Acid modification preparation method and application of porous carbon taking cottonseed hulls as raw materials

Abstract

The invention relates to the technical field of capacitors, in particular to a porous carbon acid modification preparation method with cottonseed hulls as raw materials and application. The preparation method comprises the following steps: performing ultrasonic treatment on cottonseed hulls in a dilute acid solution, performing acidification modification on the cottonseed hulls through acidification reaction, and performing microwave pore forming to obtain porous carbon with developed pores and large specific surface area; mineral substances in pores of the porous carbon and carbon residue fragments in the pores can be removed through acid washing and water washing, so that the pore utilization rate can be remarkably increased; porous carbon containing a large number of micropores and mesopores can be formed to provide a wider charge transport channel for subsequent charging and discharging of the supercapacitor, so that the specific capacitance of the supercapacitor is improved; finally, the carbon skeleton structure of the acidized cottonseed hull is more stable, the carbon skeleton structure of the prepared porous carbon as a capacitor electrode material can still remain unchanged after multiple charging and discharging, and the cycling stability is very outstanding.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the technical field of capacitors, and particularly relates to a method for preparing and applying porous carbon acid modified with cottonseed hulls as raw materials. Background Art

[0002] With the rapid development of the global economy, the consumption of fossil energy and people's attention to environmental issues, the utilization of renewable energy has become increasingly urgent. It is an irresistible trend for renewable energy to gradually replace fossil energy. However, renewable energy often has unstable sources, low energy density, and many problems in energy storage technology, which have become obstacles to the large-scale application of renewable energy. Preparing renewable energy into high-end materials for energy storage is an important way for its efficient and sustainable utilization. Cottonseed hulls are the main by-products obtained from cotton processing, and the annual output of cottonseed hulls in China is about 1.9 million - 2.1 million tons. Currently, cottonseed hulls are mainly used for cultivating fungi and feeding livestock as feed. There are still a large number of cottonseed hulls that are burned because they cannot be utilized, which not only causes waste of biomass resources but also pollutes the environment.

[0003] Supercapacitors have become a research hotspot in electrochemical energy storage devices due to their advantages such as high energy density, high power density, good stability, long cycle life, and fast charge and discharge speed. Biomass-based porous carbon has the advantages of rich resources, high carbon content, large specific surface area, stable structure, low cost, and environmental friendliness, and is a commonly used electrode material for supercapacitors; Chinese Patent with publication number 201310536256.X discloses a method for preparing activated carbon, which uses physical blending and potassium hydroxide activation to prepare activated carbon, and the amount of potassium hydroxide used is 1 to 7 times that of the raw material carbon, which will cause a large amount of resource waste, and the electrochemical capacitance of the capacitor prepared with the porous carbon prepared by it is low and the service life is short.

[0004] In view of the above problems, the present invention provides a solution. Summary of the Invention

[0005] The purpose of the present invention is to provide a method for preparing and applying porous carbon acid modified with cottonseed hulls as raw materials. The porous carbon prepared by the present invention has developed pores, a large specific surface area, and high pore utilization rate. At the same time, the capacitor prepared with the porous carbon prepared by the present invention has a large specific capacitance and a long service life.

