High-energy-absorption impact-resistant aluminum-based composite material as well as preparation method and application thereof

Abstract

The invention provides a high-energy-absorption impact-resistant aluminum-based composite material, the aluminum-based composite material comprises a ceramic porous scaffold and an aluminum alloy base material, the ceramic porous scaffold is formed by compounding porous aerogel and an S-type electrostatic spinning membrane, and the aluminum alloy base material comprises the following components: 0.2-0.8 wt% of Cu, 0.2-0.8 wt% of Ni, 0.2-0.8 wt% of Ti, 0.2-0.8 wt% of Ti, and the balance of Al. The content of Mg is 0.6 to 1.2 weight percent; the content of Zn is 0.2 to 0.5 wt%; the content of Mn is 0.1 to 0.2 wt%; the content of Y is 0.05 to 0.25 weight percent; and the balance of Al. According to the invention, the ceramic skeleton is used as a reinforcing phase, and pores of the ceramic skeleton are filled with the aluminum alloy through a molten aluminum alloy pressure infiltration process, so that a novel composite structure is formed. According to the structure, the characteristics of high strength and high energy absorption of the ceramic material are brought into full play, and the brittleness of the ceramic is effectively relieved through the plastic deformation capacity of the aluminum alloy, so that the overall shock resistance and the energy absorption capacity of the material are remarkably improved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the technical field of aluminum alloy materials, and particularly relates to a high energy absorption and impact resistant aluminum matrix composite material, its preparation method and application. Background Art

[0002] With the continuous improvement of the requirements for material properties in modern industry, especially in the fields of transportation, aerospace, military protection, etc., the demand for lightweight, high energy absorption, and impact resistant materials is becoming increasingly urgent. Although traditional single metal materials (such as aluminum alloys) have advantages such as light weight and easy processing, their impact resistance and energy absorption capacity are limited, and it is difficult to meet the usage requirements under extreme working conditions. While ceramic materials have high hardness, high compressive strength, and excellent energy absorption characteristics, their brittleness and poor toughness limit their application under dynamic impact loads. Therefore, how to combine the high strength and high energy absorption characteristics of ceramic materials with the toughness of metal materials has become a research hotspot in the field of materials science. In recent years, aluminum matrix composites have gradually become an important research direction in the field of impact resistant materials due to their light weight, high specific strength, good corrosion resistance, and designability. Among them, by introducing ceramic reinforcement phases (such as ceramic particles, whiskers, or fibers) into the aluminum alloy matrix, the strength, hardness, and energy absorption capacity of the material can be significantly improved. However, traditional ceramic particle reinforced aluminum matrix composites often fail due to insufficient interfacial bonding strength or stress concentration when subjected to high-speed impact, which limits their application in high-energy impact scenarios. However, the current research on ceramic framework reinforced aluminum matrix composites still faces some technical challenges. For example, problems such as the interfacial bonding strength between the ceramic framework and the aluminum alloy, the porosity and distribution uniformity of the ceramic framework, and the optimization of the composite material preparation process directly affect the final properties of the material. Therefore, developing a ceramic framework reinforced aluminum matrix composite material with high interfacial bonding strength, excellent energy absorption characteristics, and impact resistance, and optimizing its preparation process, has important scientific significance and engineering application value. Summary of the Invention

[0003] Technical problems to be solved: To solve this problem, the purpose of the present invention is to provide a high energy absorption and impact resistant aluminum matrix composite material, using a three-dimensional interpenetrating network structure ceramic framework as the reinforcement phase, and filling the aluminum alloy into the pores of the ceramic framework through the molten aluminum alloy pressure infiltration process to form a new composite structure. This structure not only gives full play to the high strength and high energy absorption characteristics of the ceramic material, but also effectively alleviates the brittleness of the ceramic through the plastic deformation ability of the aluminum alloy, thereby significantly improving the overall impact resistance and energy absorption capacity of the material. In addition, the three-dimensional continuous structure of the ceramic framework can effectively disperse the impact load and reduce stress concentration, further improving the dynamic mechanical properties of the material.

