Materials and methods for producing arabinoxylan compositions

Abstract

The present document provides arabinoxylan-containing compositions, methods for preparing arabinoxylan-containing compositions, and methods for using arabinoxylan-containing compositions as, for example, a food ingredient, a dietary supplement ingredient, or a pharmaceutical ingredient. In particular, this document discloses the use of lignocellulosic biomass to provide the disclosed product using water at temperature and pressure.

Description

[0001] Cross - reference to related applications

[0002] This application is a divisional application of the application with the filing date of May 8, 2020, application number 202080049118.7 (PCT application number: PCT / IB2020 / 054390), and the invention title of "Materials and Methods for Producing Arabinoxylan Compositions".

[0003] This application claims the priority of U.S. Application Serial No. 62 / 846,291, filed on May 10, 2019, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Technical Field

[0004] This document relates to compositions containing arabinoxylan, methods for preparing compositions containing arabinoxylan, and methods for using compositions containing arabinoxylan as, for example, food ingredients or dietary supplements. Background Art

[0005] Fibers can be found in plant - based foods and are a common dietary supplement. Fibers can include prebiotic fibers (sometimes called soluble fibers) and / or insoluble fibers.

[0006] Prebiotic fibers are indigestible parts of foods that pass through the small intestine undigested and ferment when they reach the colon. The fermentation process can provide nutrients for beneficial bacteria in the digestive tract and may help increase the number of desired bacteria in the digestive system, which may reduce the risk of certain diseases and improve overall health. Non - limiting examples of prebiotic fibers include arabinoxylan, inulin, pectin, alginic acid, raffinose, and xylose.

[0007] Fiber compositions derived from plant sources can be a source of prebiotic fibers. According to the Dietary Guidelines established by the United States Department of Agriculture, in a 2,000 - calorie diet, the recommended daily fiber intake is about 28 g. Fiber compositions can also contain naturally occurring sweeteners or added sweeteners. Fiber compositions can be used to provide products with a large calorie reduction because long - chain fibers are not easily digested and pass through the intestine. Soluble fiber in the diet can improve digestion by drawing water into the intestine. Fiber compositions can also create a feeling of fullness and prevent blood sugar and insulin spikes, thereby reducing food cravings and reducing or preventing the intake of inappropriate foods or inappropriate amounts of food. Summary of the Invention

[0008] This document provides compositions containing arabinoxylan, methods for preparing compositions containing arabinoxylan, and methods for using compositions containing arabinoxylan as, for example, food ingredients, dietary supplement ingredients, or pharmaceutical ingredients. For example, this document provides compositions (e.g., arabinoxylan compositions) that mainly contain arabinoxylan with a molecular weight (M w ) of about 5500 to about 6000 Da (e.g., greater than 88% by dry weight of arabinoxylan). In some cases, the compositions provided herein (e.g., arabinoxylan compositions) can have a content of carbohydrate polymers other than arabinoxylan of less than about 1% by dry weight and a polyphenol content of about 1% to about 3% by dry weight. Generally, plants such as wheat and corn contain arabinoxylan molecules with a molecular weight (M w ) of at least about 100 kDa and covalently linked polyphenols. Extracting this arabinoxylan can produce a composition containing about 7% to about 30% of carbohydrate polymers other than arabinoxylan, a sugar monomer content of about 0.5% to about 7.5%, a protein content of about 0.5% to about 25%, and an ash content of about 0.1% to about 3%. As described herein, plant materials can be processed as described herein to produce a composition (e.g., arabinoxylan composition) that (a) mainly contains arabinoxylan with a molecular weight (M w ) of 5500 - 6000 Da (e.g., greater than 88% by dry weight of arabinoxylan), and (b) has other desired structural and / or functional properties, such as a content of carbohydrate polymers other than arabinoxylan of less than about 1%, a polyphenol content of about 1% to about 12% by dry weight, a content of ferulic acid units (e.g., as a component of polyphenols, free units, or a combination thereof) of 0.0005% to about 0.005%, a content of gallic acid units (e.g., as a component of polyphenols, free units, or a combination thereof) of about 0.005% to about 0.02%, a content of epigallocatechin-3-gallate units, and / or a light brown color (e.g., when in powder form). The ability to produce large amounts of the compositions described herein (e.g., arabinoxylan compositions) using the methods and materials described herein can allow manufacturers to provide customers with a rich source of arabinoxylan with desired structural and functional characteristics for use in, for example, food, dietary supplements, and / or pharmaceutical compositions.

[0009] In one aspect, this document provides a composition comprising about 88% to about 99% by dry weight of arabinoxylan, about 4% to about 12% by dry weight of carbohydrate polymers, sugar monomers, proteins, and ash other than arabinoxylan, and about 1% to about 12% by dry weight of one or more polyphenols.

[0010] Embodiments may include one or more of the following features. The composition may comprise from about 88% to about 90% by dry weight of arabinoxylan. The composition may comprise from about 90% to about 99% by dry weight of arabinoxylan. The composition may comprise from about 90% to about 95% by dry weight of arabinoxylan. The composition may comprise from about 91% to about 93% by dry weight of arabinoxylan. The composition may comprise from about 6% to about 10% by dry weight of carbohydrate polymers, sugar monomers, proteins, ash, or combinations thereof other than arabinoxylan. The composition may comprise from about 5% to about 7% by dry weight of carbohydrate polymers, sugar monomers, proteins, ash, or combinations thereof other than arabinoxylan. The composition may comprise from about 8% to about 10% by dry weight of carbohydrate polymers, sugar monomers, proteins, ash, or combinations thereof other than arabinoxylan. The composition may comprise from about 2% to about 5% by dry weight of one or more polyphenols. The composition may comprise from about 5% to about 10% by dry weight of one or more polyphenols. The composition may comprise from about 1% to about 3% by dry weight of one or more polyphenols. The composition may comprise from about 1% to about 2% by dry weight of one or more polyphenols. The arabinoxylan may comprise from about 5% to about 25% by dry weight of arabinose units. The arabinoxylan may comprise from about 5% to about 15% by dry weight of arabinose units. The arabinoxylan may comprise from about 10% to about 20% by dry weight of arabinose units. The arabinoxylan may comprise from about 15% to about 25% by dry weight of arabinose units. The arabinoxylan may comprise from about 5% to about 7% by dry weight of arabinose units. The arabinoxylan may comprise from about 18% to about 20% by dry weight of arabinose units. The arabinoxylan may comprise from about 60% to about 85% by dry weight of xylose units. The arabinoxylan may comprise from about 60% to about 70% by dry weight of xylose units. The arabinoxylan may comprise from about 70% to about 80% by dry weight of xylose units. The arabinoxylan may comprise from about 75% to about 85% by dry weight of xylose units. The arabinoxylan may comprise from about 62% to about 66% by dry weight of xylose units. The arabinoxylan may comprise from about 78% to about 82% by dry weight of xylose units. The arabinoxylan may comprise from about 8% to about 15% by dry weight of glucose units. The arabinoxylan may comprise from about 10% to about 15% by dry weight of glucose units. The arabinoxylan may comprise from about 9% to about 11% by dry weight of glucose units. The arabinoxylan may comprise from about 12% to about 14% by dry weight of glucose units. The arabinoxylan may comprise from about 2% to about 6% by dry weight of galactose units. The arabinoxylan may comprise from about 3% to about 5% by dry weight of galactose units. The arabinoxylan may comprise less than about 1% by dry weight of mannose units. The arabinoxylan may comprise less than about 0.5% by dry weight of mannose units. The arabinoxylan may comprise arabinose units and xylose units, and the molar ratio of arabinose units to xylose units may be from about 0.05 to about 0.35.Arabinoxylan can contain arabinose units and xylose units, and the molar ratio of arabinose units to xylose units can be from about 0.05 to about 0.15. Arabinoxylan can contain arabinose units and xylose units, and the molar ratio of arabinose units to xylose units can be from about 0.15 to about 0.25. Arabinoxylan can contain arabinose units and xylose units, and the molar ratio of arabinose units to xylose units can be from about 0.25 to about 0.35. Arabinoxylan can contain arabinose units and xylose units, and the molar ratio of arabinose units to xylose units can be from about 0.06 to about 0.10. Arabinoxylan can contain arabinose units and xylose units, and the molar ratio of arabinose units to xylose units can be from about 0.28 to about 0.32. Arabinoxylan can contain glucose units and xylose units, and the molar ratio of glucose units to xylose units can be from about 0.10 to about 0.25. Arabinoxylan can contain glucose units and xylose units, and the molar ratio of glucose units to xylose units can be from about 0.15 to about 0.25. Arabinoxylan can contain glucose units and xylose units, and the molar ratio of glucose units to xylose units can be from about 0.10 to about 0.20. Arabinoxylan can contain glucose units and xylose units, and the molar ratio of glucose units to xylose units can be from about 0.11 to about 0.15. Arabinoxylan can contain glucose units and xylose units, and the molar ratio of glucose units to xylose units can be from about 0.18 to about 0.22. The composition can contain less than about 1% dry weight of carbohydrate polymers other than arabinoxylan. The composition can contain less than about 0.5% dry weight of carbohydrate polymers other than arabinoxylan. The composition can contain from about 0.5% to about 5% dry weight of protein. The composition can contain from about 1% to about 4% dry weight of protein. The composition can contain from about 0.8% to about 1.2% dry weight of protein. The composition can contain from about 3.6% to about 4% dry weight of protein. The composition can contain from about 0.5% to about 6% dry weight of ash. The composition can contain from about 1% to about 5% dry weight of ash. The composition can contain from about 1% to about 3% dry weight of ash. The composition can contain from about 0.8% to about 1.2% dry weight of ash. The composition can contain from about 4.5% to about 4.9% dry weight of ash. The composition can have a molecular weight (M w ) of about 5500 - 6000 Da. The composition can have a molecular weight (M w ) of about 5500 - 5700 Da. The composition can have a molecular weight (M w ) of about 5600 - 5800 Da. The composition can have a molecular weight (M n ) of about 3000 - 3500 Da. The composition can have a molecular weight (M n)。One or more polyphenols may comprise units selected from the group consisting of ferulic acid, gallic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, coumaric acid, syringic acid, sinapic acid, rosmarinic acid, vanillin, and combinations thereof. The composition may comprise from about 0.001% to about 0.005% dry weight of ferulic acid units. The composition may comprise from about 0.001% to about 0.003% dry weight of ferulic acid units. The composition may comprise from about 0.01% to about 0.05% dry weight of gallic acid units. The composition may comprise from about 0.01% to about 0.03% dry weight of gallic acid units. The composition may comprise from about 1% to about 2% dry weight of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid units. The composition may comprise from about 1.0% to about 1.5% dry weight of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid units. The composition may comprise from about 0.01% to about 0.05% dry weight of coumaric acid units. The composition may comprise from about 0.01% to about 0.03% dry weight of coumaric acid units. The composition may comprise from about 0.05% to about 0.1% dry weight of syringic acid units. The composition may comprise from about 0.05% to about 0.07% dry weight of syringic acid units. The composition may comprise from about 0.1% to about 0.5% dry weight of sinapic acid units. The composition may comprise from about 0.3% to about 0.5% dry weight of sinapic acid units. The composition may comprise from about 0.05% to about 0.3% dry weight of rosmarinic acid units. The composition may comprise from about 0.1% to about 0.2% dry weight of rosmarinic acid units. The composition may comprise from about 0.001% to about 0.01% dry weight of vanillin units. The composition may comprise from about 0.004% to about 0.006% dry weight of vanillin units. The composition may be light brown. The composition may have an antioxidant level of about 25,000 to about 50,000 μmol TE / 100 g. The composition may have an antioxidant level of about 25,000 to about 35,000 μmol TE / 100 g. The composition comprises epigallocatechin gallate.

[0011] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a composition comprising from about 88% to about 90% dry weight of arabinoxylan, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises from about 5% to about 7% dry weight of arabinose units, from about 78% to about 82% dry weight of xylose units, from about 9% to about 11% dry weight of glucose units, from about 3% to about 4% dry weight of galactose units, from about 4% to about 6% of a carbohydrate polymer, sugar monomer, protein, ash, or combinations thereof that are not arabinoxylan, and from about 3% to about 11% dry weight of one or more polyphenols, wherein the molecular weight (M w) can be from about 5400 to about 5800 Da. On the other hand, the present disclosure provides a composition comprising from about 90% to about 94% by dry weight of arabinoxylan, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises from about 17% to about 21% by dry weight of arabinose units, from about 62% to about 66% by dry weight of xylose units, from about 12% to about 14% by dry weight of glucose units, from about 3% to about 4% by dry weight of galactose units, from about 8% to about 11% of a carbohydrate polymer, sugar monomer, protein, ash, or combination thereof that is not arabinoxylan, and from about 1% to about 3% by dry weight of one or more polyphenols, wherein the molecular weight (M w ) can be from about 5600 to about 6000 Da.

[0012] Embodiments may include one or more of the following features. The molecular weight (M n ) of the composition can be from about 3100 to about 3500 Da. The composition may comprise from about 0.001% to about 0.003% by dry weight of ferulic acid units. The composition may comprise from about 0.01% to about 0.02% by dry weight of gallic acid units. The composition may comprise from about 1.0% to about 1.5% by dry weight of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid units. The composition may comprise from about 0.01% to about 0.02% by dry weight of coumaric acid units. The composition may comprise from about 0.05% to about 0.07% by dry weight of syringic acid units. The composition may comprise from about 0.3% to about 0.5% by dry weight of sinapic acid units. The composition may comprise from about 0.1% to about 0.2% by dry weight of rosmarinic acid units. The composition may comprise from about 0.004% to about 0.006% by dry weight of vanillin units. The composition may have an antioxidant level of from about 27000 to about 31000 μmol TE / 100 g. The composition may comprise epigallocatechin gallate.

[0013] On the other hand, the present disclosure provides a food comprising any one or more of the compositions provided herein.

[0014] On the other hand, the present disclosure provides a dietary supplement comprising any one or more of the compositions provided herein.

[0015] On the other hand, the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising any one or more of the compositions provided herein.

[0016] On the other hand, the present disclosure provides the use of any one or more of the compositions provided herein in a food.

[0017] On the other hand, the present disclosure provides the use of any one or more of the compositions provided herein in a dietary supplement.

[0018] On the other hand, the present disclosure provides the use of any one or more of the compositions provided herein in a pharmaceutical composition.

[0019] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for preparing a composition, comprising providing lignocellulosic biomass, combining the lignocellulosic biomass with water, activating the lignocellulosic biomass and water under conditions including a first temperature and a first pressure to form a first activated cellulose stream, washing the first activated cellulose stream to form a washed first activated cellulose stream and a first soluble extract, wherein the first soluble extract comprises arabinoxylan, and processing the first soluble extract to form the composition.

