Vacuum insulation panel and preparation method and application thereof

Abstract

The invention belongs to the technical field of vacuum heat insulation materials, and particularly relates to a vacuum heat insulation plate and a preparation method and application thereof.The vacuum heat insulation plate comprises a barrier film and a plurality of standard plates, the barrier film is in a bag shape, and the standard plates are stacked and packaged in the barrier film in a vacuum mode; wherein the standard plate comprises a core material and a film material, the film material is bag-shaped, and the core material is heat-sealed in the film material in vacuum. According to the vacuum heat insulation plate, the standard plates which are subjected to vacuum packaging in advance are stacked and packaged, so that the thickness difference of the vacuum heat insulation plate before and after packaging is not obvious, and the use of a barrier film can be reduced; due to the fact that the barrier film is adopted to conduct secondary vacuum packaging on the standard plates subjected to primary vacuum packaging, the vacuum insulation panel has two times of vacuumizing operation and multiple layers of film materials, and the sealing reliability and the heat preservation effect of the vacuum insulation panel are further improved. The thickness and the number of stacked layers of the standard board can be adjusted, so that the manufacturing requirements of vacuum insulation boards with different thicknesses can be met.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention belongs to the technical field of vacuum insulation materials, and particularly relates to a vacuum insulation panel, a preparation method thereof, and an application thereof. Background Art

[0002] In household appliances (such as refrigerators) that require refrigeration or freezing functions, heat insulation materials are usually needed. Vacuum insulation panels (VIPs) are widely used in household appliances due to their good heat insulation performance. Vacuum insulation panels are mainly made by vacuum packaging a core material, a barrier film, a getter, and a desiccant. During the production process, by maximizing the vacuum degree inside the barrier film and using a high-barrier composite film to prevent water and gas permeation, the heat transfer inside the vacuum insulation panel is greatly reduced. Currently, the core material has a large compression ratio, and there is a significant difference in thickness before and after vacuum packaging. Therefore, the barrier film often needs to reserve a large margin to meet the bagging requirement of the core material. The excess film bag after vacuum packaging often affects the appearance and reliability. At the same time, limited by the actual height of the vacuum packaging machine, vacuum insulation panels with a large thickness cannot be produced.

[0003] Therefore, in view of the above deficiencies, the present invention is specifically proposed. Summary of the Invention

[0004] The purpose of the present invention is to provide a vacuum insulation panel, a preparation method thereof, and an application thereof, so as to solve the problem that the appearance and reliability of the film bag of the vacuum insulation panel in the prior art are affected due to the large compression ratio of the core material.

[0005] In a first aspect of the present invention, a vacuum insulation panel is provided, which includes a barrier film and standard plates. The barrier film is in a bag shape, and there are multiple standard plates. The multiple standard plates are stacked and vacuum packaged in the barrier film; wherein

[0006] The standard plate includes a core material and a film material. The film material is in a bag shape, and the core material is vacuum heat-sealed in the film material.

[0007] The vacuum insulation panel provided by the present invention may also have the following additional technical features:

[0008] In a specific embodiment of the present invention, the core material includes at least one of glass fiber, organic fiber, fumed silica, or aerogel.

[0009] In a specific embodiment of the present invention, the organic fiber includes at least one of polyester fiber, polyethylene fiber, polypropylene fiber, polyvinyl alcohol fiber, polyacrylonitrile fiber, polystyrene fiber, and polylactic acid fiber.

[0010] In a specific embodiment of the present invention, the length of the organic fiber is 1-12 mm;

[0011] And / or, the diameter of the organic fiber is 2 to 15 μm.

[0012] In a specific embodiment of the present invention, the number of the standard plates is 2 - 10; and / or, a plurality of the standard plates are stacked up and down and / or left and right.

[0013] In a specific embodiment of the present invention, the barrier film and the film material include a heat-sealing layer, a gas-barrier layer, and a heat-barrier layer which are stacked; or the barrier film and the film material include an aluminum separator.

[0014] In a specific embodiment of the present invention, the heat-sealing layer is selected from polyethylene or polypropylene;

[0015] And / or, the heat-barrier layer is selected from at least one or two of polyimide, polyether ether ketone, polyphenylene sulfide, polytetrafluoroethylene, liquid crystal polymer, polyamide, polyetherimide, polyamideimide, polyphenylene sulfone, polyethersulfone, and polysulfone;

[0016] And / or, the gas-barrier layer is selected from any one of metal aluminum foil, copper foil, and silver foil.

