A method of finishing beef cattle

Abstract

The application discloses a fattening feeding method of beef cattle, which uses TMR daily ration in the whole fattening process, and the intensive fattening time is not more than 6 months; the TMR daily ration is composed of the following components in percentage by mass: hay 9.5-23.5%, silage 38-47.0% and concentrate 29.5-52.5%, and the fattening standard material amount is 17-21 kg / (head.day); the concentrate contains the following components in percentage by mass: corn 53-55%, bran 15-20%, cottonseed meal 8-10%, soybean meal 8-12%, calcium hydrogen phosphate 1.8-2%, salt 1%, sodium bicarbonate 2-2.5% and premix 1%. The fattening feeding method of beef cattle can significantly shorten the fattening period, improve the production efficiency, reduce the feed consumption and production cost, and realize the maximization of economic benefits.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of beef cattle breeding technology, and more specifically, to a method for fattening beef cattle. Background Technology

[0002] With the continuous improvement of living standards, the market demand for beef has increased significantly. Beef, due to its high protein and low fat nutritional characteristics, is hailed as the "pride of meats," especially high-quality beef, which enjoys strong market demand and high value. Therefore, the beef cattle farming industry has broad prospects. However, a significant factor currently restricting the profitability of beef cattle farming is the unreasonable feed structure, leading to low feed utilization, slow growth of beef cattle, and prolonged breeding cycles, thus affecting farming profits. To improve the economic efficiency of beef cattle farming, improving feed structure and feeding methods to ensure balanced and reasonable nutrition and promote the rapid and healthy growth of beef cattle has become a focus of industry attention.

[0003] Currently, the common method for rapid fattening of beef cattle is the "three-stage feeding method," which is implemented as follows: Stage 1 (Growth Period): 7-12 months of age, with concentrate accounting for 1.6-1.8% of body weight in the daily ration, and free access to dry straw; Stage 2 (Early Fattening Stage): 13-15 months of age, with concentrate accounting for 1.9-2.2% of body weight in the daily ration, and free access to dry straw; Stage 3 (Late Fattening Stage): 16 months of age to slaughter, with free access to concentrate in the daily ration, and dry straw controlled at 0.5-2 kg. The overall requirement is that concentrate intake should account for 2% of body weight in the early fattening stage, gradually increasing to free access (without upper limit) in the late fattening stage. However, this feeding method has significant problems. With the unlimited increase in concentrate intake, beef cattle are prone to digestive system diseases such as diarrhea, undigested feed, rumen impaction, intestinal obstruction, and forestomach atony. Furthermore, as herbivores, cattle are susceptible to parasitic diseases due to their consumption of large amounts of feed containing parasites. Parasites consume a significant amount of nutrients, leading to a decrease in the growth rate of beef cattle. To promote the growth of beef cattle and prevent digestive tract diseases and parasitic diseases, farmers typically use antibiotics and deworming drugs regularly, such as ivermectin, abamectin, doramectin, praziquantel, levamisole, chlorpyrifos, albendazole, fenbendazole, and thiabendazole.

[0004] However, the long-term use of chemical pesticides not only leads to the emergence of drug-resistant insect strains but also results in chemical residues in beef and its products, posing a serious threat to public health and food safety. This runs counter to consumers' demand for "high-quality, low-drug-residue, green and pollution-free" food. Therefore, developing a new feeding method that can effectively promote beef cattle growth and prevent diseases while reducing the use of chemical pesticides and ensuring food safety has become an urgent need for the beef cattle farming industry.

[0005] Chinese patent application document (CN114375900A) proposes a method for fattening beef cattle, which includes the following steps: S1: selecting a suitable site to build a cattle shed; S2: selecting a suitable breed of cattle; S3: isolated feeding; S4: fattening beef cattle; S5: feeding management. In S1, the cattle shed is built in an environment with high elevation, good ventilation, and good lighting, and a free area is built behind the cattle shed to facilitate lighting and drying of the cattle shed. In S2, beef cattle aged 3-6 months with a symmetrical structure, strong limbs, long body, wide back, and good coat luster are selected. Although the method proposed in this patent document can reduce the probability of disease in beef cattle, it has little effect on improving the growth rate of beef cattle and still cannot meet the current market demand for beef cattle farming.