[0006] To achieve the above purpose, the present invention adopts the following technical solutions: A method for preparing porous carbon acid modified with cottonseed hulls as raw materials includes the following steps: A1: Place the cottonseed hulls in an ultrasonic cleaner, add deionized water, set the ultrasonic frequency to 80 - 100 kHz, ultrasonically clean for 15 - 20 min. After ultrasonic cleaning, transfer the cottonseed hulls to an oven, set the oven air velocity to 1.5 m / s, and dry at 60 °C for 1 - 2 h to make the moisture content of the cottonseed hulls 3 - 5%. Subsequently, place the cottonseed hulls in a crusher and crush them. Set the crushing particle size of the crusher to 200 mesh, crush for 30 min, and then pass through a 200 - mesh sieve to obtain cottonseed hull powder; A2: Place the cottonseed hull powder in deionized water and add zinc chloride. Stir and mix using a magnetic stirrer. Set the rotational speed of the magnetic stirrer to 600 - 800 rpm, stir for 15 - 20 min, let it stand for 1 h after stirring. After standing, transfer the zinc chloride - mixed cottonseed hull powder to a high - pressure reactor, adjust the pressure of the high - pressure reactor to 1.6 - 1.8 atm, and carry out a high - temperature and high - pressure reaction at 120 °C for 30 - 45 min; A3: After the high - temperature and high - pressure reaction, use a 200 - mesh sieve to separate the cottonseed hull powder, and transfer the cottonseed hull powder to an oven. Set the air velocity to 1.5 m / s and dry at 60 °C for 20 - 30 min. Subsequently, transfer the cottonseed hull powder to a 5% phosphoric acid solution for ultrasonic treatment. After ultrasonic treatment, obtain acidified cottonseed hull powder; A4: Transfer the acidified cottonseed hull powder to a microwave pyrolysis reactor. Subsequently, fill the microwave pyrolysis reactor with nitrogen, use nitrogen to adjust the pressure of the microwave pyrolysis reactor to 1.2 - 1.3 atm, set the power of the microwave pyrolysis reactor to 500 W, heat up by 10 °C per minute, heat the acidified cottonseed hull powder to 200 °C. Subsequently, set the power of the microwave pyrolysis reactor to 800 W, heat up by 30 °C per minute, heat the acidified cottonseed hull powder to 800 °C, and maintain at 800 °C for 90 min of microwave pyrolysis to obtain pyrolyzed acid - modified material; A5: Wash the pyrolyzed acid - modified material with deionized water until the pH value is 7, then transfer it to an oven. Set the oven temperature to 65 °C and the air velocity to 2 m / s to obtain pre - porous carbon. Subsequently, add the pre - porous carbon to a tubular activation furnace, add potassium hydroxide and potassium carbonate at the same time, stir using a magnetic stirrer, set the rotational speed of the magnetic stirrer to 200 - 300 rpm, and stir and activate for 1.5 - 2 h to obtain activated porous carbon; A6: After activation, soak the activated porous carbon in a 0.1 M dilute hydrochloric acid solution for 25 - 30 min, and then wash the activated porous carbon with distilled water until the pH value is 7 to obtain porous carbon.

[0007] Furthermore, in step A2, the mass ratio of cottonseed hull powder to zinc chloride is 20:1; in step A3, the ultrasonic treatment program is set to ultrasonic once every 10 s for 1.5 s, with an ultrasonic cycle of every 11.5 s, and a total ultrasonic treatment of 30 min; in step A5, the mass ratio of pre - porous carbon, potassium hydroxide, and potassium carbonate is 15:6:4; Further, a preparation method of a porous carbon prepared by acid modification using cottonseed hulls as a raw material for preparing a supercapacitor includes the following steps: B1: Add the porous carbon prepared by acid modification using cottonseed hulls as a raw material into a spherical grinder and grind for 15 min. Then transfer it to an ultrasonic grinder, set the ultrasonic power to 320 W, and grind for 15 min to obtain porous carbon powder; B2: Mix the porous carbon powder, ethylene black, and polytetrafluoroethylene and add them to a homogenizer, and homogenize for 30 min to obtain a mixed porous carbon powder; B3: Coat the mixed porous carbon powder on nickel foam, place it in an oven, set the wind speed to 0.5 m / s, dry at a temperature of 45 °C for 30 min, then use a tablet press to press the tablet. After pressing, an electrode material is obtained, and the electrode material is placed in an electrolyte to obtain a supercapacitor.

[0008] Further, the particle size of the porous carbon powder in step B1 is 1000 mesh; the ethylene black in step B2 is black graphene powder with a particle size of 300 mesh; the mass ratio of the porous carbon powder, ethylene black, and polytetrafluoroethylene in step B2 is 8:1:1; the coating thickness of the mixed porous carbon powder in step B3 is 0.3 mm, and the electrolyte is a 6 mol / L potassium hydroxide solution.