[0020] Embodiments may include one or more of the following features. The first temperature may be from about 190 °C to about 215 °C. The first pressure may be from about 200 to about 500 psig. The activation step may have a duration of from about 1 to about 30 minutes. Washing may include washing with water at a temperature of from about 40 °C to about 100 °C. Processing may include one or more of treatment with carbon, nanofiltration, or a combination thereof. Treatment with carbon may include treatment with activated carbon. Treatment with carbon may include using an amount of carbon that is from about 0.05% to about 0.15% dry weight of the arabinoxylan in the first soluble extract. Processing may include sequential treatment with carbon and nanofiltration to form a composition. The method may further include adding arabinoxylan of reduced quality to the first soluble extract prior to processing. The method may further include drying the composition. The composition may comprise from about 88% to about 99% dry weight of arabinoxylan, from about 5% to about 12% dry weight of carbohydrate polymers, sugar monomers, proteins, ash, or combinations thereof other than arabinoxylan, and from about 1% to about 12% dry weight of one or more polyphenols. The composition may comprise from about 88% to about 90% dry weight of arabinoxylan. The composition may comprise from about 90% to about 99% dry weight of arabinoxylan. The composition may comprise from about 90% to about 95% dry weight of arabinoxylan. The composition may comprise from about 91% to about 93% dry weight of arabinoxylan. The composition may comprise from about 6% to about 10% dry weight of carbohydrate polymers, sugar monomers, proteins, ash, or combinations thereof other than arabinoxylan. The composition may comprise from about 5% to about 7% dry weight of carbohydrate polymers, sugar monomers, proteins, ash, or combinations thereof other than arabinoxylan. The composition may comprise from about 8% to about 10% dry weight of carbohydrate polymers, sugar monomers, proteins, ash, or combinations thereof other than arabinoxylan. The composition may comprise from about 2% to about 5% dry weight of one or more polyphenols. The composition may comprise from about 5% to about 10% dry weight of one or more polyphenols. The composition may comprise from about 1% to about 3% dry weight of one or more polyphenols. The composition may comprise from about 1% to about 2% dry weight of one or more polyphenols. The arabinoxylan may comprise from about 5% to about 25% dry weight of arabinose units. The arabinoxylan may comprise from about 5% to about 15% dry weight of arabinose units. The arabinoxylan may comprise from about 10% to about 20% dry weight of arabinose units. The arabinoxylan may comprise from about 15% to about 25% dry weight of arabinose units. The arabinoxylan may comprise from about 5% to about 7% dry weight of arabinose units. The arabinoxylan may comprise from about 18% to about 20% dry weight of arabinose units. The arabinoxylan may comprise from about 60% to about 85% dry weight of xylose units. The arabinoxylan may comprise from about 60% to about 70% dry weight of xylose units. The arabinoxylan may comprise from about 70% to about 80% dry weight of xylose units. The arabinoxylan may comprise from about 75% to about 85% dry weight of xylose units.Arabinoxylan may contain from about 62% to about 66% by dry weight of xylose units. Arabinoxylan may contain from about 78% to about 82% by dry weight of xylose units. Arabinoxylan may contain from about 8% to about 15% by dry weight of glucose units. Arabinoxylan may contain from about 10% to about 15% by dry weight of glucose units. Arabinoxylan may contain from about 9% to about 11% by dry weight of glucose units. Arabinoxylan may contain from about 12% to about 14% by dry weight of glucose units. Arabinoxylan may contain from about 2% to about 6% by dry weight of galactose units. Arabinoxylan may contain from about 3% to about 5% by dry weight of galactose units. Arabinoxylan may contain less than about 1% by dry weight of mannose units. Arabinoxylan may contain less than about 0.5% by dry weight of mannose units. Arabinoxylan may contain arabinose units and xylose units, and the molar ratio of arabinose units to xylose units may be from about 0.05 to about 0.35. Arabinoxylan may contain arabinose units and xylose units, and the molar ratio of arabinose units to xylose units may be from about 0.05 to about 0.15. Arabinoxylan may contain arabinose units and xylose units, and the molar ratio of arabinose units to xylose units may be from about 0.15 to about 0.25. Arabinoxylan may contain arabinose units and xylose units, and the molar ratio of arabinose units to xylose units may be from about 0.25 to about 0.35. Arabinoxylan may contain arabinose units and xylose units, and the molar ratio of arabinose units to xylose units may be from about 0.06 to about 0.10. Arabinoxylan may contain arabinose units and xylose units, and the molar ratio of arabinose units to xylose units may be from about 0.28 to about 0.32. Arabinoxylan may contain glucose units and xylose units, and the molar ratio of glucose units to xylose units may be from about 0.10 to about 0.25. Arabinoxylan may contain glucose units and xylose units, and the molar ratio of glucose units to xylose units may be from about 0.15 to about 0.25. Arabinoxylan may contain glucose units and xylose units, and the molar ratio of glucose units to xylose units may be from about 0.10 to about 0.20. Arabinoxylan may contain glucose units and xylose units, and the molar ratio of glucose units to xylose units may be from about 0.11 to about 0.15. Arabinoxylan may contain glucose units and xylose units, and the molar ratio of glucose units to xylose units may be from about 0.18 to about 0.22. The composition may contain less than about 1% by dry weight of carbohydrate polymers other than arabinoxylan. The composition may contain less than about 0.5% by dry weight of carbohydrate polymers other than arabinoxylan. The composition may contain from about 0.5% to about 5% by dry weight of protein. The composition may contain from about 1% to about 4% by dry weight of protein. The composition may contain from about 0.8% to about 1.2% by dry weight of protein.The composition may contain from about 3.6% to about 4% protein by dry weight. The composition may contain from about 0.5% to about 6% ash by dry weight. The composition may contain from about 1% to about 5% ash by dry weight. The composition may contain from about 1% to about 3% ash by dry weight. The composition may contain from about 0.8% to about 1.2% ash by dry weight. The composition may contain from about 4.5% to about 4.9% ash by dry weight. The composition may have a molecular weight (M) of about 5500 - 6000 Da. w ) The composition may have a molecular weight (M) of about 5500 - 5700 Da. w ) The composition may have a molecular weight (M) of about 5600 - 5800 Da. w ) The composition may have a molecular weight (M) of about 3000 - 3500 Da. n ) The composition may have a molecular weight (M) of about 3200 - 3400 Da. n ) One or more polyphenols may contain units selected from the group consisting of ferulic acid, gallic acid, 4 - hydroxybenzoic acid, coumaric acid, syringic acid, sinapic acid, rosmarinic acid, vanillin, and combinations thereof. The composition may contain from about 0.001% to about 0.005% ferulic acid units by dry weight. The composition may contain from about 0.001% to about 0.003% ferulic acid units by dry weight. The composition may contain from about 0.01% to about 0.05% gallic acid units by dry weight. The composition may contain from about 0.01% to about 0.03% gallic acid units by dry weight. The composition may contain from about 1% to about 2% 4 - hydroxybenzoic acid units by dry weight. The composition may contain from about 1.0% to about 1.5% 4 - hydroxybenzoic acid units by dry weight. The composition may contain from about 0.01% to about 0.05% coumaric acid units by dry weight. The composition may contain from about 0.01% to about 0.03% coumaric acid units by dry weight. The composition may contain from about 0.05% to about 0.1% syringic acid units by dry weight. The composition may contain from about 0.05% to about 0.07% syringic acid units by dry weight. The composition may contain from about 0.1% to about 0.5% sinapic acid units by dry weight. The composition may contain from about 0.3% to about 0.5% sinapic acid units by dry weight. The composition may contain from about 0.05% to about 0.3% rosmarinic acid units by dry weight. The composition may contain from about 0.1% to about 0.2% rosmarinic acid units by dry weight. The composition may contain from about 0.001% to about 0.01% vanillin units by dry weight. The composition may contain from about 0.004% to about 0.006% vanillin units by dry weight. The composition may be light brown. The composition may have an antioxidant level of about 25000 to about 50000 μmol TE / 100g. The composition may have an antioxidant level of about 25000 to about 35000 μmol TE / 100g. The composition may contain epigallocatechin gallate.

[0021] On the other hand, the present document provides compositions prepared by any of the methods provided herein.

[0022] On the other hand, the present document provides foods comprising a composition prepared by any of the methods provided herein.

[0023] On the other hand, the present document provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising a composition prepared by any of the methods provided herein.

[0024] On the other hand, the present document provides dietary supplements comprising a composition prepared by any of the methods provided herein.

[0025] On the other hand, the present document provides the use of a composition prepared by any of the methods provided herein in foods.

[0026] On the other hand, the present document provides the use of a composition prepared by any of the methods provided herein in pharmaceutical compositions.

[0027] On the other hand, the present document provides the use of a composition prepared by any of the methods provided herein in dietary supplements.

[0028] Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Although methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used to practice the present invention, suitable methods and materials are described below. All publications, patent applications, patents, and other references mentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. In case of conflict, the present specification, including definitions, will control. In addition, the materials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and not limiting.

[0029] Details of one or more embodiments of the invention are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features, objects, and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the specification, drawings, and claims. In accordance with standard practice in patent law, the term "comprising" in the claims can be replaced with "consisting essentially of" or "consisting of". BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0030] Figure 1 is a diagram of an exemplary method for processing lignocellulosic biomass according to some embodiments. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0031] This document provides compositions containing arabinoxylan, methods for preparing compositions containing arabinoxylan, and methods for using compositions containing arabinoxylan as, for example, food ingredients, dietary supplement ingredients, or pharmaceutical ingredients. For example, this document provides compositions (e.g., arabinoxylan compositions) mainly containing a molecular weight (Mw ) is an arabinoxylan having a molecular weight of from about 5500 Da to about 6000 Da (e.g., greater than 88% by dry weight of arabinoxylan).

[0032] Arabinoxylans are heteropolymers found in many plants and can contain any suitable units. Generally, arabinoxylans have a xylose backbone (e.g., 1,4-linked xylose) covalently linked to one or more arabinose units (e.g., via 2,3-linkages). Arabinoxylans can be further covalently linked to other sugar units such as glucose, galactose, and maltose, or to polyphenols or polyphenol units. In some cases, arabinoxylans can be described according to their constituent units (e.g., by dry weight). By way of example only, a particular arabinoxylan can be described as being about 18% arabinose, about 63% xylose, about 13% glucose, about 4% galactose, and about 2% polyphenols, all by dry weight.

[0033] In some cases, the compositions provided herein (e.g., arabinoxylan compositions) can have an arabinoxylan content of from about 88% to about 95% by dry weight, wherein the molecular weight (M w ) of the arabinoxylan of the composition is from about 5500 to about 6000 Da, and wherein the composition has (a) a content of carbohydrate polymers other than arabinoxylan of less than about 1% by dry weight and (b) a polyphenol content of from about 1% to about 3% by dry weight.

[0034] In some cases, the compositions provided herein (e.g., arabinoxylan compositions) can have an arabinoxylan content of from about 80% to about 95% by dry weight, wherein the molecular weight (M w ) of the arabinoxylan of the composition is from about 3100 to about 8400 Da, and wherein the composition has (a) a content of carbohydrate polymers other than arabinoxylan of less than about 1% by dry weight and (b) a polyphenol content of from about 1% to about 14% by dry weight. In some cases, the compositions provided herein (e.g., arabinoxylan compositions) can have an arabinoxylan content of from about 80% to about 95% by dry weight, wherein the molecular weight (M w ) of the arabinoxylan of the composition is from about 3100 to about 8400 Da, and wherein the composition has (a) a content of other carbohydrate polymers, monomers, proteins, and ash of from about 5% to about 20% by dry weight and (b) a polyphenol content of from about 1% to about 14% by dry weight.

[0035] As described herein, plant material can be processed as described herein to produce a composition (e.g., an arabinoxylan composition), (a) mainly containing a molecular weight (M w(a) arabinoxylan having a molecular weight of from about 5500 to about 6000 Da (e.g., greater than 88% by dry weight of arabinoxylan), and (b) having other desired structural and / or functional properties such as a content of carbohydrate polymers other than arabinoxylan of less than about 1%, a polyphenol content of from about 1% to about 12% by dry weight, a content of ferulic acid units (e.g., as a component of polyphenols, free units, or a combination thereof) of 0.0005% to about 0.005%, a content of gallic acid units (e.g., as a component of polyphenols, free units, or a combination thereof) of from about 0.005% to about 0.02%, a content of epigallocatechin-3-gallate units, and / or a light brown color (e.g., when in powder form).

[0036] As described herein, plant material can be processed as described herein to produce a composition (e.g., an arabinoxylan composition) that (a) mainly contains arabinoxylan having a molecular weight (M w ) of from about 3100 to about 8400 Da (e.g., greater than 80% by dry weight of arabinoxylan), and (b) having other desired structural and / or functional properties such as a content of carbohydrate polymers other than arabinoxylan of less than about 1%, a polyphenol content of from about 1% to about 14% by dry weight, a content of ferulic acid units (e.g., as a component of polyphenols, free units, or a combination thereof) of 0.0005% to about 0.005%, a content of gallic acid units (e.g., as a component of polyphenols, free units, or a combination thereof) of from about 0.005% to about 0.02%, a content of epigallocatechin-3-gallate units, and / or a light brown color (e.g., when in powder form). As described herein, plant material can be processed as described herein to produce a composition (e.g., an arabinoxylan composition) that (a) mainly contains arabinoxylan having a molecular weight (M w ) of from about 3100 to about 8400 Da (e.g., greater than 80% by dry weight of arabinoxylan), and (b) having other desired structural and / or functional properties such as a content of other carbohydrate polymers, monomers, proteins, and ash other than arabinoxylan of from about 5% to about 20% by dry weight, a polyphenol content of from about 1% to about 14% by dry weight, a content of ferulic acid units (e.g., as a component of polyphenols, free units, or a combination thereof) of 0.0005% to about 0.005%, a content of gallic acid units (e.g., as a component of polyphenols, free units, or a combination thereof) of from about 0.005% to about 0.02%, a content of epigallocatechin-3-gallate units, and / or a light brown color (e.g., when in powder form).

[0037] This document provides compositions comprising arabinoxylan (e.g., arabinoxylan compositions). The compositions described herein may comprise arabinoxylan and any other suitable components. In some cases, the compositions described herein may comprise polyphenols. In some cases, the compositions described herein may comprise non - arabinoxylan carbohydrate polymers, sugar monomers, ash, protein, or combinations thereof.

[0038] The compositions described herein may comprise any suitable amount of arabinoxylan. Throughout this document, various references are made to percentages of the components of the compositions. Unless otherwise indicated, percentages are by dry weight. In some embodiments, the compositions described herein may comprise from about 80% to about 99% dry weight of arabinoxylan (e.g., from about 80% to about 97%, from about 80% to about 95%, from about 80% to about 93%, from about 80% to about 90% by dry weight, from about 90% to about 99%, from about 93% to about 99%, from about 95% to about 99%, from about 90% to about 95%, or from about 91% to about 93% dry weight of arabinoxylan). In some embodiments, the compositions described herein may comprise from about 88% to about 99% dry weight of arabinoxylan (e.g., from about 88% to about 97%, from about 88% to about 95%, from about 88% to about 93%, from about 88% to about 90% by dry weight, from about 90% to about 99%, from about 93% to about 99%, from about 95% to about 99%, from about 90% to about 94%, from about 90% to about 95%, or from about 91% to about 93% dry weight of arabinoxylan). In some embodiments, the compositions described herein may comprise at least about 80% dry weight of arabinoxylan (e.g., at least about 83%, at least about 85%, at least about 89%, at least about 91%, at least about 93%, at least about 95%, or at least about 97% dry weight of arabinoxylan).

[0039] The arabinoxylan of the compositions described herein (e.g., arabinoxylan compositions) may have any suitable molecular weight. The molecular weight can be determined by any suitable method. For example, size - exclusion (sometimes also referred to as gel - permeation) chromatography (SEC) can be used to determine the molecular weight. Size - exclusion chromatography can be used to separate complex mixtures of macromolecules based on their hydrodynamic size. In some embodiments, the arabinoxylan of the compositions described herein (e.g., arabinoxylan compositions) may have a molecular weight (M) of from about 3100 to about 8400 Da (e.g., from 3100 to about 3500 Da, from about 3100 to about 4000 Da, from about 3100 to about 4800 Da, from about 3100 to about 5500 Da, from about 5500 to about 7500 Da, from about 4500 to about 6500 Da, or from about 6500 to about 8400 Da). w). In some embodiments, the arabinoxylan of the compositions described herein (e.g., arabinoxylan compositions) can have a molecular weight (M) of at least about 4800 Da (e.g., at least about 4900 Da, at least about 5000 Da, at least about 5200 Da, at least about 5400 Da, at least about 5600 Da, or at least about 5800 Da) w ). For example, the arabinoxylan of the compositions described herein (e.g., arabinoxylan compositions) can have a molecular weight (M) of from about 5400 to about 6000 Da (e.g., from about 5500 to about 6000 Da, from about 5400 to about 5800 Da, from about 5500 to about 5900 Da, from about 5500 to about 5700 Da, from about 5600 to about 5800 Da, from about 5600 to about 6000 Da, from about 5700 to about 6000 Da, or from about 5700 to about 5900 Da) w ). In some embodiments, the arabinoxylan of the compositions described herein (e.g., arabinoxylan compositions) can have a molecular weight (M) of from about 3000 to about 3500 Da (e.g., from about 3000 to about 3400 Da, from about 3000 to about 3300 Da, from about 3200 Da to about 3400 Da, from about 3200 Da to about 3500 Da, from about 3300 Da to about 3500 Da, from about 3100 Da to about 3500 Da, or from about 3200 Da to about 3300 Da) n ).

[0040] The arabinoxylan in the compositions described herein (e.g., arabinoxylan compositions) can have any suitable chemical composition (e.g., comprising arabinose units, xylose units, glucose units, galactose units, mannose units, polyphenol units, or combinations thereof). The chemical composition can be determined by any appropriate method, such as the method described in the technical report NREL / TP-510-42623 (January 2008) entitled “Determination of Sugars, Byproducts, and Degradation Products in Liquid Fraction Process Samples” published by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (U.S. Department of Energy), which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. For example, the arabinoxylan of the compositions provided herein can contain from about 5% to about 40% (e.g., from about 5% to about 35%, from about 5% to about 30%, from about 5% to about 25%, from about 5% to about 7%, from about 5% to about 10%, from about 5% to about 20%, from about 5% to about 15%, from about 5% to about 10%, from about 5% to about 7%, from about 10% to about 20%, from about 10% to about 25%, from about 15% to about 25%, from about 17% to about 21%, from about 20% to about 25%, from about 10% to about 40%, from about 15% to about 40%, from about 20% to about 40%, from about 25% to about 40%, from about 30% to about 40%, from about 35% to about 40%, from about 10% to about 20%, from about 15% to about 20%, or from about 18% to about 20%) by dry weight of arabinose units. In some cases, the arabinoxylan of the compositions provided herein can contain from about 60% to about 85% (e.g., from about 60% to about 80%, from about 60% to about 70%, from about 70% to about 80%, from about 60% to about 65%, from about 62% to about 66%, from about 70% to about 85%, from about 75% to about 85%, from about 80% to about 85%, from about 63% to about 65%, from about 62% to about 66%, from about 72% to about 82%, from about 78% to about 82%, from about 79% to about 81%) by dry weight of xylose units. In some cases, the arabinoxylan of the compositions provided herein can contain from about 5% to about 20% (e.g., from about 5% to about 15%, from about 5% to about 10%, from about 10% to about 20%, from about 10% to about 15%, from about 8% to about 12%, from about 8% to about 15%, from about 9% to about 11%, from about 11% to about 15%, or from about 12% to about 14%) by dry weight of glucose units. In some cases, the arabinoxylan of the compositions provided herein can contain from about 2% to about 6% (e.g., from about 3% to about 4% or from about 3% to about 5%) by dry weight of galactose units.In some cases, the arabinoxylan of the compositions provided herein can contain less than about 1% (e.g., less than about 0.8%, 0.6%, 0.5%, 0.4%, 0.3%, 0.1%, 0.05%, or 0.01%) dry weight of mannose units. In some embodiments, the arabinoxylan of the compositions provided herein can be devoid of mannose or contain very little mannose. For example, the arabinoxylan of the compositions provided herein can contain from about 0% to about 1% (e.g., from about 0% to about 0.5%, from about 0% to about 0.1%, from about 0% to about 0.05%, from about 0% to about 0.01%, or from about 0.5% to about 1%) dry weight of mannose units. In some embodiments, the arabinoxylan of the compositions provided herein can be devoid of mannose. These components can be present in the arabinoxylan of the compositions provided herein in any suitable ratio. In some embodiments, the ratio of arabinose units to xylose units of the arabinoxylan of the compositions provided herein can be from about 0.05 to about 0.65 (e.g., from about 0.05 to about 0.25, from about 0.25 to about 0.45, or from about 0.45 to about 0.65). For example, the ratio of arabinose units to xylose units of the arabinoxylan of the compositions provided herein can be from about 0.05 to about 0.35 (e.g., from about 0.05 to about 0.25, from about 0.05 to about 0.15, from about 0.05 to about 0.10, from about 0.10 to about 0.35, from about 0.15 to about 0.25, from about 0.15 to about 0.35, from about 0.25 to about 0.35, from about 0.06 to about 0.10, from about 0.07 to about 0.09, from about 0.28 to about 0.32, or from about 0.29 to about 0.31). In some embodiments, the ratio of glucose units to xylose units of the arabinoxylan of the compositions provided herein can be from about 0.10 to about 0.25 (e.g., from about 0.10 to about 0.20, from about 0.10 to about 0.15, from about 0.11 to about 0.15, from about 0.15 to about 0.25, from about 0.15 to about 0.20, from about 0.18 to about 0.22, or from about 0.20 to about 0.25).

