Device, material and method for efficiently extracting uranium from salt lake water flow

Abstract

The invention discloses a device, a material and a method for efficiently extracting uranium from salt lake water flow, and particularly relates to a method for converting mechanical energy into electrochemical energy in a solid-liquid interface contact separation process of the water flow on the surface of a composite material by utilizing high-low fall flow of uranium-containing water such as salt lake water. Free uranyl ions are spontaneously reduced and deposited on a uranium collection substrate with a high specific surface area. The method effectively solves the problems caused by low efficiency, high energy consumption and use of chemical reagents in a traditional method, has good economic benefits and environmental friendliness, and is a uranium extraction strategy which is more efficient, environmentally friendly and low in cost.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the technical field of uranium extraction, belonging to the technical fields of environmental protection and resource recycling, and particularly relates to a device, material and method for efficiently extracting uranium from uranium-containing water bodies such as salt lake water. Specifically, it relates to a device, material and method for utilizing the gravitational potential energy of the uranium-containing water body (such as salt lake water, seawater and uranium ore water, etc.) to form a water flow due to the height difference, and converting mechanical energy into electrochemical energy during the solid-liquid interface contact separation process on the surface of the composite material, so that uranium ions are reduced, adsorbed and enriched on the collection substrate, realizing the efficient extraction of uranium, and being used for efficiently, low-cost and low-energy-consuming extraction of uranium elements from various uranium-containing water resources. Background Art

[0002] As an efficient and clean energy source, nuclear energy has become an important power source in many countries around the world. Uranium is a key element of nuclear fuel. However, terrestrial uranium ore resources are limited and unevenly distributed. Traditional uranium ore mining not only consumes resources but also has potential negative impacts on the environment. Therefore, finding more sustainable uranium extraction methods, especially extracting uranium from other natural resources, has become an important research direction at present.

[0003] There are various uranium-containing water bodies, including salt lake water, seawater and uranium ore water, etc. Among them, salt lakes, as natural resources rich in minerals, contain abundant uranium resources, especially those salt lakes with strong evaporation, where the uranium concentration is relatively high. Extracting uranium from salt lakes can not only greatly reduce the dependence on terrestrial uranium ore resources but also achieve sustainable uranium resource supply through reasonable development. Extracting uranium from salt lakes has important strategic significance globally.

[0004] Traditional solvent extraction method, adsorption method and chemical precipitation method are relatively commonly used uranium extraction methods. Among them, the solvent extraction method has a relatively high uranium extraction efficiency, but it requires the use of a large amount of organic solvents and has a long process flow. The chemical precipitation method separates uranium ions from wastewater in the form of precipitation by adding a precipitant to the wastewater, which will have a negative impact on the environment. For the adsorption method, it is considered the method with the most industrialization potential and is also the most widely studied uranium extraction technology for low-concentration uranium water bodies at present. However, different adsorbents have different adsorption effects on uranium, the active adsorption sites decrease with the enrichment of uranium, and the adsorbed uranium has a strong Coulomb repulsion effect on the uranium ions in the solution. Once the active adsorption sites are saturated, the adsorption effect will fail.

[0005] In recent years, some emerging uranium extraction methods, such as electrocatalysis or photocatalysis, have also been continuously developing. Electrocatalysis and photocatalysis have their own advantages and disadvantages in uranium extraction. The electrocatalytic method is efficient, scalable, and can accurately reduce uranium ions, but it requires a large amount of electrical energy, has complex infrastructure, and high maintenance requirements and costs. Photocatalysis, on the other hand, utilizes solar energy, has an environmentally friendly process, and innovative materials such as titanium dioxide and metal-organic frameworks have improved the extraction efficiency. However, photocatalysis depends on light illumination, its efficiency is affected by light intensity, and the reaction rate is relatively low. The catalyst is prone to degradation and needs to be replaced regularly. Generally speaking, electrocatalysis is suitable for large-scale and high-efficiency uranium extraction, but the energy and cost are relatively high; photocatalysis is environmentally friendly and energy-sustainable, but its efficiency drops sharply when the light illumination is insufficient.