[0006] In conclusion, there is an urgent need to develop a more scientific, environmentally friendly, and efficient beef cattle fattening and feeding technology to meet market demand and promote the sustainable development of the industry. Summary of the Invention

[0007] Therefore, it is necessary to provide a convenient, fast, efficient, healthy and environmentally friendly method for fattening beef cattle to address the aforementioned technical problems.

[0008] To address the aforementioned technical problems, this invention proposes a method for fattening beef cattle, using a total moisturizing diet (TMR) throughout the fattening process, with an intensive fattening period not exceeding 6 months. The TMR diet consists of the following components by weight percentage: hay 9.5%–23.5%, silage 38%–47.0%, and concentrate 29.5%–52.5%, with a standard fattening feed amount of 17–21 kg / (head·day). The concentrate contains the following components by weight percentage: corn 53–55%, wheat bran 15–20%, cottonseed meal 8–10%, soybean meal 8–12%, dicalcium phosphate 1.8–2%, salt 1%, baking soda 2–2.5%, and premix 1%.

[0009] Furthermore, the concentrate also contains 1% by weight of a biological agent.

[0010] Furthermore, the biological agent is composed of the following components by mass percentage: 5% traditional Chinese medicine extract, 0.5% mannan oligosaccharide, 0.5% glycoterpenoid, 64% wheat bran, and 30% liquid yeast culture.

[0011] Furthermore, the fattening period is 6 months, which is divided into 4 stages: stage 1 is the first month of the fattening period, stage 2 is the second month of the fattening period, stage 3 is the third to fourth month of the fattening period, and stage 4 is the fifth to sixth month of the fattening period.

[0012] Furthermore, the TMR diets for Stage 1 consisted of the following components by weight percentage: hay 23.5%, silage 47.0%, and concentrate 29.5%; the TMR diets for Stage 2 consisted of the following components by weight percentage: hay 11.2%, silage 44.4%, and concentrate 44.4%; the TMR diets for Stage 3 consisted of the following components by weight percentage: hay 10.0%, silage 40.0%, and concentrate 50.0%; and the TMR diets for Stage 4 consisted of the following components by weight percentage: hay 9.5%, silage 38.0%, and concentrate 52.5%.

[0013] Furthermore, the standard feed amount for fattening in Stage 1 is 17 kg / (head·day); the standard feed amount for fattening in Stage 2 is 18 kg / (head·day); the standard feed amount for fattening in Stage 3 is 20 kg / (head·day); and the standard feed amount for fattening in Stage 4 is 21 kg / (head·day).

[0014] Furthermore, each kilogram of the premix contains: Vitamin A 450,000–500,000 IU, Vitamin D3 70,000–75,000 IU, Vitamin E 1,000–1,500 IU, Cu 700–750 mg, Fe 4,500–5,000 mg, Mn 2,500–3,000 mg, Zn 3,500–3,750 mg, Se 40–50 mg, I 65–75 mg, Co 20–25 mg, and monensin 20–30 mg.

[0015] Furthermore, the herbal extract is composed of the following components in the following mass ratio: 30-40 parts of Pulsatilla chinensis, 30-40 parts of Dryopteris crassirhizoma, 10-20 parts of Areca catechu, and 10-20 parts of Prunus mume leaf.

[0016] Furthermore, the density of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain in the liquid yeast culture is 100-200 billion CFU / g.

[0017] Furthermore, the preparation method of the biological agent is as follows: the extract of traditional Chinese medicine, mannan oligosaccharide, glycoterpenoid, liquid yeast culture and wheat bran are mixed evenly in a mass ratio of 5:0.5:0.5:64:30, packaged and sealed, and fermented at a temperature of 25-30℃ for 48-72 hours.

[0018] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following beneficial effects:

[0019] The fattening method for beef cattle provided by this invention employs a phased, scientifically formulated Total Moisturized Residue (TMR) diet. The proportions and amounts of hay, silage, and concentrate in the TMR diet are scientifically adjusted according to the growth stages of the beef cattle, ensuring they receive adequate nutrition at each stage and improving feed utilization. Precise formulation avoids nutrient over- or under-nutrition, maximizing feed efficiency and reducing waste. Simultaneously, a unique biological agent is added to the concentrate, composed of traditional Chinese medicine extracts, mannan oligosaccharides, glycoterpenes, bran, and liquid yeast culture. The compound traditional Chinese medicine extracts significantly improve the deworming effect and enhance the beef cattle's immunity. The addition of yeast and glycoterpenes stabilizes rumen pH, promotes the proliferation of cellulose-decomposing bacteria, improves the rumen metabolic environment, and increases feed conversion rate. Glycoterpenes and mannan oligosaccharides also have a synergistic effect, exhibiting anti-stress and antioxidant effects, reducing disease incidence, and improving the overall health of the beef cattle. This fattening method for beef cattle proposed in this invention can significantly shorten the fattening cycle, improve production efficiency, reduce feed consumption and production costs, and maximize economic benefits. Detailed Implementation

