Light emitting device, and electronic device and electronic equipment including same

Abstract

The invention provides a light-emitting device, and an electronic device and an electronic equipment each including the light-emitting device. A light emitting device includes a first electrode, a second electrode opposite the first electrode, an interlayer disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode, where the interlayer may include a hole transport region and an emission layer, the hole transport region may be disposed between the first electrode and the emission layer, the hole transport region may include a first layer and a second layer, and a capping layer disposed between the first layer and the emission layer. The first layer may be disposed between the first electrode and the second layer, the first layer may include a first hole transport material and a p-dopant, and the second layer may include a second hole transport material.

Description

[0001] Cross - reference to related applications

[0002] This application claims priority and the benefit of Korean Patent Application No. 10 - 2024 - 0001552, filed with the Korean Intellectual Property Office on January 4, 2024, the entire content of which is incorporated herein by reference. Technical Field

[0003] Embodiments of the present disclosure described herein relate to a light - emitting device and an electronic device and electronic apparatus each including the light - emitting device. Background Art

[0004] Self - emitting devices (e.g., organic light - emitting devices, etc.) in a light - emitting device have a relatively wide viewing angle, high contrast, short response time, and excellent or appropriate characteristics in terms of brightness, driving voltage, and response speed.

[0005] In a light - emitting device, a first electrode is located on a substrate, and a hole - transport region, an emission layer, an electron - transport region, and a second electrode are sequentially disposed on the first electrode. Holes provided from the first electrode move through the hole - transport region toward the emission layer, and electrons provided from the second electrode move through the electron - transport region toward the emission layer. Charge carriers (such as holes and electrons) recombine in the emission layer to generate excitons. These excitons transition (relax) from an excited state to a ground state, thereby generating light (e.g., to display an image). Summary of the Invention

[0006] Aspects according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure relate to a light - emitting device having a low driving voltage, high luminous efficiency, and long lifespan, and an electronic device and an electronic apparatus each including the light - emitting device.

[0007] Additional aspects will be set forth in part in the following description, and in part will be obvious from the description, or may be learned by practice of the embodiments presented in the present disclosure.

[0008] According to one or more embodiments, a light - emitting device includes a first electrode, a second electrode opposite (e.g., facing) the first electrode, a sandwich layer disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode, and a capping layer,

[0009] The sandwich layer may include a hole - transport region and an emission layer,

[0010] The hole - transport region may be disposed between the first electrode and the emission layer,

[0011] The hole - transport region may include a first layer and a second layer,

[0012] The first layer may be disposed between the first electrode and the second layer,

[0013] The first layer may include a first hole transport material and a p-dopant,

[0014] The second layer may include a second hole transport material,

[0015] The difference (e.g., absolute value of the difference) between the triplet energy of the p-dopant and the triplet energy of the second hole transport material may be about 1.50 eV or greater,

[0016] The second hole transport material may be an amine-containing compound, the amine-containing compound including i) 1,1':3',1”-terphenyl-2'-yl and ii) a cycloalkyl group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms,

[0017] The emission layer may be configured to emit a first light,

[0018] The capping layer may be disposed on the travel path of the first light,

[0019] The capping layer may include a first capping material, and

[0020] The first capping material may satisfy at least one of the conditions selected from Condition 1 to Condition 3:

[0021] Condition 1

[0022] For light having a wavelength of about 633 nm, the first capping material has a refractive index of about 1.70 or greater;

[0023] Condition 2

[0024] For light having a wavelength of about 530 nm, the first capping material has a refractive index of about 1.90 or greater; and

[0025] Condition 3

[0026] For light having a wavelength of about 450 nm, the first capping material has a refractive index of about 2.10 or greater.

[0027] According to one or more embodiments, the light-emitting device includes a first electrode, a second electrode opposite (e.g., facing) the first electrode, a sandwich layer disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode, and a capping layer,

[0028] The sandwich layer may include a hole transport region and an emission layer,

[0029] The hole transport region may be disposed between the first electrode and the emission layer,

[0030] The hole transport region may include a first layer and a second layer,

[0031] The first layer may be disposed between the first electrode and the second layer,

[0032] The first layer may include a first hole transport material and a p-dopant,

[0033] The second layer may include a second hole transport material,

[0034] The difference (e.g., the absolute value of the difference) between the triplet energy of the p-dopant and the triplet energy of the second hole transport material may be about 1.50 eV or greater,

[0035] The second hole transport material may be an amine-containing compound, and the amine-containing compound includes i) 1,1':3',1”-terphenyl-2'-yl and ii) a cycloalkyl group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms,

[0036] The emission layer may be configured to emit a first light,

[0037] The capping layer may be disposed on the traveling path of the first light,

[0038] The capping layer may include a first capping material, and

[0039] The first capping material may be a compound represented by Formula 8-1:

[0040] Formula 8-1

[0041]

[0042] Wherein in Formula 8-1,

[0043] L 81 to L 83 may each independently be a single bond, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C3-C 60 carbocyclic group or an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 heterocyclic group,

[0044] a81 to a83 may each independently be an integer selected from 1 to 5,

[0045] X 81 to X 83 may each independently be O or S,

[0046] Y 81 to Y 83 may each independently be N or C,

[0047] Ring CY 81 to Ring CY 83 may each independently be a C3-C 60 carbocyclic group or a C1-C 60 heterocyclic group,

[0048] Z 81 to Z 83Each may independently be hydrogen, deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, hydroxy, cyano, nitro, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a substituted C2-C 60 alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a substituted C2-C 60 alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 alkoxy, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a substituted C3-C 60 carbocyclic group, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 heterocyclic group, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a substituted C6-C 60 aryloxy, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a substituted C6-C 60 arylthio, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a substituted C7-C 60 aralkyl, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a substituted C2-C 60 heteroaralkyl, -C(Q1)(Q2)(Q3), -Si(Q1)(Q2)(Q3), -N(Q1)(Q2), -B(Q1)(Q2), -C(=O)(Q1), -S(=O)2(Q1) or -P(=O)(Q1)(Q2), b81 to b83 may each independently be an integer selected from 0 to 20,

[0049] R 10a may be:

[0050] deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, hydroxy, cyano or nitro,

[0051] each unsubstituted or substituted by the following C1-C 60 alkyl, C2-C 60 alkenyl, C2-C 60 alkynyl or C1-C 60 alkoxy: deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, hydroxy, cyano, nitro, C3-C 60 carbocyclic group, C1-C 60 heterocyclic group, C6-C 60 aryloxy, C6-C 60 arylthio, C7-C 60 aralkyl, C2-C 60 heteroaralkyl, -Si(Q11 )(Q 12 )(Q 13 )、 -N(Q 11 )(Q 12 )、 -B(Q 11 )(Q 12 )、 -C(=O)(Q 11 )、 -S(=O)2(Q 11 )、 -P(=O)(Q 11 )(Q 12 ) or any combination thereof,

[0052] each unsubstituted or substituted by the following C3-C 60 carbocyclic group, C1-C 60 heterocyclic group, C6-C 60 aryloxy group, C6-C 60 arylthio group, C7-C 60 aralkyl group or C2-C 60 heteroaralkyl group: deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, hydroxy group, cyano group, nitro group, C1-C 60 alkyl group, C2-C 60 alkenyl group, C2-C 60 alkynyl group, C1-C 60 alkoxy group, C3-C 60 carbocyclic group, C1-C 60 heterocyclic group, C6-C 60 aryloxy group, C6-C 60 arylthio group, C7-C 60 aralkyl group, C2-C 60 heteroaralkyl group, -Si(Q 21 )(Q 22 )(Q 23 )、 -N(Q 21 )(Q 22 )、 -B(Q 21 )(Q 22 )、 -C(=O)(Q 21 )、 -S(=O)2(Q 21 )、 -P(=O)(Q 21 )(Q 22 ) or any combination thereof, or

[0053] -Si(Q 31 )(Q 32 )(Q 33 )、 -N(Q 31 )(Q 32 )、 -B(Q 31 )(Q 32 )、 -C(=O)(Q 31)、-S(=O)2(Q 31 ) or -P(=O)(Q 31 )(Q 32 ), and

[0054] Q 11 to Q 13 、Q 21 to Q 23 and Q 31 to Q 33 can each independently be hydrogen; deuterium; -F; -Cl; -Br; -I; hydroxy; cyano; nitro; or C1-C that is unsubstituted or substituted by deuterium, -F, cyano, C1-C 60 alkyl, C1-C 60 alkoxy, phenyl, biphenyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl, triazinyl, or any combination thereof-substituted C1-C 60 alkyl, C2-C 60 alkenyl, C2-C 60 alkynyl, C1-C 60 alkoxy, C3-C 60 carbocyclic group or C1-C 60 heterocyclic group.

[0055] For example, ring CY 81 to ring CY 83 can each independently be phenyl, naphthyl, phenanthryl, anthracenyl, pyrenyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, or phenanthrolinyl, where at least one selected from ring CY 81 to ring CY 83 can be naphthyl, phenanthryl, anthracenyl, pyrenyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, or phenanthrolinyl.

[0056] According to one or more embodiments, the light-emitting device includes a first electrode, a second electrode opposite to (e.g., facing) the first electrode, a sandwich layer disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode, and a capping layer,

[0057] The sandwich layer can include a hole transport region and an emission layer,

[0058] The hole transport region can be disposed between the first electrode and the emission layer,

[0059] The hole transport region can include a first layer and a second layer,

[0060] The first layer can be disposed between the first electrode and the second layer,

[0061] The first layer can include a first hole transport material and a p-dopant,

[0062] The second layer can include a second hole transport material,

[0063] The p-dopant may be a compound represented by Formula 1,

[0064] The second hole transport material may be an amine-containing compound, the amine-containing compound including i) 1,1':3',1”-terphenyl-2'-yl and ii) a cycloalkyl group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms,

[0065] The emission layer may be configured to emit a first light,

[0066] The capping layer may be disposed on the traveling path of the first light,

[0067] The capping layer may include a first capping material, and

[0068] The first capping material may satisfy at least one selected from Condition 1 to Condition 3:

[0069] Condition 1

[0070] For light having a wavelength of about 633 nm, the first capping material has a refractive index of about 1.70 or greater;

[0071] Condition 2

[0072] For light having a wavelength of about 530 nm, the first capping material has a refractive index of about 1.90 or greater; and

[0073] Condition 3

[0074] For light having a wavelength of about 450 nm, the first capping material has a refractive index of about 2.10 or greater.

[0075] Formula 1

[0076]

[0077] Wherein in Formula 1,

[0078] X 11 may be C(Z 11 ) or N, X 12 may be C(Z 12 ) or N, X 13 may be C-[(L 13 ) a13 -(Z 13 ) b13 or N, X 14 may be C-[(L 14 ) a14 -(Z 14 ) b14 or N,

[0079] X 15 and X 16Each may independently be O, S, Se, S(=O), or S(=O)2,

[0080] X 17 may be C(Z 17a )(Z 17b ), N(Z 17 ), O, S, or Se,

[0081] X 18 may be C(Z 18a )(Z 18b ), N(Z 18 ), O, S, or Se,

[0082] L 13 and L 14 may each independently be a single bond, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C3-C 60 carbocyclic group or an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 heterocyclic group,

[0083] a13 and a14 may each independently be an integer selected from 1 to 5,

[0084] Z 11 to Z 14 、Z 17a 、Z 17b 、Z 17 、Z 18a 、Z 18b and Z 18 may each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, hydroxy, cyano, nitro, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 alkyl, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C2-C 60 alkenyl, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C2-C 60 alkynyl, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 alkoxy, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C3-C 60 carbocyclic group, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 heterocyclic group, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C6-C 60 aryloxy, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C6-C 60An arylthio group, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a substituted C7-C 60 An arylalkyl group, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a substituted C2-C 60 A heteroarylalkyl group, -C(Q1)(Q2)(Q3), -Si(Q1)(Q2)(Q3), -N(Q1)(Q2), -B(Q1)(Q2), -C(=O)(Q1), -S(=O)2(Q1) or -P(=O)(Q1)(Q2),

[0085] b13 and b14 can each independently be an integer selected from 0 to 20,

[0086] Formula 1 may include at least one electron-withdrawing group,

[0087] Q1 to Q3 are each the same as described herein, and

[0088] R 10a is the same as described herein.

[0089] For example, the electron-withdrawing group may be:

[0090] -F or a cyano group, or

[0091] C1-C 60 alkyl, C1-C 60 alkoxy or C6-C 60 aryl, each substituted by -F, a cyano group or any combination thereof.

[0092] According to one or more embodiments, the light-emitting device includes a first electrode, a second electrode opposite to (e.g., facing) the first electrode, a sandwich layer disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode, and a capping layer,

[0093] The sandwich layer may include a hole transport region and an emission layer,

[0094] The hole transport region may be disposed between the first electrode and the emission layer,

[0095] The hole transport region may include a first layer and a second layer,

[0096] The first layer may be disposed between the first electrode and the second layer,

[0097] The first layer may include a first hole transport material and a p-dopant,

[0098] The second layer may include a second hole transport material,

[0099] The p-dopant may be a compound represented by Formula 1,

[0100] The second hole transporting material may be an amine-containing compound, and the amine-containing compound includes i) 1,1':3',1”-terphenyl-2'-yl and ii) a cycloalkyl group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms.

[0101] The emission layer may be configured to emit a first light.

[0102] The capping layer may be disposed on a traveling path of the first light.

[0103] The capping layer may include a first capping material, and

[0104] The first capping material may be a compound represented by Formula 8.

[0105] According to one or more embodiments, the electronic device includes a light-emitting device.

[0106] According to one or more embodiments, the electronic apparatus includes a light-emitting device. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0107] The above and other aspects, features, and advantages of specific embodiments of the present disclosure will become more apparent from the following description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:

[0108] Figure 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of the structure of a light-emitting device according to one or more embodiments;

[0109] Figure 2 and Figure 3 are each a schematic cross-sectional view of the structure of a light-emitting device (which is one selected from electronic devices according to one or more embodiments); and

[0110] Figure 4 、 Figure 5 、 Figure 6A 、 Figure 6B and Figure 6C are each a schematic diagram of the structure of an electronic apparatus according to one or more embodiments. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0111] One or more embodiments will now be described in greater detail with reference to examples thereof, where like reference numerals refer to like elements throughout and their repeated description may not be provided. In this regard, the present embodiments may have different forms and should not be construed as limited to the description set forth herein. Accordingly, only one or more embodiments are described in greater detail with reference to the accompanying drawings to explain aspects of this description. As used herein, the term "and / or" includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. Throughout this disclosure, the expression "at least one of a, b, and c" indicates only a, only b, only c, both a and b (e.g., simultaneously), both a and c (e.g., simultaneously), both b and c (e.g., simultaneously), all of a, b, and c, or variants thereof.

[0112] In this specification, "including A or B", "A and / or B", etc. mean A or B, or A and B.

[0113] As used herein, the terms "substantially", "about" and similar terms are used as approximate terms and not as terms of degree, and are intended to account for the inherent deviations of measured or calculated values that would be recognized by a person of ordinary skill in the art. As used herein, "substantially" includes the recited value and means within an acceptable deviation range of a particular value as determined by a person of ordinary skill in the art considering the measurement in question and the errors associated with a particular quantity of measurement (i.e., the limitations of the measurement system). For example, "substantially" may mean within one or more standard deviations of the recited value, or within ±30%, ±20%, ±10% or ±5% of the recited value.

[0114] Also, any numerical range recited herein is intended to include all sub-ranges of the same numerical precision subsumed within the recited range. For example, the range "1.0 to 10.0" is intended to include all sub-ranges between the recited minimum value 1.0 and the recited maximum value 10.0 (and including 1.0 and 10.0), i.e., having a minimum value equal to or greater than 1.0 and a maximum value equal to or less than 10.0, such as, for example, all sub-ranges of 2.4 to 7.6. Any maximum numerical limit recited herein is intended to include all lower numerical limits subsumed therein, and any minimum numerical limit recited in this specification is intended to include all higher numerical limits subsumed therein. Accordingly, the applicant reserves the right to amend this specification (including the claims) to expressly recite any sub-ranges subsumed within the ranges expressly recited herein.

[0115] Furthermore, when "may" is used in describing an embodiment of the present disclosure, it refers to "one or more embodiments of the present disclosure".

[0116] Unless the context clearly indicates otherwise, as used herein, the singular forms "a", "an", and "the" are intended to include the plural forms as well.

[0117] In the present disclosure, when a point, multiple points, a particle, or multiple particles are spherical, "size" or "diameter" indicates the particle size or average particle size, and when they are non-spherical, "size" or "diameter" indicates the major axis length or average major axis length. The diameter of the particles can be measured using a scanning electron microscope or a particle size analyzer. As a particle size analyzer, for example, the HORIBA, LA-950 laser particle size analyzer can be used. When measuring the size of the particles using a particle size analyzer, the average particle size is referred to as D 50 。D 50 refers to the average diameter of the particles whose cumulative volume corresponds to 50% by volume in the particle size distribution (e.g., cumulative distribution), and refers to the value of the particle size corresponding to 50% of the particles starting from the smallest particles in the cumulative distribution curve in the order from the smallest particle size to the largest particle size when the total number of particles is 100%.

[0118] A light-emitting device according to one or more embodiments may include: a first electrode; a second electrode opposite to (e.g., facing) the first electrode; an interlayer disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode; and a capping layer.

[0119] In one or more embodiments, the first electrode may be an anode, and the second electrode may be a cathode.

[0120] The interlayer may include a hole transport region and an emission layer. The hole transport region may be disposed between the first electrode and the emission layer.

[0121] The hole transport region may include a first layer and a second layer, and the first layer may be disposed between the first electrode and the second layer. Accordingly, the light-emitting device may have a structure in which the first electrode, the first layer, the second layer, the emission layer, and the second electrode are stacked in sequence.

[0122] The first layer may include a first hole transport material and a p-dopant, and the second layer may include a second hole transport material. The first hole transport material may be a matrix material, and the first hole transport material may be doped with the p-dopant in a substantially uniform or non-uniform manner.

[0123] In one or more embodiments, based on 100 parts by weight of the first layer, the amount of the p-dopant may be about 0.01 part by weight to about 10 parts by weight, about 0.1 part by weight to about 8 parts by weight, or about 0.5 part by weight to about 5 parts by weight.

[0124] The second layer may not include (e.g., may exclude) any p-dopant.

[0125] In one or more embodiments, the second layer may comprise a hole transport material (e.g., consist of a hole transport material).

[0126] The difference between the triplet energy of the p-dopant and the triplet energy of the second hole transport material, i.e., the absolute value of the difference between the triplet energy of the p-dopant and the triplet energy of the second hole transport material, may be about 1.50 eV or greater, about 1.50 eV to about 3.00 eV, about 1.50 eV to about 2.80 eV, about 1.50 eV to about 2.60 eV, about 2.00 eV to about 3.00 eV, about 2.00 eV to about 2.80 eV, about 2.00 eV to about 2.60 eV, about 2.20 eV to about 3.00 eV, about 2.20 eV to about 2.80 eV, about 2.20 eV to about 2.60 eV, about 2.40 eV to about 3.00 eV, about 2.40 eV to about 2.80 eV, or about 2.40 eV to about 2.60 eV.

[0127] In one or more embodiments, the triplet energy of the p-dopant may be about 0.05 eV to about 0.30 eV, about 0.10 eV to about 0.27 eV, or about 0.10 eV to about 0.24 eV.

[0128] In one or more embodiments, the singlet energy of the p-dopant may be about 1.00 eV to about 2.50 eV, about 1.10 eV to about 2.50 eV, about 1.30 eV to about 2.50 eV, about 1.38 eV to about 2.50 eV, or about 1.38 eV to about 2.29 eV.

[0129] In one or more embodiments, the difference between the triplet energy and the singlet energy of the p-dopant may be about 0.80 eV to about 2.50 eV, about 0.80 eV to about 2.45 eV, about 0.90 eV to about 2.50 eV, about 1.00 eV to about 2.50 eV, about 1.19 eV to about 2.50 eV, or about 1.19 eV to about 2.08 eV.