[0006] It is worth noting that in the salt lake environment, salt brine can flow naturally or artificially from a higher place to a lower place to form a water flow, and the water flow can provide energy for the uranium extraction process. Therefore, how to design reasonable systems, materials, and devices to utilize the flowing process of salt lake brine and effectively convert mechanical energy into electrochemical energy to drive uranium extraction, and reduce the dependence on external energy is an urgent problem to be solved. Summary of the Invention

[0007] The technology of the present invention aims to solve the problems of high energy consumption, poor material durability, high operation complexity, and dependence on external energy in current uranium extraction technologies. It proposes an integrated device and method for high-efficiency uranium extraction that is self-driven without external energy input. It can utilize the gravitational potential energy of the height difference of salt lake brine to form a flow, and during the solid-liquid interface contact separation process of the water flow on the surface of the composite material, mechanical energy is converted into electrochemical energy, and uranium ions are reduced and deposited and enriched on the high-specific-surface collection substrate. This device, material, and method solve the disadvantages of low efficiency of traditional physical and chemical adsorption, energy consumption by electrical energy or chemical primary battery effects, and chemical reagents, and use an electric field to guide the migration of uranyl ions, increasing the collision rate with the collection substrate. At the same time, the spontaneous high voltage is used to reduce and deposit uranyl ions, avoiding the low deposition rate caused by Coulomb repulsion. It is worth noting that all the materials arranged in the stepped device are reusable, with good economic benefits and environmental friendliness. The present invention provides a device, material, and method for efficiently extracting uranium from salt lake water flows, and the present invention is also applicable to efficiently, low-cost, and low-energy-consuming extraction of uranium elements from other various uranium-containing water resources.

[0008] In order to achieve the above technical objectives, the technical solution provided by the present invention is as follows:

[0009] A material for efficiently extracting uranium from salt lake water flows, the material includes an upper electrode layer, a biomimetic patterned dielectric layer, and a lower electrode layer from top to bottom.

[0010] Specifically, the upper electrode layer can be made of common conductive metals such as aluminum and copper in the form of metal wires or strips, or conductive materials such as graphene can be selected by means of brushing or in-situ vapor deposition with a specific mask; preferably, the upper electrode material and the dielectric layer material have the same length dimension, and the width of the upper electrode material is in the range of 5-100 microns; considering that the usage environment of the upper electrode may be high humidity, acid-base corrosion, etc., a monomolecular layer such as fluorosilane can be further grafted according to actual needs to resist the erosion of water molecules and acid-base ions on the surface. Preferably, the selected fluorosilane monomolecular layer can include perfluorodecyltrichlorosilane, perfluorooctyltrichlorosilane, perfluoroethyltrimethoxysilane, polysiloxane, etc. The grafting concentration is 4m 3 In the chamber, 100-1000 microliters of fluorosilane solution is chemically vapor deposited, and the grafting time is controlled for 1-6 hours, and the temperature is set at 30-90 degrees Celsius.

[0011] Specifically, the bionic patterned dielectric layer has strong mechanical stability and high-density charge storage.

[0012] Among them, optional dielectric layer materials include polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyacrylonitrile (PAN), polycarbonate (PC), polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), fluorinated ethylene propylene copolymer (FEP). Most of these materials are hydrophobic and can store a large amount of static charges, showing capacitive properties.

[0013] Specifically, the lower electrode layer can be selected from current collectors such as carbon felt, graphite felt, nickel foam, titanium plate, etc., which are convenient for subsequent collection and separation of uranium metal. As the matrix of the lower electrode layer, due to the poor hydrophilicity of carbon felt, graphite felt, nickel foam, titanium plate, etc. and the lack of the function of specifically selectively adsorbing uranyl ions, further hydrophilization treatment is required. Specific selectivity requires modifying surface groups selective for uranyl on the surface of the lower electrode layer matrix, such as chitosan, polyacrylamide oxime, etc.