[0020] To enable those skilled in the art to better understand the present invention, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention are clearly and completely described below. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort should fall within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0021] To enable those skilled in the art to better understand the present application, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present application are described clearly and completely.

[0022] Implementation Plan

[0023] This invention provides a method for fattening beef cattle, using a total mixed ration (TMR) diet throughout the entire process. The intensive fattening period does not exceed 6 months, and the entire fattening process is divided into 4 stages. The composition and feed quantity standards of the TMR diet differ in different fattening stages. The specific composition and feed quantity standards of the TMR diet for each stage are as follows:

[0024] Phase 1, the first month of the fattening period, the TMR diet was composed of the following components by mass percentage: hay 23.5%, silage 47.0% and concentrate 29.5%, as shown in Table 1. The standard feed amount for the first month of the fattening period was 17 kg / (head·day).

[0025] Phase 2, the second month of the fattening period, the TMR diet was composed of the following components by mass percentage: hay 11.2%, silage 44.4% and concentrate 44.4%, as shown in Table 1. The standard feed amount for fattening in the second month of the fattening period was 18 kg / (head·day).

[0026] Phase 3, the TMR diet for the third and fourth months of the fattening period is composed of the following components by mass percentage: hay 10.0%, silage 40.0% and concentrate 50.0%, as shown in Table 2. The standard feed amount for the third and fourth months of the fattening period is 20 kg / (head·day).

[0027] Phase 4, the fattening period of 5-6 months, the TMR diet is composed of the following components by mass percentage: hay 9.5%, silage 38.0% and concentrate 52.5%, as shown in Table 3. The standard feed amount for fattening in the 5th-6th month of fattening period is 21 kg / (head·day).

[0028] Table 1: Standard feed intake for fattening during the first two months of the TMR diet fattening period

[0029]

[0030] Table 2: Standard feed intake for fattening during the 3rd to 4th month of the TMR diet fattening period

[0031]

[0032]

[0033] Table 3: Standard feed intake for fattening during the 5th-6th month of the TMR diet fattening period

[0034]

[0035] The concentrate in the TMR diets of stages 1 to 4 above consists of the following components by weight percentage: corn 53-55%, wheat bran 15-20%, cottonseed meal 8-10%, soybean meal 8-12%, dicalcium phosphate 1.8-2%, salt 1%, sodium bicarbonate 2-2.5%, premix 1%, and biological agent 1%.

[0036] Furthermore, each kilogram of premix contains: Vitamin A 450,000–500,000 IU, Vitamin D 3 70,000–75,000 IU, Vitamin E 1,000–1,500 IU, Cu 700–750 mg, Fe 4,500–5,000 mg, Mn 2,500–3,000 mg, Zn 3,500–3,750 mg, Se 40–50 mg, I 65–75 mg, Co 20–25 mg, and monensin 20–30 mg.

[0037] Furthermore, the biological agent is composed of the following components by mass percentage: 5% traditional Chinese medicine extract, 0.5% mannan oligosaccharide, 0.5% glycoterpenoid, 64% wheat bran, and 30% liquid yeast culture for fermentation;

[0038] The herbal extract is composed of the following components in the following weight ratios: 30-40 parts of Pulsatilla chinensis, 30-40 parts of Dryopteris crassirhizoma, 10-20 parts of Areca catechu, and 10-20 parts of Prunus mume leaf.

[0039] The density of the liquid yeast strain is 100-200 billion CFU / g;

[0040] Preparation method of liquid yeast culture: Add 5000 ml of pure water to a sterilized container, then add 100 g of peptone, 50 g of yeast extract and 20 g of glucose in sequence, stir until completely dissolved, dispense the prepared culture medium into sterilized culture bottles and seal for later use; under aseptic conditions, inoculate the brewer's yeast into the prepared culture medium, adjusting the inoculation amount according to the required inoculum density to ensure that the initial inoculum density reaches 100-200 billion CFU / g; place the inoculated culture medium in an incubator and set the temperature to 30℃; according to the yeast growth curve, incubate for 24-48 hours until the inoculum density reaches the target range (100-200 billion CFU / g); after incubation, the liquid yeast culture can be used immediately after being removed from the culture bottle, or stored at low temperature (4℃) to maintain the inoculum activity.