[0130] In one or more embodiments, the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy level of the p-dopant may be about -7.80 eV to about -6.30 eV, about -7.59 eV to about -6.30 eV, or about -7.59 eV to about -6.78 eV.

[0131] In one or more embodiments, the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy level of the p-dopant may be about -5.90 eV to about -4.70 eV, about -5.78 eV to about -4.70 eV, or about -5.78 eV to about -4.88 eV.

[0132] More details of the p-dopant are as described herein.

[0133] The first hole transporting material and the second hole transporting material may each be an amine-containing compound.

[0134] For example, the first hole transporting material is different from the second hole transporting material.

[0135] In one or more embodiments, the first hole transporting material may be a diamine-containing compound, and the second hole transporting material may be a monoamine-containing compound.

[0136] The second hole transporting material may be an amine-containing compound comprising i) 1,1':3',1”-terphenyl-2'-yl and ii) a cycloalkyl group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms.

[0137] In the specification, in “the amine-containing compound comprises i) 1,1':3',1”-terphenyl-2'-yl and ii) a cycloalkyl group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms”, i) “1,1':3',1”-terphenyl-2'-yl” may be unsubstituted or substituted by a substituent of Formula 2 as described herein such as Z 23a (excluding hydrogen), and ii) “a cycloalkyl group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms” may be unsubstituted or substituted by a substituent of Formula 2 as described herein such as Z 22 (excluding hydrogen).

[0138] In one or more embodiments, the HOMO energy level of the second hole transporting material may be from about -5.30 eV to about -4.60 eV, from about -5.06 eV to about -4.60 eV, or from about -5.06 eV to about -4.94 eV.

[0139] In one or more embodiments, the LUMO energy level of the second hole transporting material may be from about -1.40 eV to about -1.00 eV, from about -1.29 eV to about -1.00 eV, or from about -1.29 eV to about -1.10 eV.

[0140] The first hole transporting material may be selected from the compounds that may be included in the hole transporting region described in the specification (for example, the compound represented by Formula 201 and / or the compound represented by Formula 202, etc.).

[0141] More details of the second hole transporting material may each independently be the same as those described in the specification.

[0142] The emission layer may be configured to emit a first light, and the capping layer may be disposed on the traveling path of the first light. The first light may have a first emission spectrum, and the first emission spectrum may have an emission peak wavelength (maximum emission wavelength), etc.

[0143] The capping layer may be located on the traveling path of the first light and be extracted to the outside of the light-emitting device, thereby increasing the external extraction rate of the first light.

[0144] For example, the first electrode may be a semi-transmissive electrode or a transmissive electrode, and the capping layer may be disposed outside the first electrode.

[0145] In one or more embodiments, the second electrode may be a semi-transmissive electrode or a transmissive electrode, and the capping layer may be disposed outside the second electrode.

[0146] For example, the first light may be red light, green light, or blue light.

[0147] In one or more embodiments, the emission peak wavelength (or maximum emission wavelength) of the first light may be from about 610 nm to about 680 nm.

[0148] In one or more embodiments, the emission peak wavelength of the first light may be from about 500 nm to about 590 nm.

[0149] In one or more embodiments, the emission peak wavelength of the first light may be from about 400 nm to about 490 nm.

[0150] The capping layer may include a first capping material, and the first capping material may satisfy at least one selected from Condition 1 to Condition 3:

[0151] Condition 1

[0152] For light having a wavelength of about 633 nm, the first capping material has a refractive index of about 1.70 or greater (e.g., from about 1.70 to about 2.00 or from about 1.80 to about 1.90);

[0153] Condition 2

[0154] For light having a wavelength of about 530 nm, the first capping material has a refractive index of about 1.90 or greater (e.g., from about 1.90 to about 2.10 or from about 1.95 to about 2.05); and

[0155] Condition 3

[0156] For light having a wavelength of about 450 nm, the first capping material has a refractive index of 2.10 or greater (e.g., from about 2.10 to about 2.35 or from about 2.20 to about 2.30).

[0157] In one or more embodiments, the light-emitting device may satisfy all of Condition 1 to Condition 3.

[0158] In one or more embodiments, the first capping material may satisfy condition 1, the first light may be red light, and for the first light, the first capping material may have a refractive index of about 1.70 or greater (e.g., about 1.70 to about 2.00 or about 1.80 to about 1.90).

[0159] In one or more embodiments, the first capping material may satisfy condition 2, the first light may be green light, and for the first light, the first capping material may have a refractive index of about 1.90 or greater (e.g., about 1.90 to about 2.10 or about 1.95 to about 2.05).

[0160] In one or more embodiments, the first capping material may satisfy condition 3, the first light may be blue light, and for the first light, the first capping material may have a refractive index of 2.10 or greater (e.g., about 2.10 to about 2.35 or about 2.20 to about 2.30).

[0161] The refractive index of the first capping material may be evaluated by measuring the refractive index of a film including the first capping material (e.g., consisting of the first capping material) (e.g., see Evaluation Example 2).

[0162] The first capping material may be a boron-containing compound.

[0163] In one or more embodiments, the first capping material may include a benzoxazolyl group, a benzothiazolyl group, a naphthoxazolyl group, a naphthothiazolyl group, a phenoxazolyl group, or a phenothiazolyl group.

[0164] Further details of the first capping material may each independently be the same as those described in the specification.

[0165] The capping layer of the light-emitting device may be located outside the first electrode and / or outside the second electrode.

[0166] In one or more embodiments, the light-emitting device may further include at least one of a first capping layer located outside the first electrode and a second capping layer located outside the second electrode, wherein at least one of the first capping layer and the second capping layer may include the first capping material described in the specification.

[0167] In one or more embodiments, the light-emitting device may include:

[0168] A first capping layer, located outside the first electrode and including the first capping material described in the specification;

[0169] A second capping layer, located outside the second electrode and including the first capping material described in the specification; or

[0170] The first capping layer and the second capping layer.

[0171] In one or more embodiments, the light-emitting device may further include a third capping layer, and the third capping layer may include a compound different from the first capping material described in the specification. The third capping layer may be located on a traveling path of the first light emitted from the emission layer.

[0172] In one or more embodiments, the third capping layer may include a material having a refractive index of about 1.6 or greater (at about 589 nm).

[0173] In one or more embodiments, the third capping layer may be an organic capping layer including an organic material, an inorganic capping layer including an inorganic material, or an organic-inorganic composite capping layer including an organic material and an inorganic material.

[0174] For example, the third capping layer may include a carbocyclic compound, a heterocyclic compound, an amino group-containing compound, a porphyrin derivative, a phthalocyanine derivative, a naphthalocyanine derivative, an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth metal complex, or any combination thereof. Optionally, the carbocyclic compound, the heterocyclic compound, and the amino group-containing compound may be substituted with substituents including O, N, S, Se, Si, F, Cl, Br, I, or any combination thereof.

[0175] For example, the third capping layer may include a compound represented by Formula 201, a compound represented by Formula 202, or any combination thereof.

[0176] In one or more embodiments, the third capping layer may include at least one selected from Compound HT28 to Compound HT33, at least one selected from Compound CP1 to Compound CP6, β-NPB, or any compound thereof:

[0177]

[0178]

[0179] In one or more embodiments, the light-emitting device may include:

[0180] i) a structure in which a first electrode, an interlayer, a second electrode, and a second capping layer (including the first capping material described in the specification) are sequentially stacked;

[0181] ii) a structure in which a first electrode, an interlayer, a second electrode, a third capping layer (including a compound different from the first capping material described in the specification), and a second capping layer (including the first capping material described in the specification) are sequentially stacked; or

[0182] ii) a structure in which a first electrode, an interlayer, a second electrode, a second capping layer (including the first capping material described in the specification), and a third capping layer (including a compound different from the first capping material described in the specification) are sequentially stacked.

[0183] In this regard, the first light emitted from the emission layer included in the interlayer can pass through the second electrode and then be extracted to the outside of the light-emitting device through the second capping layer (or the second capping layer and the third capping layer), and the second electrode can be a semi-transmissive electrode or a transmissive electrode.

[0184] According to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, 1) in the light-emitting device, the difference between the triplet energy of the p-dopant and the triplet energy of the second hole transport material can be 1.50 eV or greater, 2) the second hole transport material can be an amine-containing compound including i) 1,1':3',1”-terphenyl-2'-yl and ii) a cycloalkyl group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms, and 3) the light-emitting device can include a capping layer including a first capping material satisfying at least one of the conditions selected from Condition 1 to Condition 3 (for example, a compound represented by Formula 8 or a compound represented by Formula 8-1). Accordingly, the internal and external light-emitting efficiencies can be improved (for example, simultaneously), and the light-emitting device can have a low driving voltage, a high light-emitting efficiency, and a long lifespan.

[0185] According to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, 1) in the light-emitting device, the p-dopant can be a compound represented by Formula 1, 2) the second hole transport material can be an amine-containing compound including i) 1,1':3',1”-terphenyl-2'-yl and ii) a cycloalkyl group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms, and 3) the light-emitting device can include a capping layer including a first capping material satisfying at least one of the conditions selected from Condition 1 to Condition 3 (for example, a compound represented by Formula 8 or a compound represented by Formula 8-1). Accordingly, the internal and external light-emitting efficiencies can be improved (for example, simultaneously), and the light-emitting device can have a low driving voltage, a high light-emitting efficiency, and a long lifespan.

[0186] In the specification, the HOMO energy level, the LUMO energy level, the singlet energy, the triplet energy, and ΔE ST energies can be evaluated by using density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) (for example, see Evaluation Example 1).

[0187] As used herein, the term "interlayer" refers to a single layer and / or multiple layers located between the first electrode and the second electrode of the light-emitting device.

[0188] One or more embodiments provide an electronic device including a light-emitting device. The electronic device may further include a thin-film transistor. For example, the electronic device may further include a thin-film transistor including a source electrode and a drain electrode, wherein a first electrode of the light-emitting device may be electrically connected to the source electrode or the drain electrode. In one or more embodiments, the electronic device may further include a color filter, a color conversion layer, a touch screen layer, a polarization layer, or any combination thereof. Further details of the electronic device are described herein.

[0189] One or more embodiments provide an electronic device including a light-emitting device.

[0190] For example, the electronic device may be one selected from a flat panel display, a curved display, a computer monitor, a medical monitor, a television, a billboard, an indoor light, an outdoor light, a signal light, a head-up display, a fully transparent display, a partially transparent display, a flexible display, a rollable display, a foldable display, a stretchable display, a laser printer, a telephone, a portable telephone, a tablet personal computer, a phablet, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a wearable device, a laptop computer, a digital camera, a video camera, a viewfinder, a microdisplay, a three-dimensional (3D) display, a virtual reality display, an augmented reality display, a vehicle, a video wall having a plurality of displays spliced together, a theater screen, a stadium screen, a light therapy device, and a signboard.

[0191] Description of formula

[0192] In one or more embodiments, the p-dopant may be a compound represented by Formula 1:

[0193] Formula 1

[0194]

[0195] wherein in Formula 1,

[0196] X 11 may be C(Z 11 ), or N, X 12 may be C(Z 12 ), or N, X 13 may be C-[(L 13 ) a13 -(Z 13 ), or N, X b13 or N, X 14 may be C-[(L 14 ) a14 -(Z 14 ), or N, b14 or N,

[0197] X 15 and X 16Each may independently be O, S, Se, S(=O) or S(=O)2,

[0198] X 17 may be C(Z 17a )(Z 17b )、N(Z 17 ), O, S or Se,

[0199] X 18 may be C(Z 18a )(Z 18b ), N(Z 18 ), O, S or Se,

[0200] L 13 and L 14 may each independently be a single bond, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C3-C 60 carbocyclic group or an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 heterocyclic group,

[0201] a13 and a14 may each independently be an integer selected from 1 to 5,

[0202] Z 11 to Z 14 、Z 17a 、Z 17b 、Z 17 、Z 18a 、Z 18b and Z 18 may each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, hydroxy, cyano, nitro, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 alkyl, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C2-C 60 alkenyl, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C2-C 60 alkynyl, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 alkoxy, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C3-C 60 carbocyclic group, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 heterocyclic group, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C6-C 60 aryloxy, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C6-C 60Arylthio group, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a substituted C7-C 60 Arylalkyl group, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a substituted C2-C 60 Heteroarylalkyl group, -C(Q1)(Q2)(Q3), -Si(Q1)(Q2)(Q3), -N(Q1)(Q2), -B(Q1)(Q2), -C(=O)(Q1), -S(=O)2(Q1) or -P(=O)(Q1)(Q2),

[0203] b13 and b14 can each independently be an integer selected from 0 to 20,

[0204] Formula 1 can include at least one electron-withdrawing group,

[0205] Q1 to Q3 are each the same as described herein, and

[0206] R 10a is the same as described herein.

[0207] In one or more embodiments, the electron-withdrawing group can be:

[0208] -F or cyano; or

[0209] C1-C 60 alkyl, C1-C 60 alkoxy or C6-C 60 aryl, each substituted by -F, cyano or any combination thereof.

[0210] In one or more embodiments, the electron-withdrawing group can be:

[0211] -F or cyano; or

[0212] C1-C 10 alkyl, C1-C 10 alkoxy or phenyl, each substituted by -F, cyano or any combination thereof.

[0213] In one or more embodiments, at least one selected from Z 13 and Z 14 can be -F, fluorinated C1-C 10 alkyl, fluorinated C1-C 10 alkoxy or fluorinated phenyl.

[0214] In one or more embodiments, X 17 can be C(Z 17a )(Z 17b ), X 18 can be C(Z 18a )(Z 18b), and Z 17a , Z 17b , Z 18a and Z 18b Each may be a cyano group.

[0215] In one or more embodiments, X 13 Can be C-[(L 13 ) a13 -(Z 13 ) b13 ], X 14 Can be C-[(L 14 ) a14 -(Z 14 ) b14 ], L 13 and L 14 can each be a single bond or a phenyl group, a13 and a14 can each be 1, Z 13 and Z 14 can be independently -F, fluorinated C1-C 10 Alkyl, fluorinated C1-C 10 an alkoxy group or a fluorinated phenyl group, and b13 and b14 may each independently be an integer selected from 1 to 5.

[0216] The second hole transport material may be a compound represented by Formula 2:

[0217] Formula 2

[0218]

[0219] In Formula 2,

[0220] L 21 To L 23 may be independently a single bond, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a Substituted C3-C 60 The carbocyclic group is either unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R 10a Substituted C1-C 60 Heterocyclic group,

[0221] Ar 21 may be unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R 10a Substituted C3-C 60 The carbocyclic group is either unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R 10a Substituted C1-C 60 Heterocyclic group,

[0222] a21 to a23 and b21 may each independently be an integer selected from 1 to 5, and c22 may be an integer selected from 5 to 19,

[0223] The cyclic CA2 can be a cycloalkyl group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms.

[0224] Z 22 and Z 23a to Z 23e and Z 24a to Z 24e and Z 25a to Z 25c can each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, hydroxy, cyano, nitro, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 alkyl, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C2-C 60 alkenyl, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C2-C 60 alkynyl, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 alkoxy, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C3-C 60 carbocyclic group, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 heterocyclic group, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C6-C 60 aryloxy, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C6-C 60 arylthio, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C7-C 60 aralkyl, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C2-C 60 heteroaralkyl, -C(Q1)(Q2)(Q3), -Si(Q1)(Q2)(Q3), -N(Q1)(Q2), -B(Q1)(Q2), -C(=O)(Q1), -S(=O)2(Q1) or -P(=O)(Q1)(Q2),

[0225] Q1 to Q3 are each the same as described herein, and

[0226] R 10a is the same as described herein.

[0227] In one or more embodiments, Ar 21 can be a fluorenyl group, a spirobifluorenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group or a dibenzothiophenyl group.

[0228] In one or more embodiments, ring CA2 can be cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, adamantyl, norbornyl (bicyclo[2.2.1]heptyl), bicyclo[1.1.1]pentyl, bicyclo[2.1.1]hexyl or bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl.

[0229] In one or more embodiments, Z 23a , Z 24a and Z 25a in at least one of them can be an unsubstituted or phenyl substituted with deuterium, C1-C 60 alkyl, deuterated C1-C 60 alkyl or any combination thereof.

[0230] The first capping material can be a compound represented by Formula 8:

[0231] Formula 8

[0232]

[0233] wherein in Formula 8,

[0234] L 81 to L 83 can each independently be a single bond, an unsubstituted or C3-C 10a carbocyclic group substituted with at least one R 60 or an unsubstituted or C1-C 10a heterocyclic group substituted with at least one R 60 .

[0235] a81 to a83 can each independently be an integer selected from 1 to 5,

[0236] Ar 81 to Ar 83 can each independently be an unsubstituted or C3-C 10a carbocyclic group substituted with at least one R 60 or an unsubstituted or C1-C 10a heterocyclic group substituted with at least one R 60 , and

[0237] R 10a is the same as that described herein.

[0238] In one or more embodiments, Ar 81 to Ar 83 can each independently be benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, naphthoxazolyl, naphthothiazolyl, phenoxazolyl or phenothiazolyl each unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R 10a .

[0239] In one or more embodiments, at least one selected from Ar 81 to Ar 83 may each independently be an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a -substituted naphthoxazolyl, naphthothiazolyl, phenoxazolyl or phenothiazolyl.

[0240] For example, the first capping material may be a compound represented by Formula 8-1:

[0241] Formula 8-1

[0242]

[0243] wherein in Formula 8-1,

[0244] L 81 to L 83 and a81 to a83 may each independently be the same as described herein,

[0245] X 81 to X 83 may each independently be O or S,

[0246] Y 81 to Y 83 may each independently be N or C,

[0247] Ring CY 81 to Ring CY 83 may each independently be a C3-C 60 carbocyclic group or a C1-C 60 heterocyclic group,

[0248] Z 81 to Z 83 may each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, hydroxyl, cyano, nitro, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a -substituted C1-C 60 alkyl, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a -substituted C2-C 60 alkenyl, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a -substituted C2-C 60 alkynyl, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a -substituted C1-C 60 alkoxy, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a -substituted C3-C 60 carbocyclic group, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a -substituted C1-C 60 heterocyclic group, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a -substituted C6-C 60An aryloxy group, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a substituted C6-C 60 An arylthio group, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a substituted C7-C 60 An aralkyl group, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a substituted C2-C 60 A heteroaralkyl group, -C(Q1)(Q2)(Q3), -Si(Q1)(Q2)(Q3), -N(Q1)(Q2), -B(Q1)(Q2), -C(=O)(Q1), -S(=O)2(Q1) or -P(=O)(Q1)(Q2), b81 to b83 can each independently be an integer selected from 0 to 20,

[0249] Q1 to Q3 are each the same as described herein with reference to Q 11 described, and

[0250] R 10a is the same as described herein.

[0251] In one or more embodiments, ring CY 81 to ring CY 83 can each independently be: a 6-membered ring; or a polycyclic group in which two or more 6-membered rings are fused to each other, and the 6-membered ring can be a phenyl group, a pyridyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group or a pyrazinyl group.

[0252] In one or more embodiments, at least one selected from ring CY 81 to ring CY 83 can each independently be a polycyclic group in which two or more 6-membered rings are fused to each other, and the 6-membered ring can be a phenyl group, a pyridyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group or a pyrazinyl group.

[0253] In one or more embodiments, at least one selected from ring CY 81 to ring CY 83 can be a naphthyl group, a phenanthryl group, an anthryl group, a pyrenyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group or a phenanthrolinyl group.

[0254] In one or more embodiments, ring CY 81 to ring CY 83 can each independently be a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a phenanthryl group, an anthryl group, a pyrenyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group or a phenanthrolinyl group, wherein at least one selected from ring CY 81 to ring CY 83 can be a naphthyl group, a phenanthryl group, an anthryl group, a pyrenyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group or a phenanthrolinyl group.