[0041] Polyphenols (e.g., one or more polyphenols) can be present in the compositions provided herein (e.g., arabinoxylan compositions) in any suitable amount. In some embodiments, the compositions described herein (e.g., arabinoxylan compositions) can contain from about 1% to about 14% (e.g., from about 1% to about 12%, from about 1% to about 10%, from about 1% to about 5%, from about 1% to about 3%, from about 1% to about 2%, from about 2% to about 5%, from about 2% to about 12%, from about 5% to about 10%, from about 5% to about 12%, from about 8% to about 12%, from about 2% to about 14%, from about 5% to about 14%, from about 8% to about 14%, from about 10% to about 14%, from about 2% to about 8%, from about 3% to about 11%, or from about 4% to about 6%) dry weight of one or more polyphenols.

[0042] The compositions described herein (e.g., arabinoxylan compositions) can contain polyphenol units. In some cases, the polyphenol units can be part of a polyphenol. In some embodiments, the polyphenols of the compositions provided herein can be covalently linked to the arabinoxylan of the composition, can be free polyphenols, or can be a combination thereof. In some cases, the polyphenol units can be free units. In some embodiments, the polyphenols can be predominantly linked to arabinoxylan. In some embodiments, the polyphenol units can include ferulic acid, gallic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, coumaric acid, syringic acid, sinapic acid, rosmarinic acid, vanillin, or a combination thereof. The polyphenol units of the compositions provided herein can be present in any suitable amount. The polyphenol units of the compositions provided herein can be measured using any suitable method, such as the methods described in Malunga, Lovemore Nkhata, and Trust Beta. "Antioxidant capacity of water-extractable arabinoxylan from commercial barley, wheat, and wheat fractions." Cereal Chemistry 92.1 (2015): 29-36 or Nour, Violeta, Ion Trandafir, and Sina Cosmulescu. "HPLC determination of phenolic acids, flavonoids and juglone in walnut leaves." Journal of Chromatographic Science 51.9 (2013): 883-890, both of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. In some cases, standards can be purchased from suppliers such as Sigma-Aldrich and detection can be performed using an Agilent 1260 equipped with a quaternary pump, an autosampler, and a multi-wavelength detector (HPLC-UV). In some embodiments, the compositions described herein (e.g., arabinoxylan compositions) can contain ferulic acid units. The ferulic acid units can be present in any suitable amount. In some embodiments, the compositions described herein (e.g., arabinoxylan compositions) can contain from about 0.0005% to about 0.005% (e.g., from about 0.0005% to about 0.001%, from about 0.001% to about 0.003%, from about 0.001% to about 0.005%, from about 0.003% to about 0.005%, or from about 0.001% to about 0.003%) dry weight of ferulic acid units. In some embodiments, the compositions described herein (e.g., arabinoxylan compositions) can contain gallic acid units. The gallic acid units can be present in any suitable amount.In some embodiments, the compositions described herein (e.g., arabinoxylan compositions) can contain from about 0.005% to about 0.05% (e.g., from about 0.005% to about 0.01%, from about 0.01% to about 0.02%, from about 0.01% to about 0.03%, or from about 0.01% to about 0.05%) by dry weight of gallic acid units. In some embodiments, the compositions described herein (e.g., arabinoxylan compositions) can contain 4-hydroxybenzoic acid units. The 4-hydroxybenzoic acid units can be present in any suitable amount. In some embodiments, the compositions described herein (e.g., arabinoxylan compositions) can contain from about 0.5% to about 2% (e.g., from about 0.5% to about 1%, from about 1% to about 2%, from about 1.0% to about 1.5%, from about 1.1% to about 1.5%, or from about 1.2% to about 1.4%) by dry weight of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid units. In some embodiments, the compositions described herein (e.g., arabinoxylan compositions) can contain coumaric acid units. The coumaric acid units can be present in any suitable amount. In some embodiments, the compositions described herein (e.g., arabinoxylan compositions) can contain from about 0.010% to about 0.05% (e.g., from about 0.01% to about 0.02%, from about 0.01% to about 0.03%, from about 0.010% to about 0.015%, from about 0.010% to about 0.025%, from about 0.020% to about 0.025%, from about 0.015% to about 0.025%, from about 0.014% to about 0.018%, from about 0.015% to about 0.017%) by dry weight of coumaric acid units. In some embodiments, the compositions described herein (e.g., arabinoxylan compositions) can contain syringic acid units. The syringic acid units can be present in any suitable amount. In some embodiments, the compositions described herein (e.g., arabinoxylan compositions) can contain from about 0.01% to about 0.1% (e.g., from about 0.01% to about 0.08%, from about 0.01% to about 0.05%, from about 0.01% to about 0.03%, from about 0.03% to about 0.1%, from about 0.05% to about 0.1%, from about 0.08% to about 0.1%, from about 0.04% to about 0.08%, or from about 0.05% to about 0.07%) by dry weight of syringic acid units. In some embodiments, the compositions described herein (e.g., arabinoxylan compositions) can contain sinapic acid units. The sinapic acid units can be present in any suitable amount. In some embodiments, the compositions described herein (e.g., arabinoxylan compositions) can contain from about 0.1% to about 0.6% (e.g., from about 0.2% to about 0.6%, from about 0.2% to about 0.5%, from about 0.2% to about 0.3%, from about 0.3% to about 0.6%, from about 0.5% to about 0.6%, from about 0.1% to about 0.5%, or from about 0.3% to about 0.5%) by dry weight of sinapic acid units.In some embodiments, the compositions described herein (e.g., arabinoxylan compositions) can contain rosmarinic acid units. The rosmarinic acid units can be present in any suitable amount. In some embodiments, the compositions described herein (e.g., arabinoxylan compositions) can contain from about 0.05% to about 0.3% (e.g., from about 0.05% to about 0.02%, from about 0.05% to about 0.1%, from about 0.1% to about 0.3%, from about 0.1% to about 0.5%, or from about 0.1% to about 0.2%) by dry weight of rosmarinic acid units. In some embodiments, the compositions described herein (e.g., arabinoxylan compositions) can contain vanillin units. The vanillin units can be present in any suitable amount. In some embodiments, the vanillin units can be present in an amount of from about 0.001% to about 0.01% (e.g., from about 0.001% to about 0.008%, from about 0.001% to about 0.005%, from about 0.001% to about 0.003%, from about 0.003% to about 0.01%, from about 0.005% to about 0.1%, from about 0.001% to about 0.007%, or from about 0.004% to about 0.006%) by dry weight of vanillin units. In some embodiments, the compositions described herein (e.g., arabinoxylan compositions) can contain epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) units. In some embodiments, the compositions described herein (e.g., arabinoxylan compositions) can contain EGCG units. The EGCG units can be present in any suitable amount.

[0043] The compositions described herein (e.g., arabinoxylan compositions) can have any suitable antioxidant level. The antioxidant level can be measured using any suitable method. For example, the micromolar trolox equivalents per 100 grams (μmol TE / 100g) of the compositions described herein (e.g., arabinoxylan compositions) can be determined. In some embodiments, the composition can have an antioxidant level of from about 25,000 to about 50,000 (e.g., from about 25,000 to about 35,000, from about 25,000 to about 30,000, from about 30,000 to about 35,000, from about 30,000 to about 50,000, from about 40,000 to about 50,000, from about 27,000 to about 31,000, or from about 28,000 to about 30,000) μmol TE / 100g.

[0044] As described herein, the compositions provided herein (e.g., arabinoxylan compositions) can have arabinoxylan as the main component. In some cases, the compositions described herein (e.g., arabinoxylan compositions) can be characterized by the amount of components other than arabinoxylan, such as carbohydrate polymers other than arabinoxylan, sugar monomers, proteins, ash, or combinations thereof. Non-limiting examples of carbohydrate polymers other than arabinoxylan include cellulose, amylose, amylopectin, glucuronoxylan, glucuronoarabinoxylan, and glucomannan. For example, in some embodiments, the compositions described herein (e.g., arabinoxylan compositions) can contain less than 10% (e.g., less than 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, or 1%) dry weight of a combination of carbohydrate polymers other than arabinoxylan, sugar monomers, proteins, and ash. In some embodiments, the compositions described herein (e.g., arabinoxylan compositions) can contain from about 4% to about 20% (e.g., from about 4% to about 12%, from about 4% to about 10%, from about 4% to about 6%, from about 5% to about 7%, from about 5% to about 10%, from about 6% to about 10%, from about 5% to about 15%, from about 8% to about 10%, from about 8% to about 11%, from about 10% to about 20%, or from about 15% to about 20%) dry weight of a combination of carbohydrate polymers other than arabinoxylan, sugar monomers, proteins, and ash. In some embodiments, the compositions described herein (e.g., arabinoxylan compositions) can contain from about 4% to about 12% (e.g., from about 4% to about 10%, from about 4% to about 8%, from about 4% to about 6%, from about 5% to about 12%, from about 8% to about 12%, from about 9% to about 12%, from about 5% to about 10%, from about 4% to about 6%, or from about 9% to about 10%) dry weight of a combination of carbohydrate polymers other than arabinoxylan, sugar monomers, proteins, and ash. In some embodiments, the compositions described herein (e.g., arabinoxylan compositions) can contain less than about 1% (e.g., less than about 0.8%, 0.6%, 0.5%, 0.4%, 0.2%, 0.1%, 0.05%, or 0.01%) dry weight of carbohydrate polymers other than arabinoxylan. In some embodiments, the compositions described herein (e.g., arabinoxylan compositions) can contain from about 0% to about 1% (e.g., from about 0% to about 0.5%, from about 0% to about 0.1%, from about 0% to about 0.05%, from about 0% to about 0.01%, or from about 0.5% to about 1%) dry weight of carbohydrate polymers other than arabinoxylan. In some embodiments, the compositions described herein (e.g., arabinoxylan compositions) can contain from about 0% to about 5% (e.g., from about 0% to about 3%, from about 0% to about 2%, from about 1% to about 5%, from about 3% to about 5%, or from about 3% to about 5%) dry weight of sugar monomers.In some embodiments, the compositions described herein (e.g., arabinoxylan compositions) can comprise from about 0.5% to about 5% (e.g., from about 0.5% to about 3%, from about 0.5% to about 1%, from about 0.8% to about 1.2%, from about 1% to about 5%, from about 3% to about 5%, from about 1% to about 4%, from about 2% to about 4%, from about 3% to about 4%, or from about 3.6% to about 4%) protein by dry weight. In some embodiments, the compositions described herein (e.g., arabinoxylan compositions) can comprise from about 0.5% to about 6% (e.g., from about 0.5% to about 5%, from about 0.8% to about 1.2%, from about 1% to about 3%, from about 1% to about 5%, from about 1% to about 6%, from about 3% to about 6%, from about 4% to about 5%, from about 4.5% to about 4.9%, or from about 5% to about 6%) ash by dry weight.

[0045] In some instances, the compositions described herein (e.g., arabinoxylan compositions) can be designed to have little (if any) amount of one or more specific components. For example, the compositions described herein (e.g., arabinoxylan compositions) can be designed to be devoid of one or more specific components (e.g., one or more specific components that may be present in the starting materials used to produce the composition). Such compositions can have improved odor or olfactory properties, improved or desired visual appearance or color, and / or improved taste or flavor compared to the starting materials. In some instances, the compositions described herein (e.g., arabinoxylan compositions) can have a reduced amount of one or more components that may be present in the starting materials (e.g., lignocellulosic biomass). Corn syrup is a common sweetener, and in some embodiments, the compositions described herein can have components different from corn syrup. For example, in some instances, corn syrup can include maltose, maltotriose, or a combination thereof.

[0046] Thus, in some embodiments, the compositions described herein (e.g., arabinoxylan compositions) can be devoid of maltose, maltotriose, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the compositions described herein (e.g., arabinoxylan compositions) can comprise an amount of maltose less than about 15% by dry weight (e.g., less than about 12%, 10%, 5%, 2%, or 1% by dry weight). In some embodiments, the compositions described herein (e.g., arabinoxylan compositions) can comprise an amount of maltotriose less than about 15% by dry weight (e.g., less than about 12%, 10%, 5%, 2%, or 1% by dry weight).

[0047] The arabinoxylan of the compositions described herein (e.g., arabinoxylan compositions) can have any suitable color. Without being bound by any particular theory, it is believed that polyphenols can contribute to the color of the composition to make it more brown; thus, it is believed that the polyphenol content of lighter compositions is lower than that of darker compositions. In some embodiments, the composition can be brown. In some embodiments, the composition (e.g., arabinoxylan composition) can be light brown.

[0048] This document also provides specific exemplary arabinoxylan compositions. For example, this document provides an exemplary composition comprising: about 88% to about 90% (e.g., about 89%) dry weight of arabinoxylan; less than about 1% (e.g., less than about 0.5% or 0.1%) dry weight of carbohydrate polymers other than arabinoxylan; about 3% to about 5% (e.g., about 4%) dry weight of sugar monomers; about 0.5% to about 1.5% (e.g., about 1%) dry weight of protein; about 0.5% to about 1.5% (e.g., about 1%) dry weight of ash; and about 2% to about 12% dry weight of polyphenols. The arabinoxylan in this exemplary composition can have a molecular weight (M w ) of about 5500 to about 5700 Da (e.g., about 5600 Da). The arabinoxylan in this composition can have the following contents: about 5% to about 7% (e.g., about 6%) dry weight of arabinose units, about 78% to about 82% (e.g., about 79% to about 81% or about 82%) dry weight of xylose units, about 9% to about 11% (e.g., about 10%) dry weight of glucose units, about 3% to about 5% (e.g., about 4%) dry weight of galactose units, and less than about 1% (e.g., less than about 0.5% or 0.1%) dry weight of mannose units. The composition can be light brown.

[0049] As another example, this document provides another exemplary composition, which comprises: about 91% to about 93% dry weight of arabinoxylan, less than about 1% (e.g., less than about 0.5% or 0.1%) dry weight of carbohydrate polymers other than arabinoxylan; about 0.5% to about 1.5% (e.g., about 1%) of sugar monomers; about 3% to about 4% (e.g., about 3.8%) dry weight of protein; about 4% to about 5% (e.g., about 4.7%) dry weight of ash; and about 1% to about 3% (e.g., about 2%) dry weight of polyphenols. The arabinoxylan in this exemplary composition can have a molecular weight (M w ) of about 5700 to about 5900 Da (e.g., about 5800 Da). The arabinoxylan in this exemplary composition can have a molecular weight (M n)。The arabinoxylan in the composition may have the following contents: arabinose units at about 18% to about 20% (e.g., about 19%) dry weight, xylose units at about 62% to about 66% (e.g., about 63% to about 65%, or about 64%) dry weight, glucose units at about 12% to about 14% (e.g., about 13%) dry weight, galactose units at about 3% to about 5% (e.g., about 4%) dry weight, and mannose units at less than about 1% (e.g., less than about 0.5% or 0.1%) dry weight. The polyphenols in the composition may have the following contents: ferulic acid units at about 0.001% to about 0.003% (e.g., about 0.002%) dry weight; gallic acid units at about 0.01% to about 0.02% (e.g., about 0.014%) dry weight; 4-hydroxybenzoic acid units at about 1% to about 2% (e.g., about 1.3%) dry weight; coumaric acid units at about 0.01% to about 0.02% (e.g., about 0.016%) dry weight; syringic acid units at about 0.05% to about 0.07% (e.g., about 0.06%) dry weight; sinapic acid units at about 0.03% to about 0.05% (e.g., about 0.4%) dry weight; rosmarinic acid units at about 0.05% to about 0.15% (e.g., 0.11%) dry weight, and vanillin units at about 0.004% to about 0.006% (e.g., about 0.005%) dry weight. The composition may be light brown.