[0041] The preparation method of the biological agent is as follows: the extract of traditional Chinese medicine, mannan oligosaccharide, glycoterpenoid, liquid yeast culture and wheat bran are mixed evenly in a mass ratio of 5:0.5:0.5:64:30, packaged and sealed, and fermented at a temperature of 25-30℃ for 48-72 hours to obtain a special biological agent for intensive fattening of beef cattle, which is then stored in a cool and dry place for later use.

[0042] Example 1

[0043] The breeding application experiment of the fattening and feeding method for beef cattle proposed in this embodiment was carried out from March 6, 2022 to September 6, 2022, for a total of 6 months (180 days). The breeding site was Guo Baolin Beef Cattle Farm in Duchang County, Jiujiang City.

[0044] 1. Twenty-four uncastrated bull cattle, each weighing approximately 300 kg, were randomly selected as experimental beef cattle. Due to local feeding conditions, the cattle grew very slowly. To verify the effectiveness of the fattening method implemented in the plan, the cattle were randomly divided into an experimental group and a control group. The experimental group consisted of 12 cattle, fed according to the fattening method outlined in the plan, with biological agents added to their feed. The control group consisted of 12 cattle, fed according to conventional methods, with the amount of TMR (Total Mixed Ration) diet determined based on digestibility (formed feces, or slightly loose / soft feces), and no biological agents were added to their feed. During the same fattening stage, except for the biological agents, the TMR diet composition of the control group was identical to that of the experimental group.

[0045] 2. In this embodiment, the premix in the TMR diet of the experimental group and the control group contained vitamin A 500,000 IU, vitamin D3 75,000 IU, vitamin E 1,500 IU, Cu 750 mg, Fe 5,000 mg, Mn 3,000 mg, Zn 3,750 mg, Se 50 mg, I 75 mg, Co 25 mg and monensin 30 mg per kilogram of premix.

[0046] 3. In this embodiment, the concentrate formulations in the TMR diets of the experimental group and the control group are shown in Table 4 below.

[0047] Table 4: Concentrate formulations in the TMR diets of the experimental and control groups in Example 1

[0048] Raw material name Experimental group (mass percentage) Control group (mass percentage %) corn 53.5 53.5 bran 18 19 cottonseed meal 9 9 soybean meal 12 12 Calcium hydrogen phosphate 2 2 salt 1 1 baking soda 2.5 2.5 premix 1 1 Biological agents 1 0 total 100 100

[0049] 4. Comparison of weight gain: The initial and final weight values ​​of the beef cattle in the experimental and control groups were measured. The initial weight measurement date was March 6, 2022, and the final weight measurement date was September 6, 2022. Specific results are shown in Table 5. The net weight gain of the control group was 180 kg / head, while the net weight gain of the experimental group was 324.2 kg / head. The results indicate that the weight gain rate of the beef cattle in the experimental group was significantly higher than that of the control group.

[0050] Table 5: Initial and final weighing results of the experimental and control groups in Example 1

[0051]

[0052]

[0053] 5. Comparison of actual TMR diet consumption in beef cattle: The consumption of TMR diet in the experimental group and the control group in this embodiment was recorded separately. The specific results are shown in Table 6 below. The experimental group ate more, digested better, and grew faster. During the on-site inspection, the feces were formed and dark brown, indicating good digestion. The concentrate intake of the experimental group increased rapidly from 4 kg / (head·day) to the standard feed amount, reaching a maximum of 11 kg / (head·day). In contrast, the control group started with 4 kg / (head·day) per day. As the TMR diet feed amount increased, the feces became grayish-white and watery, indicating poor digestion. The maximum concentrate intake of the control group was 8 kg / (head·day). The results show that the experimental group of beef cattle was significantly better than the control group in terms of feed intake, digestion, and growth performance.