[0255] In Formulas 1, 2, 8 and 8-1, L 13 、L 14 、L21 to L 23 and L 81 to L 83 may each independently be:

[0256] a single bond; or

[0257] each unsubstituted or substituted phenyl, naphthyl, fluorenyl, spirobifluorenyl, dibenzofuranyl, dibenzothiophenyl or carbazolyl by: deuterium, -F, cyano, C1-C 20 alkyl, deuterated C1-C 20 alkyl, fluorinated C1-C 20 alkyl, C1-C 20 alkoxy, deuterated C1-C 20 alkoxy, fluorinated C1-C 20 alkoxy, C3-C 10 cycloalkyl, deuterated C3-C 10 cycloalkyl, fluorinated C3-C 10 cycloalkyl, (C1-C 20 alkyl)C3-C 10 cycloalkyl, phenyl, deuterated phenyl, fluorinated phenyl, (C1-C 20 alkyl)phenyl, biphenyl, deuterated biphenyl, fluorinated biphenyl, (C1-C 20 alkyl)biphenyl, trimethylsilyl, triphenylsilyl or any combination thereof.

[0258] In Formulas 1, 2, 8 and 8-1, a13, a14, a21 to a23 and a81 to a83 may each independently be 1, 2 or 3.

[0259] In Formulas 1, 2, 8 and 8-1, Z 11 to Z 14 , Z 17a , Z 17b , Z 17 , Z 18a , Z 18b , Z 18 , Z 22 , Z 23a to Z 23e , Z 24a to Z 24e , Z 25a to Z 25c and Z 81 to Z 83 may each independently be:

[0260] hydrogen, deuterium, -F or cyano;

[0261] each unsubstituted or substituted C1-C 20alkyl, C1-C 20 alkoxy or C3-C 10 cycloalkyl: deuterium, -F, cyano, C1-C 20 alkyl, C1-C 20 alkoxy or any combination thereof;

[0262] phenyl, naphthyl, fluorenyl, spirobifluorenyl, dibenzofuranyl, dibenzothiophenyl or carbazolyl, each unsubstituted or substituted by: deuterium, -F, cyano, C1-C 20 alkyl, deuterated C1-C 20 alkyl, fluorinated C1-C 20 alkyl, C1-C 20 alkoxy, deuterated C1-C 20 alkoxy, fluorinated C1-C 20 alkoxy, C3-C 10 cycloalkyl, deuterated C3-C 10 cycloalkyl, fluorinated C3-C 10 cycloalkyl, (C1-C 20 alkyl)C3-C 10 cycloalkyl, phenyl, deuterated phenyl, fluorinated phenyl, (C1-C 20 alkyl)phenyl, biphenyl, deuterated biphenyl, fluorinated biphenyl, (C1-C 20 alkyl)biphenyl, trimethylsilyl, triphenylsilyl or any combination thereof; or

[0263] trimethylsilyl or triphenylsilyl.

[0264] In Formulas 1, 2, 8 and 8-1, R 10a may not be hydrogen.

[0265] In the specification, R 10a may be:

[0266] deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, hydroxy, cyano or nitro;

[0267] C1-C 60 alkyl, C2-C 60 alkenyl, C2-C 60 alkynyl or C1-C 60 alkoxy: deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, hydroxy, cyano, nitro, C3-C 60 carbocyclic group, C1-C 60 heterocyclic group, C6-C 60 aryloxy, C6-C 60 arylsulfanyl, C7-C 60 aralkyl, C2-C 60Heteroaralkyl, -Si(Q 11 )(Q 12 )(Q 13 )、-N(Q 11 )(Q 12 )、-B(Q 11 )(Q 12 )、-C(=O)(Q 11 )、-S(=O)2(Q 11 )、-P(=O)(Q 11 )(Q 12 ) or any combination thereof;

[0268] Each unsubstituted or substituted C3-C 60 carbocyclic group, C1-C 60 heterocyclic group, C6-C 60 aryloxy group, C6-C 60 arylthio group, C7-C 60 aralkyl group or C2-C 60 heteroaralkyl: deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, hydroxy, cyano, nitro, C1-C 60 alkyl group, C2-C 60 alkenyl group, C2-C 60 alkynyl group, C1-C 60 alkoxy group, C3-C 60 carbocyclic group, C1-C 60 heterocyclic group, C6-C 60 aryloxy group, C6-C 60 arylthio group, C7-C 60 aralkyl group, C2-C 60 heteroaralkyl, -Si(Q 21 )(Q 22 )(Q 23 )、-N(Q 21 )(Q 22 )、-B(Q 21 )(Q 22 )、-C(=O)(Q 21 )、-S(=O)2(Q 21 )、-P(=O)(Q 21 )(Q 22 ) or any combination thereof; or

[0269] -Si(Q 31 )(Q 32 )(Q 33 )、-N(Q 31 )(Q 32 )、-B(Q 31 )(Q 32 )、-C(=O)(Q 31)、 -S(=O)2(Q 31 ) or -P(=O)(Q 31 )(Q 32 ), and

[0270] Q1 to Q3, Q 11 to Q 13 、Q 21 to Q 23 and Q 31 to Q 33 can each independently be: hydrogen; deuterium; -F; -Cl; -Br; -I; hydroxy; cyano; nitro; or C1-C that is unsubstituted or substituted by deuterium, -F, cyano, C1-C 60 alkyl, C1-C 60 alkoxy, phenyl, biphenyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl, triazinyl or any combination thereof substituted C1-C 60 alkyl, C2-C 60 alkenyl, C2-C 60 alkynyl, C1-C 60 alkoxy, C3-C 60 cycloalkyl or C1-C 60 heterocyclic group.

[0271] As used herein, the term "biphenyl" refers to a monovalent substituent having a structure in which two phenyl groups are connected to each other by a single bond.

[0272] Examples of C3-C 10 cycloalkyl as used herein are cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, adamantyl and / or norbornyl, etc.

[0273] As used herein, the term "deuterated" (e.g., simultaneously) includes the meanings of full deuteration and partial deuteration.

[0274] As used herein, the term "fluorinated" (e.g., simultaneously) includes the meanings of full fluorination and partial fluorination.

[0275] In one or more embodiments, in Formula 1, Formula 2, Formula 8 and Formula 8-1, Z 11 to Z 14 、Z 17a 、Z 17b 、Z 17 、Z 18a 、Z 18b 、Z 18 、Z 22 、Z 23a to Z 23e 、Z 24a to Z 24e 、Z 25a to Z 25c 、Z81 from Z 83 and R 10a may each independently be:

[0276] hydrogen, deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, hydroxy, cyano, nitro, C1-C 20 alkyl or C1-C 20 alkoxy;

[0277] C1-C alkyl or C1-C alkoxy each substituted with: 20 alkyl or C1-C 20 alkoxy: deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, -CD3, -CD2H, -CDH2, -CF3, -CF2H, -CFH2, hydroxy, cyano, nitro, C1-C 10 alkyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, adamantyl, norbornyl, norbornenyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl, cycloheptenyl, phenyl, biphenyl, naphthyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl or any combination thereof;

[0278] cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, adamantyl, norbornyl, norbornenyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl, cycloheptenyl, phenyl, biphenyl, (C1-C 10 alkyl)phenyl, naphthyl, fluorenyl, phenanthryl, anthryl, fluoranthenyl, triphenylenyl, pyrenyl, 1,2-benzophenanthryl, pyrrolyl, thienyl, furyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, isoindolyl, indolyl, indazolyl, purinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, benzoquinolinyl, quinoxalinyl, quinazolinyl, cinnolinyl, carbazolyl, phenanthrolinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzofuranyl, benzothienyl, benzisothiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, oxadiazolyl, triazinyl, dibenzofuranyl, dibenzothienyl, benzocarbazolyl, dibenzocarbazolyl, imidazopyridinyl, imidazopyrimidinyl, azacarbazolyl, azadibenzofuranyl, azadibenzothienyl, azafuranyl, azadibenzosilolyl or a group represented by Formula 91: deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, -CD3, -CD2H, -CDH2, -CF3, -CF2H, -CFH2, hydroxy, cyano, nitro, C1-C 20 alkyl, C1-C 20 alkoxy, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, adamantyl, norbornyl, norbornenyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl, cycloheptenyl, phenyl, biphenyl, (C1-C 10alkyl)phenyl, naphthyl, fluorenyl, phenanthryl, anthryl, fluoranthenyl, triphenylenyl, pyrenyl, 1,2-benzophenanthryl, pyrrolyl, thienyl, furyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, isoindolyl, indolyl, indazolyl, purinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, benzoquinolinyl, quinoxalinyl, quinazolinyl, cinnolinyl, carbazolyl, phenanthrolinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzofuranyl, benzothienyl, benzothiazolyl, benzoisoxazolyl, benzoisoxazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, oxadiazolyl, triazinyl, dibenzofuranyl, dibenzothienyl, benzocarbazolyl, dibenzocarbazolyl, imidazopyridinyl, imidazopyrimidinyl, -Si(Q 31 )(Q 32 )(Q 33 ), -N(Q 31 )(Q 32 ), -B(Q 31 )(Q 32 ), -C(=O)(Q 31 ), -S(=O)2(Q 31 ), -P(=O)(Q 31 )(Q 32 ) or any combination thereof; or

[0279] -C(Q1)(Q2)(Q3), -Si(Q1)(Q2)(Q3), -N(Q1)(Q2), -B(Q1)(Q2), -C(=O)(Q1), -S(=O)2(Q1) or -P(=O)(Q1)(Q2),

[0280] Q1 to Q3 and Q 31 to Q 33 can each independently be:

[0281] -CH3, -CD3, -CD2H, -CDH2, -CH2CH3, -CH2CD3, -CH2CD2H, -CH2CDH2, -CHDCH3, -CHDCD2H, -CHDCDH2, -CHDCD3, -CD2CD3, -CD2CD2H or -CD2CDH2; or

[0282] n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, isopentyl, sec-pentyl, tert-pentyl, phenyl, naphthyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl or triazinyl, each unsubstituted or substituted with: deuterium, C1-C 10 alkyl, phenyl, biphenyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl, triazinyl or any combination thereof:

[0283] Formula 91

[0284]

[0285] Wherein in Formula 91,

[0286] Ring CY 91 and Ring CY 92 can each independently be an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C5-C 30 carbocyclic group or an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 30 heterocyclic group,

[0287] X 91 can be a single bond, O, S, N(R 91 ), B(R 91 ), C(R 91a )(R 91b ) or Si(R 91a )(R 91b ),

[0288] R 91 、R 91a and R 91b can be understood respectively by referring to the description provided herein,

[0289] R 10a can be understood by referring to the description of R 10a provided herein, and

[0290] * indicates the bonding site to the adjacent atom.

[0291] For example, in Formula 91,

[0292] Ring CY 91 and Ring CY 92 can each independently be an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted phenyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl or triazinyl,

[0293] R 91 、R 91a and R 91b can each independently be:

[0294] hydrogen or C1-C 10 alkyl; or

[0295] each unsubstituted or substituted by the following: phenyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl or triazinyl: deuterium, C1-C 10 alkyl, phenyl, biphenyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl, triazinyl or any combination thereof.

[0296] In one or more embodiments, in Formulas 1, 2, 8, and 8-1, Z 11 through Z 14 , Z 17a , Z 17b , Z 17 , Z 18a , Z 18b , Z 18 , Z 22 , Z 23a through Z 23e , Z 24a through Z 24e , Z 25a through Z 25c , Z 81 through Z 83 and R 10a may each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, -F, cyano, nitro, -CH3, -CD3, -CD2H, -CDH2, -CF3, -CF2H, -CFH2, a group represented by one (e.g., any one) selected from Formulas 9-1 through 9-19, a group represented by one (e.g., any one) selected from Formulas 10-1 through 10-246, -C(Q1)(Q2)(Q3), -Si(Q1)(Q2)(Q3), or -P(=O)(Q1)(Q2), where Q1 through Q3 are each the same as described above, and R 10a is not hydrogen:

[0297]

[0298]

[0299]

[0300]

[0301]

[0302]

[0303] wherein in Formulas 9-1 through 9-19 and Formulas 10-1 through 10-246, * indicates the bonding site to an adjacent atom, "Ph" represents phenyl, "D" represents a deuterium atom, and "TMS" represents trimethylsilyl.

[0304] Examples of Compounds

[0305] In one or more embodiments, the p-dopant may be one (e.g., any one) selected from Compound C56, Compound C68, Compound C70, Compound S1, and Compound S44:

[0306]

[0307] In one or more embodiments, the second hole transporting material may be one (e.g., any one) selected from Compound HT(2)1 to Compound HT(2)9:

[0308]

[0309] In one or more embodiments, the first capping material may be one (e.g., any one) selected from Compound CPL1 to Compound CPL4:

[0310]

[0311] Figure 1 description of

[0312] Figure 1 FIG. is a schematic cross-sectional view of a light-emitting device 10 according to one or more embodiments. The light-emitting device 10 includes a first electrode 110, an interlayer 130, a second electrode 150, and a second capping layer 170.

[0313] Hereinafter, reference will be made to Figure 1 The structure of the light-emitting device 10 according to one or more embodiments and a method of manufacturing the light-emitting device 10 will be described in more detail.

[0314] The first electrode 110

[0315] Reference Figure 1 , a substrate may be additionally located below the first electrode 110 or above the second capping layer 170. A glass substrate or a plastic substrate may be used as the substrate. In one or more embodiments, the substrate may be a flexible substrate and may include a plastic having excellent or appropriate heat resistance and durability, such as polyimide, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polycarbonate, polyethylene naphthalate, polyarylate (PAR), polyetherimide, or any combination thereof.

[0316] The first electrode 110 may be formed on the substrate by depositing or sputtering a material for forming the first electrode 110, for example. When the first electrode 110 is an anode, the material for forming the first electrode 110 may be a high work function material that facilitates hole injection.

[0317] The first electrode 110 may be a reflective electrode, a semi-transmissive electrode, or a transmissive electrode. When the first electrode 110 is a transmissive electrode, the material used to form the first electrode 110 may include indium tin oxide (ITO), indium zinc oxide (IZO), tin oxide (SnO2), zinc oxide (ZnO), or any combination thereof. In one or more embodiments, if (e.g., when) the first electrode 110 is a semi-transmissive electrode or a reflective electrode, the material used to form the first electrode 110 may include magnesium (Mg), silver (Ag), aluminum (Al), aluminum-lithium (Al-Li), calcium (Ca), magnesium-indium (Mg-In), magnesium-silver (Mg-Ag), or any combination thereof.

[0318] The first electrode 110 may have a single-layer structure including a single layer or a multi-layer structure including multiple layers. For example, the first electrode 110 may have a three-layer structure of ITO / Ag / ITO.

[0319] Interlayer 130

[0320] The interlayer 130 may be located on the first electrode 110. The interlayer 130 may include an emission layer.

[0321] The interlayer 130 may further include a hole transport region located between the first electrode 110 and the emission layer and an electron transport region located between the emission layer and the second electrode 150.

[0322] In addition to one or more suitable organic materials, the interlayer 130 may further include metal-containing compounds (such as organometallic compounds) and / or inorganic materials (such as quantum dots), etc.

[0323] In one or more embodiments, the interlayer 130 may include i) two or more emission units stacked in sequence between the first electrode 110 and the second electrode 150, and ii) a charge generation layer located between two adjacent emission units. When the interlayer 130 includes the emission units and the charge generation layer as described above, the light-emitting device 10 may be a tandem light-emitting device.

[0324] The hole transport region in the interlayer 130

[0325] The hole transport region may have: i) a single-layer structure including a single layer (including a single material), ii) a single-layer structure including a single layer (including multiple different materials), or iii) a multi-layer structure including multiple layers (including different materials).

[0326] The hole transport region may include a first layer and a second layer as described herein. Moreover, if (e.g., when) necessary, in addition to the first layer and the second layer, the hole transport region may further include a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, an emission assisting layer, an electron blocking layer, or any combination thereof.

[0327] For example, the hole transport region may have a multi-layer structure of a first layer / second layer, a first layer / second layer / emit - assist layer, or a first layer / second layer / electron blocking layer stacked in the order described below starting from the first electrode 110.

[0328] The hole transport region may include a compound represented by Formula 201, a compound represented by Formula 202, or any combination thereof:

[0329] Formula 201

[0330]

[0331] Formula 202

[0332]

[0333] Wherein in Formula 201 and Formula 202,

[0334] L 201 to L 204 may each independently be an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C3 - C 60 carbocyclic group or an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C1 - C 60 heterocyclic group,

[0335] L 205 may be * - O - *', * - S - *', * - N(Q 201 ) - *', an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C1 - C 20 alkylene group, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C2 - C 20 alkenylene group, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C3 - C 60 carbocyclic group or an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C1 - C 60 heterocyclic group,

[0336] xa1 to xa4 may each independently be an integer selected from 0 to 5,

[0337] xa5 may be an integer selected from 1 to 10,

[0338] R 201 to R 204 and Q 201 may each independently be an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C3 - C 60 carbocyclic group or an unsubstituted or at least one R 10aSubstituted C1-C 60 heterocyclic group,

[0339] R 201 and R 202 may optionally be linked to each other via a single bond, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C1-C5 alkylene or an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C2-C5 alkenylene to form an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C8-C 60 polycyclic group (e.g., carbazolyl, etc.) (e.g., see compound HT16),

[0340] R 203 and R 204 may optionally be linked to each other via a single bond, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C1-C5 alkylene or an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C2-C5 alkenylene to form an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C8-C 60 polycyclic group, and

[0341] na1 may be an integer selected from 1 to 4.

[0342] For example, each of Formula 201 and Formula 202 may include at least one (or may be any one) selected from the groups represented by Formula CY201 to Formula CY217:

[0343]

[0344] R in Formula CY201 to Formula CY217 10b and R 10c may each independently be the same as described with reference to R 10a and the ring CY 201 to the ring CY 204 may each independently be a C3-C 20 carbocyclic group or a C1-C 20 heterocyclic group, and at least one hydrogen in Formula CY201 to Formula CY217 may be unsubstituted or substituted by R 10a substituted.

[0345] In one or more embodiments, the ring CY in Formula CY201 to Formula CY217 201 to the ring CY 204 may each independently be phenyl, naphthyl, phenanthryl or anthracenyl.

[0346] In one or more embodiments, each of Formula 201 and Formula 202 may include at least one selected from the groups represented by Formula CY201 to Formula CY203.

[0347] In one or more embodiments, Formula 201 may include at least one selected from the groups represented by Formula CY201 to Formula CY203 and at least one selected from the groups represented by Formula CY204 to Formula CY217.

[0348] In one or more embodiments, in Formula 201, xa1 may be 1, R 201 may be a group represented by one selected from Formula CY201 to Formula CY203, xa2 may be 0, and R 202 may be a group represented by one selected from Formula CY204 to Formula CY207.

[0349] In one or more embodiments, each of Formula 201 and Formula 202 may not include (e.g., may exclude) a group represented by one selected from Formula CY201 to Formula CY203.

[0350] In one or more embodiments, each of Formula 201 and Formula 202 may not include (e.g., may exclude) a group represented by one selected from Formula CY201 to Formula CY203, and may include at least one selected from the groups represented by Formula CY204 to Formula CY217.

[0351] In one or more embodiments, each of Formula 201 and Formula 202 may not include (e.g., may exclude) a group represented by one selected from Formula CY201 to Formula CY217.

[0352] For example, the hole transport region may include at least one selected from Compound HT1 to Compound HT46 (Compound HT45 is the same as Compound 203 described herein), m-MTDATA (the same as Compound 202 described herein), TDATA, 2-TNATA, NPB (NPD) (the same as Compound 201 described herein), β-NPB, TPD, spiro-TPD, spiro-NPB, methylated NPB, TAPC, HMTPD, 4,4',4”-tris(N-carbazolyl)triphenylamine (TCTA), polyaniline / dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (PANI / DBSA), poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) / poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT / PSS), polyaniline / camphorsulfonic acid (PANI / CSA), polyaniline / poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PANI / PSS), or any combination thereof:

[0353]

[0354]

[0355]

[0356]

[0357]

[0358] The thickness of the hole transport region can be in the range of about to about For example, in the range of about to about When the hole transport region includes a first layer, a second layer, a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, or any combination thereof, the thickness of each of the first layer and the hole injection layer can be in the range of about to about For example, in the range of about to about and the thickness of each of the second layer and the hole transport layer can be in the range of about to about For example, in the range of about to about When the thicknesses of the hole transport region, the first layer, the second layer, the hole injection layer, and the hole transport layer are within these ranges, satisfactory hole transport characteristics can be obtained without significantly increasing the driving voltage.