[0017] In a specific embodiment of the present invention, the standard plate further includes a desiccant and / or an oxygen getter, and the film material encapsulates the core material, the desiccant, and / or the oxygen getter.

[0018] The second aspect of the present invention further provides a method for preparing a vacuum insulation panel as described in any one of the above, including:

[0019] S100: Loading the core material, the desiccant, and / or the oxygen getter into a bag-shaped film material, and processing the film material by a vacuum heat-sealing process to vacuum-seal the core material, the desiccant, and / or the oxygen getter in the film material to obtain a standard plate;

[0020] S200: Stacking a plurality of standard plates in a bag-shaped barrier film, and processing the barrier film by a vacuum heat-sealing process to vacuum-seal the plurality of standard plates in the barrier film to obtain a vacuum insulation panel.

[0021] The third aspect of the present invention further provides a heat insulation and preservation device, and the heat insulation and preservation device includes the vacuum insulation panel described in any one of the above; the heat insulation and preservation device includes a refrigerator, a heat preservation box, a water heater, a microwave oven, a container, and a building wall panel.

[0022] The vacuum insulation panel of the present invention is formed by stacking and encapsulating pre-vacuum-sealed standard panels. In this way, the thickness difference of the vacuum insulation panel before and after encapsulation is not obvious, thereby reducing the use of the barrier film. Since the barrier film is used to perform secondary vacuum encapsulation on multiple standard panels that have been vacuum-sealed once, the vacuum insulation panel has two vacuum pumping operations and multiple layers of film materials, further improving the sealing reliability and heat preservation effect of the vacuum insulation panel. The thickness of the standard panel and the number of stacked layers can be adjusted, so as to meet the production requirements of vacuum insulation panels with different thicknesses. And because the thickness difference of the stacked and encapsulated multi-layer standard panels is not obvious, a vacuum insulation panel with a thickness approximately the same as the size specification of the vacuum encapsulation machine can be produced, that is, the production of a vacuum insulation panel with a larger thickness is realized. The use of standard panels is conducive to standardized production, and the relatively thin standard panels are conducive to the extraction of gas, with higher pumping efficiency and internal vacuum degree. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0023] In order to more clearly illustrate the specific embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the following will briefly introduce the drawings required for use in the description of the specific embodiments or the prior art. Obviously, the drawings in the following description are some embodiments of the present invention. For those of ordinary skill in the art, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without creative efforts.

[0024] Figure 1 It is a schematic cross-sectional structure diagram of the vacuum insulation panel in the embodiment of the present invention;

[0025] Figure 2 is Figure 1 a schematic cross-sectional structure diagram of the standard panel in.

[0026] Description of the reference numerals:

[0027] 100 - vacuum insulation panel;

[0028] 10 - barrier film; 20 - standard panel, 21 - film material, 22 - core material, 23 - getter, 24 - desiccant. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS

[0029] The following will describe the exemplary embodiments of the present invention in more detail with reference to the drawings. Although the exemplary embodiments of the present invention are shown in the drawings, it should be understood that the present invention can be implemented in various forms and should not be limited by the embodiments described herein. On the contrary, these embodiments are provided to enable a more thorough understanding of the present invention and to fully convey the scope of the present invention to those skilled in the art.

[0030] It should be understood that the terms used herein are for the purpose of describing particular example embodiments only and are not intended to be limiting. Unless the context clearly dictates otherwise, the singular forms "a", "an", and "the" as used herein may also include the plural forms. The terms "comprising", "including", "containing", and "having" are inclusive and thus specify the presence of stated features, steps, operations, elements, and / or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, steps, operations, elements, components, and / or combinations thereof. The method steps, processes, and operations described herein are not to be construed as necessarily requiring their performance in the particular order described or illustrated, unless an execution order is explicitly stated. It should also be understood that additional or alternative steps may be used.