[0050] In some cases, the compositions provided herein (e.g., a composition having about 90% to about 94% dry weight arabinoxylan, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises about 17% to about 21% dry weight arabinose units; about 62% to about 66% dry weight xylose units; about 12% to about 14% dry weight glucose units; about 3% to about 4% dry weight galactose units; about 8% to about 11% of a non-arabinoxylan carbohydrate polymer, sugar monomer, protein, ash, or combination thereof; and about 1% to about 3% dry weight of one or more polyphenols, wherein the molecular weight (M w ) is about 5600 to about 6000 Da, or exemplary composition 2 (Example 2)) may provide prebiotic benefits. For example, it has surprisingly been found that the compositions provided herein (e.g., a composition having about 90% to about 94% dry weight arabinoxylan, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises about 17% to about 21% dry weight arabinose units; about 62% to about 66% dry weight xylose units; about 12% to about 14% dry weight glucose units; about 3% to about 4% dry weight galactose units; about 8% to about 11% of a non-arabinoxylan carbohydrate polymer, sugar monomer, protein, ash, or combination thereof; and about 1% to about 3% dry weight of one or more polyphenols, wherein the molecular weight (M w) is about 5,600 to about 6,000 Da, or Exemplary Composition 2 (Example 2)) has a gastrointestinal tolerance that is not significantly different from the gastrointestinal tolerance exhibited when administering a placebo composition (see, e.g., Example 8). In contrast, fiber supplements (e.g., arabinoxylan oligosaccharides (AXOS)) are generally considered to have poor tolerance in the gastrointestinal system, resulting in, for example, flatulence and / or bloating, even when administered at the lower levels used in Example 8 (about 7 grams per serving). See, e.g., Cloetens, Lieselotte, et al. "Tolerance of arabinoxylan-oligosaccharides and their prebiotic activityin healthy subjects:arandomised,placebo-controlled cross-over study."BritishJournal of Nutrition 103.5(2010):703-713 and Isabelle EJA, et al. "Effectsof a wheat bran extract containing arabinoxylan oligosaccharides ongastrointestinal health parameters in healthy adult human volunteers:adouble-blind,randomised,placebo-controlled,cross-over trial."British Journalof Nutrition 108.12(2012):2229-2242, both of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

[0051] This document also provides products comprising any one or more of the compositions described herein. For example, this document provides sweetener compositions comprising any one or more of the compositions described herein. In some cases, foods can be designed to comprise one or more of the compositions described herein. In some cases, pharmaceutical compositions or dietary supplements can be formulated to comprise one or more of the compositions described herein. Products comprising any one or more of the compositions provided herein can have advantages. Non-limiting examples of such advantages include calorie reduction, reduced glycemic index, provision of soluble fiber, provision of prebiotics, and provision of antioxidants. Without being bound by any particular theory, it is believed that arabinoxylan is a low-calorie carbohydrate and that arabinoxylan is a source of soluble fiber that can be utilized by components of the microbiome to promote health. It is further believed that in some cases, polyphenols and / or polyphenol units can act as antioxidants.

[0052] In any ingestible composition provided herein (e.g., sweetener composition, food, pharmaceutical composition, or dietary supplement), the compositions described herein can be present in any suitable amount. For example, in some cases, the compositions described herein can be present in an amount of from about 500 mg to about 15 g per serving (e.g., from about 500 mg to about 1 g, from about 500 mg to about 3 g, from about 500 mg to about 5 g, from about 500 mg to about 7 g, from about 500 mg to about 10 g, from about 500 mg to about 12 g, from about 1 g to about 15 g, from about 3 g to about 15 g, from about 5 g to about 15 g, from about 7 g to about 15 g, from about 10 g to about 15 g, from about 12 g to about 15 g, from about 5 g to about 10 g, or from about 7 g to about 12 g). In some cases, the compositions described herein can be present in an amount of at least 7 g per serving (e.g., at least 8 g, 10 g, 12 g, 14 g, or 15 g).

[0053] The calorie content, glycemic index, soluble fiber content, prebiotic fiber content, and antioxidant content can each be determined by any suitable method. In some embodiments, the soluble fiber content can be the same as the arabinoxylan content (e.g., on a dry weight percentage basis). In some embodiments, the prebiotic content can be the same as the arabinoxylan content (e.g., on a dry weight percentage basis). In some embodiments, the antioxidant content can be the same as the polyphenol content (e.g., on a dry weight percentage basis).

[0054] This document also provides the use of any one or more of the compositions described herein. For example, this document provides the use of any one or more of the compositions described herein in sweetener compositions, foods, pharmaceutical compositions, and / or dietary supplements.

[0055] A sweetener composition can be any suitable sweetener composition formulated to comprise one or more of the arabinoxylan-containing compositions described herein. For example, the compositions provided herein can be combined with a conventional sweetener (e.g., corn syrup) to produce a sweetener composition with reduced calories and / or a reduced glycemic index. The combination can include any appropriate steps. In some embodiments, the combination can include mixing, blending, stirring, dissolving, emulsifying, or a combination thereof. For example, in some embodiments, dry glucose and the dry composition provided herein can be mixed together, and optionally, water can be added to form a syrup (e.g., about 70% to about 80% dry matter). In some embodiments, the dry composition provided herein can be added to glucose syrup (e.g., by mixing, blending, dissolving, or a combination thereof). In some embodiments, dry glucose can be added to the composition provided herein in syrup form (e.g., by mixing, blending, dissolving, or a combination thereof). In some embodiments, glucose syrup can be combined with the composition provided herein in syrup form (e.g., by mixing or blending). One or more of the compositions described herein (e.g., arabinoxylan compositions) can be combined with a conventional sweetener to form a sweetener. One or more of the compositions described herein (e.g., arabinoxylan compositions) can be combined with a conventional sweetener in any suitable ratio. For example, in some embodiments, a ratio of about 5% to about 90% (e.g., about 10% to about 90%, about 25% to about 90%, about 50% to about 90%, about 75% to about 90%, about 10% to about 25%, about 10% to about 50%, about 10% to about 75%, about 20% to about 80%, about 40% to about 60%, about 45% to about 55%, about 10% to about 30%, about 30% to about 50%, about 50% to about 70%, or about 70% to about 90%) by dry weight or volume of the composition provided herein (e.g., arabinoxylan composition) can be combined with about 5% to about 90% (e.g., about 10% to about 90%, about 25% to about 90%, about 50% to about 90%, about 75% to about 90%, about 10% to about 25%, about 10% to about 50%, about 10% to about 75%, about 20% to about 80%, about 40% to about 60%, about 45% to about 55%, about 10% to about 30%, about 30% to about 50%, about 50% to about 70%, or about 70% to about 90%) by dry weight or volume of a conventional sweetener.

[0056] In some cases, the sweetener compositions provided herein can have desirable properties. For example, in some embodiments, the sweetener composition can be a solid. In some embodiments, the sweetener composition can be a liquid. In some cases, the sweetener compositions provided herein can have a dextrose equivalent (DE) of about 35 to about 75 (e.g., about 35 to about 65, about 35 to about 55, about 35 to about 45, about 45 to about 75, about 55 to about 75, about 65 to about 75, about 42, about 53, or about 63). Without being bound by any particular theory, it is believed that sweetener compositions having a DE within about 10% of a commercially available sweetener can replace the commercially available sweetener in approximately equal volume (or within about 10%). In some embodiments, the sweetener compositions provided herein can have a glycemic index (GI) of about 10 to about 80 (e.g., about 10 to about 75, about 10 to about 50, about 10 to about 25, about 25 to about 80, about 50 to about 80, about 75 to about 80, about 35 to about 50, about 40 to about 50, or about 40 to about 45). The glycemic index of glucose (e.g., dextrose) is typically reported as 100. The glycemic index of sucrose is typically reported as 65. Without being bound by any particular theory, it is believed that sweeteners with lower GI values can help manage blood glucose and insulin levels and / or contribute to appetite control and weight loss. In some embodiments, the sweetener compositions provided herein can have a calorie content of about 100 to about 225 per 100 g of sweetener composition (e.g., about 100 to about 200, about 100 to about 175, about 100 to about 150, about 100 to about 125, about 125 to about 225, about 150 to about 225, about 175 to about 225, about 200 to about 225, about 125 to about 200, about 150 to about 200, about 175 to about 200, or about 180 to about 200).

[0057] The described properties can be measured using any suitable method. For example, the glycemic index (GI) can be tested using methods known in the art, such as those described in "In vitro method for predicting glycemic index of foods using simulated digestion and an artificial neural network" by R.L. Magaletta et al., Cereal Chemistry, Vol. 87, No. 4, 2010. For example, soluble fiber can be measured by AOAC Official Method 2011.25 (AOAC Official Methods of Analysis 2011.25). For example, in some embodiments, Lane - Eynon titration can be used to measure DE. In some embodiments, osmometry can be used to determine DE.

[0058] The food can be any suitable food designed to contain one or more of the arabinoxylan - containing compositions described herein. The food can be a material for food or beverage for humans or animals, chewing gum, or a material for its ingredients (e.g., see 21 U.S.C. §321). In some embodiments, the food can be a food (e.g., solid food). For example, in some embodiments, the food can be a pie, cookie (e.g., chocolate chip cookie), confectionery (e.g., toffee chew), bar (e.g., cereal bar or granola bar), cake, bread, cracker, canned food (e.g., canned soup, canned fruit), or dairy product (e.g., yogurt, ice cream). In some embodiments, the food can be a sweetener (e.g., the solid sweetener or syrup sweetener as described above). In some embodiments, the food can be a beverage. For example, in some embodiments, the food can be a fruit juice (e.g., fruit juice cocktail), soda, or energy drink. In some embodiments, the food can be chewing gum.

[0059] The dietary supplement can be any suitable dietary supplement designed to contain one or more of the arabinoxylan - containing compositions described herein. In some cases, the dietary supplement can include pharmaceutical products, natural health products, nutritional products, vitamins, minerals, protein supplements, etc. Non - limiting examples of dietary supplements are fiber supplements. In some cases, the fiber supplements provided herein can be in powder form. In some cases, the dietary supplements provided herein can fall within the definition of dietary supplements by regulatory agencies (e.g., the U.S. Food and Drug Administration) according to appropriate regulations (e.g., 21 U.S.C. §321).

[0060] A pharmaceutical composition can be any suitable pharmaceutical composition designed to comprise one or more arabinoxylan-containing compositions described herein. Generally, a pharmaceutical composition is formulated to comprise a pharmaceutically effective amount of at least one active ingredient (e.g., one, two, three, four, five or more active ingredients, such as a drug). In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions provided herein can be oral pharmaceutical formulations. Generally, oral pharmaceutical formulations contain a sweetening agent.

[0061] This document also provides methods for preparing the compositions described herein (e.g., arabinoxylan compositions). The compositions described herein can be prepared using the methods described herein.

[0062] In some cases, the compositions described herein (e.g., arabinoxylan compositions) can be obtained from lignocellulosic biomass. Lignocellulosic biomass can comprise plant materials generally considered unsuitable for direct human digestion, such as hardwood or softwood, plant stems and stalks. Sources of lignocellulosic biomass that can be used to prepare the compositions provided herein include, but are not limited to, wheat straw (e.g., wheat wheat straw), corn stover, bagasse, hardwood, softwood, and combinations thereof. Lignocellulosic biomass can be obtained as a by-product of other industries such as agriculture, forestry, and energy crops.

[0063] In some cases, the methods described herein can include extracting hemicellulose from lignocellulosic biomass. Extracting hemicellulose from lignocellulosic biomass can be accomplished by any suitable method. In some cases, the methods described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2018 / 0119188 or PCT Patent Application Publication No. WO2016 / 161515 can be used to extract hemicellulose from lignocellulosic biomass, both of which are incorporated by reference in their entirety.

[0064] In some embodiments, the lignocellulosic biomass can be combined with water, and the lignocellulosic biomass can be activated using conditions comprising a first temperature and a first pressure to form an activated cellulose stream (e.g., a first activation step). In some embodiments, a pre-activation step can be before the first activation step. The first activated cellulose stream can be washed to form a washed first activated cellulose stream and a first soluble extract.

[0065] Exemplary methods for producing the first soluble extract are shown in Figure 1In the middle, lignocellulosic biomass 101 can be fed into reactor 103, where the lignocellulosic biomass 101 undergoes a first activation step to produce a first activated cellulose stream 104. In the first activation step, the lignocellulosic biomass 101 can be treated at elevated temperature and pressure to produce the first activated cellulose stream 104, such as containing cellulose II and insoluble solids. The first activation step can be carried out in the presence of water. The water can be introduced into the reactor 103 in one or more of the following ways: present in the lignocellulosic biomass 101, present in the reactor 103 when the lignocellulosic biomass is introduced into the reactor 103, or introduced through the feed stream 102. The reactor 103 can be a batch reactor or a continuous process reactor. In the case of a batch reactor, the lignocellulosic biomass 101 can be fed into the reactor 103, and the reactor (which can be a stirred tank reactor) can be raised to the operating conditions for a desired time. If the reactor 103 is a continuous flow reactor, it can be a steam exposure reactor and can be maintained at the desired operating conditions. The first activated cellulose stream 104 can be washed to extract soluble non-cellulose components, such as arabinoxylan and some ash, extractives, and lignin. The first activated cellulose stream 104 and the wash water 106 can be introduced into the wash reactor 105 to produce a soluble extract 107 and a washed first activated cellulose stream 108. The wash reactor 105 can be any suitable reactor. Optionally, the wash reactor 105 can operate in countercurrent, and it can be a countercurrent belt filter. Other filtration or separation methods can be used, such as a plate filter press, a twin wire press, a twin roll press, a rotary vacuum filter, or a centrifuge.

[0066] The lignocellulosic biomass can be any suitable feedstock. For example, the lignocellulosic biomass can include one or more of wheat straw, corn stover, sugarcane bagasse, hardwood, softwood, energy crops, etc. In some cases, the provided agricultural feedstock can be treated to remove rocks, soil, or other materials present in the agricultural feedstock and reduce the size of the agricultural or forest feedstock supplied to the process, such as by crushing, grinding, milling, or otherwise treating. In some cases, the lignocellulosic biomass used to produce the compositions described herein is wheat straw.

[0067] In some cases, the pre-activation step may include treating lignocellulosic biomass (e.g., wheat straw) with steam. The pre-activation step may include any suitable temperature, pressure, and duration. In some embodiments, the temperature of the pre-activation step may be from about 110 °C to about 150 °C (e.g., from about 110 °C to about 140 °C, from about 110 °C to about 130 °C, from about 120 °C to about 150 °C, from about 120 °C to about 140 °C, or from about 125 °C to about 135 °C). In some embodiments, the duration of the pre-activation step may be from about 5 minutes to about 30 minutes (e.g., from about 5 minutes to about 25 minutes, from about 5 minutes to about 15 minutes, from about 10 minutes to about 30 minutes, from about 20 minutes to about 30 minutes, from about 10 minutes to about 30 minutes, or from about 13 minutes to about 17 minutes). In some embodiments, the pressure of the pre-activation step may be from about 10 psi to about 20 psi (e.g., from about 10 to about 15 psi, from about 15 to about 20 psi, about 10 psi, about 15 psi, or about 20 psi).

[0068] In some cases, the first activation step may be carried out under conditions that increase the amount of cellulose II in the first activated cellulose stream relative to the amount of cellulose II in the feedstock.

[0069] The temperature of the first activation step can be any suitable temperature. In some cases, the temperature of the first activation step may be higher than 190 °C (e.g., higher than 200 °C, 210 °C, 220 °C, 230 °C, or 240 °C). In some embodiments, the temperature of the first activation step may be lower than about 250 °C (e.g., lower than 240 °C, 230 °C, or 220 °C). In some embodiments, the temperature of the first activation step may be from about 190 °C to about 250 °C (e.g., from about 190 °C to about 230 °C, 190 °C to about 225 °C, from about 190 °C to about 210 °C, from about 210 °C to about 250 °C, from about 230 °C to about 250 °C, from about 200 °C to about 240 °C, from about 210 °C to about 230 °C, from about 215 °C to about 225 °C, or from about 221 °C to about 223 °C).

[0070] The amount of water introduced in the first activation step can be any suitable amount. In some embodiments, based on the lignocellulosic biomass plus water, the amount of water can be at least about 30% (e.g., at least about 40% or at least about 50%). In some embodiments, the amount of water can be less than 90% (e.g., less than 80%, 70%, or 60%). In some embodiments, the amount of water in the first activation step can be about 50%. In some embodiments, the amount of water in the first activation step can be from about 10% to about 65% (e.g., from about 10% to about 60%, from about 10% to about 50%, from about 10% to about 40%, from about 10% to about 30%, from about 10% to about 20%, from about 20% to about 65%, from about 30% to about 65%, from about 40% to about 65%, from about 50% to about 65%, from about 20% to about 50%, from about 30% to about 60%, or from about 35% to about 55%).

[0071] The water in the first activation step can be in the form of steam or liquid water. It should be understood that the temperature and pressure of the first activation step can be selected such that liquid water is present in the first activation step. It should be understood that the temperature and pressure of the first activation step can be selected such that steam is present in the first activation step.

[0072] The pressure of the first activation step can be any suitable pressure. In some embodiments, the pressure can be at least about 200 psig (e.g., at least about 250, 300, or 350 psig). In some embodiments, the pressure can be less than 500 psig (e.g., less than about 450 or 400 psig). Without being bound by any particular theory, it is believed that the pressure in the reactor corresponds to the lowest temperature according to saturated steam thermodynamics. In some embodiments, the pressure can be increased above and beyond this value by adding a pressurized gas or adding superheat.

[0073] The duration of the first activation step can be any suitable duration. In some embodiments, the first activation step can be less than 30 minutes (e.g., less than 20, 10, or 5 minutes). In some embodiments, the duration of the first activation step can be from about 1 minute to about 30 minutes (e.g., from about 1 to about 20 minutes, from about 1 to about 15 minutes, from about 1 to about 10 minutes, from about 5 to about 30 minutes, from about 10 to about 30 minutes, from about 20 to about 30 minutes, from about 5 to about 25 minutes, from about 5 to about 15 minutes, or from about 8 to about 12 minutes). It should be understood that the duration of the first activation step can vary depending on a number of factors, including the severity of the first activation step, such as the temperature and pressure of the first activation step.

[0074] It should be understood that the temperature, pressure, and duration of the treatment can be combined in any desired combination. Thus, for example, the first activation step can include subjecting the lignocellulosic biomass to a pressure of 200 to 500 psig and a temperature of 200 to 250 °C for 1 to 30 minutes, or to a pressure of 200 to 500 psig and a temperature of 190 °C to 215 °C for less than 4 minutes. As another example, the pre-activation step can include subjecting the lignocellulosic biomass to steam treatment at a pressure of about 13 to about 17 psi (e.g., about 15 psi) and a temperature of about 125 °C to about 135 °C (e.g., about 130 °C) for about 13 to about 17 minutes (e.g., about 15 minutes). As yet another example, the first activation step can include subjecting the lignocellulosic biomass (e.g., lignocellulosic biomass that has undergone the pre-activation step) to a pressure of about 300 to about 340 psi (e.g., about 305 to about 335 psi) and a temperature of about 215 °C to about 230 °C (e.g., about 222 °C) for about 8 to about 12 minutes (e.g., about 10 minutes).