[0009] In summary, due to the adoption of the above technical solution, the beneficial effects of the present invention are as follows: The cottonseed hulls of the present invention are ultrasonically treated in a dilute acid solution, acidified and modified by an acidification reaction, and porous carbon with developed pores and a large specific surface area is obtained after microwave pore formation; through pickling and water washing, minerals inside the pores of the porous carbon and residual carbon fragments in the pores can be removed, which can significantly improve the pore utilization rate. At the same time, microsphere particles are distributed on the surface of the cottonseed hulls after acidification, and porous carbon containing a large number of micropores and mesopores can be formed, providing a wider charge transport channel for the subsequent charging and discharging of the supercapacitor, thereby improving the specific capacitance of the supercapacitor; finally, the carbon skeleton structure of the cottonseed hulls after acidification treatment is more stable, and the porous carbon prepared therefrom can still maintain its carbon skeleton structure unchanged after multiple charge and discharge cycles as a capacitor electrode material, and the cycle stability is very prominent. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0010] Figure 1 is the nitrogen adsorption / desorption isotherm curve of Example 1.

[0011] Figure 2 is the nitrogen adsorption / desorption isotherm curve of Example 2.

[0012] Figure 3 is the GCD curve of Example 3 at 1 A / g.

[0013] Figure 4It is the rate performance curve of Example 3.

[0014] Figure 5 It is the GCD curve of Example 4 at 1 A / g.

[0015] Figure 6 It is the rate performance curve of Example 4. Detailed implementation manners

[0016] In order to make the technical means, creative features, achieved purposes and functions of the present invention easy to understand, the present invention will be further described below in conjunction with specific embodiments and illustrations.

[0017] The experimental methods in the following embodiments are all conventional methods unless otherwise specified, and are carried out according to the technologies or conditions described in the literature in the field or according to the product specifications. The materials, reagents, etc. used in the following embodiments can be obtained from commercial channels unless otherwise specified. Embodiment

[0018] 1: Place 25 g of cottonseed hulls in an ultrasonic cleaner, add deionized water, set the ultrasonic frequency to 100 kHz, ultrasonically clean for 20 min. After the ultrasonic cleaning is completed, transfer the cottonseed hulls to an oven, set the oven air velocity to 1.5 m / s, and dry at 60 °C for 2 h to make the moisture content of the cottonseed hulls 5%. Subsequently, place the cottonseed hulls in a crusher, set the crushing particle size of the crusher to 200 mesh, crush for 30 min, and then pass through a 200-mesh sieve to obtain cottonseed hull powder; 2: Place 20 g of cottonseed hull powder in deionized water and add 1 g of zinc chloride, stir and mix using a magnetic stirrer, set the rotation speed of the magnetic stirrer to 800 rpm, stir for 20 min, let stand for 1 h after stirring is completed. After standing is completed, transfer the zinc chloride-mixed cottonseed hull powder to a high-pressure reactor, adjust the pressure of the high-pressure reactor to 1.6 atm, and carry out a high-temperature and high-pressure reaction at 120 °C for 45 min; 3: After the high-temperature and high-pressure reaction is completed, separate the cottonseed hull powder using a 200-mesh sieve, transfer the cottonseed hull powder to an oven, set the air velocity to 1.5 m / s, and dry at 60 °C for 30 min. Subsequently, transfer the cottonseed hull powder to a 5% phosphoric acid solution for ultrasonic treatment, ultrasonic once every 10 s, ultrasonic for 1.5 s, one ultrasonic cycle every 11.5 s, and ultrasonic for a total of 30 min. After ultrasonic treatment is completed, obtain acidified cottonseed hull powder; 4: Transfer the acidified cottonseed hull powder to a microwave pyrolysis reactor. Subsequently, fill the microwave pyrolysis reactor with nitrogen, adjust the pressure of the microwave pyrolysis reactor to 1.3 atm using nitrogen, set the power of the microwave pyrolysis reactor to 500 W, increase the temperature by 10 °C per minute, heat the acidified cottonseed hull powder to 200 °C. Subsequently, set the power of the microwave pyrolysis reactor to 800 W, increase the temperature by 30 °C per minute, heat the acidified cottonseed hull powder to 800 °C, and maintain at 800 °C for microwave pyrolysis for 90 min to obtain pyrolyzed acidified modified material; 5: Wash the pyrolyzed acidified modified material with deionized water until the pH value is 7. Subsequently, transfer it to an oven, set the oven temperature to 65 °C, and the wind speed to 2 m / s to obtain pre-porous carbon. Subsequently, add 15 g of pre-porous carbon to a tubular activation furnace, add 6 g of potassium hydroxide and 4 g of potassium carbonate at the same time, stir using a magnetic stirrer, set the rotation speed of the magnetic stirrer to 300 rpm, and stir and activate for 1.5 h to obtain activated porous carbon; 6: After activation, soak the activated porous carbon in a 0.1 M dilute hydrochloric acid solution for 30 min. Subsequently, wash the activated porous carbon with distilled water until the pH value is 7 to obtain the porous carbon prepared in Example 1.