[0014] Specifically, the sizes of the above three-layer materials can all be customized according to the actual working environment conditions. Among them, the width of the upper electrode needs to be precisely matched with the width of the dielectric layer, while the other dimensional parameters can be carefully considered and customized according to the specific requirements of the device and the inclination angle of the water flow. The materials are all reusable, with good economic benefits and environmental friendliness.

[0015] The present invention also provides a preparation method of a material for efficiently extracting uranium from salt lake water, including the following steps:

[0016] Step 1: Select a conductive material as the upper electrode layer;

[0017] Step 2: Prepare a bionic patterned dielectric layer;

[0018] Step 3: Prepare the lower electrode layer;

[0019] Step 4: Connect the upper electrode layer, the bionic patterned dielectric layer, and the lower electrode layer in sequence from top to bottom.

[0020] Further, in the said Step 2, the preparation method of the bionic patterned dielectric layer includes any one of nanoimprinting method, spraying method, and plasma etching method, and different preparation processes are selected according to the material characteristics selected.

[0021] Further, in the nanoimprinting method, an array protrusion structure is used to press and wrap on the hydrophobic film for imprinting the structure, the temperature is controlled at 150 - 200 °C, and the pressure is set at 2 - 10 Mpa.

[0022] Further, in the spraying method, the hydrophobic film is dissolved with an organic solvent and then in-situ sprayed using a high-pressure spray gun. The organic solvent includes one or more of n-hexane, toluene, and FC200, and the spraying pressure is controlled at 30 - 60 bar.

[0023] Further, in the plasma etching method, etching gas is used in combination with assisting etching gas for in-situ micro-structure etching; wherein, the etching gas includes one or more of SF6 and CF4; the assisting etching gas includes one or more of oxygen and argon; the volume ratio of the etching gas to the assisting etching gas is 3:1 - 5:1, the etching power is set at 100 - 300 W, and the etching time is 10 - 60 min.

[0024] Further, in the said Step 3, the preparation method of the lower electrode layer includes hydrophilic treatment of the lower electrode layer substrate and specific selective adsorption of uranyl ion modification, and chitosan coating or polyacrylamide oxime is carried out. The specific selective modification method is to modify the surface groups selective to uranyl on the surface of the lower electrode layer substrate, and the coating materials for surface group modification include any one of chitosan and polyacrylonitrile.

[0025] Among them, the specific steps of the modification method are as follows:

[0026] Step 3.1: Prepare a coating material modification solution with a concentration of 2% - 5%, and use spin coating, blade coating, or dipping methods to carry out surface modification on the lower electrode layer substrate, and place it in an oven at 60 - 90 °C for drying treatment for 6 - 12 hours; the solvents selected for the coating material modification solution include one or more of methanol, acetone, ethanol, and acetic acid; the coating material modification solution is a chitosan or polyacrylonitrile solution; the lower electrode layer substrate includes any one of carbon felt and metal;

[0027] Step 3.2: Perform amidoximation treatment on the product after the drying treatment in Step 3.1. The specific method of amidoximation treatment is as follows: Place it in a water bath at a temperature of 50 - 80°C, quickly add 80 - 150 mg / ml hydroxylamine hydrochloride and 60 - 200 mg / ml sodium carbonate into the water bath, and react for 90 - 120 minutes. After the reaction, wash, dry, and air-dry.

[0028] Further, in Step 4, the upper electrode layer can be fixed on the dielectric layer by means of pasting or casting.

[0029] The present invention also provides a device for efficiently extracting uranium from salt lake water. The device has a stepped structure, and a water tank is provided on each step. The composite material as described in Claim 1 is provided on the water tank. A drainage sheet is suspended on the upper electrode layer of the composite material, and the drainage sheet is connected to the water tank.

[0030] Specifically, the water tank is intended to construct a necessary circuit structure between the electrodes. The purpose of connecting the drainage sheet to the water tank is to guide the water flow to the upper electrode layer. The mechanical energy is generated during the process of the water flow falling onto the upper electrode layer. The mechanical energy is converted into electrochemical energy during the process of contact and separation at the solid-liquid interface of the water flow on the surface of the composite material, so as to reduce and deposit uranium ions and enrich them on the lower electrode layer.