[0075] The first activated cellulose stream can have any suitable solids content. For example, the first activated cellulose stream can have a solids content of about 30% and 50% solids by weight. In some cases, the solids can be mainly cellulose. In some cases, the solids can include lignin, arabinoxylan, and / or minor components such as ash, protein, or extractives.

[0076] The first activated cellulose stream can be washed to form a first washed activated cellulose stream and a first soluble extract. The first activated cellulose stream can be washed with water. The water can contain any suitable solutes. In some embodiments, the wash water can have a temperature of about 40 °C to about 100 °C (e.g., about 40 °C to about 80 °C, about 40 °C to about 60 °C, about 60 °C to about 100 °C, about 80 °C to about 100 °C, about 50 °C to about 90 °C, about 60 °C to about 80 °C, about 70 °C to about 90 °C, or about 55 °C to about 65 °C). In some embodiments, the wash water can have a temperature of about 25 °C to about 95 °C (e.g., about 25 °C to about 75 °C, about 25 °C to about 50 °C, about 50 °C to about 95 °C, about 75 °C to about 95 °C, about 25 °C to about 50 °C, or about 25 °C to about 75 °C).

[0077] The first soluble extract can be separated from the washed first activated cellulose stream by any suitable method. In some embodiments, the first soluble extract can be separated from the washed first cellulose stream by filtration (e.g., vacuum filtration).

[0078] In some cases, the first soluble extract (e.g., comprising arabinoxylan) can undergo further processing steps. In some embodiments, the first soluble extract can undergo one or more additional steps to form the compositions described herein (e.g., arabinoxylan compositions).

[0079] Processing can include any suitable steps. In some embodiments, the processing steps can include one or more of the following: treatment with carbon (e.g., activated carbon) or nanofiltration in any suitable order. It should be understood that other techniques can also be used. In some embodiments, the processing may not include treatment with carbon (e.g., activated carbon).

[0080] Treatment with carbon can include treating the first soluble extract (or the first soluble extract that has undergone one or more processing steps) with carbon (e.g., activated carbon). The loading amount of carbon can be any suitable loading amount. For example, carbon (e.g., activated carbon) can be used at a loading amount of about 0.05% to about 0.3% (e.g., 0.05% to about 0.2%, about 0.05% to about 0.1%, about 0.1% to about 0.3%, about 0.1% to about 0.2%, or about 0.05% to about 0.15%) of the dry weight of one or more components in the composition (e.g., arabinoxylan). Without being bound by any particular theory, it is believed that a loading amount of about 0.1% or less (e.g., less than about 0.09%, 0.08%, 0.07%, or 0.06%) of the dry weight of one or more components in the composition (e.g., arabinoxylan) can increase the yield of arabinoxylan by minimizing the amount of arabinoxylan adsorbed by the carbon.

[0081] Nanofiltration of (e.g., a first soluble extract or a first soluble extract that has undergone one or more processing steps) can include any suitable conditions. In some cases, nanofiltration can use a filter with a pore size of about 0.01 to about 10 nm (e.g., about 0.01 to about 0.05 nm, about 0.04 to about 0.05 nm, about 0.05 to about 0.1 nm, about 0.1 to about 0.5 nm, about 0.5 to about 1 nm, about 1 to about 5 nm, or about 5 to about 10 nm). In some cases, nanofiltration can use a filter with a pore size of about 1 to about 10 nm (e.g., about 1 to about 5 nm or about 5 to about 10 nm). Without being bound by any particular theory, it is believed that nanofiltration can remove low molecular weight impurities, ions, and / or water and concentrate the composition, and the removal of proteins can help reduce foaming in the composition as described herein. In some embodiments, depending on the pore size, nanofiltration can be used to reduce the amount of protein in the composition described herein. For example, in some embodiments, nanofiltration can use a filter with a molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) of about 100 Da to about 250 kDa (e.g., about 100 Da to about 500 Da, about 100 Da to about 1 kDa, about 1 kDa to about 3 kDa, about 1 kDa to about 10 kDa, about 10 kDa to about 30 kDa, about 10 kDa to about 50 kDa, about 50 kDa to about 100 kDa, or about 100 kDa to about 250 kDa). In some embodiments, nanofiltration can include two filtration steps that use different pore sizes (e.g., a larger pore size followed by a smaller pore size), such as any of the pore sizes described herein. For example, the first filtration can be performed using a filter with an MWCO of about 100 kDa to about 250 kDa (e.g., about 100 kDa to about 200 kDa or about 150 kDa to about 250 kDa). For example, the second filtration can be performed using a filter with an MWCO of about 100 Da to about 30 kDa (e.g., about 100 Da to about 500 Da, about 100 Da to about 1 kDa, about 1 kDa to about 5 kDa, about 1 kDa to about 10 kDa, about 5 kDa to about 15 kDa, about 10 kDa to about 30 kDa, or about 15 kDa to about 30 kDa). In some embodiments, the retentate or filter solids (e.g., containing one or more proteins) can be retained for further purification or other uses. Accordingly, provided herein are retentates or filter solids (e.g., containing one or more proteins) produced by the methods described herein.

[0082] In some embodiments, the first soluble extract can be processed by sequential carbon treatment and nanofiltration to form a composition.

[0083] In some embodiments, the first soluble extract can be processed by nanofiltration to form a composition.

[0084] In some cases, compositions containing arabinoxylan can also be prepared by other methods. For example, compositions containing high molecular weight arabinoxylan can be obtained from commercial suppliers. In some cases, the composition containing high molecular weight arabinoxylan can have an alkaline pH. In some embodiments, the arabinoxylan of the composition containing high molecular weight arabinoxylan can have a molecular weight (M w ) of at least about 20 kDa (e.g., at least about 30, 50, 75, or 100 kDa). In some embodiments, the high molecular weight arabinoxylan can have a molecular weight (M w ) of from about 20 kDa to about 300 kDa (e.g., from about 20 to about 250 kDa, from about 20 to about 200 kDa, from about 20 to about 150 kDa, from about 20 to about 100 kDa, from about 20 to about 50 kDa, from about 50 to about 300 kDa, from about 100 to about 300 kDa, from about 150 to about 300 kDa, from about 200 to about 200 kDa, from about 250 to about 300 kDa, or from about 100 to about 200 kDa).

[0085] The composition containing high molecular weight arabinoxylan can be processed to reduce the molecular weight (M w) to form arabinoxylan with reduced quality. In some embodiments, alkaline conditions can be used to reduce the molecular weight of high molecular weight arabinoxylan. In some embodiments, the alkaline conditions can include a pH of 9.5 to about 11.5 (e.g., about 9.5 to about 11.0, about 9.5 to about 10.5, about 9.5 to about 10.0, about 10.0 to about 11.5, about 10.0 to about 11.0, about 10.0 to about 10.5, about 10.5 to about 11.5, about 10.5 to about 11.0, about 11.0 to about 11.5, about 9.5, about 10.0, about 10.5, about 11.0, or about 11.5). Without being bound by any particular theory, it is believed that the reduction in molecular weight is related to the pH, duration, temperature, and pressure of the treatment. In some embodiments, the pressure can be atmospheric pressure. In some embodiments, the duration of the alkali treatment can be from about 30 minutes to about 8 hours (e.g., about 30 minutes to about 6 hours, about 30 minutes to about 4 hours, about 30 minutes to about 2 hours, about 30 minutes to about 1 hour, about 1 hour to about 8 hours, about 2 hours to about 8 hours, about 4 hours to about 8 hours, about 1 hour to about 6 hours, or about 2 hours to about 4 hours). In some embodiments, the temperature can be from about 60 °C to about 150 °C (e.g., about 60 °C to about 120 °C, about 60 °C to about 100 °C, about 60 °C to about 80 °C, about 70 °C to about 150 °C, about 90 °C to about 150 °C, about 110 °C to about 150 °C, about 130 °C to about 150 °C, about 80 °C to about 130 °C, or about 100 °C to about 110 °C). The alkali treatment can reduce the molecular weight to the desired molecular weight according to the conditions. In some embodiments, the molecular weight (M w ) of the alkali-treated arabinoxylan can be from about 5500 to about 6000 Da (e.g., about 5500 to about 5900 Da, about 5500 to about 5700 Da, about 5600 to about 6000 Da, about 5700 to about 6000 Da, or about 5700 to about 5900 Da).

[0086] The arabinoxylan with reduced quality can be processed using any suitable steps to form the compositions described herein (e.g., arabinoxylan compositions). In some embodiments, the arabinoxylan compositions with reduced quality can be processed using any of the steps described herein to form the compositions described herein. In some embodiments, the arabinoxylan with reduced quality can be treated with carbon (e.g., activated carbon) or nanofiltration in any suitable order to form a composition (e.g., arabinoxylan composition). In some embodiments, the compositions made from the arabinoxylan with reduced quality can be used for any of the applications described herein (e.g., sweeteners, foods, pharmaceutical compositions, or dietary supplements).

[0087] In some embodiments, the arabinoxylan with reduced quality can be combined with the first soluble extract at any suitable ratio. For example, about 25% to about 75% (such as about 25% to about 50%, about 50% to about 75%, about 25%, about 50%, or about 75%) by dry weight of the arabinoxylan with reduced quality can be combined with about 25% to about 75% (such as about 25% to about 50%, about 50% to about 75%, about 25%, about 50%, or about 75%) by dry weight of the first soluble extract. In some embodiments, such a combination can be treated with carbon (such as activated carbon) or nanofiltration in any suitable order to form a composition.

[0088] The compositions described herein (such as arabinoxylan compositions) can be dried (such as partially or completely dried). The compositions can be dried using any suitable method. For example, in some embodiments, the compositions described herein (such as arabinoxylan compositions) can be dried using spray drying, pad drying, or freeze drying.

[0089] Concentration of the composition (such as arabinoxylan composition) can be carried out, for example, by evaporation or reverse osmosis. Reverse osmosis can also be used for pre-concentration of arabinoxylan followed by evaporation. Any suitable concentration method and any suitable drying method can be used. Non-limiting examples of evaporation methods that preserve flavor and / or color are falling film evaporation under vacuum. Other non-limiting examples of drying methods that can preserve flavor and / or color are freeze drying or spray drying.

[0090] Exemplary embodiments

[0091] Embodiment 1 is a composition comprising:

[0092] About 80% to about 99% by dry weight of arabinoxylan,

[0093] wherein the arabinoxylan has a molecular weight (M w ) of about 3100 Da to about 8400 Da.

[0094] Embodiment 2 is a composition comprising:

[0095] About 80% to about 99% by dry weight of arabinoxylan,

[0096] wherein the arabinoxylan has a molecular weight (M w ) of at least about 4800 Da.

[0097] Embodiment 3 is a composition comprising:

[0098] About 80% to about 99% by dry weight of arabinoxylan,

[0099] wherein the arabinoxylan comprises from about 5% to about 40% by dry weight of arabinose units.

[0100] Embodiment 4 is a composition comprising:

[0101] from about 80% to about 99% by dry weight of arabinoxylan,

[0102] wherein the arabinoxylan comprises from about 60% to about 85% by dry weight of xylose units.

[0103] Embodiment 5 is a composition comprising:

[0104] from about 80% to about 99% by dry weight of arabinoxylan,

[0105] wherein the arabinoxylan comprises from about 12% to about 14% by dry weight of glucose units.

[0106] Embodiment 6 is a composition comprising:

[0107] from about 80% to about 99% by dry weight of arabinoxylan,

[0108] wherein the arabinoxylan comprises from about 2% to about 6% by dry weight of galactose units.

[0109] Embodiment 7 is a composition comprising:

[0110] from about 80% to about 99% by dry weight of arabinoxylan,

[0111] wherein the arabinoxylan comprises less than about 1% by dry weight of mannose units.

[0112] Embodiment 8 is a composition comprising:

[0113] from about 80% to about 99% by dry weight of arabinoxylan,

[0114] wherein the arabinoxylan comprises arabinose units and xylose units, and the molar ratio of the arabinose units to the xylose units is from about 0.05 to about 0.65.

[0115] Embodiment 9 is a composition comprising:

[0116] from about 80% to about 99% by dry weight of arabinoxylan,

[0117] wherein the arabinoxylan comprises glucose units and xylose units, and the molar ratio of the glucose units to the xylose units is from about 0.10 to about 0.25.

[0118] Embodiment 10 is a composition comprising:

[0119] From about 80% to about 99% by dry weight of arabinoxylan; and

[0120] From about 1% to about 14% by dry weight of one or more polyphenols.

[0121] Embodiment 11 is the composition according to any one of Embodiments 1-10, comprising from about 88% to about 99% by dry weight of arabinoxylan.

[0122] Embodiment 12 is the composition according to any one of Embodiments 1-11, comprising from about 90% to about 99% by dry weight of arabinoxylan.

[0123] Embodiment 13 is a composition comprising:

[0124] From about 80% to about 96% by dry weight of arabinoxylan; and

[0125] From about 4% to about 20% by dry weight of carbohydrate polymers, sugar monomers, proteins, and ash other than arabinoxylan.

[0126] Embodiment 14 is a composition comprising:

[0127] From about 80% to about 95% by dry weight of arabinoxylan;

[0128] From about 4% to about 20% by dry weight of carbohydrate polymers, sugar monomers, proteins, and ash other than arabinoxylan; and

[0129] From about 1% to about 14% by dry weight of one or more polyphenols.

[0130] Embodiment 15 is the composition according to any one of Embodiments 1-12, comprising from about 88% to about 90% by dry weight of arabinoxylan.

[0131] Embodiment 16 is the composition according to any one of Embodiments 1-13, comprising from about 90% to about 95% by dry weight of arabinoxylan.

[0132] Embodiment 17 is the composition according to any one of Embodiments 1-14, comprising from about 91% to about 93% by dry weight of arabinoxylan.

[0133] Embodiment 18 is the composition according to any one of Embodiments 1-12 or 15-17, comprising from about 4% to about 20% by dry weight of carbohydrate polymers, sugar monomers, proteins, ash, or a combination thereof other than arabinoxylan.

[0134] Embodiment 19 is the composition according to any one of Embodiments 1-18, comprising from about 4% to about 12% by dry weight of carbohydrate polymers, sugar monomers, proteins, ash, or a combination thereof other than arabinoxylan.

[0135] Embodiment 20 is the composition according to any one of Embodiments 1-12 or 15-19, comprising a carbohydrate polymer, sugar monomer, protein, ash, or a combination thereof other than arabinoxylan at about 6% to about 10% dry weight.

[0136] Embodiment 21 is the composition according to any one of Embodiments 1-12 or 15-20, comprising a carbohydrate polymer, sugar monomer, protein, ash, or a combination thereof other than arabinoxylan at about 5% to about 7% dry weight.

[0137] Embodiment 22 is the composition according to any one of Embodiments 1-12 or 15-19, comprising a carbohydrate polymer, sugar monomer, protein, ash, or a combination thereof other than arabinoxylan at about 8% to about 10% dry weight.

[0138] Embodiment 23 is the composition according to any one of Embodiments 1-9, 11-13 or 15-22, comprising one or more polyphenols at about 1% to about 14% dry weight.

[0139] Embodiment 24 is the composition according to any one of Embodiments 1-23, comprising one or more polyphenols at about 1% to about 12% dry weight.

[0140] Embodiment 25 is the composition according to any one of Embodiments 1-24, comprising one or more polyphenols at about 2% to about 5% dry weight.

[0141] Embodiment 26 is the composition according to any one of Embodiments 1-25, comprising one or more polyphenols at about 5% to about 10% dry weight.

[0142] Embodiment 27 is the composition according to any one of Embodiments 1-26, comprising one or more polyphenols at about 1% to about 3% dry weight.

[0143] Embodiment 28 is the composition according to any one of Embodiments 1-27, which comprises one or more polyphenols at about 1% to about 2% dry weight.

[0144] Embodiment 29 is the composition according to any one of Embodiments 1-2 or 4-28, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises about 5% to about 40% dry weight of arabinose units.

[0145] Embodiment 30 is the composition according to any one of Embodiments 1-29, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises about 5% to about 25% dry weight of arabinose units.

[0146] Embodiment 31 is the composition according to any one of Embodiments 1-30, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises about 5% to about 15% dry weight of arabinose units.

[0147] Embodiment 32 is the composition according to any one of Embodiments 1-30, wherein the arabinoxylan contains from about 10% to about 20% by dry weight of arabinose units.

[0148] Embodiment 33 is the composition according to any one of Embodiments 1-30, wherein the arabinoxylan contains from about 15% to about 25% by dry weight of arabinose units.

[0149] Embodiment 34 is the composition according to any one of Embodiments 1-31, wherein the arabinoxylan contains from about 5% to about 7% by dry weight of arabinose units.

[0150] Embodiment 35 is the composition according to any one of Embodiments 1-30, wherein the arabinoxylan contains from about 18% to about 20% by dry weight of arabinose units.

[0151] Embodiment 36 is the composition according to any one of Embodiments 1-3 or 5-35, wherein the arabinoxylan contains from about 60% to about 85% by dry weight of xylose units.

[0152] Embodiment 37 is the composition according to any one of Embodiments 1-36, wherein the arabinoxylan contains from about 60% to about 70% by dry weight of xylose units.

[0153] Embodiment 38 is the composition according to any one of Embodiments 1-36, wherein the arabinoxylan contains from about 70% to about 80% by dry weight of xylose units.

[0154] Embodiment 39 is the composition according to any one of Embodiments 1-36, wherein the arabinoxylan contains from about 75% to about 85% by dry weight of xylose units.

[0155] Embodiment 40 is the composition according to any one of Embodiments 1-37, wherein the arabinoxylan contains from about 62% to about 66% by dry weight of xylose units.