[0004] Technical solution: A high energy absorption and impact resistant aluminum matrix composite material, the aluminum matrix composite material includes a ceramic porous scaffold and an aluminum alloy substrate, the ceramic porous scaffold is composed of a porous aerogel and an S-shaped electrospun membrane, and the aluminum alloy substrate has the following components: Cu is 0.2-0.8 wt%; Mg is 0.6-1.2 wt%; Zn is 0.2-0.5 wt%; Mn is 0.1-0.2 wt%; Y is 0.05-0.25 wt%; The balance is Al. In one embodiment, the ceramic porous scaffold is prepared by a method including the following steps: S1. Add tetraethyl orthosilicate to absolute ethanol, then add water and hydrochloric acid, stir to fully hydrolyze tetraethyl orthosilicate, and then add a sucrose solution to the tetraethyl orthosilicate hydrolysis solution, stir and mix evenly to obtain a transparent sol; S2. Bend and shape the aluminum-based gel fiber membrane into an S-shaped fiber membrane with a mold and dry and shape it, arrange it in parallel in a casting mold, and pour the sol prepared in S1 into the mold to obtain a gel scaffold; S2. Dry the gel scaffold prepared in step S2 and then calcine it to obtain a ceramic porous scaffold. In one embodiment, the molar ratio of tetraethyl orthosilicate, water, ethanol and hydrochloric acid is 1:2-10:2-10:0.01-0.05, and the molar ratio of tetraethyl orthosilicate and sucrose is 1:0.2-0.4. In one embodiment, the aluminum-based gel fiber membrane is prepared by a method including the following steps: S21. Add aluminum chloride hexahydrate to water, dissolve it, heat up and add aluminum powder, heat and reflux for reaction, after aging reaction, add ethanol and PVP to the solution to obtain a spinnable sol; S22. Electrospin the spinnable sol to obtain an aluminum-based gel fiber membrane. In one embodiment, the wavelength of the S-shaped fiber membrane is 0.8-1.5 mm, the wave amplitude is 1-2.5 mm, and the width is 3-7 mm. In one embodiment, the parameters of the calcination are as follows: under an Ar gas atmosphere, heat at a heating rate of 3-4 °C / min to 800 °C, keep it warm for 40-80 min, and then heat at a heating rate of 2 °C / min to the required temperature of 1400-1500 °C, and keep it warm for 2-3 h. The present invention also provides a preparation method of a high energy absorption and impact resistant aluminum matrix composite material, including the following steps: Wash the ceramic porous scaffold with acetone; Melt the aluminum alloy substrate; The molten aluminum alloy and the ceramic porous support are placed in a vacuum sintering furnace for sintering, vacuum pressurized at 0.5-1.2 MPa, heated to 1100-1200°C at a heating rate of 10°C / min, then kept warm for 20-30 minutes, and finally cooled at a rate of 3-6°C / min to obtain an aluminum-based composite material. The above-mentioned high energy absorption and impact resistant aluminum-based composite material is used in the anti-collision frame of large vehicles. Beneficial effects: The high energy absorption and impact resistant aluminum-based composite material of the present invention has the following advantages: 1. The present invention uses an S-type fiber membrane and a SiC bracket to compound to obtain a ceramic porous bracket. The SiC bracket uses a high-toughness, high-elasticity material, which is mainly responsible for absorbing and dispersing impact energy. The S-type fiber membrane uses a high-strength, high-rigidity Al2O3 material, which is mainly responsible for providing structural support to prevent overall deformation or failure. 2. The curved design of the S-shaped bracket in the present invention can effectively disperse the impact force, reduce local stress concentration, and improve the overall impact resistance; when the S-shaped structure is impacted, it can absorb part of the energy through elastic deformation, thereby reducing the damage to the system caused by the impact. DETAILED DESCRIPTION The present invention will be further described below in conjunction with embodiments, which are explanations of the present invention and are not limited to the following embodiments: Example 1 The ceramic porous scaffold is prepared by a method comprising the following steps: S1. Adding tetraethyl orthosilicate to anhydrous ethanol, then adding water and hydrochloric acid, stirring the tetraethyl orthosilicate to fully hydrolyze, the molar ratio of tetraethyl orthosilicate, water, ethanol and hydrochloric acid is 1:4:4:0.01, then adding sucrose solution to the orthosilicic acid hydrolyzed solution, the molar ratio of tetraethyl orthosilicate to sucrose is 1:0.2, stirring and mixing to obtain a transparent sol; S2. The aluminum-based gel fiber membrane is bent and shaped into an S-shaped fiber membrane by a mold, and then dried and shaped. The wavelength of the S-shaped fiber membrane is 0.8 mm, the amplitude is 1.5 mm, and the width is 6 mm. The S-shaped fiber membrane is arranged in parallel in a casting mold, and the sol prepared in S1 is poured into the mold to obtain a gel scaffold with a thickness of 6 mm. The thickness of the gel scaffold is consistent with the width of the S-shaped fiber membrane; S2. The gel scaffold prepared in step S2 is dried and calcined. In an Ar gas atmosphere, it is heated to 800°C at a heating rate of 3°C / min, kept warm for 40 minutes, and then heated to the required temperature of 1400°C at a heating rate of 2°C / min, and kept warm for 3 hours to obtain a ceramic porous scaffold; The aluminum-based gel fiber membrane is prepared by a method comprising the following steps: S21. Dissolve aluminum chloride hexahydrate in water, then heat it up and add aluminum powder. The molar ratio of aluminum chloride hexahydrate to aluminum powder is 1:4. Heat and reflux the