[0031] Although the terms first, second, third, etc. may be used herein to describe multiple elements, components, regions, layers, and / or sections, these elements, components, regions, layers, and / or sections should not be limited by these terms. These terms may be used only to distinguish one element, component, region, layer, or section from another. Unless the context clearly indicates otherwise, terms such as "first", "second", and other numerical terms when used herein do not imply an order or sequence. Thus, the first element, component, region, layer, or section discussed below may be referred to as the second element, component, region, layer, or section without departing from the teachings of the example embodiments.

[0032] For ease of description, spatial relative relationship terms may be used herein to describe the relationship of one element or feature to another element or feature as shown in the figures, such as "inside", "outside", "inner side", "outer side", "below", "beneath", "above", "upper", etc. Such spatial relative relationship terms are intended to include different orientations of the device in use or operation in addition to the orientation depicted in the figures. For example, if the device in the figures is flipped, an element described as "below" or "beneath" other elements or features will then be oriented "above" or "upper" other elements or features. Thus, the example term "below" can include both the upper and lower orientations. The device may be otherwise oriented (rotated 90 degrees or in other directions) and the spatial relative relationship descriptors used herein are to be interpreted accordingly.

[0033] Currently, the thickness difference of the common core material 22 before and after vacuum packaging is approximately between 2:1 and 5:1. For some core materials 22, the compression ratio is even larger, resulting in an increase in the amount of film bags used for the vacuum insulation panel 100 and a relatively large margin of the film bags after vacuum packaging, thereby affecting the appearance and reliability of the vacuum insulation panel 100. In addition, limited by the size specifications of the vacuum packaging machine, the vacuum insulation panel 100 with a larger thickness often cannot be produced because the thickness of the core material 22 exceeds the size of the vacuum packaging machine.

[0034] In view of the above problems, the present invention provides a vacuum insulation panel 100, a preparation method and an application thereof. The vacuum insulation panel 100 can preferably solve the thickness difference of the vacuum insulation panel 100 before and after vacuum packaging and meet the production requirements of vacuum insulation panels 100 with different thicknesses and standardized production.

[0035] Refer to Figures 1 to 2 As shown in the figure, the first aspect of the present invention provides a vacuum insulation panel 100, which includes a barrier film 10 and standard plates 20. The barrier film 10 is in a bag shape, and there are multiple standard plates 20. The multiple standard plates 20 are stacked and vacuum packaged in the barrier film 10. The standard plate 20 includes a core material 22 and a film material 21. The film material 21 is in a bag shape, and the core material 22 is vacuum heat-sealed in the film material 21.

[0036] The standard plate 20 in this embodiment is a standard vacuum insulation panel with a standard thickness dimension formed by wrapping the core material 22 with the film material 21 and performing primary vacuum heat-sealing. The vacuum insulation panel in this embodiment is formed by stacking multiple above-mentioned standard vacuum insulation panels in a barrier film bag and performing secondary vacuum heat-sealing.

[0037] It can be understood that the vacuum insulation panel 100 of the present invention stacks and packages the pre-vacuum packaged standard plates 20. In this way, the thickness difference of the vacuum insulation panel 100 before and after packaging is not obvious, and thus the use of the barrier film 10 can be reduced. Since the barrier film 10 is used to perform secondary vacuum packaging on multiple standard plates 20 that have been subjected to primary vacuum packaging, the vacuum insulation panel 100 has two vacuum pumping operations and multiple layers of film materials, thereby further improving the sealing reliability and heat insulation effect of the vacuum insulation panel 100. The thickness of the standard plate 20 and the number of stacked layers can be adjusted, so as to meet the production requirements of vacuum insulation panels 100 with different thicknesses. And because the thickness difference of the stacked packaging of multiple standard plates 20 before and after is not obvious, a vacuum insulation panel 100 with a thickness approximately the same as the size specification of the vacuum packaging machine can be produced, that is, the production of a vacuum insulation panel 100 with a larger thickness is realized. The use of the standard plate 20 is beneficial to standardized production, and the relatively small thickness of the standard plate 20 is beneficial to the extraction of gas, and the gas extraction efficiency and the internal vacuum degree are higher.

[0038] In a specific embodiment of the present invention, the core material 22 includes at least one of glass fiber, organic fiber, fumed silica or aerogel.