[0054] Table 6: Statistical results of material consumption in the experimental and control groups in Example 1

[0055]

[0056] 6. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) of the experimental group and the control group was calculated and compared. The FCR for concentrate feed was calculated as: concentrate feed usage / net weight gain. The FCR for total feed usage was calculated as: total feed usage of the TMR diet / net weight gain. The results are shown in Table 7 below. In the control group, the FCR for total feed usage was 16.7:1, and the FCR for concentrate feed was 6.4:1. In the experimental group, the FCR for total feed usage was 10.8:1, and the FCR for concentrate feed was 5.1:1. The results show that the feed conversion rate of the experimental group was significantly higher than that of the control group, proving that the feeding method of the experimental group can effectively improve feed utilization, reduce the FCR, and thus improve the economic benefits of animal husbandry.

[0057] Table 7: Feed weight ratio of cattle in the experimental and control groups in Example 1

[0058]

[0059] 7. The feed expenditure of the experimental group and the control group was compared. The results are shown in Table 8 below. The feed expenditure of the control group was 5284 yuan / head; the feed expenditure of the experimental group was 7407 yuan / head. Due to the large feed intake and significant weight gain of the experimental group, the feed expenditure of the experimental group was greater than that of the control group.

[0060] Table 8: Comparison of feed expenditure between the experimental group and the control group in Example 1

[0061]

[0062] The net income per head of beef cattle in the experimental group and the control group was compared, and the specific results are shown in Table 9 below. Since the management of the two groups was the same, except for a significant difference in feed expenditure, other expenditures were basically similar. For ease of comparison, only the difference in feed expenditure was publicly compared. The results show that the net income per head of cattle in the control group was 1196 yuan, while the net income per head of cattle in the experimental group was 4264 yuan, which was 3068 yuan higher than the control group. The economic benefits of the experimental group were significantly better than those of the control group, and the feeding methods of the experimental group had a significant effect on improving net income.

[0063] Table 9: Comparison of beef cattle yields between the experimental and control groups in Example 1

[0064]

[0065]

[0066] Example 2

[0067] This embodiment presents a breeding application experiment of a fattening method for beef cattle. The breeding implementation period was from November 6, 2022 to May 6, 2023, a total of 6 months (180 days). The breeding implementation location was Guo Baolin Beef Cattle Farm in Duchang County, Jiujiang City.

[0068] 1. Twenty-four uncastrated male yellow cattle, each weighing approximately 300 kg, were randomly selected as experimental beef cattle. These cattle were randomly divided into an experimental group and a control group. The experimental group consisted of 12 cattle, fed according to the fattening method outlined in the implementation plan, with strict control over the amount of TMR (Total Mixed Ration) feed. However, the biological agent mentioned above was not added to the concentrate formula of the TMR diet. The control group consisted of 12 cattle, fed using conventional methods. The amount of TMR feed was determined solely based on the cattle's digestive condition (formed feces, or slightly loose / soft feces). Furthermore, no biological agent was added to the control group's feed. During the same fattening stage, the composition of the control group's TMR diet (the ratio of hay, silage, and concentrate) was consistent with that of the experimental group.

[0069] 2. In this embodiment, the premix in the TMR diet of the experimental group and the control group contained 450,000 IU of vitamin A, 70,000 IU of vitamin D3, 1,000 IU of vitamin E, 700 mg of Cu, 4,500 mg of Fe, 2,500 mg of Mn, 3,500 mg of Zn, 40 mg of Se, 65 mg of I, 20 mg of Co and 20 mg of monensin per kilogram of premix.

[0070] 3. In this embodiment, the concentrate formulations in the TMR diets of the experimental group and the control group are shown in Table 10 below.

[0071] Table 10: Concentrate formulations in the TMR diets of the experimental and control groups in Example 2

[0072] Raw material name Experimental group (mass percentage) Control group (mass percentage) corn 55 55 bran 18 18 cottonseed meal 9 9 soybean meal 12 12 Calcium hydrogen phosphate 1.8 1.8 salt 1 1 baking soda 2.2 2.2 premix 1 1 total 100 100

[0073] 4. The initial and final weight values ​​of the beef cattle in the experimental and control groups in this embodiment were weighed respectively. The initial weight value was weighed on November 6, 2022; the final weight value was weighed on May 6, 2023. The specific results are shown in Table 11 below. The net weight gain of the control group was 180.6 kg / head; the net weight gain of the experimental group was 248.3 kg / head. Although no biological agents were added to the TMR diet, the weight gain rate of the beef cattle in the experimental group was still significantly higher than that of the control group due to the strict scientific control of feed according to the TMR diet.