reaction at 90 °C, and then age the reaction to obtain a sol. Add ethanol and PVP to the sol. The mass-volume ratio of the sol, ethanol, and PVP is 25:40:1 to obtain a spinnable sol; S22. Electrospin the spinnable sol to obtain an aluminum-based gel fiber membrane. Example 2 The ceramic porous scaffold is prepared by a method including the following steps: S1. Add tetraethyl orthosilicate to absolute ethanol, then add water and hydrochloric acid, and stir to fully hydrolyze tetraethyl orthosilicate. The molar ratio of tetraethyl orthosilicate, water, ethanol, and hydrochloric acid is 1:6:6:0.02. Then add a sucrose solution to the tetraethyl orthosilicate hydrolysis solution. The molar ratio of tetraethyl orthosilicate to sucrose is 1:0.4, and stir and mix evenly to obtain a transparent sol; S2. Bend and shape the aluminum-based gel fiber membrane into an S-shaped fiber membrane with a mold and dry and shape it. The wavelength of the S-shaped fiber membrane is 1 mm, the wave amplitude is 1.5 mm, and the width is 6 mm. Arrange it parallel in a casting mold, and pour the sol prepared in S1 into the mold to obtain a gel scaffold with a thickness of 6 mm; S2. Dry the gel scaffold prepared in step S2 and then calcine it. Under an Ar gas atmosphere, heat it at a heating rate of 4 °C / min to 800 °C, hold for 80 min, and then heat it to the required temperature of 1500 °C at a heating rate of 2 °C / min and hold for 2 h to obtain the ceramic porous scaffold; The aluminum-based gel fiber membrane is prepared by a method including the following steps: S21. Dissolve aluminum chloride hexahydrate in water, then heat it up and add aluminum powder. The molar ratio of aluminum chloride hexahydrate to aluminum powder is 1:4. Heat and reflux the reaction at 90 °C, and then age the reaction to obtain a sol. Add ethanol and PVP to the sol. The mass-volume ratio of the sol, ethanol, and PVP is 25:40:1 to obtain a spinnable sol; S22. Electrospin the spinnable sol to obtain an aluminum-based gel fiber membrane. Example 3 The ceramic porous scaffold is prepared by a method including the following steps: S1. Add tetraethyl orthosilicate to absolute ethanol, then add water and hydrochloric acid, and stir to fully hydrolyze tetraethyl orthosilicate. The molar ratio of tetraethyl orthosilicate, water, ethanol, and hydrochloric acid is 1:8:8:0.02. Then add a sucrose solution to the tetraethyl orthosilicate hydrolysis solution. The molar ratio of tetraethyl orthosilicate to sucrose is 1:0.3, and stir and mix evenly to obtain a transparent sol; S2. Bend and shape the aluminum-based gel fiber membrane into an S-shaped fiber membrane using a mold, and dry and shape it. The wavelength of the S-shaped fiber membrane is 1.2 mm, the wave amplitude is 1.8 mm, and the width is 6 mm. Arrange it parallelly in a casting mold, and pour the sol prepared in S1 into the mold to obtain a gel scaffold with a thickness of 6 mm; S2. Dry the gel scaffold prepared in step S2 and then calcine it. Under an Ar gas atmosphere, heat it to 800 °C at a heating rate of 4 °C / min, hold for 80 min, and then heat it to the required temperature of 1450 °C at a heating rate of 2 °C / min and hold for 2.5 h to obtain a ceramic porous scaffold; The aluminum-based gel fiber membrane is prepared by a method including the following steps: S21. Add aluminum chloride hexahydrate to water, dissolve it, heat it up and add aluminum powder. The molar ratio of aluminum chloride hexahydrate to aluminum powder is 1:4. Heat and reflux react at 90 °C, and then age the reaction to obtain a sol. Add ethanol and PVP to the sol. The mass-volume ratio of the sol, ethanol, and PVP is 25:40:1 to obtain a spinnable sol; S22. Perform electrospinning on the spinnable sol to obtain an aluminum-based gel fiber membrane. Example 4 A high energy absorption and impact resistant aluminum-based composite material, the aluminum-based composite material includes the ceramic porous scaffold prepared in Example 1 and an aluminum alloy substrate, and the aluminum alloy substrate has the following components: Cu is 0.8 wt%; Mg is 0.6 wt%; Zn is 0.5 wt%; Mn is 0.1 wt%; Y is 0.05 wt%; The balance is Al; The preparation method of the above high energy absorption and impact resistant aluminum-based composite material includes the following steps: Clean the ceramic porous scaffold prepared in Example 1 with acetone; Melt the aluminum alloy substrate; Place the molten aluminum alloy and the ceramic porous scaffold in a vacuum sintering furnace for sintering, apply a vacuum pressure of 0.5 MPa, heat it to 1100 °C at a heating rate of 10 °C / min, then hold for 20 min, and finally cool it at a rate of 6 °C / min to obtain an aluminum-based composite material with a thickness of 8 mm. Example 5 A high energy absorption and impact resistant aluminum-based composite material, the aluminum-based composite material includes the ceramic porous scaffold prepared in Example 2 and an aluminum alloy substrate, and the aluminum alloy substrate has the following components: Cu is 0.2 wt%; Mg is 1.2 wt%; Zn is 0.2 wt%; Mn is 0.2 wt%; Y is 0.25 wt%; The balance is Al; The preparation method of the above high energy absorption and impact resistant aluminum matrix composite material includes the following steps: Clean the ceramic porous scaffold prepared in Example 2 with acetone; Melt the aluminum alloy substrate; Place the molten aluminum alloy and the ceramic porous scaffold in a vacuum sintering furnace for sintering, apply a vacuum pressure of 1.2 MPa, heat to 1200 °C at a heating rate of 10 °C / min, then hold for 30 min, and finally cool at a rate of 3 °C / min to obtain an aluminum matrix composite material with a thickness of 8 mm. Example 6 A high energy absorption and impact resistant aluminum matrix