[0359] The emission assist layer can increase the light emission efficiency by compensating for the optical resonance distance according to the wavelength of the light emitted by the emission layer, and the electron blocking layer can block or reduce the leakage of electrons from the emission layer to the hole transport region. The materials that can be included in the hole transport region can be included in the emission assist layer and the electron blocking layer.

[0360] p-dopant

[0361] The hole transport region can include a first layer, and the first layer can include a p-dopant as described herein. The p-dopant can generate charges to improve conductivity.

[0362] The emission layer in the interlayer 130

[0363] When the light-emitting device 10 is a full-color light-emitting device, the emission layer can be patterned into a red emission layer, a green emission layer, and / or a blue emission layer according to sub-pixels. In one or more embodiments, the emission layer can have a stacked structure of two or more layers of a red emission layer, a green emission layer, and a blue emission layer, where two or more layers are in contact with each other or separated from each other to emit white light. In one or more embodiments, the emission layer can include two or more materials of a red light-emitting material, a green light-emitting material, and a blue light-emitting material, where two or more materials are mixed with each other in a single layer to emit white light.

[0364] In one or more embodiments, the emissive layer may include a host and a dopant (or emitter). In one or more embodiments, in addition to the host and the dopant (or emitter), the emissive layer may further include a co-dopant that facilitates energy transfer to the dopant (or emitter). When the emissive layer includes a dopant (or emitter) and a co-dopant, the dopant (or emitter) and the co-dopant are different from each other.

[0365] When the emissive layer includes a host and a dopant, based on 100 parts by weight of the host, the amount (by weight) of the dopant may be from about 0.01 part by weight to about 15 parts by weight.

[0366] The thickness of the emissive layer may be in the range of about to about For example, about to about . When the thickness of the emissive layer is within these ranges, excellent or appropriate light-emitting characteristics can be obtained without significantly increasing the driving voltage.

[0367] Host

[0368] In one or more embodiments, the host may include a compound represented by Formula 301:

[0369] Formula 301

[0370] [Ar 301 xb11 -[(L 301 ) xb1 -R 301 xb21 ,

[0371] wherein in Formula 301,

[0372] Ar 301 and L 301 may each independently be an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a -substituted C3-C 60 carbocyclic group or an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a -substituted C1-C 60 heterocyclic group,

[0373] xb11 may be 1, 2, or 3,

[0374] xb1 may be an integer selected from 0 to 5,

[0375] R 301 may be hydrogen, deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, hydroxyl, cyano, nitro, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a -substituted C1-C 60 ​​Alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a substituted C2-C 60 Alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a substituted C2-C 60 Alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 Alkoxy, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a substituted C3-C 60 Carbocyclic group, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 Heterocyclic group, -Si(Q 301 )(Q 302 )(Q 303 )、-N(Q 301 )(Q 302 )、-B(Q 301 )(Q 302 )、-C(=O)(Q 301 )、-S(=O)2(Q 301 ) or -P(=O)(Q 301 )(Q 302 ),

[0376] xb21 can be an integer selected from 1 to 5, and

[0377] Q 301 to Q 303 are each the same as described herein for Q1.

[0378] For example, if (e.g., when) xb11 in Formula 301 is 2 or greater, two or more Ar 301 can be connected to each other via a single bond.

[0379] In one or more embodiments, the host may include a compound represented by Formula 301-1, a compound represented by Formula 301-2, or any combination thereof:

[0380] Formula 301-1

[0381]

[0382] Formula 301-2

[0383]

[0384] wherein in Formula 301-1 and Formula 301-2,

[0385] Ring A 301 to Ring A 304 can each independently be unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10aSubstituted C3-C 60 carbocyclic group or an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 heterocyclic group,

[0386] X 301 can be O, S, N[(L 304 ) xb4 -R 304 , C(R 304 )(R 305 ) or Si(R 304 )(R 305 ),

[0387] xb22 and xb23 can each independently be 0, 1 or 2,

[0388] L 301 , xb1 and R 301 can each be the same as described herein,

[0389] L 302 to L 304 can each independently be the same as described herein for L 301 ,

[0390] xb2 to xb4 can each independently be the same as described herein for xb1, and

[0391] R 302 to R 305 and R 311 to R 314 can each be the same as described herein for R 301 .

[0392] In one or more embodiments, the host may include an alkaline earth metal complex, a post-transition metal complex, or any combination thereof. For example, the host may include a Be complex (e.g., compound H55), a Mg complex, a Zn complex, or any combination thereof.

[0393] In one or more embodiments, the host may include one selected from compounds H1 to H130 (e.g., any one), 9,10-bis(2-naphthyl)anthracene (ADN), 2-methyl-9,10-bis(naphthalen-2-yl)anthracene (MADN), 9,10-bis(2-naphthyl)-2-tert-butyl-anthracene (TBADN), 4,4'-bis(N-carbazolyl)-1,1'-biphenyl (CBP), 1,3-bis(carbazol-9-yl)benzene (mCP), 1,3,5-tris(carbazol-9-yl)benzene (TCP), or any combination thereof:

[0394]

[0395]

[0396]

[0397]

[0398]

[0399]

[0400]

[0401] In one or more embodiments, the host may include a silicon-containing compound, a phosphine oxide-containing compound, or any combination thereof.

[0402] The host may have one or more suitable modifications. For example, the host may include only one compound, or may include two or more different compounds.

[0403] Phosphorescent dopant

[0404] The emissive layer may include an organometallic compound represented by Formula 401 as a phosphorescent dopant:

[0405] Formula 401

[0406] M(L 401 ) xc1 (L 402 ) xc2

[0407] Formula 402

[0408]

[0409] Wherein in Formula 401 and Formula 402,

[0410] M may be a transition metal (e.g., iridium (Ir), platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), osmium (Os), titanium (Ti), gold (Au), hafnium (Hf), europium (Eu), terbium (Tb), rhodium (Rh), rhenium (Re), or thulium (Tm)),

[0411] L 401 may be a ligand represented by Formula 402, and xc1 may be 1, 2, or 3, wherein if (e.g., when) xc1 is 2 or greater, two or more L 401 may be substantially the same as or different from each other,

[0412] L 402 may be an organic ligand, and xc2 may be 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4, and if (e.g., when) xc2 is 2 or greater, two or more L 402may be substantially the same as or different from each other,

[0413] X 401 and X 402 may each independently be nitrogen or carbon,

[0414] Ring A 401 and Ring A 402 may each independently be a C3-C 60 carbocyclic group or a C1-C 60 heterocyclic group,

[0415] T 401 may be a single bond, *-O-*', *-S-*', *-C(=O)-*', *-N(Q 411 ))-*', *-C(Q 411 )(Q 412 ))-*', *-C(Q 411 ))=C(Q 412 ))-*', *-C(Q 411 ))=*' or *=C(Q 411 ))-*',

[0416] X 403 and X 404 may each independently be a chemical bond (e.g., a covalent bond or a coordination bond), O, S, N(Q 413 ), B(Q 413 ), P(Q 413 ), C(Q 413 )(Q 414 )(Q 413 )(Q 414 ), or Si(Q

[0417] Q 411 to Q 414 may each be the same as described herein for Q1,

[0418] R 401 and R 402 may each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 20 alkyl group, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 20 alkoxy group, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C3-C 60 carbocyclic group, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 heterocyclic group, -Si(Q 401 )(Q 402 )(Q403 ), -N(Q 401 )(Q 402 ), -B(Q 401 )(Q 402 ), -C(=O)(Q 401 ), -S(=O)2(Q 401 ) or -P(=O)(Q 401 )(Q 402 ),

[0419] Q 401 to Q 403 may each be the same as described herein for Q1,

[0420] xc11 and xc12 may each independently be an integer selected from 0 to 10, and

[0421] each of the * and *' in Formula 402 indicates a bonding site to M in Formula 401.

[0422] For example, in Formula 402, i) X 401 may be nitrogen and X 402 may be carbon, or ii) each of X 401 and X 402 may be nitrogen.

[0423] In one or more embodiments, if (e.g., when) xc1 in Formula 401 is 2 or greater, two or more of the two ring A's in two or more L 401 may optionally be connected to each other via T 401 as a linking group, or two or more of the two ring A's in two or more L 402 may optionally be connected to each other via T 401 as a linking group. T 402 and T 403 may each be the same as described herein for T 402 and T 403 401 402 described.

[0424] L in Formula 401 402 may be an organic ligand. For example, L 402 may include a halogen group, a diketone group (e.g., acetylacetonate group), a carboxylic acid group (e.g., picolinate group), -C(=O), an isocyano group, a -CN group, a phosphorus-containing group (e.g., a phosphine group and / or a phosphite group, etc.) or any combination thereof.

[0425] The phosphorescent dopant of the emission layer may be a platinum-containing organometallic compound.

[0426] In addition to platinum, the platinum-containing organometallic compound may further include a first ligand bonded to platinum.

[0427] For example, the platinum-containing organometallic compound may satisfy at least one selected from Condition A to Condition C:

[0428] Condition A

[0429] The first ligand is a tetradentate ligand, and

[0430] The number of cyclometalated rings formed by the chemical bond between platinum and the first ligand is three;

[0431] Condition B

[0432] Each of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen of the first ligand is chemically bonded to platinum; and

[0433] Condition C

[0434] The first ligand includes an imidazolyl group, a benzimidazolyl group, a naphthimidazolyl group, or any combination thereof.

[0435] In one or more embodiments, the platinum-containing organometallic compound may satisfy all of Conditions A to C.

[0436] In one or more embodiments, the platinum-containing organometallic compound may be, for example, an organometallic compound represented by Formula 10:

[0437] Formula 10

[0438]

[0439] Wherein in Formula 10,

[0440] M may be Pt,

[0441] X1 to X4 may each independently be N or C,

[0442] T 11 to T 14 may each independently be a chemical bond, O, S, B(R'), N(R'), P(R'), C(R')(R"), Si(R')(R"), Ge(R')(R"), C(=O), B(R')(R"), N(R')(R"), or P(R')(R"),

[0443] When T 11 is a chemical bond, X1 and M may be directly bonded to each other. If (for example, when) T 12 is a chemical bond, X2 and M may be directly bonded to each other. If (for example, when) T 13 is a chemical bond, X3 and M may be directly bonded to each other. If (for example, when) T 14 is a chemical bond, X4 and M may be directly bonded to each other.

[0444] Selected from X1 or T11 A bond between M, X2 or T 12 A bond between M, X3 or T 13 A bond between M and either X4 or T 14 Two of the bonds between M are coordination bonds, and the other two bonds can be covalent bonds.

[0445] T1 can be a single bond, a double bond, *-N(R5)-*', *-B(R5)-*', *-P(R5)-*', *-C(R 5a )(R 5b )-*', *-Si(R 5a )(R 5b )-*', *-Ge(R 5a )(R 5b )-*', *-S-*', *-Se-*', *-O-*', *-C(=O)-*', *-S(=O)-*', *-S(=O)2-*', *-C(R5)=*', *=C(R5)-*', *-C(R 5a )=C(R 5b )-*', *-C(=S)-*' or *-C≡C-*,

[0446] T2 can be a single bond, a double bond, *-N(R6)-*', *-B(R6)-*', *-P(R6)-*', *-C(R 6a )(R 6b )-*', *-Si(R 6a )(R 6b )-*', *-Ge(R 6a )(R 6b )-*', *-S-*', *-Se-*', *-O-*', *-C(=O)-*', *-S(=O)-*', *-S(=O)2-*', *-C(R6)=*', *=C(R6)-*', *-C(R 6a )=C(R 6b )-*', *-C(=S)-*' or *-C≡C-*,

[0447] T3 can be a single bond, a double bond, *-N(R7)-*', *-B(R7)-*', *-P(R7)-*', *-C(R 7a )(R 7b )-*', *-Si(R 7a )(R 7b )-*', *-Ge(R 7a )(R 7b)-*', *-S-*, *-Se-*, *-O-*, *-C(=O)-*, *-S(=O)-*, *-S(=O)2-*, *-C(R7)=*, *=C(R7)-*, *-C(R 7a )=C(R 7b )-*', *-C(=S)-* or *-C≡C-*,

[0448] Ring CY1 to Ring CY4 can each independently be a C3-C 60 carbocyclic group or a C1-C 60 heterocyclic group,

[0449] R1 to R7, R 5a , R 5b , R 6a , R 6b , R 7a , R 7b , R' and R" can each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, hydroxy, cyano, nitro, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 alkyl, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C2-C 60 alkenyl, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C2-C 60 alkynyl, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 alkoxy, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C3-C 60 carbocyclic group, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 heterocyclic group, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C6-C 60 aryloxy, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C6-C 60 arylthio, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C7-C 60 aralkyl, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C2-C 60 heteroaralkyl, -C(Q1)(Q2)(Q3), -Si(Q1)(Q2)(Q3), -N(Q1)(Q2), -B(Q1)(Q2), -C(=O)(Q1), -S(=O)2(Q1) or -P(=O)(Q1)(Q2),

[0450] a1 to a4 can each independently be one (e.g., any one) of the integers selected from 0 to 20.

[0451] * and *' each indicate the bonding site with an adjacent atom.

[0452] Each of the following can optionally be bonded to each other via a single bond, a double bond, or a first linking group (e.g., *-O-*’, *-S-*’, etc.) to form an unsubstituted or R-substituted C3-C 10a carbocyclic group or an unsubstituted or R-substituted C1-C 60 heterocyclic group: i) two groups among the R1 groups with a quantity of a1, ii) two groups among the R2 groups with a quantity of a2, iii) two groups among the R3 groups with a quantity of a3, iv) two groups among the R4 groups with a quantity of a4, v) R 10a and R 60 , vi) R 5a and R 5b , vii) R 6a and R 6b , and viii) R 7a and R 7b .

[0453] R 10a can be:

[0454] deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, hydroxyl, cyano, or nitro;

[0455] Each of an unsubstituted or the following-substituted C1-C 60 alkyl, C2-C 60 alkenyl, C2-C 60 alkynyl, or C1-C 60 alkoxy: deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, hydroxyl, cyano, nitro, C3-C 60 carbocyclic group, C1-C 60 heterocyclic group, C6-C 60 aryloxy, C6-C 60 arylthio, C7-C 60 aralkyl, C2-C 60 heteroaralkyl, -Si(Q 11 )(Q 12 )(Q 13 ), -N(Q 11 )(Q 12 ), -B(Q 11 )(Q 12 ), -C(=O)(Q 11 ), -S(=O)2(Q 11 ), -P(=O)(Q 11 )(Q 12) or any combination thereof;

[0456] Each unsubstituted or substituted C3-C 60 carbocyclic group, C1-C 60 heterocyclic group, C6-C 60 aryloxy group, C6-C 60 arylthio group, C7-C 60 aralkyl group or C2-C 60 heteroaralkyl group: deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, hydroxy group, cyano group, nitro group, C1-C 60 alkyl group, C2-C 60 alkenyl group, C2-C 60 alkynyl group, C1-C 60 alkoxy group, C3-C 60 carbocyclic group, C1-C 60 heterocyclic group, C6-C 60 aryloxy group, C6-C 60 arylthio group, C7-C 60 aralkyl group, C2-C 60 heteroaralkyl group, -Si(Q 21 )(Q 22 )(Q 23 ), -N(Q 21 )(Q 22 ), -B(Q 21 )(Q 22 ), -C(=O)(Q 21 ), -S(=O)2(Q 21 ), -P(=O)(Q 21 )(Q 22 ), or any combination thereof; or

[0457] -Si(Q 31 )(Q 32 )(Q 33 ), -N(Q 31 )(Q 32 ), -B(Q 31 )(Q 32 ), -C(=O)(Q 31 ), -S(=O)2(Q 31 ), or -P(=O)(Q 31 )(Q 32 ), and

[0458] Q1 to Q3, Q 11 to Q 13 , Q 21 to Q 23 and Q 31 to Q 33Each may independently be: hydrogen; deuterium; -F; -Cl; -Br; -I; hydroxy; cyano; nitro; or C1-C which is unsubstituted or substituted by deuterium, -F, cyano, C1-C 60 alkyl, C1-C 60 alkoxy, phenyl, biphenyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl, triazinyl or any combination thereof-substituted C1-C 60 alkyl, C2-C 60 alkenyl, C2-C 60 alkynyl, C1-C 60 alkoxy, C3-C 60 carbocyclic group or C1-C 60 heterocyclic group.

[0459] In one or more embodiments, in Formula 10,

[0460] i) X1 and X3 may be C, and X2 and X4 may be N,

[0461] ii) X1 and X4 may be C, and X2 and X3 may be N, or

[0462] iii) X1, X2 and X3 may be C, and X4 may be N.

[0463] In one or more embodiments, in Formula 10,

[0464] T 11 may be O or S, and

[0465] T 12 to T 14 may each be a chemical bond.

[0466] In one or more embodiments, in Formula 10,

[0467] T 11 may be O or S,

[0468] T 12 to T 14 may each be a chemical bond, and

[0469] i) the bond between T 11 and M and the bond between X3 and M may each be a covalent bond, and the bond between X2 and M and the bond between X4 and M may each be a coordination bond, or ii) the bond between T 11 and M and the bond between X4 and M may each be a covalent bond, and the bond between X2 and M and the bond between X3 and M may each be a coordination bond.

[0470] T1 to T3 in Formula 10 may each be a single bond,

[0471] The ring CY1 in Formula 10 may be phenyl, naphthyl, dibenzofuranyl, dibenzothiophenyl, carbazolyl, fluorenyl or dibenzosilolyl,

[0472] The ring CY2 in Formula 10 may be imidazolyl, benzimidazolyl, naphthimidazolyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl or quinoxalinyl,

[0473] The ring CY3 in Formula 10 may be phenyl, naphthyl, dibenzofuranyl, dibenzothiophenyl, carbazolyl, fluorenyl, dibenzosilolyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, quinoxalinyl, azadibenzofuranyl, azadibenzothiophenyl, azacarbazolyl, azaf luorenyl or azadibenzosilolyl,

[0474] The ring CY4 in Formula 10 may be phenyl, naphthyl, dibenzofuranyl, dibenzothiophenyl, carbazolyl, fluorenyl, dibenzosilolyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, quinoxalinyl, azadibenzofuranyl, azadibenzothiophenyl, azacarbazolyl, azaf luorenyl, azadibenzosilolyl, imidazolyl, benzimidazolyl or naphthimidazolyl.

[0475] At least one of the ring CY2 and the ring CY4 of Formula 10 may be imidazolyl, benzimidazolyl or naphthimidazolyl.

[0476] R1 to R7, R 5a 、R 5b 、R 6a 、R 6b 、R 7a 、R 7b 、R', and R" in Formula 10 may each independently be:

[0477] hydrogen, deuterium, -F or cyano;

[0478] C1-C 20 alkyl or C3-C 10 cycloalkyl, each unsubstituted or substituted by: deuterium, -F, cyano or any combination thereof; or

[0479] phenyl, biphenyl, naphthyl, dibenzofuranyl or dibenzothiophenyl, each unsubstituted or substituted by: deuterium, -F, cyano, C1-C 20 alkyl, deuterated C1-C 20 alkyl, fluorinated C1-C 20 alkyl, phenyl, deuterated phenyl, fluorinated phenyl, (C1-C 20 alkyl)phenyl, biphenyl, deuterated biphenyl, fluorinated biphenyl, (C1-C 20 alkyl)biphenyl or any combination thereof.

[0480] In Formula 10, a1 to a4 respectively indicate the number of R1 to R4, and for example, may each independently be 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.