[0031] The present invention also provides a method for efficiently extracting uranium from salt lake water. The gravitational potential energy of the high and low drop of the salt lake water is utilized to form a flow. The mechanical energy is converted into electrochemical energy during the process of contact and separation at the solid-liquid interface of the water flow on the surface of the composite material, and the uranium ions are reduced, deposited, and enriched on the lower electrode layer.

[0032] The present invention has the following beneficial effects:

[0033] 1. Reduced energy consumption: By utilizing the water flow formed by the gravitational potential energy of the high and low drop of the salt lake water, no external power or light source is required during the uranium extraction process, significantly reducing the energy consumption and showing high energy utilization efficiency.

[0034] 2. High uranium extraction efficiency: The combination of the upper electrode layer with the biomimetic patterned dielectric layer and the specifically adsorbed modified carbon felt has a high output voltage, significantly improving the uranium extraction efficiency. In the experiment, for the uranium-containing wastewater with a high concentration of 1000 mg / L, the corresponding uranium extraction capacity can reach more than 900 mg / g.

[0035] 3. Environmentally friendly: No additional chemical reagents or energy are required during the whole uranium extraction process, avoiding secondary pollution and having good environmental friendliness.

[0036] 4. Significant economic benefits: By reducing energy consumption and improving uranium extraction efficiency, the present invention significantly reduces the cost of nuclear wastewater treatment. The cost of extracting 1 g of uranium is only about 1 / 10 of the commercial uranium extraction cost. Description of the Drawings

[0037] Figure 1 Schematic diagram of a device for extracting uranium using the flow of salt lake water;

[0038] Figure 2 Microscopic morphology picture of a biomimetic patterned dielectric layer;

[0039] Figure 3 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy diagram of carbon felt after chitosan modification;

[0040] Figure 4 Microscopic morphology picture of carbon felt after uranium extraction;

[0041] Figure 5 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of carbon felt after uranium extraction;

[0042] Figure 6 X-ray diffraction pattern of the collected uranium;

[0043] Figure 7 U4f fine spectrum of the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of the collected uranium.

[0044] Figure 1 Reference numerals:

[0045] 1 - water tank, 2 - drainage sheet Detailed implementation manners

[0046] The technical solutions of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are some but not all of the embodiments of the present invention. All other embodiments obtained by those of ordinary skill in the art based on the embodiments of the present invention without making creative efforts fall within the protection scope of the present invention.

[0047] In addition, the technical features involved in different embodiments of the present invention described below can be combined with each other as long as they do not conflict with each other.

[0048] Embodiment 1

[0049] As Figure 1 shown, a device for efficiently extracting uranium from the flow of salt lake water, the device has a stepped structure, a water tank 1 is provided on each step, a composite material is provided on the water tank 1, a drainage sheet 2 is suspended on the electrode layer of the composite material, and the drainage sheet 2 is connected to the water tank 1.

[0050] Specifically, the water tank is intended to construct a necessary circuit structure between the electrodes. The purpose of connecting the drainage sheet to the water tank is to lead the water flow to the upper electrode layer. Mechanical energy is generated during the process of the water flow falling onto the upper electrode layer. The mechanical energy is converted into electrochemical energy during the process of contact separation at the solid-liquid interface of the composite material surface, so as to reduce and deposit uranium ions and enrich them on the lower electrode layer.

[0051] Using the above device, a method for efficiently extracting uranium from salt lake water forms a flow by utilizing the gravitational potential energy of the height difference of the salt lake water. During the solid-liquid interface contact separation process of the water flow on the surface of the composite material, mechanical energy is converted into electrochemical energy, and uranium ions are reduced, deposited, and enriched in the lower electrode layer.

[0052] Example 2

[0053] A method for preparing a composite material for efficiently extracting uranium from salt lake water, comprising the following steps:

[0054] Step 1: Select a conductive material as the upper electrode layer.