[0019] Table 1, Reagent parameter table for Example 1

[0020] Example 2 1: Place 25 g of cottonseed hulls in an ultrasonic cleaner, add deionized water, set the ultrasonic frequency to 80 kHz, and ultrasonically clean for 20 min. After ultrasonic cleaning, transfer the cottonseed hulls to an oven, set the oven wind speed to 1.5 m / s, and the temperature to 60 °C to dry for 1 - 2 h to make the moisture content of the cottonseed hulls 3%. Subsequently, place the cottonseed hulls in a crusher, set the crushing particle size of the crusher to 200 mesh, crush for 30 min, and then pass through a 200-mesh sieve to obtain cottonseed hull powder; 2: Place 20 g of cottonseed hull powder in deionized water and add 1 g of zinc chloride. Stir and mix using a magnetic stirrer, set the rotation speed of the magnetic stirrer to 600 rpm, stir for 15 min, let it stand for 1 h after stirring. After standing, transfer the zinc chloride-mixed cottonseed hull powder to a high-pressure reactor, adjust the pressure of the high-pressure reactor to 1.8 atm, and carry out a high-temperature and high-pressure reaction at 120 °C for 30 min; 3: After the high-temperature and high-pressure reaction, separate the cottonseed hull powder using a 200-mesh sieve, transfer the cottonseed hull powder to an oven, set the wind speed to 1.5 m / s, and the temperature to 60 °C to dry for 30 min. Subsequently, transfer the cottonseed hull powder to a 5% phosphoric acid solution for ultrasonic treatment, ultrasonic once every 10 s for 1.5 s, with an ultrasonic cycle every 11.5 s, and ultrasonic for a total of 30 min. After ultrasonic treatment, obtain acidified cottonseed hull powder; 4: Transfer the acidified cottonseed hull powder to a microwave pyrolysis reactor. Then, fill the reactor with nitrogen, adjust the pressure of the microwave pyrolysis reactor to 1.2 atm using nitrogen, set the power of the microwave pyrolysis reactor to 500 W, increase the temperature by 10 °C per minute, heat the acidified cottonseed hull powder to 200 °C. Subsequently, set the power of the microwave pyrolysis reactor to 800 W, increase the temperature by 30 °C per minute, heat the acidified cottonseed hull powder to 800 °C, and maintain at 800 °C for 90 min of microwave pyrolysis to obtain a pyrolyzed acidified modified material; 5: Wash the pyrolyzed acidified modified material with deionized water until the pH value is 7. Then transfer it to an oven, set the oven temperature to 65 °C and the wind speed to 2 m / s to obtain a pre-porous carbon. Subsequently, add 15 g of the pre-porous carbon to a tubular activation furnace, add 6 g of potassium hydroxide and 4 g of potassium carbonate at the same time, stir using a magnetic stirrer, set the rotation speed of the magnetic stirrer to 200 rpm, and stir and activate for 2 h to obtain an activated porous carbon; 6: After the activation is completed, soak the activated porous carbon in a 0.1 M dilute hydrochloric acid solution for 25 min. Then wash the activated porous carbon with distilled water until the pH value is 7 to obtain the porous carbon prepared in Example 2.

[0021] Table 2, Reagent Parameter Table for Example 2

[0022] Example 3 1: Add the porous carbon prepared in Example 1 to a spherical grinder and grind for 15 min. Then transfer it to an ultrasonic grinder, set the ultrasonic power to 320 W, and grind for 15 min to obtain 1000-mesh porous carbon powder; 2: Mix 8 g of the porous carbon powder, 1 g of ethylene black, and 1 g of polytetrafluoroethylene and add them to a homogenizer, homogenize for 30 min to obtain a mixed porous carbon powder; 3: Coat the mixed porous carbon powder on nickel foam with a coating thickness of 0.3 mm. Then place the nickel foam in an oven, set the wind speed to 0.5 m / s and the temperature to 45 °C, dry for 30 min. Subsequently, use a tablet press to press the tablets. After the pressing is completed, obtain an electrode material. Place the electrode material in a 6 mol / L potassium hydroxide solution to obtain the supercapacitor prepared in Example 3.