[0074] Table 11: Initial and final weighing results of the experimental and control groups in Example 2

[0075]

[0076] 5. Comparison of actual TMR consumption in beef cattle: The consumption of TMR in the experimental and control groups of beef cattle in this example was recorded separately. The specific results are shown in Table 12 below. The experimental group of beef cattle showed higher feed intake, better digestion, and a significant increase in growth rate. The concentrate consumption in the experimental group increased rapidly from the initial 4 kg / (day·head) to the standard feed amount, reaching a maximum of 11 kg / (day·head).

[0077] (Days·Heads). On-site observation showed that the experimental group's beef cattle had formed manure, which was dark brown in color, indicating good digestive function. In contrast, the control group's concentrate feed intake gradually increased from an initial 4 kg / (day·head), but during this increase, the manure became grayish-white and watery, indicating poor digestion. Therefore, the maximum concentrate feed consumption for the control group was 8 kg / (day·heads). It should be noted that, compared to Example 1, in this example, the experimental group's daily feed intake for stages 1-4 (60 days per stage) was the same as designed in this invention; that is, the total feed intake per head and the composition ratio of silage, concentrate, and hay in each fattening stage were implemented according to the preset standard. However, in actual operation, due to seasonal changes, differences in feed palatability, and dynamic adjustments to the cattle herd condition, the actual daily feed intake may fluctuate by 1-2 kg / head·day from the standard amount, but the total intake for each stage remains unchanged.

[0078] Table 12: Statistical results of material consumption in the experimental and control groups in Example 2

[0079]

[0080] The experimental results showed that the experimental group of beef cattle in this embodiment was still superior to the control group in terms of feed intake, digestion, and growth performance. Feeding the experimental group according to the standard feed rations, by controlling the amount of feed, can avoid problems such as indigestion and rumen acidosis caused by overfeeding, reduce the incidence of digestive system diseases, and improve the health of the cattle.

[0081] 6. Comparison of feed conversion ratios between the experimental and control groups is shown in Table 13 below. The feed conversion ratio of concentrate used is calculated as concentrate usage / net weight gain, and the feed conversion ratio of total feed used is calculated as total feed used in the TMR diet / net weight gain. The results are shown in Table 7 below. In the control group, the feed conversion ratio of total feed used was 16.6:1, and the feed conversion ratio of concentrate used was 6.3:1. In the experimental group, the feed conversion ratio of total feed used was 14.1:1, and the feed conversion ratio of concentrate used was 6.7:1. The results show that the feed conversion rate of the experimental group in this embodiment was higher than that of the control group.

[0082] Table 13: Feed weight ratio of cattle in the experimental and control groups in Example 2

[0083]

[0084]

[0085] 7. The feed expenditure of the experimental group and the control group was compared, and the results are shown in Table 14 below.

[0086] Table 14: Comparison of feed expenditure between the experimental and control groups in Example 2

[0087]

[0088] 8. Comparison of per-cattle income between the experimental group and the control group during the implementation process is shown in Table 15 below. Since the management of the experimental and control groups was the same, except for a significant difference in feed expenditure, other expenditures were basically similar. For ease of comparison, only the difference in feed expenditure is shown. Table 15 shows that the net income per head of cattle in the control group was 1217.6 yuan, while the net income per head of cattle in the experimental group was 1862.8 yuan, which was 645.2 yuan higher than the control group.

[0089] Table 15: Comparison of beef cattle yields between the experimental and control groups in Example 2

[0090]

[0091] The results of this embodiment show that although no biological agents were added to the TMR diet of the experimental group in this embodiment, the feed intake and growth rate of the beef cattle in the experimental group were better than those of the control group under conventional feeding methods. However, due to the absence of biological agents in the TMR diet, the feed conversion rate was significantly lower than that of the experimental group in Example 1.

[0092] Example 3

[0093] The breeding application experiment of the fattening and feeding method for beef cattle proposed in this embodiment was carried out from June 6, 2023 to December 6, 2023, for a total of 6 months (180 days). The breeding site was Guo Baolin Beef Cattle Farm in Duchang County, Jiujiang City.