[0481] For example, the group represented by in Formula 10 may be a group represented by one (e.g., any one) selected from Formula CY1(1) to Formula CY1(16):

[0482]

[0483] wherein in Formula CY1(1) to Formula CY1(16),

[0484] X1 is the same as described above,

[0485] R 11 to R 14 are each the same as described in the specification with reference to R1, wherein R 11 to R 14 are each not hydrogen,

[0486] * indicates the bonding site to T 11 in Formula 10, and

[0487] *' indicates the bonding site to T1 in Formula 10.

[0488] In one or more embodiments, the group represented by in Formula 10 may be a group represented by one (e.g., any one) selected from Formula CY2(1) to Formula CY2(21):

[0489]

[0490] wherein in Formula CY2(1) to Formula CY2(21),

[0491] X2 is the same as described in the specification,

[0492] X 29 may be O, S, N(R 29 ), C(R 29a )(R 29b ), or Si(R 29a )(R 29b ),

[0493] R 21 to R 24 、R 29 、R 29a and R 29b are each the same as described in the specification with reference to R2, wherein R 21 to R 24 are each not hydrogen,

[0494] *Indicates the binding site to T in Formula 10 12 and

[0495] *' indicates the binding site to T1 in Formula 10, and

[0496] *" indicates the binding site to T2 in Formula 10.

[0497] Formulas CY2(1) to CY2(4) belong to the group represented by wherein X2 is nitrogen, and Formulas CY2(5) to CY2(13) belong to the group represented by wherein X2 is carbon (e.g., the carbon of the carbene moiety).

[0498] In one or more embodiments, the group represented by in Formula 10 may be a group represented by one (e.g., any one) selected from Formulas CY3(1) to CY3(12):

[0499]

[0500]

[0501] wherein in Formulas CY3(1) to CY3(12),X3 is the same as described in the specification,

[0502] X 39 may be O, S, N(R 39 ), C(R 39a )(R 39b ), or Si(R 39a )(R 39b ),

[0503] R 31 to R 33 , R 39 , R 39a and R 39b are each the same as described in the specification with reference to R3, wherein R 31 to R 33 are each not hydrogen,

[0504] *Indicates the binding site to T 13 in Formula 10

[0505] *' indicates the binding site to T3 in Formula 10, and

[0506] *" indicates the binding site to T2 in Formula 10.

[0507] In one or more embodiments, the group represented by The represented group may be a group represented by one (e.g., any one) selected from Formula CY4(1) to Formula CY4(27):

[0508]

[0509]

[0510] wherein in Formula CY4(1) to Formula CY4(27),

[0511] X4 is the same as described in the specification,

[0512] X 49 may be O, S, N(R 49 ), C(R 49a )(R 49b ) or Si(R 49a )(R 49b ),

[0513] R 41 to R 44 , R 49 , R 49a and R 49b are each the same as described with reference to R4, and R 41 to R 44 are each not hydrogen,

[0514] * indicates the bonding site to T 14 in Formula 10, and

[0515] *' indicates the bonding site to T3 in Formula 10.

[0516] Alternatively, the dopant of the emission layer may be an iridium-containing organometallic compound.

[0517] For example, the iridium-containing organometallic compound may include a first ligand, a second ligand, and a third ligand bonded to iridium. In this regard, the first ligand may be a bidentate ligand including a ring B1 containing Y1 and a ring B2 containing Y2, the second ligand may be a bidentate ligand including a ring B3 containing Y3 and a ring B4 containing Y4, the third ligand may be a bidentate ligand including a ring B5 containing Y5 and a ring B6 containing Y6, Y1, Y3, and Y5 may each be nitrogen (N), and Y2, Y4, and Y6 may each be carbon (C).

[0518] For example, the ring B2 containing Y2 and the ring B4 containing Y4 may be different from each other.

[0519] In one or more embodiments, ring B2 containing Y2 can be a polycyclic group. For example, ring B2 containing Y2 can be a polycyclic group in which three or more monocyclic groups (e.g., 3 to 15 monocyclic groups) are fused to each other. The monocyclic group can be, for example, furyl, thienyl, selenophenyl, pyrrolyl, cyclopentadienyl, silolyl, phenyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, or pyridazinyl. Alternatively, ring B2 containing Y2 can be a monocyclic group as described above.

[0520] In one or more embodiments, ring B2 containing Y2 can be a polycyclic group in which one 5-membered monocyclic group (e.g., furyl, thienyl, selenophenyl, pyrrolyl, cyclopentadienyl, and / or silolyl, etc.) is fused to at least two 6-membered monocyclic groups (e.g., phenyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, and / or pyridazinyl, etc.).

[0521] In one or more embodiments, ring B4 containing Y4 can be a monocyclic group. For example, ring B4 containing Y4 can be a 6-membered monocyclic group (e.g., phenyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, and / or triazinyl, etc.).

[0522] In one or more embodiments, ring B4 containing Y4 can be naphthyl, phenanthryl, or anthryl.

[0523] The iridium-containing organometallic compound can be a homoleptic complex. For example, the first ligand, the second ligand, and the third ligand can be substantially the same as each other.

[0524] Alternatively, the iridium-containing organometallic compound can be a heteroleptic complex.

[0525] For example, the third ligand can be substantially the same as the second ligand.

[0526] In one or more embodiments, the third ligand can be substantially the same as the first ligand.

[0527] In one or more embodiments, the third ligand can be different from each of the first ligand and the second ligand.

[0528] For example, the phosphorescent dopant can be one (e.g., any one) selected from Compound GD01 to Compound GD25 and Compound R01:

[0529]

[0530]

[0531]

[0532]

[0533] Fluorescent dopant

[0534] The emission layer may include a fluorescent dopant.

[0535] The fluorescent dopant may include an arylamine compound, a styrylamine compound, a boron-containing compound, or any combination thereof.

[0536] For example, the fluorescent dopant may include a compound represented by Formula 501:

[0537] Formula 501

[0538]

[0539] Wherein in Formula 501,

[0540] Ar 501 , L 501 to L 503 , R 501 and R 502 may each independently be an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C3-C 60 carbocyclic group or an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 heterocyclic group,

[0541] xd1 to xd3 may each independently be 0, 1, 2, or 3, and

[0542] xd4 may be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.

[0543] For example, Ar in Formula 501 501 may be a fused ring group in which three or more monocyclic groups are fused together (e.g., anthryl, 1,2-benzophenanthryl, or pyrenyl).

[0544] In one or more embodiments, xd4 in Formula 501 may be 2.

[0545] For example, the fluorescent dopant may include: at least one (or any one) selected from Compound FD1 to Compound FD36; DPVBi; DPAVBi; or any combination thereof:

[0546]

[0547]

[0548]

[0549] Thermally activated delayed fluorescence material

[0550] The emission layer may further include a thermally activated delayed fluorescence material.

[0551] In the specification, the delayed fluorescence material may be any one selected from compounds capable of emitting delayed fluorescence based on a delayed fluorescence emission mechanism.

[0552] Depending on the type or kind of other materials included in the emission layer, the delayed fluorescence material included in the emission layer may serve as a host or a dopant.

[0553] In one or more embodiments, the difference between the triplet energy (eV) of the delayed fluorescence material and the singlet energy (eV) of the delayed fluorescence material may be greater than or equal to 0 eV and less than or equal to about 0.5 eV. When the difference between the triplet energy (eV) of the delayed fluorescence material and the singlet energy (eV) of the delayed fluorescence material satisfies the above range, upconversion from the triplet state to the singlet state of the delayed fluorescence material can occur effectively, and thus, the luminous efficiency of the light-emitting device 10 can be improved.

[0554] For example, the delayed fluorescence material may include: i) a material including at least one electron donor (e.g., a π - electron - rich C3 - C 60 cyclic group, such as a carbazolyl group) and at least one electron acceptor (e.g., a sulfinyl group, a cyano group, or a π - electron - deficient nitrogen - containing C1 - C 60 heterocyclic group), and ii) a material including a C8 - C 60 polycyclic group in which two or more cyclic groups are fused while sharing boron (B).

[0555] Examples of the delayed fluorescence material may include at least one selected from Compound DF1 to Compound DF14:

[0556]

[0557]

[0558] The electron transport region in the interlayer 130

[0559] The electron transport region may have: i) a single - layer structure including a single layer (including a single material), ii) a single - layer structure including a single layer (including multiple different materials), or iii) a multi - layer structure including multiple layers (including different materials).

[0560] The electron transport region may include a buffer layer, a hole - blocking layer, an electron - control layer, an electron - transport layer, an electron - injection layer, or any combination thereof.

[0561] For example, the electron transport region may have an electron - transport layer / electron - injection layer structure, a hole - blocking layer / electron - transport layer / electron - injection layer structure, an electron - control layer / electron - transport layer / electron - injection layer structure, or a buffer layer / electron - transport layer / electron - injection layer structure, and the constituent layers of each structure are stacked in sequence starting from the emission layer.

[0562] In one or more embodiments, the electron transport region (e.g., a buffer layer, a hole blocking layer, an electron control layer, or an electron transport layer in the electron transport region) may include a metal-free compound that includes at least one nitrogen-containing C1-C π-deficient 60 heterocyclic group.

[0563] For example, the electron transport region may include a compound represented by Formula 601:

[0564] Formula 601

[0565] [Ar 601 xe11 -[(L 601 ) xe1 -R 601 xe21 ,

[0566] wherein in Formula 601,

[0567] Ar 601 and L 601 may each independently be an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C3-C 60 carbocyclic group or an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 heterocyclic group,

[0568] xe11 can be 1, 2, or 3,

[0569] xe1 can be 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5,

[0570] R 601 can be an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C3-C 60 carbocyclic group, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 heterocyclic group, -Si(Q 601 )(Q 602 )(Q 603 ), -C(=O)(Q 601 ), -S(=O)2(Q 601 ), or -P(=O)(Q 601 )(Q 602 ),

[0571] Q 601 to Q 603 may each be the same as described herein for Q1,

[0572] xe21 can be 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, and

[0573] ​​Selected from Ar 601 , L 601 , and R 601 , at least one of which may each independently be an unsubstituted or R 10a -substituted π-deficient nitrogen-containing C1-C 60 heterocyclic group.

[0574] For example, if (e.g., when) xe11 in Formula 601 is 2 or greater, then two or more Ar 601 may be connected to each other by a single bond.

[0575] In one or more embodiments, Ar in Formula 601 601 may be unsubstituted or an anthracenyl group substituted with at least one R 10a .

[0576] In one or more embodiments, the electron transport region may include a compound represented by Formula 601-1:

[0577] Formula 601-1

[0578]

[0579] wherein in Formula 601-1,

[0580] X 614 may be N or C(R 614 ), X 615 may be N or C(R 615 ), X 616 may be N or C(R 616 ), and at least one selected from X 614 to X 616 may be N,

[0581] L 611 to L 613 may each be the same as described herein for L 601 ,

[0582] xe611 to xe613 may each be the same as described herein for xe1,

[0583] R 611 to R 613 may each be the same as described herein for R 601 , and

[0584] R 614 to R 616 may each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, hydroxy, cyano, nitro, C1-C 20 alkyl, C1-C 20An alkoxy group, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C3-C 60 carbocyclic group or an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 heterocyclic group.

[0585] For example, in Formula 601 and Formula 601-1, xe1 and xe611 to xe613 can each independently be 0, 1 or 2.

[0586] The electron transport region may include at least one selected from Compound ET1 to Compound ET46, 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (BCP), 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (Bphen), Alq3, BAlq, TAZ, NTAZ, or any combination thereof:

[0587]

[0588]

[0589]

[0590] The thickness of the electron transport region can be about to about For example, about to about When the electron transport region includes a buffer layer, a hole blocking layer, an electron control layer, an electron transport layer, or a combination thereof, the thickness of the buffer layer, the hole blocking layer, or the electron control layer can each independently be about to about For example, about to about And the thickness of the electron transport layer can be about to about For example, about to about When the thicknesses of the buffer layer, the hole blocking layer, the electron control layer, the electron transport layer, and / or the electron transport region are within these ranges, satisfactory electron transport characteristics can be obtained without significantly increasing the driving voltage.

[0591] In addition to the above materials, the electron transport region (for example, the electron transport layer in the electron transport region) may further include a metal-containing material.

[0592] The metal-containing material may include an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth metal complex, or any combination thereof. The metal ion of the alkali metal complex may be a Li ion, a Na ion, a K ion, a Rb ion, or a Cs ion, and the metal ion of the alkaline earth metal complex may be a Be ion, a Mg ion, a Ca ion, a Sr ion, or a Ba ion. The ligand coordinated with the metal ion of the alkali metal complex or the alkaline earth metal complex may include hydroxyquinoline, hydroxyisoquinoline, hydroxybenzoquinoline, hydroxyacridine, hydroxyphenanthridine, hydroxyphenyl oxazole, hydroxyphenyl thiazole, hydroxyphenyl oxadiazole, hydroxyphenyl thiadiazole, hydroxyphenyl pyridine, hydroxyphenyl benzimidazole, hydroxyphenyl benzothiazole, bipyridine, phenanthroline, cyclopentadiene, or any combination thereof.

[0593] For example, the metal-containing material may include a Li complex. The Li complex may include, for example, compound ET-D1(Liq) or compound ET-D2:

[0594]

[0595] The electron transport region may include an electron injection layer that facilitates the injection of electrons from the second electrode 150. The electron injection layer may be in direct contact with the second electrode 150.

[0596] The electron injection layer may have: i) a single-layer structure including a single layer (comprising a single material), ii) a single-layer structure including a single layer (comprising multiple different materials), or iii) a multi-layer structure including multiple layers (comprising different materials).

[0597] The electron injection layer may include an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a rare earth metal, an alkali metal-containing compound, an alkaline earth metal-containing compound, a rare earth metal-containing compound, an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth metal complex, a rare earth metal complex, or any combination thereof.

[0598] The alkali metal may include Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, or any combination thereof. The alkaline earth metal may include Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, or any combination thereof. The rare earth metal may include Sc, Y, Ce, Tb, Yb, Gd, or any combination thereof.

[0599] The alkali metal-containing compound, the alkaline earth metal-containing compound, and the rare earth metal-containing compound may be oxides, halides (e.g., fluorides, chlorides, bromides, or iodides), or tellurides of the alkali metal, the alkaline earth metal, and the rare earth metal, or any combination thereof.

[0600] The alkali metal-containing compound may include: alkali metal oxides, such as Li2O, Cs2O, or K2O; alkali metal halides, such as LiF, NaF, CsF, KF, LiI, NaI, CsI, KI, or RbI; or any combination thereof. The alkaline earth metal-containing compound may include alkaline earth metal oxides, such as BaO, SrO, CaO, Ba xSr 1-x O (where x is a real number satisfying the condition 0 < x < 1) and / or Ba x Ca 1-x O (where x is a real number satisfying the condition 0 < x < 1), etc. The rare earth metal-containing compounds may include YbF3, ScF3, Sc2O3, Y2O3, Ce2O3, GdF3, TbF3, YbI3, ScI3, TbI3, or any combination thereof. In one or more embodiments, the rare earth metal-containing compounds may include lanthanide metal tellurides. Examples of lanthanide metal tellurides are LaTe, CeTe, PrTe, NdTe, PmTe, SmTe, EuTe, GdTe, TbTe, DyTe, HoTe, ErTe, TmTe, YbTe, LuTe, La2Te3, Ce2Te3, Pr2Te3, Nd2Te3, Pm2Te3, Sm2Te3, Eu2Te3, Gd2Te3, Tb2Te3, Dy2Te3, Ho2Te3, Er2Te3, Tm2Te3, Yb2Te3, and Lu2Te3.

[0601] The alkali metal complexes, alkaline earth metal complexes, and rare earth metal complexes may include i) one of the metal ions selected from alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, and rare earth metals, and ii) as ligands bonded to the metal ions, such as, hydroxyquinoline, hydroxyisoquinoline, hydroxybenzoquinoline, hydroxyacridine, hydroxyphenanthridine, hydroxyphenyl oxazole, hydroxyphenyl thiazole, hydroxyphenyl oxadiazole, hydroxyphenyl thiadiazole, hydroxyphenyl pyridine, hydroxyphenyl benzimidazole, hydroxyphenyl benzothiazole, bipyridine, phenanthroline, cyclopentadiene, or any combination thereof.

[0602] The electron injection layer may include the alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, rare earth metals, alkali metal-containing compounds, alkaline earth metal-containing compounds, rare earth metal-containing compounds, alkali metal complexes, alkaline earth metal complexes, rare earth metal complexes, or any combination thereof as described above. In one or more embodiments, the electron injection layer may further include an organic material (e.g., a compound represented by Formula 601).

[0603] In one or more embodiments, the electron injection layer may include: i) an alkali metal-containing compound (e.g., an alkali metal halide); or ii) a) an alkali metal-containing compound (e.g., an alkali metal halide), and b) an alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, rare earth metal, or any combination thereof. For example, the electron injection layer may be a KI:Yb co-deposited layer, a RbI:Yb co-deposited layer, and / or a LiF:Yb co-deposited layer, etc.

[0604] When the electron injection layer further includes an organic material, an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a rare earth metal, an alkali metal compound, an alkaline earth metal compound, a rare earth metal compound, an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth metal complex, a rare earth metal complex, or any combination thereof may be uniformly (e.g., substantially uniformly) or non-uniformly (e.g., substantially non-uniformly) dispersed in a matrix including the organic material.

[0605] The thickness of the electron injection layer may be in the range of about to about For example, about to about . When the thickness of the electron injection layer is within the range as described above, satisfactory electron injection characteristics can be obtained without significantly increasing the driving voltage.

[0606] The second electrode 150

[0607] The second electrode 150 may be located on the sandwich layer 130 having the structure as described above. The second electrode 150 may be a cathode as an electron injection electrode, and as a material for the second electrode 150, a metal, an alloy, a conductive compound, or any combination thereof each having a low work function may be used.

[0608] The second electrode 150 may include lithium (Li), silver (Ag), magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), aluminum-lithium (Al-Li), calcium (Ca), magnesium-indium (Mg-In), magnesium-silver (Mg-Ag), ytterbium (Yb), silver-ytterbium (Ag-Yb), ITO, IZO, or any combination thereof. The second electrode 150 may be a transmissive electrode, a semi-transmissive electrode, or a reflective electrode.

[0609] The second electrode 150 may have a single-layer structure including a single layer or a multilayer structure including multiple layers.

[0610] The second capping layer 170

[0611] The second capping layer 170 may include the first capping material as described in the specification. The detailed description of the first capping material is the same as that described in the specification.

[0612] Electronic device

[0613] The light-emitting device may be included in one or more suitable electronic devices. For example, the electronic device including the light-emitting device may be a light-emitting device and / or an authentication device, etc.

[0614] In addition to the light-emitting device, an electronic device (e.g., a light-emitting device) may further include i) a color filter, ii) a color conversion layer, or iii) a color filter and a color conversion layer. The color filter and / or the color conversion layer may be located in at least one direction in which the light emitted from the light-emitting device travels. For example, the light emitted from the light-emitting device may be blue light, green light, or white light. For details regarding the light-emitting device, reference may be made to the relevant description provided above. In one or more embodiments, the color conversion layer may include quantum dots.

[0615] The electronic device may include a first substrate. The first substrate may include a plurality of sub-pixel regions, the color filter may include a plurality of color filter regions respectively corresponding to the plurality of sub-pixel regions, and the color conversion layer may include a plurality of color conversion regions respectively corresponding to the plurality of sub-pixel regions.

[0616] The pixel defining layer may be located between the plurality of sub-pixel regions to define each of the plurality of sub-pixel regions.

[0617] The color filter may further include a plurality of color filter regions and a light-shielding pattern located between the plurality of color filter regions, and the color conversion layer may further include a plurality of color conversion regions and a light-shielding pattern located between the plurality of color conversion regions.