[0023] Table 3, Reagent Parameter Table for Example 3

[0024] Example 4 1: Add the porous carbon prepared in Example 2 to a spherical grinder and grind for 15 min. Then transfer it to an ultrasonic grinder, set the ultrasonic power to 320 W, and grind for 15 min to obtain 1000-mesh porous carbon powder; 2: Add 8 g of porous carbon powder, 1 g of acetylene black, and 1 g of polytetrafluoroethylene into a homogenizer, and homogenize for 30 min to obtain a mixed porous carbon powder; 3: Coat the mixed porous carbon powder on nickel foam with a coating thickness of 0.3 mm. Then place the nickel foam in an oven, set the wind speed to 0.5 m / s, and dry at a temperature of 45 °C for 30 min. Then use a tablet press to press the tablets. After pressing, the electrode material is obtained. Place the electrode material in a 6 mol / L potassium hydroxide solution to obtain the supercapacitor prepared in Example 4.

[0025] Table 4, Reagent Parameter Table for Example 4

[0026] Comparative Example 1 Select Example 1 with the publication number CN109231204A as Comparative Example 1.

[0027] Comparative Example 2 Use Ag / AgCl as the reference electrode and a platinum sheet as the counter electrode, and place them in a 6 mol / L potassium hydroxide solution to obtain the supercapacitor prepared in Comparative Example 2.

[0028] Physical Property Test: Conduct physical property tests on the porous carbon prepared in Example 1, Example 2, and Comparative Example 1; Table 5, Physical Property Test Results

[0029] It can be seen from the analysis of Table 5 that the porous carbon prepared by the present invention has better physical properties. Among them, the porous carbon prepared in Example 2 has developed pores and a larger specific surface area. It has many microporous structures and a large charge storage capacity, making it suitable for the preparation of supercapacitors.

[0030] Electrochemical Test: Conduct electrochemical tests on the supercapacitors prepared in Example 3, Example 4, and Comparative Example 2 at a current density of 1 A / g; Table 6, Electrochemical Test Results

[0031] It can be seen from the analysis of Table 6 that the supercapacitors prepared using the porous carbon prepared in Example 1 and Example 2 have a larger specific capacitance, and at the same time, the capacitance maintains a good effect after cyclic charging. Among them, the supercapacitor prepared in Example 4 has the best specific capacitance because it uses the porous carbon prepared in Example 2.

[0032] The foregoing has shown and described the basic principles, main features and advantages of the present invention. Those skilled in the art should understand that the present invention is not limited by the above embodiments, and what is described in the above embodiments and the specification is only to illustrate the principle of the present invention. Without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention, the present invention will have various changes and improvements, and these changes and improvements fall within the scope of the present invention claimed. The scope of the present invention claimed is defined by the appended claims and their equivalents.