[0094] 1. Twenty-four uncastrated yellow bulls weighing approximately 300 kg were randomly selected as experimental beef cattle. The cattle were randomly divided into an experimental group and a control group. The experimental group consisted of 12 cattle. The amount of TMR feed was determined based on the digestive condition (formed feces or slightly loose / soft feces). The feed quantity control specified in the implementation plan was not followed, but the composition of the TMR feed (the ratio of hay, silage, and concentrate) was in accordance with the standards for each stage specified in the implementation plan. The concentrate in the experimental group contained biological agents. The control group consisted of 12 cattle. The amount of TMR feed was determined based on the digestive condition (formed feces or slightly loose / soft feces). Except for the absence of biological agents, the TMR feed formula of the control group was the same as that of the experimental group.

[0095] 2. In this embodiment, the premix in the TMR diet of the experimental group and the control group contained vitamin A 500,000 IU, vitamin D3 75,000 IU, vitamin E 1,500 IU, Cu 750 mg, Fe 5,000 mg, Mn 3,000 mg, Zn 3,750 mg, Se 50 mg, I 75 mg, Co 25 mg and monensin 30 mg per kilogram of premix.

[0096] 3. In this embodiment, the concentrate formulations in the TMR diets of the experimental group and the control group are shown in Table 16 below.

[0097] Table 16: Concentrate formulations in TMR diets of the experimental and control groups

[0098] Raw material name Experimental group (mass percentage) Control group (mass percentage %) corn 53.5 53.5 bran 18 19 cottonseed meal 9 9 soybean meal 12 12 Calcium hydrogen phosphate 2 2 salt 1 1 baking soda 2.5 2.5 premix 1 1 Biological agents 1 0 total 100 100

[0099] 4. Weight Gain Comparison: Initial and final weight values ​​were measured for both the experimental and control groups of beef cattle. Initial weight was measured on June 6, 2023, and final weight on December 6, 2023. Specific results are shown in Table 17. The net weight gain for the control group was 175.2 kg / head, while the net weight gain for the experimental group was 235.2 kg / head. The results indicate that although the experimental group did not adhere to the feed conversion ratio, the biological agents in their TMR diet improved the health and growth performance of the beef cattle by promoting beneficial bacteria growth, enhancing immunity, and improving digestion and absorption. Simultaneously, by stabilizing the rumen environment and optimizing metabolism, it improved feed utilization and disease resistance. Therefore, the growth rate of the experimental group was still better than that of the control group.

[0100] Table 17: Initial and final weighing results of the experimental and control groups in Example 3

[0101]

[0102] 5. Comparison of TMR diet consumption in beef cattle: The consumption of TMR diet in the experimental group and control group of beef cattle in this example was recorded separately. The specific results are shown in Table 18 below. During the field inspection, the feces of the experimental group beef cattle were formed and dark brown. Under the promotion of biological agents, the intestinal flora was stable and the enzyme activity was sufficient. The feed intake and digestion were good. The concentrate consumption of the experimental group increased rapidly from 4 kg / (head·day) at the beginning to the standard feed amount, and reached a maximum of 11 kg / (head·day). The total consumption of TMR diet at each stage was compared with that in the example. The experimental group maintained a consistent feed intake. Although the daily feed intake was adjusted by ±1 to 2 kg / head / day due to digestive and environmental factors, the average feed intake at different stages was consistent with the feed intake standard established in this invention. The control group started with 4 kg / (head / day) per day. As the TMR feed intake increased, the feces became grayish-white and watery, indicating indigestion. The maximum concentration feed intake was 8 kg / (head / day). The results showed that the experimental group of beef cattle was significantly better than the control group in terms of feed intake, digestion, and growth performance.

[0103] Table 18: Statistical results of material consumption in the experimental and control groups in Example 3

[0104]

[0105] 6. Calculate the feed conversion ratio (FCR) of the experimental group and the control group. The FCR of concentrate feed = concentrate usage / net weight gain; the FCR of total feed usage = total feed usage of the TMR diet / net weight gain. The results are shown in Table 19 below. Control group FCR: Total feed usage FCR 17.1:1, concentrate feed ratio 6.5:1. Experimental group FCR: Total feed usage FCR 14.9:1, concentrate feed ratio 7.0:1.

[0106] Table 19: Feed weight ratio of cattle in the experimental and control groups in Example 3

[0107]

[0108] 7. The feed expenditure of the experimental group and the control group was compared. The results are shown in Table 20 below. The feed expenditure of the control group was 5284 yuan / head; the feed expenditure of the experimental group was 7407.2 yuan / head. Due to the large feed intake and significant weight gain of the experimental group, the feed expenditure of the experimental group was greater than that of the control group.

