Ultrasonic stretching device and method and connecting device and method for amplitude-change pole and workpiece

Abstract

According to the longitudinal-torsional ultrasonic stretching device and method and the connecting device and method of the amplitude-change pole and the workpiece, a threaded groove is formed in the amplitude-change pole to achieve longitudinal-torsional composite ultrasonic vibration, the threaded groove is additionally formed in the amplitude-change pole to achieve longitudinal-torsional composite vibration, and the longitudinal vibration frequency and the torsional vibration frequency are matched through the design of the spiral groove; the energy conversion efficiency is obviously improved, and the amplitude is further amplified by the index section of the amplitude-change pole, so that the processing capacity is enhanced. A center inner hole in the tail end of an amplitude-change pole is connected with one end of a workpiece through threads to achieve threaded connection, the outer circle face of the tail end of the amplitude-change pole is connected with a clamping sleeve nut through threads, a fixing collet is arranged in the clamping sleeve nut and is a cylindrical component with taper, a series of longitudinal slits are formed in the outer side of the fixing collet, and the longitudinal slits are arranged in the clamping sleeve nut. The fixed collet extends to a certain length from one end, so that the fixed collet can contract; a workpiece penetrates through inner holes of the clamping sleeve nut and the fixed collet chuck, the clamping sleeve nut is screwed down, axial force is generated to enable the fixed collet chuck to move along the conical surface, then radial shrinkage is generated, the workpiece is tightly clamped, and clamping connection is achieved. Double connection is adopted, the connection firmness of the amplitude-change pole and the workpiece is improved, and meanwhile the situation that the threaded section of the workpiece is broken in the stretching process, and the tensile test effect is affected is avoided.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to an ultrasonic stretching technology, in particular to a longitudinal-torsional composite ultrasonic stretching device and method, and a connecting device and method between a horn and a workpiece. Background Art

[0002] With the improvement of science and technology and the continuous in-depth of scientific research, mechanical parts are now developing towards high strength, high hardness, high precision, wear resistance, high temperature resistance and corrosion resistance, especially in the aerospace field. When dealing with difficult-to-machine materials (such as extremely hard and brittle materials), composite processing methods such as ultrasonic processing can be considered. Ultrasonic-assisted stretching tests. With the in-depth research of many scholars on ultrasonic vibration technology, various processing modes have been developed: one-dimensional ultrasonic vibration and two-dimensional ultrasonic vibration modes. One-dimensional mainly refers to single vibration modes: longitudinal, torsional and bending, and two-dimensional is a vibration mode that combines two one-dimensional modes. Among them: the longitudinal-torsional composite ultrasonic vibration has better performance in the manufacturability of advanced materials compared with one-dimensional vibration: improving material removal rate, prolonging tool life, suppressing burr formation and enhancing cutting characteristics, etc., to achieve ultra-precision machining of the material surface. Here, I use a threaded groove structure opened at the horn to achieve longitudinal-torsional ultrasonic vibration-assisted stretching, and analyze the influence of ultrasonic vibration on material plastic deformation and the influence of ultrasonic vibration on the fracture morphology, providing a certain theoretical basis for the ultrasonic vibration-assisted machining of difficult-to-machine materials.

[0003] When studying the material properties of difficult-to-machine materials by ultrasonic stretching, in the current methods, the workpiece is often designed in a dumbbell shape and a thread is machined at one end, and only threaded connection is used to connect the workpiece and the horn. The threaded connection is used to ensure the conduction of ultrasonic vibration. As shown in the attachment Figure 4 It includes a workpiece threaded section 7, a workpiece clamped section under the thread 8, a workpiece parallel length part 15, a workpiece lower clamping end 16 and a transition arc 17. Preparing the specimen workpiece into this kind of dumbbell shape can ensure that when the specimen is subjected to ultrasonic stretching test, the workpiece parallel length part 15 is more likely to undergo plastic deformation until fracture compared with other parts. For us, after such preparation of a material with uniform texture, the range of the tensile fracture position is more controllable and it is easier to analyze the tensile properties of the material.