[0039] Specifically, the core material 22 can be formed of a single material. For example, the core material 22 can be a glass fiber core material 22, an organic fiber core material 22, a fumed silica core material 22 or an aerogel core material 22. The core material 22 can also be a composite core material 22, which can be specifically formed by compounding any two or more of glass fiber, organic fiber, fumed silica or aerogel. For example, the core material 22 can be a composite organic fiber core material 22, an inorganic-organic composite core material 22, etc.

[0040] It should be noted that in the same vacuum insulation panel 100, the core material 22 of multiple standard panels 20 can be the same or different, and can be specifically combined according to needs.

[0041] Through the above settings in this embodiment, the types of raw materials for the core material 22 are expanded, which is conducive to reducing the material cost of the core material 22, and further reducing the material cost of the vacuum insulation panel 100.

[0042] In one embodiment, the organic fiber includes at least one of polyester fiber, polyethylene fiber, polypropylene fiber, polyvinyl alcohol fiber, polyacrylonitrile fiber, polystyrene fiber, polylactic acid fiber.

[0043] Specifically, the core material 22 can be a polyester fiber core material 22, a polyethylene fiber core material 22, a polypropylene fiber core material 22, a polyvinyl alcohol fiber core material 22, a polyacrylonitrile fiber core material 22, a polystyrene fiber core material 22, a polylactic acid fiber core material 22 or a composite core material 22 of at least two of polyester fiber, polyethylene fiber, polypropylene fiber, polyvinyl alcohol fiber, polyacrylonitrile fiber, polystyrene fiber, polylactic acid fiber. It can be specifically selected according to the material source and price, and is not limited here.

[0044] In this embodiment, by setting the core material 22 as an organic fiber core material 22, the pollution in the production process can be effectively reduced, and thus the requirements of laws and regulations in different regions can be met.

[0045] In one embodiment, the length of the organic fiber is 1 - 12 mm. Specifically, the length of the organic fiber is, for example, 1 mm, 2 mm, 3 mm, 4 mm, 5 mm, 6 mm, 7 mm, 8 mm, 9 mm, 10 mm, 11 mm, 12 mm.

[0046] In one embodiment, the diameter of the organic fiber is 2 - 15 μm. Specifically, the diameter of the organic fiber is, for example, 2 μm, 3 μm, 4 μm, 5 μm, 6 μm, 7 μm, 8 μm, 9 μm, 10 μm, 11 μm, 12 μm, 13 μm, 14 μm, 15 μm.

[0047] There is point contact or cross contact between organic fibers, and the density of the organic fiber core material 22 formed is 100 g / cm 3 to 300 g / cm 3 , and the porosity is 60% to 95%.

[0048] In one embodiment, the number of standard plates 20 is 2 - 10; multiple standard plates 20 are stacked up and down and / or stacked left and right.

[0049] Specifically, the number of standard plates 20 can be 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, and is specifically selected according to the thermal conductivity and thickness of the vacuum insulation panel 100.

[0050] Multiple standard plates 20 can be stacked up and down, so that the number of vacuum insulation panels 100 can be adjusted by adjusting the number of standard plates 20. Multiple standard plates 20 can also be stacked left and right, so that the area of the vacuum insulation panel 100 can be adjusted by adjusting the number of standard plates 20. It should be noted that in the same vacuum insulation panel 100, multiple standard plates 20 can be in an up-and-down stacked structure, or in a left-and-right stacked structure, or can include both an up-and-down stacked structure and a left-and-right stacked structure at the same time.

[0051] In one embodiment, the thickness of the vacuum insulation panel 100 is at least 1 mm, such as 1 mm to 30 mm, 5 mm to 30 mm, 8 mm to 30 mm, 8 mm to 10 mm. Correspondingly, the thickness of the standard plate 20 is at least 0.5 mm, such as it can be 0.5 mm to 15 mm.

[0052] In one embodiment, the barrier film 10 and the film material 21 include a heat-sealing layer, a gas-barrier layer, and a heat-insulating layer arranged in a stacked manner; or the barrier film 10 and the film material 21 include an aluminum separator film.