composite material, the aluminum matrix composite material includes the ceramic porous scaffold prepared in Example 3 and an aluminum alloy substrate, and the aluminum alloy substrate has the following components: Cu is 0.5 wt%; Mg is 0.8 wt%; Zn is 0.4 wt%; Mn is 0.15 wt%; Y is 0.2 wt%; The balance is Al; The preparation method of the above high energy absorption and impact resistant aluminum matrix composite material includes the following steps: Clean the ceramic porous scaffold prepared in Example 3 with acetone; Melt the aluminum alloy substrate; Place the molten aluminum alloy and the ceramic porous scaffold in a vacuum sintering furnace for sintering, apply a vacuum pressure of 0.8 MPa, heat to 1150 °C at a heating rate of 10 °C / min, then hold for 30 min, and finally cool at a rate of 5 °C / min to obtain an aluminum matrix composite material with a thickness of 8 mm. Comparative Example 1 A high energy absorption and impact resistant aluminum matrix composite material, the aluminum matrix composite material includes a ceramic porous scaffold and an aluminum alloy substrate, and the aluminum alloy substrate has the following components: Cu is 0.5 wt%; Mg is 0.8 wt%; Zn is 0.4 wt%; Mn is 0.15 wt%; Y is 0.2 wt%; The balance is Al; The preparation method of the above high energy absorption and impact resistant aluminum matrix composite material includes the following steps: Clean the ceramic porous scaffold with acetone; Melt the aluminum alloy substrate; Place the molten aluminum alloy and the ceramic porous scaffold in a vacuum sintering furnace for sintering, apply a vacuum pressure of 0.8 MPa, heat it to 1150 °C at a heating rate of 10 °C / min, then hold for 30 min, and finally cool it at a rate of 5 °C / min to obtain an aluminum matrix composite with a thickness of 8 mm; The ceramic porous scaffold is prepared by a method including the following steps: S1. Add tetraethyl orthosilicate to absolute ethanol, then add water and hydrochloric acid, stir to fully hydrolyze tetraethyl orthosilicate. The molar ratio of tetraethyl orthosilicate, water, ethanol, and hydrochloric acid is 1:8:8:0.02. Then add a sucrose solution to the tetraethyl orthosilicate hydrolysis solution. The molar ratio of tetraethyl orthosilicate and sucrose is 1:0.3, stir and mix evenly to obtain a transparent sol; S2. Pour the sol prepared in S1 into a mold to obtain a gel scaffold with a thickness of 6 mm; S2. Dry the gel scaffold prepared in step S2 and then calcine it. Under an Ar gas atmosphere, heat it to 800 °C at a heating rate of 4 °C / min, hold for 80 min, and then heat it to the required temperature of 1450 °C at a heating rate of 2 °C / min, hold for 2.5 h to obtain the ceramic porous scaffold. Comparative Example 2 A high energy absorption and impact resistant aluminum matrix composite, the aluminum matrix composite includes a ceramic porous scaffold and an aluminum alloy substrate, and the aluminum alloy substrate has the following composition: Cu is 0.5 wt%; Mg is 0.8 wt%; Zn is 0.4 wt%; Mn is 0.15 wt%; Y is 0.2 wt%; The balance is Al; The preparation method of the above high energy absorption and impact resistant aluminum matrix composite includes the following steps: Clean the ceramic porous scaffold with acetone; Melt the aluminum alloy substrate; Place the molten aluminum alloy and the ceramic porous scaffold in a vacuum sintering furnace for sintering, apply a vacuum pressure of 0.8 MPa, heat it to 1150 °C at a heating rate of 10 °C / min, then hold for 30 min, and finally cool it at a rate of 5 °C / min to obtain an aluminum matrix composite with a thickness of 8 mm; The ceramic porous scaffold is prepared by a method including the following steps: S1. Add tetraethyl orthosilicate to absolute ethanol, then add water and hydrochloric acid, and stir to fully hydrolyze tetraethyl orthosilicate. The molar ratio of tetraethyl orthosilicate, water, ethanol, and hydrochloric acid is 1:8:8:0.02. Then add a sucrose solution to the tetraethyl orthosilicate hydrolysis solution. The molar ratio of tetraethyl orthosilicate to sucrose is 1:0.3. Stir and mix evenly to obtain a transparent sol. S2. Arrange the aluminum-based gel fiber membranes in parallel in a casting mold, and pour the sol prepared in S1 into the mold to obtain a gel scaffold with a thickness of 6 mm. S2. Dry the gel scaffold prepared in step S2 and then calcine it. Under an Ar gas atmosphere, heat it to 800 °C at a heating rate of 4 °C / min, hold for 80 min, and then heat it to the required temperature of 1450 °C at a heating rate of 2 °C / min and hold for 2.5 h to obtain a ceramic porous scaffold. The aluminum-based gel fiber membrane is prepared by a method including the following steps: S21. Add aluminum chloride hexahydrate to water, dissolve it, and then add aluminum powder while heating. The molar ratio of aluminum chloride hexahydrate to aluminum powder is 1:4. Heat and reflux react at 90 °C, and then age the reaction to obtain a sol. Add ethanol and PVP to the sol. The mass-volume ratio of the sol, ethanol, and PVP is 25:40:1 to obtain a spinnable sol. S22. Perform electrospinning on the spinnable sol to obtain an aluminum-based gel fiber membrane. Comparative Example 3 A high energy absorption and impact resistant aluminum-based composite material, the aluminum-based composite material includes a ceramic porous scaffold and an aluminum alloy substrate, and the aluminum alloy substrate has the following components: Cu is 0.5 wt%; Mg is 0.8 wt%; Zn is 0.4 wt%; Mn is 0.15 wt%; Y is 0.2 wt%; The balance is Al; The preparation method of the above high energy absorption and impact resistant aluminum-based composite material includes the following steps: Wash the ceramic porous scaffold with acetone; Melt the aluminum alloy