[0004] Defects such as stress concentration points or insufficient strength at the workpiece thread often lead to fracture at the workpiece thread during ultrasonic stretching, rather than plastic deformation until fracture from the workpiece parallel length part 15, thus unable to better achieve the purpose of analyzing and studying the internal properties of materials by ultrasonic vibration. Therefore, there is a need in this field for a connection method between the horn and the workpiece that addresses the insufficient strength of threaded connection while taking into account good ultrasonic vibration conduction ability and convenient disassembly. Summary of the Invention

[0005] The technical problem to be solved by the present invention is: to overcome the deficiencies of the prior art and provide a longitudinal-torsional ultrasonic stretching device and method, as well as a connecting device and method between a horn and a workpiece, which are reasonably designed, firmly connected and easy to disassemble and assemble.

[0006] The technical solution of the present invention is: A double connecting device between a horn and a workpiece in longitudinal-torsional ultrasonic stretching, including a horn and a workpiece. A thread groove is added at the position of the horn to realize longitudinal-torsional composite ultrasonic vibration. The central inner hole at the end of the horn is threadedly connected to one end of the workpiece to achieve threaded connection. The outer cylindrical surface at the end of the horn is threadedly connected to a jacket nut. A fixed collet is arranged inside the jacket nut. The fixed collet is a cylindrical part with a taper, and the shape of its inner hole is designed according to the tool or workpiece to be clamped. A series of longitudinal slits are arranged on the outer side of the fixed sleeve, extending from one end to a certain length, which enables the fixed collet to contract. The workpiece passes through the inner holes of the jacket nut and the fixed collet. Tighten the jacket nut to generate an axial force to make the fixed collet move along the conical surface, thereby generating a radial contraction and tightly clamping the workpiece to achieve clamping connection.

[0007] Further: the inner hole of the fixed collet is a straight hole, a keyway hole, a rhombic hole or other shapes, which matches the shape of the workpiece.

[0008] Further: the central inner hole at the end of the horn is a stepped shaft hole, an internal thread is arranged on its small-diameter shaft hole, and the fixed collet is arranged in its large-diameter shaft hole.

[0009] A double connecting method between a horn and a workpiece in longitudinal-torsional ultrasonic stretching includes the following steps: a. Set an internal thread on the surface of the central hole at the end of the horn, set an external thread on the outer cylindrical surface at the end of the horn, and sequentially set an external thread section and a clamping section at the end of the workpiece; b. Set a jacket nut and a fixed collet. The fixed collet is a cylindrical part with a taper, and the shape of its inner hole is designed according to the tool or workpiece to be clamped. A series of longitudinal slits are arranged on the outer side of the fixed sleeve, extending from one end to a certain length, which enables the fixed collet to contract; c. Pass one end of the workpiece through the inner holes of the jacket nut and the fixed collet, and the external thread section at the end of the workpiece is screwed with the internal thread at the end of the horn to achieve threaded connection; d. Screw the jacket nut with the external thread at the end of the horn, tighten the jacket nut to generate an axial force to make the fixed collet move along the conical surface, thereby generating a radial contraction and tightly clamping the position of the clamping section of the workpiece to achieve clamping connection.

[0010] Further: The inner hole of the fixed collet is a straight hole, a keyway hole, a rhombic hole or other shapes, which is matched with the shape of the workpiece.

[0011] Further: The central inner hole at the end of the horn is a stepped shaft hole. An internal thread is provided in the small-diameter shaft hole, and the fixed collet is arranged in the large-diameter shaft hole.

[0012] An ultrasonic stretching device comprising the double connection device of the horn and the workpiece in the longitudinal-torsional ultrasonic stretching further includes a tensile testing machine. The upper clamping mechanism of the tensile testing machine directly clamps the bracket. The horn is clamped on the bracket. The upper end of the workpiece is double-clamped with the end of the horn through a thread and a fixed collet. The lower end of the workpiece is directly clamped with the lower clamping mechanism of the tensile testing machine. The upper end of the horn is connected to a transducer, and the transducer is connected to an ultrasonic generator. The high-frequency and high-voltage electrical signal output by the ultrasonic generator is converted into mechanical energy through the piezoelectric ceramic wafer in the transducer, so that the end of the transducer generates high-frequency vibration. Then, the vibration amplitude is amplified through the front-end horn, and at the same time, the ultrasonic vibration is transmitted to the workpiece.

[0013] Further: The frequency of the ultrasonic generator is 20 kHz, and the amplitude of the horn is 2 - 6 μm.