[0618] The plurality of color filter regions (or the plurality of color conversion regions) may include a first region configured to emit first color light, a second region configured to emit second color light, and / or a third region configured to emit third color light, wherein the first color light, the second color light, and / or the third color light may have different maximum emission wavelengths from each other. For example, the first color light may be red light, the second color light may be green light, and the third color light may be blue light. For example, the plurality of color filter regions (or the plurality of color conversion regions) may include quantum dots. In particular, the first region may include red quantum dots, the second region may include green quantum dots, and the third region may not include (e.g., may exclude) quantum dots. For details regarding quantum dots, reference may be made to the relevant description provided herein. The first region, the second region, and / or the third region may each include a scatterer.

[0619] For example, the light-emitting device may be configured to emit first light, the first region may be configured to absorb the first light to emit first-first color light, the second region may be configured to absorb the first light to emit second-first color light, and the third region may be configured to absorb the first light to emit third-first color light. In this regard, the first-first color light, the second-first color light, and the third-first color light may have different maximum emission wavelengths. In particular, the first light may be blue light, the first-first color light may be red light, the second-first color light may be green light, and the third-first color light may be blue light.

[0620] In addition to the light-emitting device described above, the electronic device may further include a thin-film transistor. The thin-film transistor may include a source electrode, a drain electrode, and an active layer, and any one selected from the source electrode and the drain electrode may be electrically connected to any one selected from the first electrode and the second electrode of the light-emitting device.

[0621] The thin-film transistor may further include a gate electrode and / or a gate insulating film, etc.

[0622] The active layer may include crystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, an organic semiconductor, and / or an oxide semiconductor, etc.

[0623] The electronic device may further include a sealing portion for sealing the light-emitting device. The sealing portion may be located between the color filter and / or the color conversion layer and the light-emitting device. The sealing portion allows the light from the light-emitting device to be extracted to the outside, and at the same time (e.g., simultaneously) prevents environmental air and moisture from penetrating into the light-emitting device. The sealing portion may be a sealing substrate including a transparent glass substrate or a plastic substrate. The sealing portion may be a thin-film encapsulation layer including at least one of an organic layer and an inorganic layer. When the sealing portion is a thin-film encapsulation layer, the electronic device may be flexible.

[0624] In addition to the color filter and / or the color conversion layer, various functional layers may be additionally located on the sealing portion according to the use of the electronic device. Examples of the functional layer may include a touch screen layer and / or a polarization layer, etc. The touch screen layer may be a pressure-sensitive touch screen layer, a capacitive touch screen layer, or an infrared touch screen layer. The authentication device may be, for example, a biometric authentication device that authenticates an individual by using biometric information of a living body (e.g., a fingertip and / or a pupil, etc.).

[0625] In addition to the light-emitting device described above, the authentication device may further include a biometric information collector.

[0626] The electronic device may be applied to one or more suitable displays, light sources, lighting devices, personal computers (e.g., mobile personal computers), mobile phones, digital cameras, electronic notebooks, electronic dictionaries, electronic game consoles, medical tools (e.g., electronic thermometers, sphygmomanometers, glucometers, pulse measurement devices, pulse wave measurement devices, electrocardiogram monitors, ultrasonic diagnostic devices, or endoscope monitors), fish finders, one or more suitable measurement tools, meters (e.g., meters for vehicles, airplanes, and ships), and / or projectors, etc.

[0627] Figure 2 and Figure 3 description

[0628] Figure 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a light-emitting device as an example of an electronic device according to one or more embodiments.

[0629] Figure 2 The light-emitting device includes a substrate 100, thin-film transistors (TFTs), a light-emitting device, and a sealing part 300 that seals the light-emitting device.

[0630] The substrate 100 can be a flexible substrate, a glass substrate, or a metal substrate. A buffer layer 210 can be located on the substrate 100. The buffer layer 210 can prevent or reduce the penetration of impurities through the substrate 100 and can provide a flat surface on the substrate 100.

[0631] The TFTs can be located on the buffer layer 210. The TFTs can include an active layer 220, a gate electrode 240, a source electrode 260, and a drain electrode 270.

[0632] The active layer 220 can include an inorganic semiconductor (such as silicon or polysilicon), an organic semiconductor, or an oxide semiconductor, and can include a source region, a drain region, and a channel region.

[0633] A gate insulating film 230 for insulating the active layer 220 from the gate electrode 240 can be located on the active layer 220, and the gate electrode 240 can be located on the gate insulating film 230.

[0634] An interlayer insulating film 250 can be located on the gate electrode 240. The interlayer insulating film 250 can be located between the gate electrode 240 and the source electrode 260 and between the gate electrode 240 and the drain electrode 270 to insulate them from each other.

[0635] The source electrode 260 and the drain electrode 270 can be located on the interlayer insulating film 250. The interlayer insulating film 250 and the gate insulating film 230 can be formed to expose the source region and the drain region of the active layer 220, and the source electrode 260 and the drain electrode 270 can be arranged to contact the exposed portions of the source region and the drain region of the active layer 220.

[0636] The TFTs are electrically connected to the light-emitting device to drive the light-emitting device and are covered and protected by a passivation layer 280. The passivation layer 280 can include an inorganic insulating film, an organic insulating film, or any combination thereof. The light-emitting device is provided on the passivation layer 280. The light-emitting device can include a first electrode 110, an interlayer 130, and a second electrode 150.

[0637] The first electrode 110 can be located on the passivation layer 280. The passivation layer 280 can be placed to expose a part of the drain electrode 270 without completely covering the drain electrode 270, and the first electrode 110 can be placed to connect to the exposed portion of the drain electrode 270.

[0638] The pixel defining layer 290 including an insulating material may be located on the first electrode 110. The pixel defining layer 290 may expose a specific area of the first electrode 110, and the interlayer 130 may be formed in the exposed area of the first electrode 110. The pixel defining layer 290 may be a polyimide organic film or a polyacrylic organic film. In one or more embodiments, at least some layers of the interlayer 130 may extend beyond the upper portion of the pixel defining layer 290 and be placed in the form of a common layer.

[0639] The second electrode 150 may be located on the interlayer 130, and the second capping layer 170 may be further formed on the second electrode 150. The second capping layer 170 may be formed to cover the second electrode 150.

[0640] The sealing portion 300 may be located on the second capping layer 170. The sealing portion 300 may be located on the light-emitting device to protect the light-emitting device from moisture or oxygen. The sealing portion 300 may include: an inorganic film including silicon nitride (SiN x )(e.g., Si3N4), silicon oxide (SiO x )(e.g., SiO2), indium tin oxide, indium zinc oxide, or any combination thereof; an organic film including polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, polycarbonate, polyimide, polyethylene sulfonate, polyoxymethylene, polyarylate, hexamethyldisiloxane, acrylic resin (e.g., polymethyl methacrylate and / or polyacrylic acid, etc.), epoxy resin (e.g., aliphatic glycidyl ether (AGE), etc.), or any combination thereof; or any combination of an inorganic film and an organic film.

[0641] Figure 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a light-emitting device as an example of an electronic device according to one or more embodiments.

[0642] Figure 3 The light-emitting device of Figure 2 is substantially the same as the light-emitting device of Figure 3 , except that the light-shielding pattern 500 and the functional area 400 are further located on the sealing portion 300. The functional area 400 may be i) a color filter area, ii) a color conversion area, or iii) a combination of a color filter area and a color conversion area. In one or more embodiments,

[0643] Figure 4 description

[0644] Figure 4Schematic perspective view of an electronic device 1 including a light-emitting device according to one or more embodiments. As a device for displaying moving images or still images, the electronic device 1 may be a portable electronic device (such as a mobile phone, a smart phone, a tablet personal computer (PC), a mobile communication terminal, an electronic notebook computer, an e-book, a portable multimedia player (PMP), a navigation device, or a ultra-mobile personal computer (UMPC)), and one or more suitable products (such as a television, a laptop computer, a monitor, a billboard, or an Internet of Things (IoT) device). The electronic device 1 may be such a product or a part thereof. Additionally, the electronic device 1 may be a wearable device (such as a smart watch, a watch phone, a glasses-type or kind of display, or a head-mounted display (HMD)) or a part of a wearable device. However, one or more embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto. For example, the electronic device 1 may be a center information display (CID) on an instrument panel and a console, or an instrument panel of a vehicle, an in-vehicle rearview mirror display replacing a side view mirror of a vehicle, an entertainment display for a rear seat of an automobile, or a display arranged on a backrest of a front seat, a head-up display (HUD) mounted in front of a vehicle or projected on a windshield, or a computer-generated holographic augmented reality head-up display (CGH AR HUD). For ease of explanation, Figure 4 illustrates the case where the electronic device 1 is a smart phone.

[0645] The electronic device 1 may include a display area DA and a non-display area NDA outside the display area DA. The display device may implement an image through a plurality of pixel arrays two-dimensionally arranged in the display area DA.

[0646] The non-display area NDA is an area where no image is displayed and may completely surround (e.g., encircle) the display area DA. In the non-display area NDA, a driver for supplying an electrical signal or power to a display element arranged in the display area DA may be arranged. In the non-display area NDA, pads for electrically connecting electronic components or a printed circuit board may be arranged.

[0647] In the electronic device 1, the length in the x-axis direction and the length in the y-axis direction may be different from each other. For example, as Figure 4 shown, the length in the x-axis direction may be shorter than the length in the y-axis direction. In one or more embodiments, the length in the x-axis direction may be the same as the length in the y-axis direction. In one or more embodiments, the length in the x-axis direction may be longer than the length in the y-axis direction.

[0648] Figure 5 and Figures 6A to 6C description

[0649] Figure 5A view of the exterior of vehicle 1000 as an electronic device including a light-emitting device according to one or more embodiments is illustrated. Figures 6A to 6C Each is a schematic view illustrating the interior of vehicle 1000 according to one or more suitable embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0650] Reference Figure 5 、 Figure 6A 、 Figure 6B and Figure 6C Vehicle 1000 may refer to one or more suitable devices for moving an object to be transported (such as a person, an object, or an animal) from a starting point to a destination. Vehicle 1000 may include vehicles traveling on roads or tracks, ships moving on the ocean or rivers, and / or airplanes flying in the air using the action of air, etc.

[0651] Vehicle 1000 may travel on a road or track. Vehicle 1000 may move in a set or predetermined direction according to the rotation of at least one wheel. For example, vehicle 1000 may include three-wheeled or four-wheeled vehicles, construction machinery, two-wheeled vehicles, prime mover devices, bicycles, and trains traveling on tracks.

[0652] Vehicle 1000 may include a body having an interior and an exterior, and a chassis as other parts outside the body on which mechanical equipment required for driving is installed. The exterior of the body may include a front panel, a hood, a roof panel, a rear panel, a trunk, and / or pillars provided at the boundaries between doors, etc. The chassis of vehicle 1000 may include a power generation device, a power transmission device, a driving device, a steering device, a braking device, a suspension device, a transmission device, a fuel device, front and rear wheels, and / or left and right wheels, etc.

[0653] Vehicle 1000 may include side window glass 1100, front window glass 1200, side mirrors 1300, instrument panel 1400, center console 1500, passenger seat instrument panel 1600, and display device 2.

[0654] Side window glass 1100 and front window glass 1200 may be divided by pillars arranged between side window glass 1100 and front window glass 1200.

[0655] Side window glass 1100 may be installed on the side of vehicle 1000. In one or more embodiments, side window glass 1100 may be installed on the door of vehicle 1000. A plurality of side window glass 1100 may be provided and may face each other. In one or more embodiments, side window glass 1100 may include first side window glass 1110 and second side window glass 1120. In one or more embodiments, first side window glass 1110 may be arranged adjacent to instrument panel 1400. Second side window glass 1120 may be arranged adjacent to passenger seat instrument panel 1600.

[0656] In one or more embodiments, the side window glasses 1100 may be separated from and / or spaced apart (e.g., spaced or separated) from each other in the x-axis direction or the direction opposite to the x-axis direction. For example, the first side window glass 1110 and the second side window glass 1120 may be separated from and / or spaced apart (e.g., spaced or separated) from each other in the x-axis direction or the direction opposite to the x-axis direction. For example, the imaginary straight line L connecting the side window glasses 1100 may extend in the x-axis direction or the direction opposite to the x-axis direction. For example, the imaginary straight line L connecting the first side window glass 1110 and the second side window glass 1120 may extend in the x-axis direction or the direction opposite to the x-axis direction.

[0657] The front window glass 1200 may be installed in the front of the vehicle 1000. The front window glass 1200 may be disposed between the side window glasses 1100 facing each other.

[0658] The side view mirror 1300 may provide a rear view of the vehicle 1000. The side view mirror 1300 may be installed on the exterior of the vehicle body. In one or more embodiments, a plurality of side view mirrors 1300 may be provided. Any one selected from the plurality of side view mirrors 1300 may be disposed outside the first side window glass 1110. Another one selected from the plurality of side view mirrors 1300 may be disposed outside the second side window glass 1120.

[0659] The instrument panel 1400 may be disposed in front of the steering wheel. The instrument panel 1400 may include a tachometer, a speedometer, a coolant temperature gauge, an oil gauge, a turn indicator, a high beam indicator, a warning light, a seat belt warning light, an odometer, a trip meter, an automatic shift lever indicator, a door open warning light, an engine oil warning light, and / or a low fuel warning light.

[0660] The center console 1500 may include a control panel on which a plurality of buttons for adjusting an audio device, an air conditioning device, and / or a seat heater are disposed. The center console 1500 may be disposed on one side of the instrument panel 1400.

[0661] The passenger seat instrument panel 1600 may be separated from and / or spaced apart (e.g., spaced or separated) from the instrument panel 1400, and the center console 1500 is disposed between the passenger seat instrument panel 1600 and the instrument panel 1400. In one or more embodiments, the instrument panel 1400 may be disposed corresponding to the driver's seat, and the passenger seat instrument panel 1600 may be disposed corresponding to the passenger seat. In one or more embodiments, the instrument panel 1400 may be adjacent to the first side window glass 1110, and the passenger seat instrument panel 1600 may be adjacent to the second side window glass 1120.

[0662] In one or more embodiments, the display device 2 may include a display panel 3, and the display panel 3 may display an image. The display device 2 may be disposed inside the vehicle 1000. In one or more embodiments, the display device 2 may be disposed between side window glasses 1100 facing each other. The display device 2 may be disposed on at least one selected from a dashboard 1400, a center console 1500, and a passenger seat instrument panel 1600.

[0663] The display device 2 may include an organic light emitting display device, an inorganic electroluminescent (EL) display device, and / or a quantum dot display device, etc. Hereinafter, as the display device 2 according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, an organic light emitting display device including a light emitting device according to the present disclosure will be described as an example, but one or more appropriate types (kinds) of the above-described display devices may be used in the embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0664] Reference Figure 6A , the display device 2 may be disposed on the center console 1500. In one or more embodiments, the display device 2 may display navigation information. In one or more embodiments, the display device 2 may display audio, video, or information about vehicle settings.

[0665] Reference Figure 6B , the display device 2 may be disposed on the dashboard 1400. When the display device 2 is disposed on the dashboard 1400, the dashboard 1400 may display driving information, etc. through the display device 2. For example, the dashboard 1400 may be implemented digitally. The dashboard 1400 may digitally display vehicle information and driving information as images. For example, the pointer and gauges of a tachometer and one or more appropriate warning light icons may be displayed through digital signals.

[0666] Reference Figure 6C , the display device 2 may be disposed on the passenger seat instrument panel 1600. The display device 2 may be embedded in the passenger seat instrument panel 1600 or disposed on the passenger seat instrument panel 1600. In one or more embodiments, the display device 2 disposed on the passenger seat instrument panel 1600 may display an image related to the information displayed on the dashboard 1400 and / or the information displayed on the center console 1500. In one or more embodiments, the display device 2 disposed on the passenger seat instrument panel 1600 may display information different from the information displayed on the dashboard 1400 and / or the information displayed on the center console 1500.

[0667] Manufacturing method

[0668] Each layer included in the hole transport region, the emission layer, and each layer included in the electron transport region can be formed in a specific region by using one or more suitable methods selected from vacuum deposition, spin coating, casting, Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) deposition, inkjet printing, laser printing, and laser-induced thermal imaging.

[0669] When forming each layer included in the hole transport region, the emission layer, and each layer included in the electron transport region by vacuum deposition, depending on the material to be included in the layer to be formed and the structure of the layer to be formed, the deposition can be carried out at a deposition temperature of about 100 °C to about 500 °C, a vacuum degree of about 10 -8 torr to about 10 -3 torr, and a deposition rate of about to about .

[0670] Definition of terms

[0671] As used herein, the term "C3-C 60 carbocyclic group" refers to a cyclic group that includes only carbon atoms as ring-forming atoms and has 3 to 60 carbon atoms. For example, C3-C 50 carbocyclic group, C3-C 40 carbocyclic group, C3-C 30 carbocyclic group, C3-C 20 carbocyclic group, or C3-C 10 carbocyclic group. And as used herein, the term "C1-C 60 heterocyclic group" refers to a cyclic group that has 1 to 60 carbon atoms and further has heteroatoms as ring-forming atoms in addition to carbon atoms. For example, C1-C 50 heterocyclic group, C1-C 40 heterocyclic group, C1-C 30 heterocyclic group, C1-C 20 heterocyclic group, or C1-C 10 heterocyclic group. The C3-C 60 carbocyclic group and the C1-C 60 heterocyclic group can each be a monocyclic group including one ring or a polycyclic group in which two or more rings are fused to each other. For example, the C1-C 60 heterocyclic group has 3 to 61 ring-forming carbon atoms.

[0672] As used herein, the term "cyclic group" can (for example, simultaneously) include both C3-C 60 carbocyclic group and C1-C 60 heterocyclic group.

[0673] As used herein, the term "π-electron-rich C3-C 60"Cyclic group" means a cyclic group having 3 to 60 carbon atoms and not including *-N=*' as a ring-forming moiety, and as used herein, the term "π-deficient nitrogen-containing C1-C 60 "Heterocyclic group" means a heterocyclic group having 1 to 60 carbon atoms and including *-N=*' as a ring-forming moiety.