[0053] Specifically, the barrier film 10 can be a single-layer film, such as an aluminum separator film. The barrier film 10 can also be a composite film, such as including a heat-sealing layer, a gas-barrier layer, and a heat-insulating layer arranged in a stacked manner. The heat-sealing layer, the gas-barrier layer, and the heat-insulating layer are stacked through an adhesive layer. When forming a film bag structure, the heat-sealing layer of the barrier film 10 is located inside the film bag, and the heat-insulating layer is located outside the film bag.

[0054] Similarly, the film material 21 can be a single-layer film, such as an aluminum separator film. The film material 21 can also be a composite film, such as including a heat-sealing layer, a gas-barrier layer, and a heat-insulating layer arranged in a stacked manner. The heat-sealing layer, the gas-barrier layer, and the heat-insulating layer are stacked through an adhesive layer. When forming a film bag structure, the heat-sealing layer of the film material 21 is located inside the film bag, and the heat-insulating layer is located outside the film bag.

[0055] It should be noted that in the same vacuum insulation panel 100, the structures of the barrier film 10 and the film material 21 can be the same or different. Also, the materials of the film materials 21 of the multiple standard panels 20 of the same vacuum insulation panel 100 can be the same or different.

[0056] In one embodiment, the heat-sealing layer is selected from polyethylene or polypropylene; the heat-insulating layer is selected from at least one or two of polyimide, polyether ether ketone, polyphenylene sulfide, polytetrafluoroethylene, liquid crystal polymer, polyamide, polyimide ether imide, polyamide imide, polyphenylene sulfone, polyether sulfone, polysulfone; the gas-barrier layer is selected from any one of aluminum foil, copper foil, and silver foil.

[0057] Exemplarily, the adhesive layer is selected from silicone aqueous solution, the heat-insulating layer is selected from polyimide, the heat-sealing layer is selected from polyethylene, and the gas-barrier layer is selected from aluminum foil.

[0058] In one embodiment, the standard panel 20 further includes a desiccant 24 and / or a getter 23, and the film material 21 encapsulates the core material 22, the desiccant 24, and / or the getter 23.

[0059] Specifically, the standard panel 20 further includes a desiccant 24, and the film material 21 encapsulates the core material 22 and the desiccant 24. The dosage of the desiccant 24 in each standard panel 20 is 1 g to 20 g, such as 1 g, 3 g, 5 g, 8 g, 10 g, 13 g, 15 g, 18 g, 20 g. The core material 22 is cut to form a groove, and the groove is suitable for accommodating the desiccant 24. The desiccant 24 is placed in the groove, and the film material 21 is used to encapsulate the core material 22 and the desiccant 24, and then sealed after evacuation. The desiccant 24 includes at least one of calcium carbonate, calcium sulfate, calcium oxide, calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, and barium oxide. As an example, the desiccant 24 is calcium carbonate.

[0060] The standard panel 20 further includes a getter 23, and the film material 21 encapsulates the core material 22 and the desiccant 24. The dosage of the desiccant 24 in each standard panel 20 is 1 g to 10 g, such as 1 g, 3 g, 5 g, 8 g, 10 g. The core material 22 is cut to form a groove, and the groove is suitable for accommodating the getter 23. The getter 23 is placed in the groove, and the film material 21 is used to encapsulate the core material 22 and the getter 23, and then sealed after evacuation. The getter 23 includes at least one of barium-lithium alloy getter 23, palladium oxide getter 23, and activated carbon getter 23. As an example, the getter 23 is barium-lithium alloy getter 23.

[0061] The second aspect of the present invention further provides a method for preparing a vacuum insulation panel 100 as described in any one of the above, including:

[0062] S100: putting the core material 22, the desiccant 24 and / or the getter 23 into the bagged film material 21, and treating the film material 21 with a vacuum heat sealing process to vacuum-seal the core material 22, the desiccant 24 and / or the getter 23 in the film material 21, thereby obtaining a standard plate 20;

[0063] S200 : stacking a plurality of standard panels 20 in a bag-shaped barrier film 10 , and treating the barrier film 10 with a vacuum heat sealing process, so that the plurality of standard panels 20 are vacuum-sealed in the barrier film 10 , thereby obtaining a vacuum insulation panel 100 .

[0064] In this embodiment, the core material 22 can be a square block structure, and accordingly, the film bag formed by the film material 21 can be square. The core material 22 and the desiccant 24 and / or the getter 23 are loaded into the film bag and vacuum heat-sealed to obtain a square standard plate 20.