[0014] An ultrasonic stretching method comprising the ultrasonic stretching device includes the following steps: a. The high-frequency and high-voltage electrical signal output by the ultrasonic generator is converted into mechanical energy through the piezoelectric ceramic wafer in the transducer, so that the end of the transducer generates high-frequency vibration. Then, the vibration amplitude is amplified through the front-end horn, and at the same time, the ultrasonic vibration is transmitted to the workpiece. b. The tensile testing machine applies a tensile force to stretch the workpiece, so that the workpiece undergoes necking until fracture in the parallel length part of the workpiece. The ultrasonic vibration is superimposed on the tensile stress to ensure that the sample workpiece is subjected to an alternating stress.

[0015] Further: Threaded groove structures are added at different positions of the horn to achieve longitudinal-torsional composite ultrasonic vibration. The longitudinal-torsional composite two-dimensional vibration means that the tool head connected to the horn has a small vibration rotating around the axis while vibrating along the longitudinal axis. Under the interaction of the two, ultrasonic vibration processing is performed on the workpiece; the data during the stretching process is transmitted to the data acquisition and display system. By analyzing the data in the ultrasonic vibration stretching test, such as stress-strain curves, yield strength, fracture toughness, etc., important information about the dynamic response of the material can be obtained.

[0016] The beneficial effects of the present invention are: The present invention realizes longitudinal-torsional composite vibration by adding a threaded groove at the horn. The spiral groove design enables the longitudinal vibration and torsional vibration frequencies to match, significantly improving the energy conversion efficiency. Moreover, the exponential section of the horn further amplifies the amplitude, thereby enhancing the processing ability.

[0017] The present invention adopts longitudinal-torsional composite ultrasonic stretching, which significantly overcomes the limitations of one-dimensional ultrasonic stretching in terms of material adaptability, processing efficiency, and quality through multi-directional vibration modes, structural innovation, and energy optimization. Its core advantage lies in combining the characteristics of longitudinal and torsional vibrations to achieve a more efficient, stable, and precise processing effect, especially suitable for the processing requirements of high-precision and high-difficulty materials.

[0018] 3. The present invention adopts a double connection, which improves the connection firmness between the horn and the workpiece, and at the same time avoids the fracture of the threaded section of the workpiece during the stretching process, affecting the stretching test effect.

[0019] 4. There are a series of longitudinal slits on the outer side of the fixing sleeve of the present invention, extending from one end to a certain length. Therefore, the fixing collet has elasticity and can contract and expand, facilitating the clamping and loosening of the workpiece.

[0020] 5. The inner hole of the fixing collet of the present invention is a straight hole, a keyway hole, a rhombic hole, or other shapes, which matches the shape of the workpiece and has a wide range of applications.

[0021] 6. The present invention realizes the clamping of the threaded lower end of the workpiece through the combination of two connection methods to share the tensile force at the thread. While inheriting the advantage that the threaded connection can well conduct the ultrasonic amplitude, it meets the requirement of frequent disassembly of the workpiece during the ultrasonic stretching test.

[0022] 7. The present invention is reasonably designed, firmly connected, and easy to disassemble and assemble, easy to promote and implement, and has good economic benefits. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0023] Figure 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a double connection device between the horn and the workpiece in ultrasonic stretching; Figure 2 is Figure 1 an exploded enlarged view of the structure at A in Figure 3 is a schematic structural diagram of the ultrasonic stretching device; Figure 4 is Figure 3 a schematic structural diagram of the workpiece in Figure 5 is a schematic diagram of a horn with a spiral groove structure. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0024] Example: Refer to Figures 1 - 5, in the figure, 1 - horn, 2 - workpiece, 3 - lower clamping mechanism, 4 - end of the horn, 5 - fixed collet, 6 - collet nut, 7 - threaded section, 8 - clamping section, 9 - tensile testing machine, 10 - bracket, 13 - ultrasonic generator, 14 - data acquisition and display system, 15 - parallel length part of the workpiece, 16 - lower clamping section of the workpiece, 17 - transition arc.