[0674] For example, C3-C 60 The carbocyclic group can be i) group T1 or ii) a fused ring group in which two or more groups T1 are fused to each other (e.g., cyclopentadienyl, adamantyl, norbornyl, phenyl, pentaphenylenyl, naphthyl, azulyl, indacenyl, acenaphthylenyl, phenalenyl, phenanthryl, anthryl, fluoranthenyl, triphenylenyl, pyrenyl, 1,2-benzophenanthryl, perylenyl, pentaphenyl, heptaphenylenyl, tetracenyl, picenyl, hexaphenyl, pentacenyl, rubicenyl, coronenyl, ovalenyl, indenyl, fluorenyl, spirobifluorenyl, benzofluorenyl, indenoanthracenyl or indenoanthracenyl),

[0675] C1-C 60 The heterocyclic group can be i) group T2, ii) a fused ring group in which two or more groups T2 are fused to each other, or iii) a fused ring group in which at least one group T2 and at least one group T1 are fused to each other (e.g., pyrrolyl, thienyl, furyl, indolyl, benzindolyl, naphthylindolyl, isoindolyl, benzisoindolyl, naphthylisoindolyl, benzosilolyl, benzothienyl, benzofuranyl, carbazolyl, dibenzosilolyl, dibenzothienyl, dibenzofuranyl, indacarbazolyl, indolocarbazolyl, benzofurancarbazolyl, benzothienylcarbazolyl, benzosilolylcarbazolyl, benzindolylcarbazolyl, benzocarbazolyl, benzonaphthofuranyl, benzonaphthothienyl, benzonaphthosilolyl, benzofuranodibenzofuranyl, benzofuranodibenzothienyl, benzothienodibenzothienyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, benzopyrazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, triazinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, benzoquinolinyl, benzoisoquinolinyl, quinoxalinyl, benzoquinoxalinyl, quinazolinyl, benzoquinazolinyl, phenanthrolinyl, cinnolinyl, phthalazinyl, naphthyridinyl, imidazopyridyl, imidazopyrimidinyl, imidazotriazinyl, imidazopyrazinyl, imidazopyridazinyl, azacarbazolyl, azafuranyl, azadibenzosilolyl, azadibenzothienyl and / or azadibenzofuranyl, etc.),

[0676] π-rich C3-C 60The cyclic group can be i) group T1, ii) a fused ring group in which two or more groups T1 are fused to each other, iii) group T3, iv) a fused ring group in which two or more groups T3 are fused to each other, or v) a fused ring group in which at least one group T3 and at least one group T1 are fused to each other (e.g., C3-C 60 carbocyclic group, 1H-pyrrolyl, silolyl, borole, 2H-pyrrolyl, 3H-pyrrolyl, thiophenyl, furyl, indolyl, benzindolyl, naphthylindolyl, isoindolyl, benzisoindolyl, naphthylisoindolyl, benzisosilolyl, benzothiophenyl, benzofuryl, carbazolyl, dibenzisosilolyl, dibenzothiophenyl, dibenzofuryl, indolocarbazolyl, indolocarbazolyl, benzofurocarbazolyl, benzothiophenocarbazolyl, benzisosilolocarbazolyl, benzindolocarbazolyl, benzocarbazolyl, benzonaphthofuryl, benzonaphthothiophenyl, benzonaphthosilolyl, benzofurodibenzofuryl, benzofurodibenzothiophenyl and / or benzothiophenodibenzothiophenyl, etc.),

[0677] nitrogen-containing C lacking π electrons 1- C 60 The heterocyclic group can be i) group T4, ii) a fused ring group in which two or more groups T4 are fused to each other, iii) a fused ring group in which at least one group T4 and at least one group T1 are fused to each other, iv) a fused ring group in which at least one group T4 and at least one group T3 are fused to each other, or v) a fused ring group in which at least one group T4, at least one group T1 and at least one group T3 are fused to each other (e.g., pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, benzopyrazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, triazinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, benzoquinolinyl, benzoisoquinolinyl, quinoxalinyl, benzoquinoxalinyl, quinazolinyl, benzoquinazolinyl, phenanthrolinyl, cinnolinyl, phthalazinyl, naphthyridinyl, imidazopyridyl, imidazopyrimidinyl, imidazotriazinyl, imidazopyrazinyl, imidazopyridazinyl, azacarbazolyl, azafuryl, azadibenzisosilolyl, azadibenzothiophenyl and / or azadibenzofuryl, etc.),

[0678] Group T1 can be cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, cyclobutenyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclopentadienyl, cyclohexenyl, cyclohexadienyl, cycloheptenyl, adamantyl, norbornyl (or bicyclo[2.2.1]heptyl), norbornenyl, bicyclo[1.1.1]pentyl, bicyclo[2.1.1]hexyl, bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl or phenyl,

[0679] The group T2 can be furyl, thienyl, 1H - pyrrolyl, silolyl, borolyl, 2H - pyrrolyl, 3H - pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, aza - silolyl, aza - borolyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, triazinyl, tetrazinyl, pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, dihydropyrrolyl, piperidinyl, tetrahydropyridyl, dihydropyridyl, hexahydropyrimidinyl, tetrahydropyrimidinyl, dihydropyrimidinyl, piperazinyl, tetrahydropyrazinyl, dihydropyrazinyl, tetrahydropyridazinyl or dihydropyridazinyl,

[0680] The group T3 can be furyl, thienyl, 1H - pyrrolyl, silolyl or borolyl, and

[0681] The group T4 can be 2H - pyrrolyl, 3H - pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, aza - silolyl, aza - borolyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, triazinyl or tetrazinyl.

[0682] As used herein, the terms "cyclic group, C3 - C 60 carbocyclic group, C1 - C 60 heterocyclic group, π - electron - rich C3 - C 60 cyclic group or π - electron - deficient nitrogen - containing C1 - C 60 heterocyclic group" can refer to a group that is fused with any cyclic group (which is fused with another cyclic group (such as benzyl and / or naphthyl, etc.)), a monovalent group or a polyvalent group (such as a divalent group, a trivalent group and / or a tetravalent group, etc.) according to the structure of the formula using the corresponding term. For example, "phenyl" can be benzyl, phenyl and / or phenylene, etc., and those skilled in the art can easily understand these groups according to the structure of the formula including "phenyl".

[0683] Examples of monovalent C3 - C 60 carbocyclic groups and monovalent C1 - C 60 heterocyclic groups are C3 - C 10 cycloalkyl, C1 - C 10 heterocycloalkyl, C3 - C 10 cycloalkenyl, C1 - C 10 heterocycloalkenyl, C6 - C 60 aryl, C1 - C 60 heteroaryl, monovalent non - aromatic fused polycyclic groups and monovalent non - aromatic fused heteropolycyclic groups. Examples of divalent C3 - C 60 carbocyclic groups and divalent C1 - C 60 heterocyclic groups are C3 - C 10 sub - cycloalkyl, C1 - C10 Azaheterocycloalkyl, C3-C 10 Subcycloalkenyl, C1-C 10 Azaheterocycloalkenyl, C6-C 60 Arylene, C1-C 60 Heteroarylene, divalent non-aromatic fused polycyclic groups, and divalent non-aromatic fused heteropolycyclic groups.

[0684] As used herein, the term "C1-C 60 alkyl" refers to a straight-chain or branched-chain aliphatic hydrocarbon monovalent group having 1 to 60 carbon atoms, e.g., C1-C 50 alkyl, C1-C 30 alkyl, C1-C 20 alkyl, or C1-C 10 alkyl, and specific examples thereof are methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, tert-pentyl, neopentyl, isopentyl, sec-pentyl, 3-pentyl, sec-isopentyl, n-hexyl, isohexyl, sec-hexyl, tert-hexyl, n-heptyl, isoheptyl, sec-heptyl, tert-heptyl, n-octyl, isooctyl, sec-octyl, tert-octyl, n-nonyl, isononyl, sec-nonyl, tert-nonyl, n-decyl, isodecyl, sec-decyl, and tert-decyl. As used herein, the term "C1-C 60 alkylene" refers to a divalent group having the same structure as C1-C 60 alkyl.

[0685] As used herein, the term "C2-C 60 alkenyl" refers to a monovalent hydrocarbon group having at least one carbon-carbon double bond in the middle or at the end of C2-C 60 alkyl, e.g., C2-C 30 alkenyl, C2-C 20 alkenyl, or C2-C 10 alkenyl, and examples thereof are vinyl, propenyl, and butenyl. As used herein, the term "C2-C 60 alkenylene" refers to a divalent group having the same structure as C2-C 60 alkenyl.

[0686] As used herein, the term "C2-C 60 alkynyl" refers to a monovalent hydrocarbon group having at least one carbon-carbon triple bond in the middle or at the end of C2-C 60 alkyl, e.g., C2-C 30 alkynyl, C2-C 20 alkynyl, or C2-C 10 alkynyl, and examples thereof include ethynyl and propynyl. As used herein, the term "C2-C 60 alkynylene" refers to a divalent group having the same structure as C2-C 60 alkynyl.

[0687] As used herein, the term "C1-C 60 alkoxy" refers to a monovalent group represented by -OA 101 (wherein A 101 is C1-C 60 alkyl), for example, C1-C 30 alkoxy, C1-C 20 alkoxy or C1-C 10 alkoxy, and examples thereof include methoxy, ethoxy, and isopropoxy.

[0688] As used herein, the term "C3-C 10 cycloalkyl" refers to a monovalent saturated hydrocarbon cyclic group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms, and examples thereof are cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, adamantyl, norbornyl (or bicyclo[2.2.1]heptyl), bicyclo[1.1.1]pentyl, bicyclo[2.1.1]hexyl, and bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl. As used herein, the term "C3-C 10 subcycloalkyl" refers to a divalent group having the same structure as C3-C 10 cycloalkyl.

[0689] As used herein, the term "C1-C 10 heterocycloalkyl" refers to a monovalent cyclic group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms that further includes at least one heteroatom as a ring-forming atom in addition to carbon atoms, and specific examples thereof are 1,2,3,4-oxadiazolyl, tetrahydrofuryl, and tetrahydrothienyl. As used herein, the term "C1-C 10 subheterocycloalkyl" refers to a divalent group having the same structure as C1-C 10 heterocycloalkyl.

[0690] The term "C3-C 10 cycloalkenyl" as used herein refers to a monovalent cyclic group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms and at least one carbon-carbon double bond in its ring and having no aromaticity, and specific examples thereof are cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl, and cycloheptenyl. As used herein, the term "C3-C 10 subcycloalkenyl" refers to a divalent group having the same structure as C3-C 10 cycloalkenyl.

[0691] As used herein, the term "C1-C 10 heterocycloalkenyl" refers to a monovalent cyclic group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms that further includes at least one heteroatom as a ring-forming atom and having at least one double bond in its ring structure. C1-C 10Examples of heterocyclenyl include 4,5-dihydro-1,2,3,4-oxatriazolyl, 2,3-dihydrofuranyl, and 2,3-dihydrothienyl. As used herein, the term "C1-C 10 heterocyclenylene" refers to a divalent group having the same structure as C1-C 10 heterocyclenyl.

[0692] As used herein, the term "C6-C 60 aryl" refers to a monovalent group of a carbocyclic aromatic system having 6 to 60 carbon atoms. For example, C6-C 50 aryl, C6-C 40 aryl, C6-C 30 aryl, C6-C 20 aryl, or C6-C 15 aryl. As used herein, the term "C6-C 60 arylene" refers to a divalent group of a carbocyclic aromatic system having 6 to 60 carbon atoms. Examples of C6-C 60 aryl include phenyl, pentaphenylenyl, naphthyl, azulyl, indacenyl, acenaphthylenyl, phenalenyl, phenanthryl, anthryl, fluoranthenyl, triphenylenyl, pyrenyl, 1,2-benzophenanthryl, perylenyl, pentaphenyl, heptaphenylenyl, tetracenyl, picenyl, hexaphenyl, pentacenyl, rubicenyl, coronenyl, and ovalenyl. When C6-C 60 aryl and C6-C 60 arylene each include two or more rings, these rings may be fused to each other.

[0693] As used herein, the term "C1-C 60 heteroaryl" refers to a monovalent group of a heterocyclic aromatic system having 1 to 60 carbon atoms that further includes at least one heteroatom as a ring-forming atom. For example, C1-C 50 heteroaryl, C1-C 40 heteroaryl, C1-C 30 heteroaryl, C1-C 20 heteroaryl, or C1-C 10 heteroaryl. As used herein, the term "C1-C 60 heteroarylene" refers to a divalent group of a heterocyclic aromatic system having 1 to 60 carbon atoms that further includes at least one heteroatom as a ring-forming atom. Examples of C1-C 60 heteroaryl include pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, triazinyl, quinolinyl, benzoquinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, benzoisoquinolinyl, quinoxalinyl, benzoquinoxalinyl, quinazolinyl, benzoquinazolinyl, cinnolinyl, phenanthrolinyl, phthalazinyl, and naphthyridinyl. When C1-C 60 heteroaryl and C1-C 60When each of the heteroaryls includes two or more rings, these rings may be fused to each other.

[0694] As used herein, the term "monovalent non-aromatic fused polycyclic group" refers to a monovalent group having two or more rings fused to each other, with only carbon atoms as ring-forming atoms and having no aromaticity in its entire molecular structure (e.g., having 8 to 60 carbon atoms), e.g., C8-C 60 monovalent non-aromatic fused polycyclic group, C8-C 50 monovalent non-aromatic fused polycyclic group, C8-C 40 monovalent non-aromatic fused polycyclic group, C8-C 30 monovalent non-aromatic fused polycyclic group or C8-C 20 monovalent non-aromatic fused polycyclic group. Examples of monovalent non-aromatic fused polycyclic groups are indenyl, fluorenyl, spirobifluorenyl, benzofluorenyl, indenoanthracenyl, and indenoanthracenyl. As used herein, the term "divalent non-aromatic fused polycyclic group" refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the above-mentioned monovalent non-aromatic fused polycyclic group.

[0695] As used herein, the term "monovalent non-aromatic fused heteropolycyclic group" refers to a monovalent group having two or more rings fused to each other, further including at least one heteroatom as a ring-forming atom in addition to carbon atoms and having non-aromaticity in its entire molecular structure (e.g., having 1 to 60 carbon atoms), e.g., C1-C 60 monovalent non-aromatic fused heteropolycyclic group, C1-C 50 monovalent non-aromatic fused heteropolycyclic group, C1-C 40 monovalent non-aromatic fused heteropolycyclic group, C1-C 30 monovalent non-aromatic fused heteropolycyclic group or C1-C 20Monovalent non-aromatic fused heteropolycyclic group. Examples of monovalent non-aromatic fused heteropolycyclic groups are pyrrolyl, thienyl, furyl, indolyl, benzindolyl, naphthylindolyl, isoindolyl, benzisoindolyl, naphthisoindolyl, benzosilolyl, benzothienyl, benzofuryl, carbazolyl, dibenzosilolyl, dibenzothienyl, dibenzofuryl, azacarbazolyl, azafuryl, azadibenzosilolyl, azadibenzothienyl, azadibenzofuryl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, benzopyrazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, imidazopyridyl, imidazopyrimidinyl, imidazotriazinyl, imidazopyrazinyl, imidazopyridazinyl, indocarbazolyl, indolocarbazolyl, benzofurocarbazolyl, benzothienocarbazolyl, benzosilolocarbazolyl, benzindolocarbazolyl, benzocarbazolyl, benzonaphthofuryl, benzonaphthothienyl, benzonaphthosilolyl, benzofurodibenzofuryl, benzofurodibenzothienyl, and benzothienodibenzothienyl. As used herein, the term "divalent non-aromatic fused heteropolycyclic group" refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the above monovalent non-aromatic fused heteropolycyclic group.

[0696] As used herein, the term "C6-C 60 aryloxy" denotes -OA 102 (wherein A 102 is a C6-C 60 aryl), for example, C6-C 50 aryloxy, C6-C 40 aryloxy, C6-C 30 aryloxy, C6-C 20 aryloxy or C6-C 15 aryloxy, and as used herein, the term "C6-C 60 arylthio" denotes -SA 103 (wherein A 103 is a C6-C 60 aryl), for example, C6-C 50 arylthio, C6-C 40 arylthio, C6-C 30 arylthio, C6-C 20 arylthio or C6-C 15 arylthio.

[0697] As used herein, the term "C7-C 60 aralkyl" refers to -A 104 A 105 (wherein A 104 can be a C1-C 54 alkylene, and A105 can be C6-C 59 aryl), for example, C7-C 50 aralkyl, C7-C 40 aralkyl, C7-C 30 aralkyl, C7-C 20 aralkyl or C7-C 15 aralkyl, and the term "C2-C 60 heteroaralkyl" as used herein refers to -A 106 A 107 (where A 106 can be C1-C 59 alkylene, and A 107 can be C1-C 59 heteroaryl), for example, C2-C 50 heteroaralkyl, C2-C 40 heteroaralkyl, C2-C 30 heteroaralkyl, C2-C 20 heteroaralkyl or C2-C 15 heteroaralkyl.

[0698] As used herein, the term "R 10a " refers to:

[0699] deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, hydroxy, cyano or nitro;

[0700] each unsubstituted or substituted by the following C1-C 60 alkyl, C2-C 60 alkenyl, C2-C 60 alkynyl or C1-C 60 alkoxy: deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, hydroxy, cyano, nitro, C3-C 60 carbocyclic group, C1-C 60 heterocyclic group, C6-C 60 aryloxy, C6-C 60 arylthio, C7-C 60 aralkyl, C2-C 60 heteroaralkyl, -Si(Q 11 )(Q 12 )(Q 13 )、-N(Q 11 )(Q 12 )、-B(Q 11 )(Q 12 )、-C(=O)(Q 11 )、-S(=O)2(Q 11 )、-P(=O)(Q 11 )(Q 12 ) or any combination thereof;

[0701] Each unsubstituted or substituted C3-C 60 carbocyclic group, C1-C 60 heterocyclic group, C6-C 60 aryloxy group, C6-C 60 arylthio group, C7-C 60 aralkyl group or C2-C 60 heteroaralkyl group: deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, hydroxy group, cyano group, nitro group, C1-C 60 alkyl group, C2-C 60 alkenyl group, C2-C 60 alkynyl group, C1-C 60 alkoxy group, C3-C 60 carbocyclic group, C1-C 60 heterocyclic group, C6-C 60 aryloxy group, C6-C 60 arylthio group, C7-C 60 aralkyl group, C2-C 60 heteroaralkyl group, -Si(Q 21 )(Q 22 )(Q 23 )、-N(Q 21 )(Q 22 )、-B(Q 21 )(Q 22 )、-C(=O)(Q 21 )、-S(=O)2(Q 21 )、-P(=O)(Q 21 )(Q 22 ) or any combination thereof; or

[0702] -Si(Q 31 )(Q 32 )(Q 33 )、-N(Q 31 )(Q 32 )、-B(Q 31 )(Q 32 )、-C(=O)(Q 31 )、-S(=O)2(Q 31 ) or -P(=O)(Q 31 )(Q 32 )。

[0703] Q1 to Q3, Q 11 to Q 13 、Q 21 to Q 23 and Q 31 to Q 33Each may independently be: hydrogen; deuterium; -F; -Cl; -Br; -I; hydroxy; cyano; nitro; or C1-C that is unsubstituted or substituted by deuterium, -F, cyano, C1-C 60 alkyl, C1-C 60 alkoxy, phenyl, biphenyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl, triazinyl or any combination thereof-substituted C1-C 60 alkyl, C2-C 60 alkenyl, C2-C 60 alkynyl, C1-C 60 alkoxy, C3-C 60 carbocyclic group or C1-C 60 heterocyclic group.

[0704] As used herein, the term "heteroatom" refers to any atom other than a carbon atom and a hydrogen atom. Examples of heteroatoms are O, S, N, P, Si, B, Ge, Se and any combination thereof.

[0705] As used herein, the term "transition metal" includes hafnium (Hf), tantalum (Ta), tungsten (W), rhenium (Re), osmium (Os), iridium (Ir), platinum (Pt) and / or gold (Au), etc.

[0706] As used herein, the term "Ph" refers to phenyl, the term "Me" refers to methyl, the term "Et" refers to ethyl, and the term "tert-Bu" or "Bu t " refers to tert-butyl, and the term "OMe" refers to methoxy as used herein.

[0707] As used herein, the term "biphenyl" refers to "phenyl substituted by phenyl". For example, "biphenyl" is a substituted phenyl having a C6-C 60 aryl as a substituent.

[0708] As used herein, the term "terphenyl" refers to "phenyl substituted by biphenyl". For example, "terphenyl" is a substituted phenyl having a C6-C 60 aryl substituted by a C6-C 60 aryl as a substituent.

[0709] Unless otherwise defined, *, *' and *" as used herein each refer to the bonding site with an adjacent atom in the corresponding formula or moiety.

[0710] Hereinafter, compounds according to one or more embodiments and light-emitting devices according to one or more embodiments will be described in more detail with reference to the following synthesis examples and examples. The phrase "using B instead of A" used in describing the synthesis examples means using substantially the same molar equivalent of B instead of A.

[0711] Example

[0712] Synthesis Example 1: Synthesis of Compound CPL1

[0713]

[0714] Tris(4-bromophenyl)boron (about 10 g, about 0.021 mol), naphtho[2,3-d]thiazol-2-yl-boronic acid (about 17.7 g, about 0.077 mol), potassium carbonate (about 17.28 g, about 0.125 mol) and the catalyst Pd(PPh3)4 (about 1.16 g, about 0.001 mol) were added to about 150 mL of toluene, about 40 mL of ethanol and about 20 mL of H2O, and then stirred and reacted at about 90 °C for about 12 hours. After the reaction was completed, an extraction process was carried out on it, and the obtained product was purified by column chromatography to obtain about 10.4 g of Compound CPL1 (yield: about 62.5%).