substrate; Place the molten aluminum alloy and the ceramic porous scaffold in a vacuum sintering furnace for sintering, apply a vacuum pressure of 0.8 MPa, heat to 1150 °C at a heating rate of 10 °C / min, then hold for 30 min, and finally cool at a rate of 5 °C / min to obtain an aluminum-based composite material with a thickness of 8 mm. The ceramic porous scaffold is prepared by a method including the following steps: S1. Add tetraethyl orthosilicate to absolute ethanol, then add water and hydrochloric acid, and stir to fully hydrolyze tetraethyl orthosilicate. The molar ratio of tetraethyl orthosilicate, water, ethanol, and hydrochloric acid is 1:8:8:0.02. Then add a sucrose solution to the tetraethyl orthosilicate hydrolysis solution. The molar ratio of tetraethyl orthosilicate to sucrose is 1:0.3. Stir and mix evenly to obtain a transparent sol. S2. Bend and shape the aluminum-based gel fiber membrane into an S-shaped fiber membrane with a mold and dry and shape it. The wavelength of the S-shaped fiber membrane is 2 mm, the wave amplitude is 1 mm, and the width is 6 mm. Arrange it in parallel in a casting mold, and pour the sol prepared in S1 into the mold to obtain a gel scaffold with a thickness of 6 mm. S2. Dry the gel scaffold prepared in step S2 and then calcine it. Under an Ar gas atmosphere, heat it to 800 °C at a heating rate of 4 °C / min, hold for 80 min, and then heat it to the required temperature of 1450 °C at a heating rate of 2 °C / min and hold for 2.5 h to obtain a ceramic porous scaffold. The aluminum-based gel fiber membrane is prepared by a method including the following steps: S21. Add aluminum chloride hexahydrate to water, dissolve it, and then add aluminum powder after heating. The molar ratio of aluminum chloride hexahydrate to aluminum powder is 1:4. Heat and reflux at 90 °C for reaction, and then age the reaction to obtain a sol. Add ethanol and PVP to the sol. The mass-volume ratio of the sol, ethanol, and PVP is 25:40:1 to obtain a spinnable sol. S22. Electrospin the spinnable sol to obtain an aluminum-based gel fiber membrane. Comparative Example 4 A high energy absorption and impact resistant aluminum-based composite material, the aluminum-based composite material includes a ceramic porous scaffold and an aluminum alloy substrate, and the aluminum alloy substrate has the following components: Cu is 0.5 wt%; Mg is 0.8 wt%; Zn is 0.4 wt%; Mn is 0.15 wt%; Y is 0.2 wt%; The balance is Al; The preparation method of the above high energy absorption and impact resistant aluminum-based composite material includes the following steps: Wash the ceramic porous scaffold with acetone; Melt the aluminum alloy substrate; Place the molten aluminum alloy and the ceramic porous scaffold in a vacuum sintering furnace for sintering, apply a vacuum pressure of 0.8 MPa, heat to 1150 °C at a heating rate of 10 °C / min, then hold for 30 min, and finally cool at a rate of 5 °C / min to obtain an aluminum-based composite material with a thickness of 8 mm. The ceramic porous scaffold is prepared by a method including the following steps: S1. Add aluminum chloride hexahydrate to water, heat under reflux, then add propylene oxide. The molar ratio of aluminum chloride hexahydrate to propylene oxide is 1:6, and react to obtain a wet gel. S2. Bend and shape the aluminum-based gel fiber membrane into an S-shaped fiber membrane with a wavelength of 1.2 mm, an amplitude of 1.8 mm, and a width of 6 mm using a mold, and dry and shape it. Then arrange them in parallel in a casting mold, and pour the wet gel prepared in S1 into the mold to obtain a gel scaffold with a thickness of 6 mm. S3. Add the gel scaffold to ethanol for aging, dry it, and then calcine it. Under an Ar gas atmosphere, heat it to 1200 °C at a heating rate of 4 °C / min and hold for 2.5 h to obtain a ceramic porous scaffold. The aluminum-based gel fiber membrane is prepared by a method including the following steps: S21. Add aluminum chloride hexahydrate to water, dissolve it, heat it up and add aluminum powder. The molar ratio of aluminum chloride hexahydrate to aluminum powder is 1:4, heat under reflux at 90 °C, and then age the reaction to obtain a sol. Add ethanol and PVP to the sol, and the mass-volume ratio of the sol, ethanol, and PVP is 25:40:1 to obtain a spinnable sol. S22. Electrospin the spinnable sol to obtain an aluminum-based gel fiber membrane. In the above examples, the materials are uniformly made into a thickness of 8 mm (the thickness of the anti-collision frame for large vehicles is 4 - 10 mm), and performance testing is carried out. The impact experiment is carried out on an impact testing machine in accordance with GB / T 229-2020; the tensile experiment is carried out on a tensile testing machine in accordance with GB / T 228-2010. Obviously, the above examples are only for clearly illustrating the examples and are not intended to limit the implementation mode. For those of ordinary skill in the art, other different forms of changes or modifications can be made on the basis of the above description. It is not necessary and impossible to list all the implementation modes here. And the obvious changes or modifications derived therefrom are still within the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A high energy absorption and impact resistant aluminum matrix composite material, characterized in that: The aluminum matrix composite material includes a ceramic porous scaffold and an aluminum alloy substrate. The ceramic porous scaffold is composed of a porous aerogel and an S-shaped electrospun membrane. The aluminum alloy substrate has the following composition: Cu is 0.2 - 0.8 wt%; Mg is 0.6 - 1.2 wt%; Zn is 0.2 - 0.5 wt%; Mn is 0.1 - 0.2 wt%; Y is 0.05 - 0.25 wt%; The balance is Al.