[0055] Specifically, for the upper electrode, common conductive metals such as aluminum and copper metal wires or metal strips are selected and fixed on the dielectric layer by pasting or casting methods. It is also possible to select specific conductive materials such as graphene by means of brush coating or in-situ vapor deposition with a specific mask. Preferably, the length dimensions of the upper electrode material and the dielectric layer material are the same, and the width is in the range of 5 - 100 microns. Considering that the use environment of the upper electrode may have high humidity, acid-base corrosion, etc., it is also possible to further graft a single molecular layer such as fluorosilane according to actual needs to resist the erosion of water molecules and acid-base ions on the surface. Preferably, the selected fluorosilane single molecular layer can include perfluorodecyltrichlorosilane, perfluorooctyltrichlorosilane, perfluoroethyltrimethoxysilane, polysiloxane, etc. The grafting concentration is 4m 3 In the chamber, 100 - 1000 microliters of fluorosilane solution is chemically vapor deposited, and the grafting time is controlled to be 1 - 6 hours, and the temperature is set at 30 - 90 degrees Celsius.

[0056] Step 2: Prepare a biomimetic patterned dielectric layer.

[0057] Specifically, the plasma etching method is used, and the material selected is fluorinated ethylene propylene copolymer (FEP). Etching gases such as SF6 or CF4 are selected and used in combination with assisting etching gases such as oxygen and argon for in-situ microstructural etching. Specifically, the volume ratio of the etching gas to the assisting etching gas is controlled between 3:1 and 5:1, the power is set at 100 - 300W, and the etching time is selected to be 10 - 60 minutes.

[0058] Step 3: Prepare the lower electrode layer.

[0059] Specifically, carbon felt is selected as the material and coated with chitosan. A chitosan solution with a concentration of 2%-5% is prepared using an acetic acid aqueous solution. The surface of the carbon felt or metal is modified by spin coating, blade coating, or immersion, and then placed in an oven at 60-90°C for drying treatment for 6-12 hours. After drying treatment, amidoximation treatment is carried out. Specifically, the coated electrode is then placed in a water bath stabilized at 50-80°C, and 80-150 mg / ml hydroxylamine hydrochloride and 60-200 mg / ml sodium carbonate are quickly added to the water bath and reacted for 90-120 minutes. After the reaction, the uranium-enriched electrode is washed with deionized water and air-dried in an oven.

[0060] Step 4: Connect the upper electrode layer, the biomimetic patterned dielectric layer, and the lower electrode layer in sequence from top to bottom.

[0061] Example 3

[0062] A preparation method of a composite material for efficiently extracting uranium from salt lake water flow includes the following steps:

[0063] Step 1: Select a conductive material as the upper electrode layer.

[0064] Specifically, for the upper electrode, common conductive metals such as aluminum and copper wires or metal strips are selected and fixed on the dielectric layer by pasting or casting methods. It is also possible to select specific masks by brush coating or in-situ vapor deposition to prepare conductive materials such as graphene. Preferably, the length dimensions of the upper electrode material and the dielectric layer material are the same, and the width is in the range of 5-100 microns. Considering that the use environment of the upper electrode may have high humidity, acid-base corrosion, etc., it is also possible to further graft a monomolecular layer such as fluorosilane according to actual needs to resist the erosion of water molecules and acid-base ions on the surface. Preferably, the selected fluorosilane monomolecular layer can include perfluorodecyltrichlorosilane, perfluorooctyltrichlorosilane, perfluoroethyltrimethoxysilane, polysiloxane, etc. The grafting concentration is 4m 3 In the chamber, 100-1000 microliters of fluorosilane solution is chemically vapor deposited, the grafting time is controlled to be 1-6 h, and the temperature is set at 30-90 degrees Celsius.

[0065] Step 2: Prepare a biomimetic patterned dielectric layer.

[0066] Specifically, in the case of using nanoimprinting, the material selected is polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). An array of protrusion structures is selected and hot-pressed on a hydrophobic membrane for imprinting. Specifically, the temperature is controlled at 150-200°C, and the pressure is set at 2-10 Mpa.