[0715] 1 H-NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ ppm, 8.23 (s, 3H), 8.12 (s, 3H), 8.06 (d, J = 7.7, 1.3 Hz, 6H), 7.94 (d, J = 7.4, 1.5 Hz, 6H), 7.84 (d, J = 7.6, 1.4 Hz, 6H), 7.48 (dd, J = 7.5, 1.5 Hz, 6H)

[0716] ESI-MS: m / z = 791.2 [M] +

[0717] Synthesis Example 2: Synthesis of Compound CPL2

[0718] Synthesis of Compound 2-1

[0719]

[0720] Tris(4-bromophenyl)boron (about 10 g, about 0.021 mol), phenanthro[9,10-d]thiazol-2-yl-boronic acid (about 12.24 g, about 0.044 mol), potassium carbonate (about 28.86 g, about 0.209 mol) and the catalyst Pd(PPh3)4 (about 2.41 g, about 0.002 mol) were added to about 250 mL of toluene, about 70 mL of ethanol and about 60 mL of H2O, and then stirred and reacted at about 90 °C for about 12 hours. After the reaction was completed, an extraction process was carried out on it, and the obtained product was purified by column chromatography to obtain about 10.3 g of Compound 2-1 (yield: about 62.3%).

[0721] Synthesis of Compound CPL2

[0722]

[0723] Compound 2-1 (about 10 g, about 0.013 mol), naphtho[2,3-d]oxazol-2-yl-boronic acid (about 3.25 g, about 0.015 mol), potassium carbonate (about 17.55 g, about 0.127 mol) and the catalyst Pd(PPh3)4 (about 1.47 g, about 0.001 mol) were added to about 200 mL of toluene, about 50 mL of ethanol and about 25 mL of H2O, and then stirred and reacted at about 90 °C for about 12 hours. After the reaction was completed, an extraction process was carried out on it, and the obtained product was purified by column chromatography to obtain about 11.2 g of compound CPL2 (yield: about 60.9%).

[0724] 1 1H-NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ ppm, 7.32 (d, J = 7.4 Hz, 2H), 7.54 (m, 10H), 7.77 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 7.82 (d, J = 7.3 Hz, 6H), 8.12 - 8.32 (m, 10H), 8.88 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 4H)

[0725] ESI-MS: m / z = 875.22 [M] +

[0726] Synthesis Example 3: Synthesis of Compound CPL3

[0727] Synthesis of Compound 3-1

[0728]

[0729] Compound 3-1 was synthesized in substantially the same manner as the synthesis of Compound 2-1 in Synthesis Example 2, except that naphtho[2,3-d]thiazol-2-yl-boronic acid was used instead of phenanthro[9,10-d]thiazol-2-yl-boronic acid.

[0730] Synthesis of Compound CPL3

[0731]

[0732] About 7.45 g of compound CPL3 (yield: about 78.3%) was synthesized in substantially the same manner as the synthesis of compound CPL2 in Synthesis Example 2, except that compound 3-1 and (6-phenylbenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)boronic acid were used instead of compound 2-1 and naphtho[2,3-d]oxazol-2-yl-boronic acid, respectively.

[0733] 1H-NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ ppm, 7.37 - 7.6 (m, 7H), 7.65 (dd, J = 7.4, 2.3 Hz, 2H), 7.80 - 7.95 (m, 12H), 8.04 - 8.15 (m, 8H), 8.33 (s, J = 7.6 Hz, 2H), 8.56 (s, 1H)

[0734] ESI-MS: m / z = 817.2 [M] +

[0735] Synthesis Example 4: Synthesis of Compound CPL4

[0736]

[0737] Approximately 6.9 g of Compound CPL4 (yield: approximately 76.4%) was synthesized in substantially the same manner as the synthesis of Compound CPL2 in Synthesis Example 2, except that Compound 3-1 was used instead of Compound 2-1.

[0738] 1 H-NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ ppm, 7.46 - 7.52 (m, 6H), 7.77 (s, 2H), 7.82 - 7.92 (m, 6H), 8.03 (m, 14H), 8.52 (s, 2H)

[0739] ESI-MS: m / z = 775.2 [M] +

[0740] Evaluation Example 1

[0741] The HOMO energy level and LUMO energy level of Compound 101 were evaluated by optimizing the molecular structure of the ground state according to DFT at the B3LYP / 6-311G(d,p) level using the Gaussian 09 program. After performing molecular structure calculations for the ground state, the singlet (S1) energy and triplet (T1) energy of Compound 101 were evaluated by TD-DFT for the excited state. Then, the difference between the S1 energy and T1 energy of Compound 101 was calculated to obtain the ΔE energy of Compound 101, and the HOMO energy level, LUMO energy level, S1 energy, T1 energy, and ΔE energy of Compound 101 are shown in Table 1. The same process was repeated for each of the compounds shown in Tables 1 and 2, and the results are shown in Tables 1 and 2. ST energy, and the HOMO energy level, LUMO energy level, S1 energy, T1 energy, and ΔE ST energy are shown in Table 1. The same process was repeated for each of the compounds shown in Tables 1 and 2, and the results are shown in Tables 1 and 2.

[0742] Table 1

[0743]

[0744]

[0745] Table 2

[0746]

[0747]

[0748]

[0749]

[0750] Evaluation Example 2

[0751] After manufacturing film CPL1 having a thickness of about 1,500 nm by depositing compound CPL1 on a glass substrate, the manufactured film was used to evaluate the refractive index of compound CPL1 for each of light having a wavelength of about 633 nm, light having a wavelength of about 530 nm, and light having a wavelength of about 450 nm at a temperature of about 25 °C and a relative humidity of about 50% according to the Cauchy Film Model using ellipsometer M-2000 (J.A. Woollam). The results are shown in Table 3. The same process was repeated for each of the compounds shown in Table 3, and the results are shown in Table 3.

[0752] Table 3

[0753]

[0754]

[0755] Example 1

[0756] A glass substrate (a product of Corning Incorporated) having an anode including Ag having a thickness of about and ITO having a thickness of about (about 15 Ω / cm 2 ) was cut into a size of about 50 mm × about 50 mm × about 0.7 mm, ultrasonically treated with isopropyl alcohol and pure water for about 5 minutes each, and then cleaned by exposure to ultraviolet rays and ozone for about 30 minutes. Then, the glass substrate was provided to a vacuum deposition apparatus.

[0757] A p-dopant (compound C56) and a first hole transport material (compound 201) were vacuum deposited on the anode at a weight ratio of about 3:97 to form a first layer having a thickness of about , and a second hole transport material (compound HT(2)1) was vacuum deposited on the first layer to form a second layer having a thickness of about .

[0758] The host (compounds H125 and H126) and the dopant (compound R01) are vacuum-deposited on the second layer to form an emission layer having a thickness of about . The weight ratio of compound H125 to compound H126 is about 5:5, and based on the total weight (100 wt%) of the emission layer, the amount of the dopant is about 10 wt%.

[0759] Compound ET37 is vacuum-deposited on the emission layer to form a hole blocking layer having a thickness of about , and compound ET46 and Liq are vacuum-deposited on the hole blocking layer at a weight ratio of about 5:5 to form an electron transport layer having a thickness of about . Subsequently, Yb is vacuum-deposited on the electron transport layer to form an electron injection layer having a thickness of about , and Ag and Mg are vacuum-deposited thereon at a weight ratio of about 9:1 to form a cathode having a thickness of about .

[0760] Next, a capping material (compound CPL1) is vacuum-deposited on the cathode to form a capping layer having a thickness of about , thereby completing the fabrication of the light-emitting device.

[0761]

[0762] Examples 2 to 180 and Comparative Examples 1 to 6 and Comparative Examples 10 to 15

[0763] A light-emitting device is fabricated in substantially the same manner as in Example 1, except that the compounds shown in Tables 4 to 8 are used as the p-dopant, the second hole transport material, and the capping material, respectively.

[0764] Comparative Examples 7 to 9 and Comparative Examples 16 to 18

[0765] A light-emitting device is fabricated in substantially the same manner as in Example 1, except that if (e.g., when) the first layer is formed, the p-dopant is not used, and the compounds shown in Table 8 are used as the second hole transport material and the capping material, respectively.

[0766] Comparative Examples 19 to 24

[0767] A light-emitting device is fabricated in substantially the same manner as in Example 1, except that the compounds shown in Table 8 are used as the p-dopant and the second hole transport material, respectively, and the capping layer is not formed.

[0768] Comparative Examples 25 to 27

[0769] A light-emitting device was fabricated in substantially the same manner as in Example 1, except that when forming the first layer, a p-dopant was not used, the compounds shown in Table 8 were each used as the second hole transport material, and a capping layer was not formed.

[0770] Evaluation Example 3

[0771] The driving voltage (V) and luminous efficiency (cd / A) of the light-emitting devices fabricated in Examples 1 to 180 and Comparative Examples 1 to 27 were each evaluated using a Keithley MU 236 and a luminance meter (Minolta Cs-1000A), and the results are shown in Tables 4 to 8 as relative values (%) with respect to Comparative Example 27.

[0772] Then, the lifetimes of the light-emitting devices fabricated in Examples 1 to 180 and Comparative Examples 1 to 27 were measured and evaluated at about 1,000 cd / m 2 2, i.e., the time (Hr) required for the initial luminance to decrease to about 95% thereof, and the results are shown in Tables 4 to 8 as relative values (%) with respect to Comparative Example 27.

[0773] In Tables 4 to 8, △T1 represents the difference between the T1 energy of the p-dopant and the T1 energy of the second hole transport material (i.e., the absolute value of the difference between the T1 energy of the p-dopant and the T1 energy of the second hole transport material).

[0774] Table 4

[0775]

[0776]

[0777] Table 5

[0778]

[0779]

[0780] Table 6

[0781]

[0782]

[0783] Table 7

[0784]

[0785]

[0786] Table 8

[0787]

[0788]

[0789] It was confirmed from Tables 4 to 8 that the light-emitting devices of Examples 1 to 180 had excellent or desired driving voltage, luminous efficiency, and lifetime characteristics as compared with the light-emitting devices of Comparative Examples 1 to 27.

[0790] Since the above-described light-emitting device has a low driving voltage, high luminous efficiency, and long lifetime, high-quality electronic devices and electronic appliances can be manufactured by using the light-emitting device.

[0791] The light-emitting device, display device, electronic device, electronic appliance, or any other related device or component according to the embodiments of the present disclosure described herein can be implemented using any suitable hardware, firmware (e.g., application-specific integrated circuit), software, or a combination of software, firmware, and hardware. For example, the various components of the device can be formed on one integrated circuit (IC) chip or on separate IC chips. Further, the various components of the device can be implemented on a flexible printed circuit film, tape carrier package (TCP), or printed circuit board (PCB), or formed on a substrate. Further, the various components of the device can be processes or threads running on one or more processors in one or more computing devices, executing computer program instructions, and interacting with other system components to perform the various functions described herein. The computer program instructions are stored in a memory, which can be implemented using a standard memory device in a computing device, such as, for example, random access memory (RAM). The computer program instructions can also be stored in other non-transitory computer-readable media, such as, for example, a CD ROM or a flash drive, etc. Moreover, those skilled in the art should recognize that, without departing from the scope of the embodiments of the present disclosure, the functions of various computing devices can be combined or integrated into a single computing device, or the functions of a dedicated computing device can be distributed over one or more other computing devices.

[0792] It should be understood that the embodiments described herein should be considered only in a descriptive sense and not for purposes of limitation. The description of each feature or aspect in each embodiment should generally be considered applicable to other similar features or aspects in one or more other embodiments. Although one or more embodiments have been described with reference to the accompanying drawings, those of ordinary skill in the art will understand that one or more appropriate changes can be made in form and detail without departing from the spirit and scope defined by the appended claims and their equivalents.

Claims

1. A light-emitting device, comprising: A first electrode; A second electrode opposite to the first electrode; A sandwich layer disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode; And A capping layer, Wherein: The sandwich layer includes a hole transport region and an emission layer, The hole transport region is disposed between the first electrode and the emission layer, The hole transport region includes a first layer and a second layer, The first layer is disposed between the first electrode and the second layer, The first layer includes a first hole transport material and a p-dopant, The second layer includes a second hole transport material, The absolute value of the difference between the triplet energy of the p-dopant and the triplet energy of the second hole transport material is 1.50 eV or greater, The second hole transport material is an amine-containing compound, and the amine-containing compound includes i) 1,1':3',1”-terphenyl-2'-yl and ii) a cycloalkyl group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms, The emission layer is configured to emit a first light, The capping layer is located on the traveling path of the first light, The capping layer includes a first capping material, and The first capping material satisfies at least one selected from Condition 1 to Condition 3: Condition 1 For light having a wavelength of 633 nm, the first capping material has a refractive index of 1.70 or greater; Condition 2 For light having a wavelength of 530 nm, the first capping material has a refractive index of 1.90 or greater; and Condition 3 For light having a wavelength of 450 nm, the first capping material has a refractive index of 2.10 or greater.

2. The light-emitting device according to claim 1, wherein based on 100 parts by weight of the first layer, the amount of the p-dopant is 0.01 part by weight to 10 parts by weight.

3. The light-emitting device according to claim 1, wherein the second layer does not include the p-dopant.

4. The light-emitting device according to claim 1, wherein the absolute value of the difference between the triplet energy of the p-dopant and the triplet energy of the second hole transport material is 2.00 eV to 3.00 eV.

5. The light-emitting device according to claim 1, wherein the triplet energy of the p-dopant is 0.05 eV to 0.30 eV.

6. The light-emitting device according to claim 1, wherein the singlet energy of the p-dopant is 1.00 eV to 2.50 eV.

7. The light-emitting device according to claim 1, wherein the absolute value of the difference between the triplet energy and the singlet energy of the p-dopant is 0.80 eV to 2.45 eV.

8. The light-emitting device according to claim 1, wherein the first hole transport material and the second hole transport material are each an amine-containing compound.

9. The light-emitting device according to claim 1, wherein the first capping material satisfies Condition 1, The first light is red light, and For the first light, the first capping material has a refractive index of 1.70 or greater.

10. The light-emitting device according to claim 1, wherein the first capping material satisfies Condition 2, The first light is green light, and For the first light, the first capping material has a refractive index of 1.90 or greater.

11. The light-emitting device according to claim 1, wherein the first capping material satisfies condition 3, the first light is blue light, and for the first light, the first capping material has a refractive index of 2.10 or greater.

12. The light-emitting device according to claim 1, wherein the first capping material is a boron-containing compound.

13. The light-emitting device according to claim 1, wherein the first capping material is a compound represented by Formula 8: Formula 8 wherein in Formula 8, L 81 to L 83 each independently is a single bond, an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C3-C 60 carbocyclic group or an unsubstituted or at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 heterocyclic group, a81 to a83 are each independently an integer selected from 1 to 5, Ar 81 to Ar 83 each independently is unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a substituted C3-C 60 carbocyclic group or unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 heterocyclic group, R 10a is: deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, or a nitro group; Each unsubstituted or substituted by the following C1-C 60 alkyl, C2-C 60 alkenyl, C2-C 60 alkynyl or C1-C 60 alkoxy: deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, hydroxy, cyano, nitro, C3-C 60 carbocyclic group, C1-C 60 heterocyclic group, C6-C 60 aryloxy, C6-C 60 arylthio, C7-C 60 aralkyl, C2-C 60 heteroaralkyl, -Si(Q 11 )(Q 12 )(Q 13 )、-N(Q 11 )(Q 12 )、-B(Q 11 )(Q 12 )、-C(=O)(Q 11 )、-S(=O)2(Q 11 )、-P(=O)(Q 11 )(Q 12 ) or any combination thereof; Each unsubstituted or substituted with the following C3-C 60 carbocyclic group, C1-C 60 heterocyclic group, C6-C 60 aryloxy group, C6-C 60 arylthio group, C7-C 60 aralkyl group or C2-C 60 heteroaralkyl group: deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, hydroxy group, cyano group, nitro group, C1-C 60 alkyl group, C2-C 60 alkenyl group, C2-C 60 alkynyl group, C1-C 60 alkoxy group, C3-C 60 carbocyclic group, C1-C 60 heterocyclic group, C6-C 60 aryloxy group, C6-C 60 arylthio group, C7-C 60 aralkyl group, C2-C 60 heteroaralkyl group, -Si(Q 21 )(Q 22 )(Q 23 )、-N(Q 21 )(Q 22 )、-B(Q 21 )(Q 22 )、-C(=O)(Q 21 )、-S(=O)2(Q 21 )、-P(=O)(Q 21 )(Q 22 ) or any combination thereof; or -Si(Q 31 )(Q 32 )(Q 33 )、-N(Q 31 )(Q 32 )、-B(Q 31 )(Q 32 )、-C(=O)(Q 31 )、-S(=O)2(Q 31 ) or -P(=O)(Q 31 )(Q 32 ), and Q 11 to Q 13 、Q 21 to Q 23 and Q 31 to Q 33 are each independently: hydrogen; deuterium; -F; -Cl; -Br; -I; hydroxy; cyano; nitro; or C1-C that is unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, -F, cyano, C1-C 60 alkyl, C1-C 60 alkoxy, phenyl, biphenyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl, triazinyl or any combination thereof-substituted C1-C 60 alkyl, C2-C 60 alkenyl, C2-C 60 alkynyl, C1-C 60 alkoxy, C3-C 60 carbocyclic group or C1-C 60 heterocyclic group.

14. The light-emitting device according to claim 13, wherein the first capping material is a compound represented by Formula 8-1: Formula 8-1 wherein in Formula 8-1, L 81 to L 83 and a81 to a83 are each as described in Formula 8, X 81 to X 83 each independently is O or S, Y 81 to Y 83 each independently is N or C, Ring CY 81 to Ring CY 83 each independently is a C3-C 60 carbocyclic group or a C1-C 60 heterocyclic group, Z 81 to Z 83 each independently is hydrogen, deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, hydroxy, cyano, nitro, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a substituted C2-C 60 alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a substituted C2-C 60 alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 alkoxy, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a substituted C3-C 60 carbocyclic group, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a substituted C1-C 60 heterocyclic group, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a substituted C6-C 60 aryloxy, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a substituted C6-C 60 arylthio, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a substituted C7-C 60 aralkyl, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one R 10a substituted C2-C 60 heteroaralkyl, -C(Q1)(Q2)(Q3), -Si(Q1)(Q2)(Q3), -N(Q1)(Q2), -B(Q1)(Q2), -C(=O)(Q1), -S(=O)2(Q1) or -P(=O)(Q1)(Q2), b81 to b83 are each independently an integer selected from 0 to 20, Q1 to Q3 are each as referred to Q in Formula 8 11 as described, and R 10a as described in Formula 8 15. The light-emitting device according to claim 14, wherein at least one selected from Ring CY 81 to Ring CY 83 is a polycyclic group in which two or more 6-membered rings are fused to each other, and the two or more 6-membered rings are each phenyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, or pyrazinyl.

16. The light-emitting device according to claim 14, wherein ring CY 81 to ring CY 83 are each independently phenyl, naphthyl, phenanthryl, anthryl, pyrenyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl or phenanthrolinyl, and Selected from Ring CY 81 to Ring CY 83 At least one of them is independently naphthyl, phenanthryl, anthryl, pyrenyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl or phenanthrolinyl.

17. An electronic device, comprising the light-emitting device according to any one of claims 1 to 16.

18. The electronic device according to claim 17, further comprising a color filter, a color conversion layer, a touch screen layer, a polarization layer, or any combination thereof.

19. An electronic apparatus, comprising the light-emitting device according to any one of claims 1 to 16.

20. The electronic apparatus according to claim 19, wherein the electronic apparatus is a flat panel display, a curved display, a computer monitor, a medical monitor, a television, a billboard, an indoor light, an outdoor light, a signal light, a head-up display, a fully transparent display, a partially transparent display, a flexible display, a rollable display, a foldable display, a stretchable display, a laser printer, a telephone, a mobile phone, a tablet personal computer, a phablet, a personal digital assistant, a wearable device, a laptop computer, a digital camera, a video camera, a viewfinder, a microdisplay, a three-dimensional display, a virtual reality display, an augmented reality display, a vehicle, a video wall having a plurality of displays spliced together, a theater screen, a stadium screen, a light therapy device, and a signboard.

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