2. The high energy absorption and impact resistant aluminum matrix composite material according to claim 1, wherein: The ceramic porous scaffold is prepared by a method including the following steps: S1. Add tetraethyl orthosilicate to absolute ethanol, then add water and hydrochloric acid, stir to fully hydrolyze tetraethyl orthosilicate, and then add a sucrose solution to the tetraethyl orthosilicate hydrolysis solution, stir and mix evenly to obtain a transparent sol; S2. Bend and shape the aluminum-based gel fiber membrane into an S-shaped fiber membrane with a mold and dry and shape it. Arrange it parallel in a casting mold, and pour the sol prepared in S1 into the mold to obtain a gel scaffold; S2. Dry the gel scaffold prepared in step S2 and then calcine it to obtain a ceramic porous scaffold.

3. The high energy absorption and impact resistant aluminum matrix composite material according to claim 2, characterized in that: The molar ratio of tetraethyl orthosilicate, water, ethanol and hydrochloric acid is 1:2 - 10:2 - 10:0.01 - 0.05, and the molar ratio of tetraethyl orthosilicate and sucrose is 1:0.2 - 0.

4.

4. The impact-resistant aluminum matrix composite material for an automobile anti-collision frame according to claim 2, wherein: The aluminum-based gel fiber membrane is prepared by a method including the following steps: S21. Add aluminum chloride hexahydrate to water, dissolve it, heat it up and add aluminum powder, heat and reflux for reaction. After aging reaction, add ethanol and PVP to the solution to obtain a spinnable sol; S22. Perform electrospinning on the spinnable sol to obtain an aluminum-based gel fiber membrane.