[0156] Embodiment 41 is the composition according to any one of Embodiments 1-36, wherein the arabinoxylan contains from about 78% to about 82% by dry weight of xylose units.

[0157] Embodiment 42 is the composition according to any one of Embodiments 1-4 or 6-41, wherein the arabinoxylan contains from about 8% to about 15% by dry weight of glucose units.

[0158] Embodiment 43 is the composition according to any one of Embodiments 1-42, wherein the arabinoxylan contains from about 10% to about 15% by dry weight of glucose units.

[0159] Embodiment 44 is the composition according to any one of Embodiments 1-42, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises from about 9% to about 11% by dry weight of glucose units.

[0160] Embodiment 45 is the composition according to any one of Embodiments 1-42, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises from about 12% to about 14% by dry weight of glucose units.

[0161] Embodiment 46 is the composition according to any one of Embodiments 1-5 or 7-45, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises from about 2% to about 6% by dry weight of galactose units.

[0162] Embodiment 47 is the composition according to any one of Embodiments 1-46, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises from about 3% to about 5% by dry weight of galactose units.

[0163] Embodiment 48 is the composition according to any one of Embodiments 1-6 or 8-47, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises less than about 1% by dry weight of mannose units.

[0164] Embodiment 49 is the composition according to any one of Embodiments 1-48, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises less than about 0.5% by dry weight of mannose units.

[0165] Embodiment 50 is the composition according to any one of Embodiments 1-7 or 9-49, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises arabinose units and xylose units, and the molar ratio of the arabinose units to the xylose units is from about 0.05 to about 0.65.

[0166] Embodiment 51 is the composition according to any one of Embodiments 1-50, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises arabinose units and xylose units, and the molar ratio of the arabinose units to the xylose units is from about 0.05 to about 0.35.

[0167] Embodiment 52 is the composition according to any one of Embodiments 1-51, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises arabinose units and xylose units, and the molar ratio of the arabinose units to the xylose units is from about 0.05 to about 0.15.

[0168] Embodiment 53 is the composition according to any one of Embodiments 1-51, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises arabinose units and xylose units, and the molar ratio of the arabinose units to the xylose units is from about 0.15 to about 0.25.

[0169] Embodiment 54 is the composition according to any one of Embodiments 1-51, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises arabinose units and xylose units, and the molar ratio of the arabinose units to the xylose units is from about 0.25 to about 0.35.

[0170] Embodiment 55 is the composition according to any one of Embodiments 1-51, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises arabinose units and xylose units, and the molar ratio of the arabinose units to the xylose units is from about 0.06 to about 0.10.

[0171] Embodiment 56 is the composition according to any one of Embodiments 1-51, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises arabinose units and xylose units, and the molar ratio of the arabinose units to the xylose units is from about 0.28 to about 0.32.

[0172] Embodiment 57 is the composition according to any one of Embodiments 1-8 or 10-56, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises glucose units and xylose units, and the molar ratio of the glucose units to the xylose units is from about 0.10 to about 0.25.

[0173] Embodiment 58 is the composition according to any one of Embodiments 1-57, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises glucose units and xylose units, and the molar ratio of the glucose units to the xylose units is from about 0.15 to about 0.25.

[0174] Embodiment 59 is the composition according to any one of Embodiments 1-57, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises glucose units and xylose units, and the molar ratio of the glucose units to the xylose units is from about 0.10 to about 0.20.

[0175] Embodiment 60 is the composition according to any one of Embodiments 1-57, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises glucose units and xylose units, and the molar ratio of the glucose units to the xylose units is from about 0.11 to about 0.15.

[0176] Embodiment 61 is the composition according to any one of Embodiments 1-57, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises glucose units and xylose units, and the molar ratio of the glucose units to the xylose units is from about 0.18 to about 0.22.

[0177] Embodiment 62 is the composition according to any one of Embodiments 1-61, wherein the composition comprises less than about 1% by dry weight of carbohydrate polymers other than arabinoxylan.

[0178] Embodiment 63 is the composition according to any one of Embodiments 1-62, wherein the composition comprises less than about 0.5% by dry weight of a carbohydrate polymer other than arabinoxylan.

[0179] Embodiment 64 is the composition according to any one of Embodiments 1-63, wherein the composition comprises about 0.5% to about 5% by dry weight of protein.

[0180] Embodiment 65 is the composition according to any one of Embodiments 1-64, wherein the composition comprises about 1% to about 4% by dry weight of protein.

[0181] Embodiment 66 is the composition according to any one of Embodiments 1-64, wherein the composition comprises about 0.8% to about 1.2% by dry weight of protein.

[0182] Embodiment 67 is the composition according to any one of Embodiments 1-65, wherein the composition comprises about 3.6% to about 4% by dry weight of protein.

[0183] Embodiment 68 is the composition according to any one of Embodiments 1-67, wherein the composition comprises about 0.5% to about 6% by dry weight of ash.

[0184] Embodiment 69 is the composition according to any one of Embodiments 1-68, wherein the composition comprises about 1% to about 5% by dry weight of ash.

[0185] Embodiment 70 is the composition according to any one of Embodiments 1-69, wherein the composition comprises about 1% to about 3% by dry weight of ash.

[0186] Embodiment 71 is the composition according to any one of Embodiments 1-68, wherein the composition comprises about 0.8% to about 1.2% by dry weight of ash.

[0187] Embodiment 72 is the composition according to any one of Embodiments 1-68, wherein the composition comprises about 4.5% to about 4.9% by dry weight of ash.

[0188] Embodiment 73 is the composition according to any one of Embodiments 3-72, wherein the arabinoxylan has a molecular weight (M w ) of about 3100 - 8400 Da.

[0189] Embodiment 74 is the composition according to any one of Embodiments 1 or 3-73, wherein the arabinoxylan has a molecular weight of at least 4800 Da.

[0190] Embodiment 75 is the composition according to any one of Embodiments 1-74, wherein the composition has a molecular weight (M w ) of about 5500-6000 Da.

[0191] Embodiment 76 is the composition according to any one of Embodiments 1-75, wherein the composition has a molecular weight (M w ) of about 5500-5700 Da.

[0192] Embodiment 77 is the composition according to any one of Embodiments 1-76, wherein the composition has a molecular weight (M w ) of about 5600-5800 Da.

[0193] Embodiment 78 is the composition according to any one of Embodiments 1-77, wherein the composition has a molecular weight (M n ) of about 3000-3500 Da.

[0194] Embodiment 79 is the composition according to any one of Embodiments 1-78, wherein the composition has a molecular weight (M n ) of about 3200-3400 Da.

[0195] Embodiment 80 is the composition according to any one of Embodiments 10-12 or 14-79, wherein the one or more polyphenols comprise units selected from the group consisting of ferulic acid, gallic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, coumaric acid, syringic acid, sinapic acid, rosmarinic acid, vanillin, and combinations thereof.

[0196] Embodiment 81 is the composition according to any one of Embodiments 10-12 or 14-80, wherein the composition comprises about 0.001% to about 0.005% dry weight of ferulic acid units.

[0197] Embodiment 82 is the composition according to any one of Embodiments 10-12 or 14-81, wherein the composition comprises about 0.001% to about 0.003% dry weight of ferulic acid units.

[0198] Embodiment 83 is the composition according to any one of Embodiments 10-12 or 14-82, wherein the composition comprises about 0.01% to about 0.05% dry weight of gallic acid units.

[0199] Embodiment 84 is the composition according to any one of Embodiments 10-12 or 14-83, wherein the composition comprises about 0.01% to about 0.03% dry weight of gallic acid units.

[0200] Embodiment 85 is the composition according to any one of Embodiments 10-12 or 14-84, wherein the composition comprises from about 1% to about 2% by dry weight of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid units.

[0201] Embodiment 86 is the composition according to any one of Embodiments 10-12 or 14-85, wherein the composition comprises from about 1.0% to about 1.5% by dry weight of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid units.

[0202] Embodiment 87 is the composition according to any one of Embodiments 10-12 or 14-86, wherein the composition comprises from about 0.01% to about 0.05% by dry weight of coumaric acid units.

[0203] Embodiment 88 is the composition according to any one of Embodiments 10-12 or 14-87, wherein the composition comprises from about 0.01% to about 0.03% by dry weight of coumaric acid units.

[0204] Embodiment 89 is the composition according to any one of Embodiments 10-12 or 14-88, wherein the composition comprises from about 0.05% to about 0.1% by dry weight of syringic acid units.

[0205] Embodiment 90 is the composition according to any one of Embodiments 10-12 or 14-89, wherein the composition comprises from about 0.05% to about 0.07% by dry weight of syringic acid units.

[0206] Embodiment 91 is the composition according to any one of Embodiments 10-12 or 14-90, wherein the composition comprises from about 0.1% to about 0.5% by dry weight of sinapic acid units.

[0207] Embodiment 92 is the composition according to any one of Embodiments 10-12 or 14-91, wherein the composition comprises from about 0.3% to about 0.5% by dry weight of sinapic acid units.

[0208] Embodiment 93 is the composition according to any one of Embodiments 10-12 or 14-92, wherein the composition comprises from about 0.05% to about 0.3% by dry weight of rosmarinic acid units.

[0209] Embodiment 94 is the composition according to any one of Embodiments 10-12 or 14-93, wherein the composition comprises from about 0.1% to about 0.2% by dry weight of rosmarinic acid units.

[0210] Embodiment 95 is the composition according to any one of Embodiments 10-12 or 14-94, wherein the composition comprises from about 0.001% to about 0.01% by dry weight of vanillin units.

[0211] Embodiment 96 is the composition according to any one of Embodiments 10-12 or 14-95, wherein the composition comprises from about 0.004% to about 0.006% by dry weight of vanillin units.

[0212] Embodiment 97 is the composition according to any one of Embodiments 1-96, wherein the composition is light brown.

[0213] Embodiment 98 is the composition according to any one of Embodiments 1-97, wherein the composition has an antioxidant level of from about 25,000 to about 50,000 μmol TE / 100 g.

[0214] Embodiment 99 is the composition according to any one of Embodiments 1-98, wherein the composition has an antioxidant level of from about 25,000 to about 35,000 μmol TE / 100 g.

[0215] Embodiment 100 is the composition according to any one of Embodiments 1-99, wherein the composition comprises epigallocatechin gallate.

[0216] Embodiment 101 is a composition comprising:

[0217] from about 88% to about 90% by dry weight of arabinoxylan, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises:

[0218] from about 5% to about 7% by dry weight of arabinose units;

[0219] from about 78% to about 82% by dry weight of xylose units;

[0220] from about 9% to about 11% by dry weight of glucose units;

[0221] from about 3% to about 4% by dry weight of galactose units;

[0222] from about 4% to about 6% of a carbohydrate polymer, sugar monomer, protein, ash, or combination thereof that is not arabinoxylan; and

[0223] from about 3% to about 11% by dry weight of one or more polyphenols,

[0224] wherein the molecular weight (M w ) of the composition is from about 5,400 to about 5,800 Da.

[0225] Embodiment 102 is a composition comprising:

[0226] from about 90% to about 94% by dry weight of arabinoxylan, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises:

[0227] from about 17% to about 21% by dry weight of arabinose units;

[0228] Xylose units of about 62% to about 66% dry weight;

[0229] Glucose units of about 12% to about 14% dry weight;

[0230] Galactose units of about 3% to about 4% dry weight;

[0231] Carbohydrate polymers, sugar monomers, proteins, ash, or combinations thereof that are not arabinoxylan of about 8% to about 11%; and

[0232] One or more polyphenols of about 1% to about 3% dry weight,

[0233] wherein the molecular weight (M w ) of the composition is about 5600 to about 6000 Da.

[0234] Embodiment 103 is the composition according to any one of Embodiments 101 - 102, wherein the molecular weight (M n ) of the composition is about 3100 to about 3500 Da.

[0235] Embodiment 104 is the composition according to any one of Embodiments 101 - 103, wherein the composition comprises ferulic acid units of about 0.001% to about 0.003% dry weight.

[0236] Embodiment 105 is the composition according to any one of Embodiments 101 - 104, wherein the composition comprises gallic acid units of about 0.01% to about 0.02% dry weight.

[0237] Embodiment 106 is the composition according to any one of Embodiments 101 - 105, wherein the composition comprises 4 - hydroxybenzoic acid units of about 1.0% to about 1.5% dry weight.

[0238] Embodiment 107 is the composition according to any one of Embodiments 101 - 106, wherein the composition comprises coumaric acid units of about 0.01% to about 0.02% dry weight.

[0239] Embodiment 108 is the composition according to any one of Embodiments 101 - 107, wherein the composition comprises syringic acid units of about 0.05% to about 0.07% dry weight.

[0240] Embodiment 109 is the composition according to any one of Embodiments 101 - 108, wherein the composition comprises sinapic acid units of about 0.3% to about 0.5% dry weight.

[0241] Embodiment 110 is the composition according to any one of Embodiments 101-109, wherein the composition comprises rosmarinic acid units in an amount of about 0.1% to about 0.2% by dry weight.

[0242] Embodiment 111 is the composition according to any one of Embodiments 101-110, wherein the composition comprises vanillin units in an amount of about 0.004% to about 0.006% by dry weight.

[0243] Embodiment 112 is the composition according to any one of Embodiments 101-111, wherein the composition has an antioxidant level of about 27000 to about 31000 μmol TE / 100g.

[0244] Embodiment 113 is the composition according to any one of Embodiments 101-112, wherein the composition comprises (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate.

[0245] Embodiment 114 is a food product comprising the composition according to any one of Embodiments 1-113.

[0246] Embodiment 115 is a dietary supplement comprising the composition according to any one of Embodiments 1-113.

[0247] Embodiment 116 is a pharmaceutical composition comprising the composition according to any one of Embodiments 1-113.

[0248] Embodiment 117 is the food product according to Embodiment 114, the dietary supplement according to Embodiment 115, or the pharmaceutical composition according to Embodiment 116, wherein the composition according to any one of Embodiments 1-113 is present in an amount of at least 7 g per serving.

[0249] Embodiment 118 is the food product according to Embodiment 114, the dietary supplement according to Embodiment 115, or the pharmaceutical composition according to Embodiment 116, wherein the composition according to any one of Embodiments 1-113 is present in an amount of at least 10 g per serving.

[0250] Embodiment 119 is the food product according to Embodiment 114, the dietary supplement according to Embodiment 115, or the pharmaceutical composition according to Embodiment 116, wherein the composition according to any one of Embodiments 1-113 is present in an amount of at least 12 g per serving.

[0251] Embodiment 120 is the food product according to Embodiment 114, the dietary supplement according to Embodiment 115, or the pharmaceutical composition according to Embodiment 116, wherein the composition according to any one of Embodiments 1-113 is present in an amount of at least 14 g per serving.

[0252] Embodiment 121 is the use of the composition according to any one of Embodiments 1-113 in food.

[0253] Embodiment 122 is the use of the composition according to any one of Embodiments 1-113 in a dietary supplement.

[0254] Embodiment 123 is the use of the composition according to any one of Embodiments 1-113 in a pharmaceutical composition.

[0255] Embodiment 124 is the use according to any one of Embodiments 121-123, wherein the composition according to any one of Embodiments 1-113 is present in an amount of at least 7 g per serving.

[0256] Embodiment 125 is the use according to any one of Embodiments 121-123, wherein the composition according to any one of Embodiments 1-113 is present in an amount of at least 10 g per serving.

[0257] Embodiment 126 is the use according to any one of Embodiments 121-123, wherein the composition according to any one of Embodiments 1-113 is present in an amount of at least 12 g per serving.

[0258] Embodiment 127 is the use according to any one of Embodiments 121-123, wherein the composition according to any one of Embodiments 1-113 is present in an amount of at least 14 g per serving.

[0259] Embodiment 128 is a method for preparing a composition, comprising:

[0260] providing lignocellulosic biomass;

[0261] combining the lignocellulosic biomass with water;

[0262] activating the lignocellulosic biomass and water using conditions including a first temperature and a first pressure to form a first activated cellulose stream;

[0263] washing the first activated cellulose stream to form a washed first activated cellulose stream and a first soluble extract, wherein the first soluble extract contains arabinoxylan; and

[0264] processing the first soluble extract to form a composition.

[0265] Embodiment 129 is the method according to Embodiment 128, wherein the first temperature is from about 190 °C to about 225 °C.

[0266] Embodiment 130 is the method according to Embodiment 128 or Embodiment 129, wherein the first pressure is from about 200 to about 500 psig.

[0267] Embodiment 131 is the method according to any one of Embodiments 128 - 130, wherein the activation step has a duration of about 1 to about 30 minutes.

[0268] Embodiment 132 is the method according to any one of Embodiments 128 - 131, wherein the washing includes washing with water at a temperature of about 40°C and about 100°C.

[0269] Embodiment 133 is the method according to any one of Embodiments 128 - 132, wherein the processing includes one or more of treatment with carbon, nanofiltration, or a combination thereof.

[0270] Embodiment 134 is the method according to Embodiment 133, wherein the treatment with carbon is treatment with activated carbon.

[0271] Embodiment 135 is the method according to Embodiment 133 or Embodiment 134, wherein the treatment with carbon includes using an amount of carbon that is about 0.05% to about 0.15% dry weight of the arabinoxylan in the first soluble extract.

[0272] Embodiment 136 is the method according to any one of Embodiments 128 - 135, wherein the processing includes sequential treatment with carbon and nanofiltration to form a composition.

[0273] Embodiment 137 is the method according to any one of Embodiments 133 - 136, wherein the nanofiltration includes filtration using a pore size of about 0.01 to about 10 nm.

[0274] Embodiment 138 is the method according to Embodiment 137, wherein the nanofiltration includes filtration using a pore size of about 0.04 to about 0.05 nm.

[0275] Embodiment 139 is the method according to Embodiment 137, wherein the nanofiltration includes filtration using a pore size of about 1 to about 10 nm.