[0025] The technical solution of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below in conjunction with the embodiments. Obviously, the described embodiments are part of the embodiments of the present invention, rather than all of the embodiments. All other embodiments obtained by those of ordinary skill in the art based on the embodiments of the present invention without making creative efforts belong to the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0026] In the description of the present invention, it should be understood that the orientation or positional relationship indicated by the terms "upper end", "lower end", "upper", "lower", "front", "rear", "left", "right", etc. is based on the orientation or positional relationship shown in the drawings, and is only for the convenience of describing the present invention and simplifying the description, rather than indicating or implying that the device or element referred to must have a specific orientation, be constructed and operated in a specific orientation, and therefore should not be construed as a limitation to the present invention.

[0027] In addition, the terms "installation", "assembly", and "connection" should be understood in a broad sense. For those of ordinary skill in the art, the specific meanings of the above terms in the present invention can be understood according to specific circumstances.

[0028] A double connection device for a horn and a workpiece in longitudinal-torsional ultrasonic stretching, comprising a horn 1 and a workpiece 2, wherein: a threaded groove is provided at the horn to achieve longitudinal-torsional composite ultrasonic vibration. The mode conversion mechanism consists of a conical surface and 6 spiral grooves. The cutting section of the spiral groove is rectangular and is driven by an ultrasonic generator. When the longitudinal amplitude is output at the end of the ultrasonic transducer, the longitudinal wave changes its mode into a torsional wave at the spiral groove, while there is no change in the non-spiral groove and it continues to propagate longitudinally. The central inner hole of the end 4 of the horn is threadedly connected to one end of the workpiece 2 to achieve threaded connection. The outer cylindrical surface of the end 4 of the horn is threadedly connected to the collet nut 6. A fixed collet 5 is arranged inside the collet nut 6. The fixed collet 5 is a cylindrical part with a taper, and the shape of its inner hole is designed according to the tool or workpiece to be clamped. A series of longitudinal slits are provided on the outer side of the fixed sleeve 5, extending from one end to a certain length, which enables the fixed collet 5 to contract; the workpiece 2 passes through the inner holes of the collet nut 6 and the fixed collet 5, and the collet nut 6 is tightened to generate an axial force to make the fixed collet 5 move along the conical surface, thereby generating a radial contraction and tightly clamping the workpiece 2 to achieve clamping connection.

[0029] Preferred solution: The inner hole of the fixed collet 5 is a straight hole, a keyway hole, a rhombic hole or other shapes, which matches the shape of the workpiece 2. The central inner hole at the end of the horn 4 is a stepped shaft hole, with an internal thread provided in its small-diameter shaft hole and the fixed collet 5 is arranged in its large-diameter shaft hole.

[0030] A dual connection method between a horn and a workpiece in longitudinal-torsional ultrasonic stretching includes the following steps: a. An internal thread is provided on the surface of the central hole at the end of the horn 4, an external thread is provided on the outer circumferential surface of the end of the horn 4, and an external thread section 7 and a clamping section 8 are sequentially provided at the end of the workpiece 2. b. A clamping nut 6 and a fixed collet 5 are provided. The fixed collet 5 is a cylindrical component with a taper, and the shape of its inner hole is designed according to the tool or workpiece to be clamped. A series of longitudinal slits are provided on the outer side of the fixed sleeve 5, extending from one end to a certain length, which enables the fixed collet 5 to contract. c. Ensure that all components are clean and undamaged, including the fixed collet 5, the clamping nut 6 and the workpiece 2. Snap the fixed collet 5 into the clamping nut 6, and the fixed collet 5 should be able to slide in freely. Pass one end of the workpiece 2 through the inner holes of the clamping nut 6 and the fixed collet 5, and the external thread section at the end of the workpiece 2 is screwed with the internal thread at the end of the horn 4 to achieve threaded connection. d. Screw the clamping nut 6 with the external thread at the end of the horn 4, tighten the clamping nut 6, generate an axial force to make the fixed collet 5 move along the conical surface, thereby generating radial contraction, and tightly clamp the position of the clamping section 8 of the workpiece 2 to achieve clamping connection.

[0031] The double composite connection not only ensures the reliability of clamping, but also satisfies the requirement of frequently disassembling the workpiece in the tensile connection while being able to conduct the amplitude well.

