ferment for 8-10 hours, then inoculate 0.1%-0.3% of the total mass of the tomatoes with the tequila bacillus and continue to ferment for 2-4 hours, and then dry at 40-60°C to a moisture content of ≤8%.

[0016] Preferably, the amount of live bacteria of the Rhodotorula glutinosus and Bacillus tequila is 10 8 -10 9 pcs / g.

[0017] Preferably, the steaming temperature of the pine nut shells in step S1-2 is 102-120° C., the steaming time is 20-30 min, and the water content of the pine nut shells after microwave drying is ≤8%.

[0018] Preferably, the particle size of the pine cone shell material in step S1-2 is 1-2 mm.

[0019] Preferably, the bone growth period is 3 to 6 months of age, and the muscle growth period is 7 to 13 months of age.

[0020] Preferably, the formula of the universal cattle feed is: 50%-65% corn, 15%-32% soybean meal, 10%-15% wheat bran, 4%-5% premix, 0.5%-2% sodium bicarbonate, and 0.5%-1% salt; wherein the premix provides vitamin A 3000 IU, vitamin D 500 IU, copper 15 mg, iron 50 mg, cobalt 0.1 mg, iodine 0.5 mg, manganese 20 mg, zinc 30 mg, and selenium 0.3 mg per kilogram of universal cattle feed.

[0021] Preferably, in step S4, the tops of the lamps in the cowshed are controlled to be 2-2.5 m above the ground, and the interval between each lamp is 5-8 m.

[0022] Preferably, during steps S2-S5, the temperature of the cowshed is controlled at 10-25°C, the temperature difference between day and night is ≤8°C, and the humidity is controlled at 60%-75%, and the cowshed feces are cleaned in time.

[0023] The present invention provides a fattening method for improving the quality of beef from beef cattle, which has the following advantages over the prior art:

[0024] (1) The present invention effectively improves the growth efficiency of beef cattle and promotes the formation of rich marble patterns in the growth of beef cattle by adding tomato feed and pine cone shell feed in different proportions as supplementary feed ingredients during the bone growth period, muscle growth period and subsequent fattening growth period of beef cattle, thereby further improving the tenderness of the final beef.

[0025] (2) The present invention adopts two types of artificial lighting, strong light (280-350lx) and weak light (150-200lx), to assist in breeding during the fattening stage of beef cattle, thereby promoting the formation of marbling while ensuring the normal growth of beef cattle and improving the quality of the final beef. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0026] Figure 1 Schematic diagram of the evaluation criteria for BMS ratings 1-12 in an embodiment of the present invention;

[0027] Figure 2 Schematic diagram of marbling formation of sirloin beef in the control group according to the embodiment of the present invention;

[0028] Figure 3 Schematic diagram of marbling formation of sirloin beef in experimental group 1 according to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0029] Figure 4Schematic diagram of marbling formation of sirloin beef in experimental group 2 according to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0030] Figure 5 Schematic diagram of marbling formation of sirloin beef in experimental group 3 according to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0031] Figure 6 Schematic diagram of marbling formation of sirloin beef in experimental group 4 according to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0032] Figure 7 Schematic diagram of marbling formation in sirloin beef of experimental group 5 in an embodiment of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0033] To make the objectives, technical solutions, and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention more clear, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention are clearly and completely described below in conjunction with the embodiments of the present invention. Obviously, the described embodiments are only part of the embodiments of the present invention, not all of the embodiments. All other embodiments obtained by ordinary technicians in this field based on the embodiments of the present invention without making any creative efforts shall fall within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0034] The deposit number of the red yeast rice used in the following examples is CCTCC NO: M20241214; the deposit number of the tequila bacillus is CGMCC No.15973; the boulardii yeast was purchased from Xi'an Zebang Biotechnology Co., Ltd., and the viable count of the red yeast rice, tequila bacillus, and boulardii yeast was 10 8 -10 9 pcs / g. Example 1:

[0035] Preparation of feed ingredients:

[0036] 1. Configuration of general cattle feed:

[0037] General cattle feed A (weight parts): corn 50%, soybean meal 32%, wheat bran 10%, premix 5%, sodium bicarbonate 2%, salt 1%;

[0038] General cattle feed B (weight parts): corn 65%, soybean meal 15%, wheat bran 15%, premix 4%, sodium bicarbonate 0.5%, salt 0.5%;

[0039] General cattle feed C (by weight): 55% corn, 25% soybean meal, 13% wheat bran, 5% premix, 1% sodium bicarbonate, and 1% salt.