5. The high energy absorption and impact resistant aluminum matrix composite material according to claim 2, wherein: The wavelength of the S-shaped fiber membrane is 0.8 - 1.5 mm, the wave amplitude is 1 - 2.5 mm, and the width is 3 - 7 mm.

6. The high energy absorption and impact resistant aluminum matrix composite material according to claim 2, characterized in that: The parameters of the calcination are as follows: under an Ar gas atmosphere, heat it at a heating rate of 3 - 4 °C / min to 800 °C, keep it warm for 40 - 80 min, and then heat it to the required temperature of 1400 - 1500 °C at a heating rate of 2 °C / min, and keep it warm for 2 - 3 h.

7. A method for preparing a high energy absorption and impact resistant aluminum matrix composite material according to any one of claims 1-6, characterized in that, Including the following steps: Wash the ceramic porous scaffold with acetone; Melt the aluminum alloy substrate; Place the molten aluminum alloy and the ceramic porous scaffold in a vacuum sintering furnace for sintering, apply a vacuum pressure of 0.5 - 1.2 MPa, heat it to 1100 - 1200 °C at a heating rate of 10 °C / min, then keep it warm for 20 - 30 min, and finally cool it at a rate of 3 - 6 °C / min to obtain the aluminum matrix composite material.

8. Application of a high energy absorption and impact resistant aluminum matrix composite material as described in any one of claims 1 - 6 in a large vehicle anti-collision frame.

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