[0032] An ultrasonic stretching device containing a dual connection device between a horn and a workpiece in ultrasonic stretching further includes a tensile testing machine 9, wherein: The upper clamping mechanism of the tensile testing machine 9 directly clamps the bracket 10, the horn 1 is clamped on the bracket 10, the upper end of the workpiece 2 is double-clamped with the end of the horn 4 through threads and the fixed collet 5, the lower end of the workpiece 2 is directly clamped with the lower clamping mechanism of the tensile testing machine 9, the upper end of the horn 1 is connected with a transducer, the transducer is connected with an ultrasonic generator 13, the high-frequency high-voltage electrical signal output by the ultrasonic generator 13 is converted into mechanical energy through the piezoelectric ceramic wafers in the transducer, so that high-frequency vibration is generated at the end of the transducer, and then the vibration amplitude is amplified through the front-end horn, and at the same time the ultrasonic vibration is transmitted to the workpiece 2.

[0033] Preferred solution: The frequency of the ultrasonic generator 13 is 20 kHz, and the amplitude of the horn 1 is 2 - 6 μm.

[0034] An ultrasonic stretching method including an ultrasonic stretching device, comprising the following steps: a. The high-frequency and high-voltage electrical signal output by the ultrasonic generator 13 is converted into mechanical energy through the piezoelectric ceramic wafer in the transducer, causing high-frequency vibration at the end of the transducer. Then, the vibration amplitude is amplified through the front horn, and at the same time, the ultrasonic vibration is transmitted to the workpiece 2; b. The tensile testing machine 9 applies a tensile force to stretch the workpiece 2, causing the workpiece 2 to neck down and break in the parallel length portion 15 of the workpiece. The ultrasonic vibration is superimposed on the tensile stress to ensure that the specimen workpiece 2 is subjected to alternating stress.

[0035] Preferred solution: Threaded groove structures are added at different positions of the horn to achieve longitudinal-torsional composite ultrasonic vibration. The longitudinal-torsional composite two-dimensional vibration means that the tool head connected to the horn has a small vibration rotating around the axis while vibrating along the longitudinal axis. Under the interaction of the two, ultrasonic vibration machining is performed on the workpiece; the data during the stretching process is transmitted to the data acquisition and display system 14. By analyzing the data in the ultrasonic vibration stretching test, such as stress-strain curves, yield strength, fracture toughness, etc., important information about the dynamic response of the material can be obtained, which is very important for understanding the performance of the material in the actual working environment, especially in the fields of aerospace and automotive manufacturing, and is of great significance for improving the reliability and safety of products.

[0036] The ultrasonic vibration stretching test can also be used to study the changes in the microstructure of materials, such as grain orientation, dislocation movement, etc. This method provides a powerful tool and lays a theoretical foundation for ultrasonic vibration-assisted machining of difficult-to-machine materials.

[0037] The above is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and it is not intended to limit the present invention in any form. Any simple modification, equivalent change, and modification made to the above embodiment based on the technical essence of the present invention still fall within the scope of the technical solution of the present invention.

Claims

1. A dual connection device for a horn and a workpiece in longitudinal torsional ultrasonic stretching, comprising a horn and a workpiece, characterized in that: A threaded groove is added at the position of the amplitude transformer to realize longitudinal-torsional composite ultrasonic vibration, the central inner hole at the end of the amplitude transformer is connected to one end of the workpiece by threading to realize threaded connection, the outer cylindrical surface at the end of the amplitude transformer is connected to the sleeve nut by threading, a fixed collet is arranged in the sleeve nut, the fixed collet is a cylindrical component with a taper, the shape of its inner hole is designed according to the tool or workpiece to be clamped, a series of longitudinal slits are provided on the outside of the fixed sleeve, extending from one end to a certain length, which enables the fixed collet to shrink; the workpiece passes through the inner holes of the sleeve nut and the fixed collet, and the sleeve nut is tightened to generate an axial force to move the fixed collet along the conical surface, thereby generating radial contraction, tightly clamping the workpiece to realize a clamping connection.

2. The dual connection device of the horn and the workpiece in longitudinal-torsional ultrasonic stretching according to claim 1 is characterized in that: The inner hole of the fixed collet is a straight hole, a hole with a keyway, a prism hole or other shapes, which matches the shape of the workpiece.

3. The dual connection device of the horn and the workpiece in longitudinal-torsional ultrasonic stretching according to claim 1 is characterized by: The central inner hole at the end of the amplitude transformer is a stepped shaft hole, the small diameter shaft hole is provided with an internal thread, and the fixed collet is arranged in the large diameter shaft hole.

