Mine ecological restoration modifier based on special soil of loess plateau

Abstract

The invention relates to the technical field of soil science, and discloses a loess plateau special soil-based mine ecological restoration modifier which is prepared by the following steps: mixing a biological material and an inorganic material to form a biological-physical compound; inoculating specific microorganisms which are subjected to multi-layer packaging into the compound; organic matters and inorganic matters are fixed by utilizing a cross-linked polymer network to form a multi-layer structure; performing intelligent responsive coating treatment on the modifier particles; the prepared modifier is subjected to laboratory and field tests to verify the adaptability and effect of the modifier, and the biological-physical compound is prepared by mixing a local organic material with a certain water content with nano-modified bentonite according to a mixing ratio of 3: 1. By integrating the functionalized nanoparticles, a microbial packaging technology and an intelligent responsive coating, the soil water-retaining property, the nutrient utilization rate and the biological diversity are improved. The design ensures the stability and the lasting effect in an extreme environment, and meanwhile, continuous and efficient ecological restoration is realized.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the technical field of soil science, and specifically to a mine ecological restoration improver based on the special soil of the Loess Plateau. Background Art

[0002] A mine ecological restoration improver is a material used to improve the soil conditions damaged by mining activities and promote the restoration of the ecosystem and the reconstruction of vegetation. These improvers usually contain various components, such as organic materials, inorganic minerals, and specific microorganisms, aiming to improve the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the soil. They play a crucial role in restoring the ecological balance of the mining area, reducing environmental pollution, and promoting biodiversity.

[0003] The existing mine ecological restoration improvers mainly include bio-organic fertilizers, chemical fertilizers, and some soil improvers, such as quicklime and phosphate fertilizers. These improvers achieve their effects by increasing the organic matter content in the soil, adjusting the soil pH value, and providing essential nutrients. For example, bio-organic fertilizers can increase the organic matter in the soil, improve the soil structure and water retention capacity; while chemical fertilizers quickly supplement soil nutrients and promote vegetation growth.

[0004] Although the existing improvers can improve the damaged soil and support vegetation restoration to a certain extent, they face special challenges in mining-damaged areas such as the Loess Plateau. Chemical fertilizers are prone to cause a large amount of nutrient loss in a short time under high temperature or heavy rainfall conditions, which is particularly unfavorable for the restoration of the Loess Plateau region because this region often suffers from sudden heavy rains and its soil has poor water retention capacity. In addition, traditional organic fertilizers are often insufficient in terms of nutrient release rate and microbial activity to adapt to this special soil environment. The existing improvers lack intelligent control over the nutrient release process and are difficult to ensure that plants obtain sufficient and appropriate nutrient support at different growth stages. Summary of the Invention

[0005] In view of the deficiencies of the prior art, the present invention provides a mine ecological restoration improver based on the special soil of the Loess Plateau. By integrating functionalized nanoparticles, microbial encapsulation technology, and intelligent responsive coatings, the present invention significantly improves soil water retention, nutrient utilization rate, and biodiversity. Its design ensures stability and lasting effects in extreme environments, effectively solving the deficiencies of the existing improvers in nutrient release control and adaptability, and achieving continuous and efficient ecological restoration.

[0006] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention is realized through the following technical solutions: A mine ecological restoration improver based on the special soil of the Loess Plateau, comprising:

[0007] Mixing biological materials with inorganic materials to form a bio-physical composite;

[0008] Inoculate the specific microorganism encapsulated in multiple layers into the said composite;

[0009] Use a cross-linked polymer network to fix organic and inorganic substances to form a multi-layer structure;

[0010] Perform an intelligent responsive coating treatment on the said modifier particles;

[0011] Conduct laboratory and field tests on the prepared modifier to verify its adaptability and effectiveness.

[0012] Preferably, the bio-physical composite includes:

[0013] Select local organic materials with a certain moisture content and mix them with nano-modified bentonite in a mixing ratio of 3:1;

[0014] Add functionalized nanoparticles to the mixture. The particle size of the nanoparticles is 10 - 50 nanometers, and the dosage is 0.1% - 0.5% of the total weight of the modifier;

[0015] Perform fermentation under the conditions of a temperature of 25 - 30 °C and a humidity of 55% - 65% for 4 - 6 weeks.

[0016] Preferably, the microorganism encapsulation includes:

[0017] Select nitrogen-fixing bacteria and phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria, and coat them with multi-layer liposomes and biocompatible polymers to form microorganism encapsulation particles;

[0018] The thickness of the encapsulation layer is 5 - 15 microns, and the cell concentration after encapsulation is 1x10 6 ~1x10 8 CFU / g;

[0019] Under the conditions of a humidity exceeding 60% and a temperature close to 30 °C, the microorganism encapsulation particles can be gradually activated and released in the soil.