[0067] Step 3: Prepare the lower electrode layer.

[0068] Specifically, the material selected is metal, which is coated with polyacrylonitrile. A polyacrylonitrile solution with a concentration of 2%-5% is prepared using an ethanol aqueous solution. The carbon felt or metal is surface-modified by spin coating, blade coating, or immersion, and then placed in an oven at 60-90 °C for drying treatment for 6-12 h. After the drying treatment, amidoximation treatment is carried out. Specifically, the coated electrode is then placed in a water bath stabilized at 50-80 °C, and 80-150 mg / ml hydroxylamine hydrochloride and 60-200 mg / ml sodium carbonate are quickly added to the water bath and reacted for 90-120 minutes. After the reaction, the uranium-enriched electrode is washed with deionized water and air-dried in an oven.

[0069] Step 4: Connect the upper electrode layer, the biomimetic patterned dielectric layer, and the lower electrode layer in sequence from top to bottom.

[0070] Example 4

[0071] A preparation method of a composite material for efficiently extracting uranium from salt lake water flow, comprising the following steps:

[0072] Step 1: Select a conductive material as the upper electrode layer.

[0073] Specifically, common conductive metals such as aluminum and copper wires or metal strips are selected as the upper electrode and fixed on the dielectric layer by pasting or casting. Conductive materials such as graphene can also be selected by brush coating or in-situ vapor deposition with a specific mask. Preferably, the length dimensions of the upper electrode material and the dielectric layer material are the same, and the width is in the range of 5-100 microns. Considering that the use environment of the upper electrode may have high humidity, acid-base corrosion, etc., a monomolecular layer such as fluorosilane can be further grafted according to actual needs to resist the erosion of water molecules and acid-base ions on the surface. Preferably, the selected fluorosilane monomolecular layer can include perfluorodecyltrichlorosilane, perfluorooctyltrichlorosilane, perfluoroethyltrimethoxysilane, polysiloxane, etc. The grafting concentration is 4m 3 In the chamber, 100-1000 microliters of fluorosilane solution is chemically vapor deposited, the grafting time is controlled for 1-6 h, and the temperature is set at 30-90 degrees Celsius.

[0074] Step 2: Prepare a biomimetic patterned dielectric layer.

[0075] Specifically, the spraying method is adopted, and the material selected is polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). The hydrophobic membrane can be dissolved using a specific organic solvent and then in-situ sprayed using a high-pressure spray gun. Preferably, the organic solvents selected are n-hexane, toluene, FC200, etc. Specifically, the spraying pressure is controlled at 30-60 bar.

[0076] Step 3: Prepare the lower electrode layer.

[0077] Specifically, a metal is selected as the material and coated with polyacrylonitrile. A polyacrylonitrile solution with a concentration of 2%-5% is prepared using an aqueous methanol solution. The carbon felt or metal is surface-modified by spin coating, blade coating, or immersion, and then placed in an oven at 60-90 °C for drying treatment for 6-12 h. After the drying treatment, amidoximation treatment is carried out. Specifically, the coated electrode is then placed in a water bath stabilized at 50-80 °C, and 80-150 mg / ml hydroxylamine hydrochloride and 60-200 mg / ml sodium carbonate are quickly added to the water bath and reacted for 90-120 minutes. After the reaction, the uranium-enriched electrode is washed with deionized water and air-dried in a drying oven.

[0078] Step 4: Connect the upper electrode layer, the biomimetic patterned dielectric layer, and the lower electrode layer in sequence from top to bottom.

[0079] See Figures 2 - 7 , the present invention provides the microscopic morphology of the biomimetic patterned dielectric layer, demonstrating that its surface has a microscopic structure similar to the papillae of a lotus leaf. Through the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of the chitosan-modified carbon felt, it is confirmed that the carbon felt surface is successfully grafted. The observation results of the microscopic morphology and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of the uranium-extracted carbon felt also prove that the present invention successfully extracts uranium elements from the uranium-containing solution, and its morphology is scaly and easy to scrape off from the surface. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern and XPS U4f fine spectrum of the collected uranium can be used to analyze the chemical composition and valence state of the uranium-extracting substance. Therefore, it effectively verifies the rationality and effectiveness of the proposed method and device.