[0040] The premix provides 3000 IU of vitamin A, 500 IU of vitamin D, 15 mg of copper, 50 mg of iron, 0.1 mg of cobalt, 0.5 mg of iodine, 20 mg of manganese, 30 mg of zinc, and 0.3 mg of selenium per kilogram of general cattle feed.

[0041] 2. Preparation of tomato material:

[0042] Preparation of tomato material A: Fresh tomatoes were crushed and inoculated with Rhodotorula at a concentration of 0.3% by weight of the total tomato mass and fermented for 10 h. Subsequently, 0.2% by weight of the total tomato mass of Bacillus tequila was inoculated and fermented for another 4 h. The mixture was then dried at 50°C to a moisture content of ≤8%.

[0043] Preparation of tomato material B: Fresh tomatoes were crushed and inoculated with Saccharomyces boulardii at a concentration of 0.3% by weight of the total tomatoes and fermented for 10 h. Subsequently, 0.2% by weight of the total tomatoes was inoculated with Bacillus tequila and fermented for another 4 h. The mixture was then dried at 50°C to a moisture content of ≤8%.

[0044] Preparation of tomato material C: crush fresh tomatoes and dry them at 50°C to a moisture content of ≤8%.

[0045] 3. Preparation of pine cone shell material:

[0046] Preparation of pine cone shell material A: Wash the pine cone shell and steam it in a steamer at 119°C for 25 minutes, then microwave dry it to a moisture content of ≤8%, and grind it to a particle size of 1-2 mm to obtain pine cone shell material A;

[0047] Preparation of pine cone shell material B: wash the pine cone shell, microwave dry it to a moisture content of ≤8%, and then grind it to a particle size of 1-2 mm to obtain pine cone shell material B. Example 2:

[0048] Beef cattle feeding experiment: (The top of the lamp in the cowshed was 2-2.5m above the ground, and each lamp was 5-8m apart. The temperature of the cowshed was controlled at 10-25°C, with a day-night temperature difference of ≤8°C, and the humidity was controlled at 60%-75%. The feces in the cowshed was cleaned promptly. During the feeding process, the cattle were uniformly castrated at 6 months of age.)

[0049] Sixty three-month-old Yunling cattle with a weight difference of less than 10 kg were selected and divided into 6 groups, with 10 cattle in each group. Different feeds were used for feeding (with free access to food and water) during the bone growth period (3-6 months), muscle growth period (7-13 months), and subsequent feeding (14-24 months), respectively. Different lighting conditions were also controlled. The specific feed configuration and lighting conditions are shown in Table 1:

[0050] Table 1

[0051]

[0052] The cattle were slaughtered uniformly after being fed for 24 months. The specific slaughter performance is shown in Table 2 below (the eye muscle area is the surface area of the longissimus dorsi muscle at the interface between the 12th and 13th ribs of the cattle forequarters, and the proportion of high-quality meat is the percentage of beef tenderloin, top loin, eye meat, and sirloin in live weight):

[0053] Table 2

[0054]

[0055] From the above tests, it can be seen that the slaughter performance of Yunling cattle fed for 24 months in experimental group 1 is the best, and with the general existing conventional breeding technology (similar to the control group), the average weight of Yunling cattle at 24 months of age is about 500 kg, and the proportion of high-end meat is about 6.5%. The average weight of Yunling cattle at 30 months of age can reach about 730 kg, and the proportion of high-end meat can reach about 7.4%. That is, the feeding method of the present application can greatly increase the weight of Yunling cattle while effectively shortening the feeding time, improve slaughter performance, increase the proportion of high-quality beef, and comprehensively improve the economic benefits of breeding.

[0056] In addition, the longissimus dorsi muscle (sirloin) from 12-13 ribs to the sacral vertebrae of the above-mentioned slaughtered beef was separated and the marble pattern of the cross section was observed (e.g. Figure 2-7 ), refer to Figure 1 The meat samples were graded according to the BMS grading standard (grades 1-12) and the shear force test was performed on the cut beef. The brightness (L*), redness (a*) and yellowness (b*) values of the meat samples during storage were measured using a Minolta CR10Plus meat color analyzer. The specific results are shown in Table 3 below:

[0057] Table 3

[0058]

[0059] Generally speaking, in order to pursue high-quality marbled beef (marbled) from Yunling cattle, it is necessary to feed them until they are 30 months old. In particular, the last few months are an important period for fat deposition and formation of marble in Yunling cattle. The BMS of conventional 30-month-old Yunling cattle sirloin beef on the market is at levels 4-6, and the shear force is 2.8-3.3 kg. From the above tests, it can be seen that the sirloin beef of 24-month-old Yunling cattle in experimental group 1 in this application has a BMS grade of up to level 9, and the overall shear force is lower, that is, the meat is more tender and fresh. In the control group, during the conventional feeding and breeding process, the beef of 24-month-old Yunling cattle has less marbled patterns and the overall quality is lower.