4. A method for double connection of a horn and a workpiece in longitudinal torsional ultrasonic stretching, comprising the following steps: a. An internal thread is arranged on the surface of the center hole at the end of the horn, an external thread is arranged on the outer circular surface of the end of the horn, and an external thread section and a clamping section are arranged in sequence at the end of the workpiece; b. A collet nut and a fixed collet are provided, wherein the fixed collet is a cylindrical component with a taper, and the shape of the inner hole thereof is designed according to the tool or workpiece to be clamped, and a series of longitudinal slits are provided on the outside of the fixed sleeve, extending from one end to a certain length, so that the fixed collet can be retracted; c. Pass one end of the workpiece through the inner holes of the jacket nut and the fixed collet, and screw the external thread section at the end of the workpiece into the internal thread at the end of the horn to achieve threaded connection; d. Screw the sleeve nut into the external thread at the end of the amplitude transformer, tighten the sleeve nut, generate an axial force to move the fixed collet along the conical surface, and then generate radial contraction to tightly clamp the position of the clamping section of the workpiece to achieve a clamping connection.

5. The method for connecting the horn and the workpiece in longitudinal-torsional ultrasonic stretching according to claim 4 is characterized by: The inner hole of the fixed collet is a straight hole, a hole with a keyway, a prism hole or other shapes, which matches the shape of the workpiece.

6. The method for connecting the horn and the workpiece in longitudinal-torsional ultrasonic stretching according to claim 4 is characterized by: The central inner hole at the end of the amplitude transformer is a stepped shaft hole, the small diameter shaft hole is provided with an internal thread, and the fixed collet is arranged in the large diameter shaft hole.

7. An ultrasonic stretching device comprising a dual connection device for a horn and a workpiece in longitudinal torsional ultrasonic stretching according to any one of claims 1 to 3, further comprising a stretching testing machine, characterized in that: The upper clamping mechanism of the tensile testing machine directly clamps the bracket, the amplitude rod is clamped on the bracket, the upper end of the workpiece is doubly clamped with the end of the amplitude rod by means of a thread and a fixed collet, the lower end of the workpiece is directly clamped with the lower clamping mechanism of the tensile testing machine, the upper end of the amplitude rod is connected to the transducer, the transducer is connected to the ultrasonic generator, the high-frequency and high-voltage electrical signal output by the ultrasonic generator is converted into mechanical energy through the piezoelectric ceramic chip in the transducer, so that the end of the transducer generates high-frequency vibration, and then the vibration amplitude is amplified by the front-end amplitude rod, and the ultrasonic vibration is transmitted to the workpiece at the same time.

8. The ultrasonic stretching device according to claim 7, characterized in that: The frequency of the ultrasonic generator is 20kHZ, and the amplitude of the horn is 2-6μm.

9. An ultrasonic stretching method comprising the longitudinal torsional ultrasonic stretching device according to claim 7 or 8, comprising the following steps: a. The high-frequency and high-voltage electrical signal output by the ultrasonic generator is converted into mechanical energy through the piezoelectric ceramic chip in the transducer, causing high-frequency vibration at the end of the transducer, and then the vibration amplitude is amplified through the front-end horn, while the ultrasonic vibration is transmitted to the workpiece; b. The tensile testing machine applies tensile force to stretch the workpiece, causing the workpiece to neck in the parallel length portion of the workpiece until it breaks, and ultrasonic vibration is superimposed on the tensile stress to ensure that the sample workpiece is subjected to alternating stress.

10. The ultrasonic stretching method according to claim 9, characterized in that: Thread groove structures are added at different positions of the amplitude transformer to realize longitudinal-torsional composite ultrasonic vibration. The longitudinal-torsional composite two-dimensional vibration means that the tool head connected to the amplitude transformer vibrates along the longitudinal axis and also has a tiny vibration rotating around the axis. Under the interaction of the two, the workpiece is processed by ultrasonic vibration. The data in the stretching process is transmitted to the data acquisition and display system. By analyzing the data in the ultrasonic vibration stretching test, such as stress-strain curve, yield strength, fracture toughness, etc., important information about the dynamic response of the material can be obtained.

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