[0080] Although the embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, for those of ordinary skill in the art, it can be understood that various changes, modifications, substitutions, and variations can be made to these embodiments without departing from the principles and spirit of the present invention. The scope of the present invention is defined by the appended claims and their equivalents.

[0081] The above specific embodiments are detailed descriptions of the present invention. It cannot be determined that the specific embodiments of the present invention are only limited to these descriptions. For those of ordinary skill in the technical field to which the present invention belongs, without departing from the concept of the present invention, several simple deductions and substitutions can be made, and all should be regarded as belonging to the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A material for efficiently extracting uranium from salt lake water, characterized in that, The material includes an upper electrode layer, a bionic patterned dielectric layer, and a lower electrode layer from top to bottom.

2. The material for efficiently extracting uranium from salt lake water according to claim 1, characterized in that, The bionic patterned dielectric layer material includes one or more of polytetrafluoroethylene, polyacrylonitrile, polycarbonate, polydimethylsiloxane, and fluorinated ethylene propylene copolymer.

3. A method for preparing a material for efficiently extracting uranium from salt lake water, characterized in that, It includes the following steps: Step 1: Select a conductive material as the upper electrode layer; Step 2: Prepare a bionic patterned dielectric layer; Step 3: Prepare a lower electrode layer; Step 4: Connect the upper electrode layer, the bionic patterned dielectric layer, and the lower electrode layer in sequence from top to bottom.

4. The preparation method of a material for efficiently extracting uranium from salt lake water according to claim 3, characterized in that, In Step 2, the preparation method of the bionic patterned dielectric layer includes any one of nanoimprinting, spraying, and plasma etching.

5. The preparation method of a material for efficiently extracting uranium from salt lake water according to claim 4, characterized in that, The nanoimprinting method uses an array protrusion structure to press and seal on a hydrophobic film for imprinting the structure, with the temperature controlled at 150 - 200 °C and the pressure set at 2 - 10 Mpa.

6. The preparation method of a material for efficiently extracting uranium from salt lake water according to claim 4, characterized in that, The spraying method uses an organic solvent to dissolve the hydrophobic film and then in - situ sprays it using a high - pressure spray gun. The organic solvent includes one or more of n - hexane, toluene, and FC200, and the spraying pressure is controlled at 30 - 60 bar.

7. The preparation method of a material for efficiently extracting uranium from salt lake water according to claim 4, characterized in that, The plasma etching method uses an etching gas in combination with an assisting etching gas for in - situ micro - structure etching; the etching gas includes one or more of SF6 and CF4; the assisting etching gas includes one or more of oxygen and argon; the volume ratio of the etching gas to the assisting etching gas is 3:1 - 5:1, the etching power is set at 100 - 300 W, and the etching time is 10 - 60 min.

8. The preparation method of a material for efficiently extracting uranium from salt lake water according to claim 3, characterized in that, In Step 3, the preparation method of the lower electrode layer includes specifically selectively adsorbing and modifying uranyl ions on the lower electrode layer substrate. The specific selective modification method is to modify a surface group selective for uranyl on the surface of the lower electrode layer substrate, and the coating material for surface group modification includes any one of chitosan and polyacrylonitrile.

9. An apparatus for efficiently extracting uranium from salt lake water flow, characterized in that, The device has a stepped structure. A water tank is provided on each step. The composite material described in Claim 1 is provided on the water tank. A drainage sheet is suspended on the upper electrode layer of the composite material, and the drainage sheet is connected to the water tank.

10. A method for efficiently extracting uranium from salt lake water using the device as described in claim 9, characterized in that, Utilize the gravitational potential energy of the height difference of the salt lake water to form a flow. During the process of contact separation at the solid - liquid interface on the surface of the composite material, the mechanical energy is converted into electrochemical energy, and uranium ions are reduced, deposited, and enriched on the lower electrode layer.

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