Claims

1. A method for preparing porous carbon modified by cottonseed hulls as raw materials, characterized in that: The following steps are involved: A1: Place cottonseed hulls in an ultrasonic cleaning instrument, add deionized water, set the ultrasonic frequency to 80-100kHz, and perform ultrasonic cleaning for 15-20 minutes. After the ultrasonic cleaning is completed, transfer the cottonseed hulls to an oven, set the oven wind speed to 1.5m / s, and dry at 60°C for 1-2 hours to reduce the moisture content of the cottonseed hulls to 3-5%. Then, place the cottonseed hulls in a crusher, set the crushing particle size of the crusher to 200 mesh, crush for 30 minutes, and then filter through a 200-mesh filter sieve to obtain cottonseed hull powder. A2: Place cottonseed hull powder in deionized water and add zinc chloride, stir and mix using a magnetic stirrer, set the speed of the magnetic stirrer to 600-800 rpm, stir for 15-20 minutes, let stand for 1 hour after stirring, transfer the zinc chloride mixed with cottonseed hull powder to a high-pressure reactor, adjust the pressure of the high-pressure reactor to 1.6-1.8 atm, and react at 120°C for 30-45 minutes; A3: After the high temperature and high pressure reaction is completed, the cottonseed hull powder is separated using a 200-mesh filter sieve, and the cottonseed hull powder is transferred to an oven, the wind speed is set to 1.5 m / s, and the temperature is set to 60°C for drying for 20-30 minutes, and then the cottonseed hull powder is transferred to a 5% phosphoric acid solution for ultrasonic treatment, and the acidified cottonseed hull powder is obtained after the ultrasonic treatment; A4: The acidified cottonseed hull powder was transferred to a microwave pyrolysis reactor, and then nitrogen was filled into the microwave pyrolysis reactor, and the pressure of the microwave pyrolysis reactor was adjusted to 1.2-1.3 atm by using nitrogen, and the microwave pyrolysis reactor power was set to 500 W, and the temperature was increased by 10° C. per minute, and the acidified cottonseed hull powder was heated to 200° C., and then the microwave pyrolysis reactor power was set to 800 W, and the temperature was increased by 30° C. per minute, and the acidified cottonseed hull powder was heated to 800° C., and maintained at 800° C., and microwave pyrolysis was performed for 90 minutes to obtain a pyrolysis acidified modified material; A5: Use deionized water to wash the pyrolysis acidified modified material to a pH value of 7, then transfer it to an oven, set the oven temperature to 65°C, and the wind speed to 2m / s to obtain pre-porous carbon, then add the pre-porous carbon to a tubular activation furnace, add potassium hydroxide and potassium carbonate at the same time, use a magnetic stirrer to stir, set the magnetic stirrer speed to 200-300rpm, and stir and activate for 1.5-2h to obtain activated porous carbon; A6: After activation, the activated porous carbon is immersed in a 0.1 M dilute hydrochloric acid solution for 25-30 minutes, and then the activated porous carbon is washed with distilled water until the pH value is 7 to obtain porous carbon.

2. The method for preparing porous carbon modified by cottonseed hull as raw material according to claim 1, characterized in that: The mass ratio of cottonseed hull powder to zinc chloride in step A2 is 20:

1.

3. The method for preparing porous carbon modified by cottonseed hull as raw material according to claim 1, characterized in that: The program of the ultrasonic treatment in step A3 was set to ultrasonicate once every 10 seconds, ultrasonicate for 1.5 seconds, and one ultrasonic cycle every 11.5 seconds, for a total of 30 minutes.

4. The method for preparing porous carbon modified by cottonseed hull as raw material according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step A5, the mass ratio of the pre-porous carbon, potassium hydroxide and potassium carbonate is 15:6:

4.

5. A method for preparing porous carbonic acid using cottonseed hull as raw material for preparing supercapacitors, characterized in that: The following steps are involved: B1: A porous carbon prepared by acid modification using cottonseed hull as raw material was added into a ball grinder and ground for 15 min, then transferred into an ultrasonic grinder, the ultrasonic power was set to 320 W, and ground for 15 min to obtain porous carbon powder; B2: Porous carbon powder, ethylene black and polytetrafluoroethylene were mixed and added into a homogenizer, and homogenized for 30 minutes to obtain mixed porous carbon powder; B3: Coat the mixed porous carbon powder on the nickel foam, place it in an oven, set the wind speed to 0.5m / s, and dry it at 45℃ for 30min. Then use a tablet press to press the tablets. After the tablet pressing is completed, the electrode material is obtained. The electrode material is placed in an electrolyte to obtain a supercapacitor.

6. The method for preparing porous carbonic acid using cottonseed hull as raw material for preparing supercapacitors according to claim 5, characterized in that: The particle size of the porous carbon powder in step B1 is 1000 mesh.

7. The method for preparing porous carbonic acid using cottonseed hull as raw material for preparing supercapacitors according to claim 5, characterized in that: The ethylene black in step B2 is black graphene powder with a particle size of 300 meshes.

8. The method for preparing porous carbonic acid using cottonseed hull as raw material for preparing supercapacitors according to claim 5, characterized in that: The mass ratio of the porous carbon powder, ethylene black and polytetrafluoroethylene described in step B2 is 8:1:

1.

9. The method for preparing porous carbonic acid using cottonseed hull as raw material for preparing supercapacitors according to claim 5, characterized in that: The coating thickness of the mixed porous carbon powder in step B3 is 0.3 mm, and the electrolyte is 6 mol / L potassium hydroxide solution.

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