[0109] Table 20: Comparison of feed expenditure between the experimental and control groups in Example 3

[0110]

[0111]

[0112] 8. Comparison of per head of beef cattle income between the experimental group and the control group: The specific results are shown in Table 21 below. Since the management of the experimental group and the control group is the same, except for the significant difference in feed expenditure, other expenditures are basically similar. For ease of comparison, only the difference in feed expenditure is shown. The results show that even with a higher concentrate expenditure in the experimental group, the income of beef cattle in the experimental group is still slightly higher than that in the control group.

[0113] Table 21: Comparison of beef cattle yields between the experimental and control groups in Example 3

[0114]

[0115] Obviously, the embodiments described above are merely some embodiments of this application, and not all embodiments. This application can be implemented in many different forms; rather, these embodiments are provided to provide a more thorough and comprehensive understanding of the disclosure of this application. Although this application has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, those skilled in the art can still modify the technical solutions described in the foregoing specific embodiments, or make equivalent substitutions for some of the technical features. Any equivalent structures made using the content of this application's specification, directly or indirectly applied to other related technical fields, are similarly within the scope of patent protection of this application.

Claims

1. A method for fattening beef cattle, characterized in that, The entire fattening period uses a TMR diet, with intensive fattening lasting no more than 6 months. The fattening process is divided into four stages: Stage 1 is the first month of the fattening period, Stage 2 is the second month, Stage 3 is the third to fourth month, and Stage 4 is the fifth to sixth month. The concentrate contains the following components by weight percentage: corn 53-55%, wheat bran 15-20%, cottonseed meal 8-10%, soybean meal 8-12%, dicalcium phosphate 1.8-2%, salt 1%, baking soda 2-2.5%, and premix 1%. The TMR diets for Stage 1 consisted of the following components by weight percentage: hay 23.5%, silage 47.0%, and concentrate 29.5%; the TMR diets for Stage 2 consisted of the following components by weight percentage: hay 11.2%, silage 44.4%, and concentrate 44.4%; the TMR diets for Stage 3 consisted of the following components by weight percentage: hay 10.0%, silage 40.0%, and concentrate 50.0%; the TMR diets for Stage 4 consisted of the following components by weight percentage: hay 9.5%, silage 38.0%, and concentrate 52.5%. The standard feed amount for fattening in Stage 1 is 17 kg / (head•day); the standard feed amount for fattening in Stage 2 is 18 kg / (head•day); the standard feed amount for fattening in Stage 3 is 20 kg / (head•day); and the standard feed amount for fattening in Stage 4 is 21 kg / (head•day).

2. The method for fattening beef cattle according to claim 1, characterized in that, The concentrate also contains 1% by weight of biological agents.

3. The method for fattening beef cattle according to claim 2, characterized in that, The biological agent is composed of the following components by mass percentage: 5% traditional Chinese medicine extract, 0.5% mannan oligosaccharide, 0.5% glycoterpenoid, 64% wheat bran, and 30% liquid yeast culture.

4. The method for fattening beef cattle according to claim 3, characterized in that, The premix contains per kilogram: Vitamin A 450,000-500,000 IU, Vitamin D3 70,000-75,000 IU, Vitamin E 1,000-1,500 IU, Cu 700-750 mg, Fe 4,500-5,000 mg, Mn 2,500-3,000 mg, Zn 3,500-3,750 mg, Se 40-50 mg, I 65-75 mg, Co 20-25 mg, and monensin 20-30 mg.

5. The method for fattening beef cattle according to claim 3, characterized in that, The herbal extract is composed of the following components in the following mass ratio: 30-40 parts of Pulsatilla chinensis, 30-40 parts of Dryopteris crassirhizoma, 10-20 parts of Areca catechu, and 10-20 parts of Prunus mume leaf.

6. The method for fattening beef cattle according to claim 3, characterized in that, The density of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in the liquid yeast culture is 100-200 billion CFU / g.

7. The method for fattening beef cattle according to claim 6, characterized in that, The preparation method of the biological agent is as follows: the extract of traditional Chinese medicine, mannan oligosaccharide, glycoterpenoid, liquid yeast culture and wheat bran are mixed evenly in a mass ratio of 5:0.5:0.5:64:30, packaged and sealed, and fermented at a temperature of 25~30℃ for 48~72 hours.

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