[0276] Embodiment 140 is the method according to any one of Embodiments 137 - 139, wherein the processing does not include treatment with carbon.

[0277] Embodiment 141 is the method according to any one of Embodiments 128 - 140, further comprising adding arabinoxylan of reduced quality to the first soluble extract before processing.

[0278] Embodiment 142 is the method according to any one of Embodiments 128 - 141, further comprising drying the composition.

[0279] Embodiment 143 is the method according to any one of Embodiments 128 - 142, wherein the composition comprises:

[0280] from about 80% to about 99% dry weight of arabinoxylan,

[0281] wherein the arabinoxylan has a molecular weight (M w ) of from about 3100 Da to about 8400 Da.

[0282] Embodiment 144 is the method according to any one of Embodiments 128 - 142, wherein the composition comprises:

[0283] from about 80% to about 99% dry weight of arabinoxylan,

[0284] wherein the arabinoxylan has a molecular weight (M w ) of at least about 4800 Da.

[0285] Embodiment 145 is the method according to any one of Embodiments 128 - 142, wherein the composition comprises:

[0286] from about 80% to about 99% dry weight of arabinoxylan,

[0287] wherein the arabinoxylan comprises from about 5% to about 25% dry weight of arabinose units.

[0288] Embodiment 146 is the method according to any one of Embodiments 128 - 142, wherein the composition comprises:

[0289] from about 80% to about 99% dry weight of arabinoxylan,

[0290] wherein the arabinoxylan comprises from about 60% to about 85% dry weight of xylose units.

[0291] Embodiment 147 is the method according to any one of Embodiments 128 - 142, wherein the composition comprises:

[0292] from about 80% to about 99% dry weight of arabinoxylan,

[0293] wherein the arabinoxylan comprises from about 12% to about 14% dry weight of glucose units.

[0294] Embodiment 148 is the method according to any one of Embodiments 128 - 142, wherein the composition comprises:

[0295] from about 80% to about 99% dry weight of arabinoxylan,

[0296] wherein the arabinoxylan comprises from about 2% to about 6% dry weight of galactose units.

[0297] Embodiment 149 is the method according to any one of embodiments 128-142, wherein the composition comprises:

[0298] about 80% to about 99% by dry weight of arabinoxylan,

[0299] wherein the arabinoxylan comprises less than about 1% by dry weight of mannose units.

[0300] Embodiment 150 is the method according to any one of embodiments 128-142, wherein the composition comprises:

[0301] about 80% to about 99% by dry weight of arabinoxylan,

[0302] wherein the arabinoxylan comprises arabinose units and xylose units, and the molar ratio of arabinose units to xylose units is about 0.05 to about 0.65.

[0303] Embodiment 151 is the method according to any one of embodiments 128-142, wherein the composition comprises:

[0304] about 80% to about 99% by dry weight of arabinoxylan,

[0305] wherein the arabinoxylan comprises glucose units and xylose units, and the molar ratio of glucose units to xylose units is about 0.10 to about 0.25.

[0306] Embodiment 152 is the method according to any one of embodiments 128-142, wherein the composition comprises:

[0307] about 80% to about 99% by dry weight of arabinoxylan; and

[0308] about 1% to about 14% by dry weight of one or more polyphenols.

[0309] Embodiment 153 is the method according to any one of embodiments 143-152, wherein the composition comprises about 88% to about 99% by dry weight of arabinoxylan.

[0310] Embodiment 154 is the method according to any one of embodiments 143-152, wherein the composition comprises about 90% to about 99% by dry weight of arabinoxylan.

[0311] Embodiment 155 is the method according to any one of embodiments 128-152, wherein the composition comprises:

[0312] about 80% to about 96% by dry weight of arabinoxylan; and

[0313] Carbohydrate polymers, sugar monomers, proteins, and ash other than arabinoxylan at about 4% to about 20% dry weight.

[0314] Embodiment 156 is the method according to any one of Embodiments 128 - 155, wherein the composition comprises:

[0315] About 80% to about 95% dry weight of arabinoxylan;

[0316] Carbohydrate polymers, sugar monomers, proteins, ash, or a combination thereof other than arabinoxylan at about 4% to about 20% dry weight; and

[0317] One or more polyphenols at about 1% to about 14% dry weight.

[0318] Embodiment 157 is the method according to any one of Embodiments 143 - 156, wherein the composition comprises about 88% to about 90% dry weight of arabinoxylan.

[0319] Embodiment 158 is the method according to any one of Embodiments 143 - 157, wherein the composition comprises about 90% to about 95% dry weight of arabinoxylan.

[0320] Embodiment 159 is the method according to any one of Embodiments 143 - 158, wherein the composition comprises about 91% to about 93% dry weight of arabinoxylan.

[0321] Embodiment 160 is the method according to any one of Embodiments 143 - 154 or 156 - 159, wherein the composition comprises carbohydrate polymers, sugar monomers, proteins, ash, or a combination thereof other than arabinoxylan at about 4% to about 20% dry weight.

[0322] Embodiment 161 is the method according to any one of Embodiments 143 - 160, wherein the composition comprises carbohydrate polymers, sugar monomers, proteins, ash, or a combination thereof other than arabinoxylan at about 4% to about 12% dry weight.

[0323] Embodiment 162 is the method according to any one of Embodiments 143 - 161, wherein the composition comprises carbohydrate polymers, sugar monomers, proteins, ash, or a combination thereof other than arabinoxylan at about 6% to about 10% dry weight.

[0324] Embodiment 163 is the method according to any one of Embodiments 143 - 162, wherein the composition comprises carbohydrate polymers, sugar monomers, proteins, ash, or a combination thereof other than arabinoxylan at about 5% to about 7% dry weight.

[0325] Embodiment 164 is the method according to any one of Embodiments 143-162, wherein the composition comprises a carbohydrate polymer, sugar monomer, protein, ash, or a combination thereof other than arabinoxylan at about 8% to about 10% dry weight.

[0326] Embodiment 165 is the method according to any one of Embodiments 143-151, 153-155, or 157-164, wherein the composition comprises one or more polyphenols at about 1% to about 14% dry weight.

[0327] Embodiment 166 is the method according to any one of Embodiments 143-165, wherein the composition comprises one or more polyphenols at about 1% to about 12% dry weight.

[0328] Embodiment 167 is the method according to any one of Embodiments 143-166, wherein the composition comprises one or more polyphenols at about 2% to about 5% dry weight.

[0329] Embodiment 168 is the method according to any one of Embodiments 143-167, wherein the composition comprises one or more polyphenols at about 5% to about 10% dry weight.

[0330] Embodiment 169 is the method according to any one of Embodiments 143-168, wherein the composition comprises one or more polyphenols at about 1% to about 3% dry weight.

[0331] Embodiment 170 is the method according to any one of Embodiments 143-169, wherein the composition comprises one or more polyphenols at about 1% to about 2% dry weight.

[0332] Embodiment 171 is the method according to any one of Embodiments 143-144 or 146-170, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises arabinose units at about 5% to about 40% dry weight.

[0333] Embodiment 172 is the method according to any one of Embodiments 143-171, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises arabinose units at about 5% to about 25% dry weight.

[0334] Embodiment 173 is the method according to any one of Embodiments 143-171, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises arabinose units at about 5% to about 15% dry weight.

[0335] Embodiment 174 is the method according to any one of Embodiments 143-171, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises arabinose units at about 10% to about 20% dry weight.

[0336] Embodiment 175 is the method according to any one of embodiments 143 - 171, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises from about 15% to about 25% by dry weight of arabinose units.

[0337] Embodiment 176 is the method according to any one of embodiments 143 - 172, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises from about 5% to about 7% by dry weight of arabinose units.

[0338] Embodiment 177 is the method according to any one of embodiments 143 - 171, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises from about 18% to about 20% by dry weight of arabinose units.

[0339] Embodiment 178 is the method according to any one of embodiments 143 - 145 or 147 - 177, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises from about 60% to about 85% by dry weight of xylose units.

[0340] Embodiment 179 is the method according to any one of embodiments 143 - 178, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises from about 60% to about 70% by dry weight of xylose units.

[0341] Embodiment 180 is the method according to any one of embodiments 143 - 178, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises from about 70% to about 80% by dry weight of xylose units.

[0342] Embodiment 181 is the method according to any one of embodiments 143 - 178, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises from about 75% to about 85% by dry weight of xylose units.

[0343] Embodiment 182 is the method according to any one of embodiments 143 - 178, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises from about 62% to about 66% by dry weight of xylose units.

[0344] Embodiment 183 is the method according to any one of embodiments 143 - 178, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises from about 78% to about 82% by dry weight of xylose units.

[0345] Embodiment 184 is the method according to any one of embodiments 143 - 146 or 148 - 183, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises from about 8% to about 15% by dry weight of glucose units.

[0346] Embodiment 185 is the method according to any one of embodiments 143 - 184, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises from about 10% to about 15% by dry weight of glucose units.

[0347] Embodiment 186 is the method according to any one of Embodiments 143 - 184, wherein the arabinoxylan contains about 9% to about 11% by dry weight of glucose units.

[0348] Embodiment 187 is the method according to any one of Embodiments 143 - 184, wherein the arabinoxylan contains about 12% to about 14% by dry weight of glucose units.

[0349] Embodiment 188 is the method according to any one of Embodiments 143 - 147 or 149 - 187, wherein the arabinoxylan contains about 2% to about 6% by dry weight of galactose units.

[0350] Embodiment 189 is the method according to any one of Embodiments 143 - 188, wherein the arabinoxylan contains about 3% to about 5% by dry weight of galactose units.

[0351] Embodiment 190 is the method according to any one of Embodiments 143 - 148 or 150 - 189, wherein the arabinoxylan contains less than about 1% by dry weight of mannose units.

[0352] Embodiment 191 is the method according to any one of Embodiments 143 - 190, wherein the arabinoxylan contains less than about 0.5% by dry weight of mannose units.

[0353] Embodiment 192 is the method according to any one of Embodiments 143 - 149 or 151 - 191, wherein the arabinoxylan contains arabinose units and xylose units, and the molar ratio of the arabinose units to the xylose units is about 0.05 to about 0.65.

[0354] Embodiment 193 is the method according to any one of Embodiments 143 - 192, wherein the arabinoxylan contains arabinose units and xylose units, and the molar ratio of the arabinose units to the xylose units is about 0.05 to about 0.35.

[0355] Embodiment 194 is the method according to any one of Embodiments 143 - 193, wherein the arabinoxylan contains arabinose units and xylose units, and the molar ratio of the arabinose units to the xylose units is about 0.05 to about 0.15.

[0356] Embodiment 195 is the method according to any one of Embodiments 143 - 193, wherein the arabinoxylan contains arabinose units and xylose units, and the molar ratio of the arabinose units to the xylose units is about 0.15 to about 0.25.

[0357] Embodiment 196 is the method according to any one of Embodiments 143 - 193, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises arabinose units and xylose units, and the molar ratio of the arabinose units to the xylose units is from about 0.25 to about 0.35.

[0358] Embodiment 197 is the method according to any one of Embodiments 143 - 194, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises arabinose units and xylose units, and the molar ratio of the arabinose units to the xylose units is from about 0.06 to about 0.10.

[0359] Embodiment 198 is the method according to any one of Embodiments 143 - 193, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises arabinose units and xylose units, and the molar ratio of the arabinose units to the xylose units is from about 0.28 to about 0.32.

[0360] Embodiment 199 is the method according to any one of Embodiments 143 - 150 or 152 - 198, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises glucose units and xylose units, and the molar ratio of the glucose units to the xylose units is from about 0.10 to about 0.25.

[0361] Embodiment 200 is the method according to any one of Embodiments 143 - 199, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises glucose units and xylose units, and the molar ratio of the glucose units to the xylose units is from about 0.15 to about 0.25.

[0362] Embodiment 201 is the method according to any one of Embodiments 143 - 200, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises glucose units and xylose units, and the molar ratio of the glucose units to the xylose units is from about 0.10 to about 0.20.

[0363] Embodiment 202 is the method according to any one of Embodiments 143 - 200, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises glucose units and xylose units, and the molar ratio of the glucose units to the xylose units is from about 0.11 to about 0.15.

[0364] Embodiment 203 is the method according to any one of Embodiments 143 - 200, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises glucose units and xylose units, and the molar ratio of the glucose units to the xylose units is from about 0.18 to about 0.22.

[0365] Embodiment 204 is the method according to any one of Embodiments 143 - 203, wherein the composition comprises less than about 1% by dry weight of carbohydrate polymers other than arabinoxylan.

[0366] Embodiment 205 is the method according to any one of embodiments 143-204, wherein the composition comprises less than about 0.5% by dry weight of carbohydrate polymers other than arabinoxylan.

[0367] Embodiment 206 is the method according to any one of embodiments 143-205, wherein the composition comprises about 0.5% to about 5% by dry weight of protein.

[0368] Embodiment 207 is the method according to any one of embodiments 143-206, wherein the composition comprises about 1% to about 4% by dry weight of protein.

[0369] Embodiment 208 is the method according to any one of embodiments 143-206, wherein the composition comprises about 0.8% to about 1.2% by dry weight of protein.

[0370] Embodiment 209 is the method according to any one of embodiments 143-207, wherein the composition comprises about 3.6% to about 4% by dry weight of protein.

[0371] Embodiment 210 is the method according to any one of embodiments 143-209, wherein the composition comprises about 0.5% to about 6% by dry weight of ash.

[0372] Embodiment 211 is the method according to any one of embodiments 143-210, wherein the composition comprises about 1% to about 5% by dry weight of ash.

[0373] Embodiment 212 is the method according to any one of embodiments 143-211, wherein the composition comprises about 1% to about 3% by dry weight of ash.

[0374] Embodiment 213 is the method according to any one of embodiments 143-210, wherein the composition comprises about 0.8% to about 1.2% by dry weight of ash.

[0375] Embodiment 214 is the method according to any one of embodiments 143-210, wherein the composition comprises about 4.5% to about 4.9% by dry weight of ash.

[0376] Embodiment 215 is the method according to any one of embodiments 135-214, wherein the arabinoxylan has a molecular weight (M w ) of about 3100 - 8400 Da.

[0377] Embodiment 216 is the composition according to any one of embodiments 143 or 145-215, wherein the arabinoxylan has a molecular weight of at least 4800 Da.

[0378] Embodiment 217 is the method according to any one of embodiments 143-216, wherein the composition has a molecular weight (M w ) of about 5500-6000 Da.

[0379] Embodiment 218 is the method according to any one of embodiments 143-217, wherein the composition has a molecular weight (M w ) of about 5500-5700 Da.

[0380] Embodiment 219 is the method according to any one of embodiments 143-218, wherein the composition has a molecular weight (M w ) of about 5600-5800 Da.

[0381] Embodiment 220 is the method according to any one of embodiments 143-219, wherein the composition has a molecular weight (M n ) of about 3000-3500 Da.

[0382] Embodiment 221 is the method according to any one of embodiments 143-220, wherein the composition has a molecular weight (M n ) of about 3200-3400 Da.

[0383] Embodiment 222 is the method according to any one of embodiments 152-154 or 156-221, wherein the one or more polyphenols comprise units selected from the group consisting of ferulic acid, gallic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, coumaric acid, syringic acid, sinapic acid, rosmarinic acid, vanillin, and combinations thereof.

[0384] Embodiment 223 is the method according to any one of embodiments 152-154 or 156-22, wherein the composition comprises from about 0.001% to about 0.005% dry weight of ferulic acid units.

[0385] Embodiment 224 is the method according to any one of embodiments 152-154 or 156-223, wherein the composition comprises from about 0.001% to about 0.003% dry weight of ferulic acid units.

[0386] Embodiment 225 is the method according to any one of embodiments 152-154 or 156-224, wherein the composition comprises from about 0.01% to about 0.05% dry weight of gallic acid units.

[0387] Embodiment 226 is the method according to any one of embodiments 152-154 or 156-225, wherein the composition comprises from about 0.01% to about 0.03% dry weight of gallic acid units.

[0388] Embodiment 227 is the method according to any one of Embodiments 152 - 154 or 156 - 226, wherein the composition comprises from about 1% to about 2% by dry weight of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid units.

[0389] Embodiment 228 is the method according to any one of Embodiments 152 - 154 or 156 - 227, wherein the composition comprises from about 1.0% to about 1.5% by dry weight of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid units.

[0390] Embodiment 229 is the method according to any one of Embodiments 152 - 154 or 156 - 228, wherein the composition comprises from about 0.01% to about 0.05% by dry weight of coumaric acid units.

[0391] Embodiment 230 is the method according to any one of Embodiments 152 - 154 or 156 - 229, wherein the composition comprises from about 0.01% to about 0.03% by dry weight of coumaric acid units.

[0392] Embodiment 231 is the method according to any one of Embodiments 152 - 154 or 156 - 230, wherein the composition comprises from about 0.05% to about 0.1% by dry weight of syringic acid units.

[0393] Embodiment 232 is the method according to any one of Embodiments 152 - 154 or 156 - 231, wherein the composition comprises from about 0.05% to about 0.07% by dry weight of syringic acid units.

[0394] Embodiment 233 is the method according to any one of Embodiments 152 - 154 or 156 - 232, wherein the composition comprises from about 0.1% to about 0.5% by dry weight of sinapic acid units.

[0395] Embodiment 234 is the method according to any one of Embodiments 152 - 154 or 156 - 233, wherein the composition comprises from about 0.3% to about 0.5% by dry weight of sinapic acid units.

[0396] Embodiment 235 is the method according to any one of Embodiments 152 - 154 or 156 - 234, wherein the composition comprises from about 0.05% to about 0.3% by dry weight of rosmarinic acid units.