[0060] In this application, tomato feed A + pine cone shell feed A are used as auxiliary feeding and the intensity of artificial light is adjusted to effectively achieve fat accumulation and form high-quality marbling within a shorter fattening feeding time, thereby ensuring the freshness and tenderness of the beef while comprehensively improving the quality of the beef.

[0061] The above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solutions of the present invention, rather than to limit the same. Although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the aforementioned embodiments, those skilled in the art should understand that they can still modify the technical solutions described in the aforementioned embodiments, or make equivalent replacements for some of the technical features therein. However, these modifications or replacements do not deviate the essence of the corresponding technical solutions from the spirit and scope of the technical solutions of the various embodiments of the present invention.

Claims

1. A fattening method for improving the quality of beef cattle, characterized in that: The fattening method comprises the following steps: S1. Preparation of tomato material and pine cone shell material: S1-1. Tomato material: Crush tomatoes, ferment them with Rhodotorula and Bacillus tequila, and then dry them to produce the tomato material. The Rhodotorula and Bacillus tequila fermentation method is to first inoculate 0.2%-0.4% of the total weight of the tomatoes with Rhodotorula and ferment for 8-10 hours, then inoculate 0.1%-0.3% of the total weight of the tomatoes with Bacillus tequila and continue fermenting for 2-4 hours, and then dry them at 40-60°C to a moisture content of ≤8%. S1-2, pine nut shell material: steaming the pine nut shell, microwave drying it, and then grinding it to obtain the pine nut shell material; S2. Feed the following feed during the bone growth period: general cattle feed + hay 2%-4% + silage 8%-10% + tomato feed 1%-1.4% + pine cone shell feed 4%-6% + fish meal 1%-1.6%; S3. Feed the following feed during the muscle growth period: general cattle feed + hay 3%-5% + silage 4%-6% + tomato feed 8%-12% + pine cone shell feed 2%-4%; S4. Use the following feed ratio for subsequent feeding: general cattle feed + silage 4%-6% + tomato feed 8%-12% + pine cone shell feed 4%-6%; S5. During the bone growth period, the daily artificial light exposure is: 280-350lx light intensity irradiation for 8 hours + 150-200lx light intensity irradiation for 8 hours + no light exposure for 8 hours; during the muscle growth period, the daily light exposure is: 280-350lx light intensity irradiation for 6 hours + 150-200lx light intensity irradiation for 10 hours + no light exposure for 8 hours; in the subsequent stage, the daily light exposure is: 280-350lx light intensity irradiation for 2 hours + 150-200lx light intensity irradiation for 16 hours + no light exposure for 6 hours.

2. The fattening method according to claim 1, wherein: The live bacteria amount of the red yeast and the tequila bacillus is 10 8 -10 9 pcs / g.

3. The fattening method according to claim 1, wherein: In step S1-2, the pine nut shells are steamed at a temperature of 102-120° C. for 20-30 minutes, and the water content of the pine nut shells after microwave drying is ≤8%.

4. The fattening method according to claim 1, wherein: The particle size of the pine cone shell material in step S1-2 is 1-2 mm.

5. The fattening method according to claim 1, wherein: The bone growth period is from 3 months to 6 months of age, and the muscle growth period is from 7 months to 13 months of age.

6. The fattening method according to claim 1, wherein: The formula of the universal cattle feed is: 50%-65% corn, 15%-32% soybean meal, 10%-15% wheat bran, 4%-5% premix, 0.5%-2% sodium bicarbonate, and 0.5%-1% salt; the premix provides 3000 IU of vitamin A, 500 IU of vitamin D, 15 mg of copper, 50 mg of iron, 0.1 mg of cobalt, 0.5 mg of iodine, 20 mg of manganese, 30 mg of zinc, and 0.3 mg of selenium per kilogram of the universal cattle feed.

7. The fattening method according to claim 1, wherein: In step S4, the tops of the lamps in the cowshed are controlled to be 2-2.5 m above the ground, and the interval between each lamp is 5-8 m.

8. The fattening method according to claim 1, wherein: During steps S2-S5, the temperature of the cowshed is controlled at 10-25°C, the temperature difference between day and night is ≤8°C, and the humidity is controlled at 60%-75%, and the cowshed manure is cleaned in time.

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