[0065] The third aspect of the present invention further provides a heat insulation device, which includes the vacuum insulation panel 100 of any one of the above items; the heat insulation device includes a refrigerator, an insulated box, a water heater, a microwave oven, a container, and a building wall panel.

[0066] The vacuum insulation panel 100 can be used in heat insulation components of refrigerators, incubators, water heaters, microwave ovens, containers, and building wall panels to achieve heat insulation effects.

[0067] The present invention also conducts multiple groups of experiments to verify the above effects. Specifically, the vacuum insulation panels 100 used in the experiments are the same except for the thickness and the number of stacked layers of the standard panels 20. The experimental results are shown in the following table:

[0068]

[0069] In summary, compared with the vacuum insulation panel 100 with only one layer of standard panels 20 , the multi-layered standard panels 20 can improve the thermal conductivity of the vacuum insulation panel 100 to a certain extent, thereby improving the thermal insulation effect and reliability of the vacuum insulation panel 100 .

[0070] Finally, it should be noted that the above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solutions of the present invention, rather than to limit it. Although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the aforementioned embodiments, those skilled in the art should understand that they can still modify the technical solutions described in the aforementioned embodiments, or replace some or all of the technical features therein with equivalents. However, these modifications or replacements do not cause the essence of the corresponding technical solutions to deviate from the scope of the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention.

Claims

1. A vacuum insulation panel, characterized in that, It comprises a barrier film and a standard plate, wherein the barrier film is in a bag shape, and the standard plates are in a plurality, and the plurality of standard plates are stacked and vacuum-sealed in the barrier film; in The standard board comprises a core material and a film material, the film material is in a bag shape, and the core material is vacuum heat-sealed in the film material.

2. The vacuum insulation panel according to claim 1, wherein, The core material includes at least one of glass fiber, organic fiber, fumed silica or aerogel.

3. The vacuum insulation panel according to claim 2, characterized in that, The organic fiber includes at least one of polyester fiber, polyethylene fiber, polypropylene fiber, polyvinyl alcohol fiber, polyacrylonitrile fiber, polystyrene fiber, and polylactic acid fiber.

4. The vacuum insulation panel according to claim 3, wherein, The length of the organic fiber is 1 to 12 mm; And / or, the diameter of the organic fiber is 2-15 μm.

5. The vacuum insulation panel according to claim 1, characterized in that, The number of the standard plates is 2-10; and / or, a plurality of the standard plates are stacked up and down and / or stacked left and right.

6. The vacuum insulation panel according to claim 1, wherein, The barrier film or the film material comprises a heat-sealing layer, a gas barrier layer and a heat-barrier layer which are stacked; or the barrier film or the film material comprises an aluminum diaphragm.

7. The vacuum insulation panel according to claim 6, wherein, The heat seal layer is selected from polyethylene or polypropylene; And / or, the heat-resistant layer is selected from at least two of polyimide, polyetheretherketone, polyphenylene sulfide, polytetrafluoroethylene, liquid crystal polymer, polyamide, polyetherimide, polyamideimide, polyphenylene sulfone, polyethersulfone, and polysulfone; And / or, the gas barrier layer is selected from any one of metal aluminum foil, copper foil and silver foil.

8. The vacuum insulation panel according to claim 1, wherein The standard plate further comprises a desiccant and / or a getter, and the film material encapsulates the core material, the desiccant and / or the getter.

9. A method for preparing a vacuum insulation panel according to any one of claims 1-8, characterized in that, include: S100: putting the core material, the desiccant and / or the getter into a bagged film material, and treating the film material with a vacuum heat sealing process to vacuum-seal the core material, the desiccant and / or the getter in the film material to obtain a standard board; S200: stacking a plurality of standard panels in a bag-shaped barrier film, and treating the barrier film with a vacuum heat sealing process, so that the plurality of standard panels are vacuum-sealed in the barrier film to obtain a vacuum insulation panel.

10. A heat insulation and heat preservation device, characterized in that, The thermal insulation device comprises the vacuum insulation panel according to any one of claims 1 to 8; the thermal insulation device comprises a refrigerator, an incubator, a water heater, a microwave oven, a container, and a building wall panel.

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