[0397] Embodiment 236 is the method according to any one of Embodiments 152 - 154 or 156 - 235, wherein the composition comprises from about 0.1% to about 0.2% by dry weight of rosmarinic acid units.

[0398] Embodiment 237 is the method according to any one of Embodiments 152 - 154 or 156 - 236, wherein the composition comprises from about 0.001% to about 0.01% by dry weight of vanillin units.

[0399] Embodiment 238 is the method according to any one of Embodiments 152 - 154 or 156 - 237, wherein the composition comprises from about 0.004% to about 0.006% by dry weight of vanillin units.

[0400] Embodiment 239 is the method according to any one of Embodiments 143 - 238, wherein the composition is light brown.

[0401] Embodiment 240 is the method according to any one of Embodiments 143 - 239, wherein the composition has an antioxidant level of from about 25,000 to about 50,000 μmol TE / 100 g.

[0402] Embodiment 241 is the method according to any one of Embodiments 143 - 240, wherein the composition has an antioxidant level of from about 25,000 to about 35,000 μmol TE / 100 g.

[0403] Embodiment 242 is the method according to any one of Embodiments 143 - 241, wherein the composition comprises epigallocatechin gallate.

[0404] Embodiment 243 is a composition prepared by the method according to any one of Embodiments 128 - 242.

[0405] Embodiment 244 is a food comprising a composition prepared by the method according to any one of Embodiments 128 - 242.

[0406] Embodiment 245 is a dietary supplement comprising a composition prepared by the method according to any one of Embodiments 128 - 242.

[0407] Embodiment 246 is a pharmaceutical composition comprising a composition prepared by the method according to any one of Embodiments 128 - 242.

[0408] Embodiment 247 is the food according to Embodiment 243, the dietary supplement according to Embodiment 244, or the pharmaceutical composition according to Embodiment 245, wherein the composition prepared by the method according to any one of Embodiments 128 - 242 is present in an amount of at least 7 g per serving.

[0409] Embodiment 248 is a food as described in Embodiment 243, a dietary supplement as described in Embodiment 244, or a pharmaceutical composition as described in Embodiment 245, wherein the composition prepared by the method according to any one of Embodiments 128 - 242 is present in an amount of at least 10 g per serving.

[0410] Embodiment 249 is a food as described in Embodiment 243, a dietary supplement as described in Embodiment 244, or a pharmaceutical composition as described in Embodiment 245, wherein the composition prepared by the method according to any one of Embodiments 128 - 242 is present in an amount of at least 12 g per serving.

[0411] Embodiment 250 is a food as described in Embodiment 243, a dietary supplement as described in Embodiment 244, or a pharmaceutical composition as described in Embodiment 245, wherein the composition prepared by the method according to any one of Embodiments 128 - 242 is present in an amount of at least 14 g per serving.

[0412] Embodiment 251 is the use of a composition prepared by the method according to any one of Embodiments 128 - 242 in a food.

[0413] Embodiment 252 is the use of a composition prepared by the method according to any one of Embodiments 128 - 242 in a pharmaceutical composition.

[0414] Embodiment 253 is the use of a composition prepared by the method according to any one of Embodiments 128 - 242 in a dietary supplement.

[0415] Embodiment 255 is the use according to any one of Embodiments 251 - 253, wherein the composition prepared by the method according to any one of Embodiments 128 - 242 is present in an amount of at least 7 g per serving.

[0416] Embodiment 256 is the use according to any one of Embodiments 251 - 253, wherein the composition prepared by the method according to any one of Embodiments 128 - 242 is present in an amount of at least 10 g per serving.

[0417] Embodiment 257 is the use according to any one of Embodiments 251 - 253, wherein the composition prepared by the method according to any one of Embodiments 128 - 242 is present in an amount of at least 12 g per serving.

[0418] Embodiment 258 is the use according to any one of Embodiments 251 - 253, wherein the composition prepared by the method according to any one of Embodiments 128 - 242 is present in an amount of at least 14 g per serving.

[0419] Examples

[0420] Example 1

[0421] Treat wheat straw with steam at a given temperature for a given time (activation step; see, for example, U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2018 / 0119188, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety), to dissolve the crude arabinoxylan in water.

[0422] Extract the material with water and remove the liquid unprocessed arabinoxylan by vacuum filtration to form a first soluble extract.

[0423] Treat the first soluble extract with a minimal amount of carbon (0.1% w / w) to remove compounds that may contaminate downstream membranes (e.g., soluble lignin and proteins), but minimize the loss of AX yield by avoiding adsorption of AX (with attached polyphenol groups) onto the carbon.

[0424] Then treat the resulting arabinoxylan with nanofiltration to remove degradation compounds and impurities, such as salts and plant-based inorganic substances. Select the membrane size to maintain the AX yield (e.g., minimize the amount of AX filtered out with the impurities). This step also removes water and concentrates the AX before evaporation into syrup or drying into powder.

[0425] Then evaporate the relatively pure AX (e.g., greater than about 90%) that includes polyphenols and color into a concentrated syrup or dry it into a powder.

[0426] Example 2

[0427] Table 1 shows exemplary arabinoxylan compositions prepared by the method of Example 1. The exemplary compositions have an antioxidant level of about 29000 μmol TE / 100 g.

[0428] Table 1

[0429]

[0430] #: Not determined

[0431] Example 3

[0432] In the pre - activation step, wheat straw is treated with steam at a pressure of about 10 psi to about 20 psi (e.g., about 15 psi) and a temperature of about 110 °C to about 150 °C (e.g., about 130 °C) for about 5 minutes to about 30 minutes (e.g., about 15 minutes). The steam - to - wheat - straw ratio is about 0.1 to about 1.0 (e.g., about 0.1 to about 0.8, about 0.1 to about 0.5, about 0.1 to about 0.3, about 0.3 to about 1, about 0.5 to about 1, about 0.8 to about 1, about 0.3 to about 0.5, about 0.3 to about 0.8, or about 0.5 to about 0.8). Then the straw is treated with steam at a pressure of about 300 psi to about 350 psi (e.g., about 305 to about 335 psi) and a temperature of about 200 °C to about 240 °C (e.g., about 222 °C) for about 5 minutes to about 20 minutes (e.g., about 10 minutes). The steam - to - wheat - straw ratio is about 0.1 to about 2.0 (e.g., about 0.1 to about 1.5, about 0.1 to about 1.0, about 0.1 to about 0.5, about 0.5 to about 2.0, about 1.0 to about 2.0, about 1.5 to about 2.0, about 0.5 to about 1.5, about 0.5 to about 1.0, or about 1.0 to about 1.5).

[0433] The material is extracted with water at a temperature of about 25 °C to about 95 °C (e.g., about 25 °C to about 75 °C, about 25 °C to about 50 °C, about 50 °C to about 95 °C, about 75 °C to about 95 °C, about 25 °C to about 50 °C, or about 25 °C to about 75 °C), and the arabinoxylan solution is removed by vacuum filtration.

[0434] Example 4

[0435] The raw arabinoxylan (e.g., the raw arabinoxylan of Example 3) is treated with about 0.05% to about 0.15% (e.g., 0.1% w / w) activated carbon to remove compounds (e.g., soluble lignin and proteins) that may contaminate the downstream membrane, but minimizing the loss of AX yield by avoiding the adsorption of AX (with attached polyphenol groups) on the carbon.

[0436] Then the resulting composition is treated by nanofiltration to remove degradation compounds and impurities, such as salts and plant - based inorganic substances. The membrane size is selected to maintain the AX yield (e.g., minimizing the amount of AX filtered out with the impurities). This step also removes water and concentrates the AX before evaporation into syrup or drying into powder.

[0437] Then the relatively pure AX (e.g., greater than about 90%) containing polyphenols and color is evaporated into a concentrated syrup or dried into a powder.

[0438] Some properties of the prepared AX are shown in Tables 2 and 3.

[0439] Table 2

[0440]

[0441] Table 3

[0442]

[0443] Example 5

[0444] High molecular weight arabinoxylan preparations were obtained from commercial suppliers. The high molecular weight arabinoxylan preparations, which may have attached polyphenols and a higher molecular weight, e.g., higher than about 20 kDa (e.g., about 30 to about 300 kDa) and may have an alkaline pH (e.g., about 9 to about 14), were treated under alkaline conditions at elevated temperature in the presence or absence of an oxidizing agent and an additive that can improve the performance of the oxidizing agent. In some cases, the temperature was from 60 °C to 200 °C (e.g., about 90 °C) for a time of 30 minutes to 8 hours (e.g., about 2 to 4 hours). Generally, the higher the temperature, the shorter the time used. Generally, temperatures above 100 °C are not used because they typically involve more complex and expensive pressurized systems. The resulting arabinoxylan had a molecular weight (M w ) of about 5500 to about 6000 Da.

[0445] Example 6

[0446] The arabinoxylan prepared in Example 5 was combined with a first soluble extract (e.g., the first soluble extract of Example 1). The combined arabinoxylan was treated with activated carbon and nanofiltration, e.g., as in Example 4.

[0447] Example 7

[0448] As described in Example 4, the arabinoxylan prepared in Example 5 was treated with activated carbon and nanofiltration.

[0449] Example 8

[0450] A randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover study to investigate the effect of arabinoxylan on gastrointestinal tolerance in healthy adults in general

[0451] This study was conducted as a randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover trial with one screening visit (Visit 1; Week - 1) and three test periods separated by at least 2 - week washout periods [Test Period 1 (Visits 2 and 3; Weeks 0 to 3), Test Period 2 (Visits 4 and 5; Weeks 5 to 8), and Test Period 3 (Visits 6 and 7; Weeks 10 to 13)]. Subjects took 11.6 g of maltodextrin / day (placebo), 5.8 g of maltodextrin / day and 7.25 g of Exemplary Composition 2 (Table 1) / day (providing 6.37 g of arabinoxylan fiber / day), or 14.5 g of Exemplary Composition 2 (Table 1) / day (providing 12.74 g of arabinoxylan fiber / day) for 3 weeks. Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms were evaluated using multiple outcome measures collected from the Gastrointestinal Tolerance Questionnaire (GITQ), which was completed within 7 days before the start of any intervention (baseline, Week 0) and before the end of each 3 - week test period.

[0452] Subjects were men and women, aged 21 to 65 years (inclusive), each having a body mass index (BMI) of 18.5 - 35.0 kg / m 2 (inclusive) and regular bowel movements (by self - report).

[0453] Study products

[0454] a. Placebo: 11.6 g of maltodextrin / day

[0455] b. Active Substance 1: 5.8 g of maltodextrin / day and 7.25 g of Exemplary Composition 2 / day, which provides 6.37 g of arabinoxylan fiber / day

[0456] c. Active Substance 2: 14.5 g of Exemplary Composition 2 / day, which provides 12.74 g of arabinoxylan fiber / day

[0457] Subjects were instructed to take the study products daily for 3 weeks. Subjects were assigned opaque sachets containing the study products and were instructed to thoroughly mix the contents of each sachet with 16 ounces of water and consume the entire beverage, then rinse the beverage container with some water and consume this additional water to ensure that all of the study product was taken. Each administration of the study product was completed within 10 minutes to 1 hour. The study products were taken twice daily, once in the morning and once in the evening, with or without food.

[0458] Primary outcomes

[0459] The area under the curve (AUC) of the GITQ composite score was measured daily during the three test periods.

[0460] Analysis population

[0461] Analysis of two sample groups: Modified intent-to-treat (mITT) and per protocol (PP). The mITT group (n = 44) included all randomized subjects who completed the appropriate questionnaires / study procedures. The PP (n = 36) group was a subset of the mITT group, where subjects were excluded due to early termination / withdrawal of consent (n = 3), failure to repeat the diet (n = 3), non-compliance (n = 1), excessive weight change unrelated to the study product during the trial (n = 1), and influenza with concomitant medication use during treatment (n = 1).

[0462] Statistical analysis methods

[0463] The AUC of the component GI tolerance score for the treatment period limited to 21 days was calculated using the trapezoidal approximation:

[0464]

[0465] Two subjects had 20 days. Due to the non-linearity of the residuals, a linear mixed model was used to rank and model the AUC, with random intercepts for subjects nested within sequences. Considering the following fixed effects: sequence, period, and previous treatment, a backward elimination method was used to select the final adjusted model.

[0466] Results

[0467] There were no statistically significant differences in the AUC of the GITQ composite score (P > 0.05) (Tables 4 and 5).

[0468] Table 4 AUC of the GITQ composite score for the mITT group

[0469]

[0470] 1 The final adjusted model considered sequence, period, baseline, and previous product. A rank-based transformation was used.

[0471] 2 The model was rank-based; the estimates obtained from the model reflected the ranking of the GITQ composite scores.

[0472] Abbreviations: AX, arabinoxylan; CI, confidence interval; n, sample size; SD, standard deviation; SEM, standard error of the mean

[0473] Table 5 AUC of the GITQ composite score for the PP group

[0474]

[0475] 1The finally adjusted model takes into account sequences, epochs, baselines, and previous products. A ranking-based transformation is used.

[0476] 2 The model is ranking-based; the estimates obtained from the model reflect the ranking of the GITQ composite score.

[0477] Abbreviations: AX, arabinoxylan; CI, confidence interval; n, sample size; SD, standard deviation; SEM, standard error of the mean

[0478] Summary

[0479] Taking the exemplary composition 2 at 7.25 g and 14.5 g daily (providing 6.37 g and 12.74 g of arabinoxylan fiber respectively) for 3 weeks does not affect GI tolerance compared to placebo.

[0480] Other embodiments

[0481] It should be understood that although the invention has been described in conjunction with its detailed description, the foregoing description is intended to illustrate and not limit the scope of the invention, which is defined by the scope of the appended claims. Other aspects, advantages, and modifications are within the scope of the following claims.

Claims

1. A composition comprising: from about 80% to about 99% by dry weight of arabinoxylan, wherein the arabinoxylan has a molecular weight (M w ) of from about 3100 Da to about 8400 Da wherein the arabinoxylan comprises glucose units and xylose units, and the molar ratio of the glucose units to the xylose units is from about 0.10 to about 0.

25.

2. The composition according to claim 1, comprising: from about 80% to about 95% by dry weight of the arabinoxylan; from about 4% to about 20% by dry weight of carbohydrate polymers, sugar monomers, proteins and ash other than the arabinoxylan; and from about 1% to about 14% by dry weight of one or more polyphenols, Preferably, the composition comprises less than about 1% by dry weight of carbohydrate polymers other than the arabinoxylan, Preferably, the composition comprises from about 0.5% to about 5% by dry weight of protein, Preferably, the composition comprises from about 0.5% to about 6% by dry weight of ash, Preferably, the one or more polyphenols comprise units selected from the group consisting of ferulic acid, gallic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, coumaric acid, syringic acid, sinapic acid, rosmarinic acid, vanillin and combinations thereof.

3. The composition according to claim 2, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises: from about 5% to about 40% by dry weight of arabinose units; from about 60% to about 85% by dry weight of xylose units; from about 8% to about 15% by dry weight of glucose units; from about 2% to about 6% by dry weight of galactose units; and / or less than about 1% by dry weight of mannose units, Preferably, the arabinoxylan comprises arabinose units and xylose units, and the molar ratio of the arabinose units to the xylose units is from about 0.05 to about 0.65, Preferably, the composition has a molecular weight (M w ) of about 5500 - 6000 Da.

4. The composition according to claim 3, wherein the molar ratio of the glucose units to the xylose units is from about 0.15 to about 0.

25.

5. The composition according to claim 3, wherein the molar ratio of the glucose units to the xylose units is from about 0.10 to about 0.

20.

6. The composition according to claim 3, wherein the molar ratio of the glucose units to the xylose units is from about 0.11 to about 0.

15.

7. The composition according to claim 3, wherein the molar ratio of the glucose units to the xylose units is from about 0.18 to about 0.

22.

8. The composition according to any one of claims 1 to 7, comprising: (i) from about 88% to about 90% by dry weight of arabinoxylan, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises: from about 5% to about 7% by dry weight of arabinose units; from about 78% to about 82% by dry weight of xylose units; from about 9% to about 11% by dry weight of glucose units; from about 3% to about 4% by dry weight of galactose units; From about 4% to about 6% of a carbohydrate polymer, sugar monomer, protein, ash, or combination thereof that is not arabinoxylan; and from about 3% to about 11% by dry weight of one or more polyphenols, wherein the molecular weight (M w ) of the composition is from about 5400 to about 5800 Da; or (ii) from about 90% to about 94% by dry weight of arabinoxylan, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises: from about 17% to about 21% by dry weight of arabinose units; from about 62% to about 66% by dry weight of xylose units; from about 12% to about 14% by dry weight of glucose units; from about 3% to about 4% by dry weight of galactose units; A carbohydrate polymer, sugar monomer, protein, ash, or combination thereof of from about 8% to about 11% non - arabinoxylan; and from about 1% to about 3% dry weight of one or more polyphenols, wherein the molecular weight (M w ) of the composition is from about 5600 to about 6000 Da.

9. A food, dietary supplement, or pharmaceutical composition comprising the composition according to any one of claims 1 to 8.

10. A method of preparing the composition according to any one of claims 1 to 8, comprising: providing lignocellulosic biomass; combining the lignocellulosic biomass with water; activating the lignocellulosic biomass and water using conditions including a first temperature and a first pressure to form a first activated cellulose stream; washing the first activated cellulose stream to form a washed first activated cellulose stream and a first soluble extract, wherein the first soluble extract comprises arabinoxylan; and processing the first soluble extract to form a composition, optionally, the processing comprises one or more of treatment with carbon, nanofiltration, or a combination thereof, optionally, the processing comprises sequential treatment with carbon and nanofiltration to form the composition, optionally, the nanofiltration comprises filtration using a pore size of from about 0.01 to about 10 nm, optionally, the processing does not comprise treatment with carbon, optionally, the method further comprises adding arabinoxylan of reduced quality to the first soluble extract prior to processing.

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