[0020] Preferably, the fixation of organic and inorganic substances by the cross-linked polymer network includes:

[0021] Use a poly(lactic acid)-poly(ethylene glycol) copolymer as a binder, and mix biochar, lime, and phosphogypsum in a ratio of 5:1;

[0022] Form a stable network structure through chemical cross-linking technology. The pore size of the cross-linked network is 100 - 300 nanometers;

[0023] Form a modifier with a multi-layer structure. The thickness of each layer of the structure is 1 - 5 millimeters, and it has a hierarchical release function.

[0024] Preferably, the intelligent responsive coating treatment includes:

[0025] Develop a polymer coating with dual pH and temperature responsiveness, and the thickness of the coating is 50-100 microns;

[0026] The coating disintegrates when the soil acidifies and the temperature rises. The pH triggering range is 5.5-6.5, and the temperature triggering range is 28-35°C;

[0027] The bio-induced component in the coating activates and releases nutrients when the rhizosphere exudates of plants reach 10-20 micromoles.

[0028] Preferably, the laboratory and field tests include:

[0029] Conduct soil microenvironment tests under the simulated Loess Plateau environment. The test period is 6-24 months, and the nutrient release rate, soil pH change, and vegetation restoration are monitored;

[0030] Evaluate the ecological restoration effect of the modifier in the field mine reclamation area. The test period is 1-2 years, and the vegetation coverage rate, soil nutrient status, and microbial diversity are evaluated.

[0031] Preferably, the crosslinked polymer network fixing organic and inorganic substances further includes:

[0032] Add glutaraldehyde and isocyanate, and the dosage of the crosslinking agent is 0.5%-2% of the weight of the organic and inorganic mixture;

[0033] The fixed modifier is subjected to low-temperature curing under the conditions of 30%-40% humidity and a temperature not exceeding 100°C.

[0034] Preferably, the bio-induced release of the intelligent coating includes:

[0035] Integrate rhizosphere sensing components in the coating material, and the content of the sensing components is 0.1%-1% of the total amount of the coating;

[0036] Under specific pH and temperature conditions, the sensing components trigger nutrient release at the critical stages of plant growth.

[0037] Preferably, the addition of functionalized nanoparticles further includes:

[0038] Use surface modification technology to functionalize the surface of iron oxide nanoparticles to improve their dispersibility in the soil. The dosage of the surface modifier is 0.01%-0.1% of the weight of the nanoparticles;

[0039] The functionalized nanoparticles account for 0.1%-0.5% of the total weight of the modifier.

[0040] Preferably, the soil microenvironment test includes:

[0041] Test the nutrient release rate of the modifier under different conditions. The initial nutrient release rate is 30% - 50% of the total release amount, and the later nutrient release rate is 10% - 20% of the total release amount;

[0042] Evaluate the stability of the modifier in an extreme environment with a high temperature of 35 - 45°C, a humidity of <30%, and a pH change of 5.0 - 7.5.

[0043] The present invention provides a mine ecological restoration modifier based on the special soil of the Loess Plateau. It has the following

[0044] Beneficial effects:

[0045] 1. By integrating biochar, nano - modified bentonite, and functionalized nanoparticles, the present invention significantly improves the water - holding capacity and nutrient retention of the soil. This not only helps plants survive and grow under drought conditions but also ensures the slow and continuous release of water - soluble nutrients, thus more effectively coping with the extreme plateau environment, especially in the vegetation restoration after reconstructing mining areas.

[0046] 2. By adding a composite material encapsulating specific microorganisms, the present invention effectively increases the diversity and activity of soil microorganisms. This enhancement of biological activity not only accelerates the decomposition process of organic matter but also promotes the natural restoration of a healthy ecosystem, providing an opportunity for the self - restoration of the degraded soil unique to the Loess Plateau.

[0047] 3. By designing the modifier to operate stably under extreme temperature, humidity, and pH conditions, which is particularly important for the Loess Plateau environment with frequent extreme temperatures and insufficient rainfall, and ensuring the release of nutrients under the most suitable conditions through an intelligent responsive coating to support the needs of vegetation at different growth stages, continuous and effective vegetation restoration and soil remediation can be achieved, especially in areas severely damaged by mining activities. Brief Description of the Drawings

[0048] Figure 1 It is a flowchart of the method of the present invention. Detailed Embodiments

[0049] Next, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described in conjunction with the drawings in the specification of the present invention. Obviously, the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, rather than all the embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those of ordinary skill in the art without creative efforts shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.

[0050] Please refer to the attached Figure 1 , The embodiments of the present invention provide a mine ecological restoration modifier based on the special soil of the Loess Plateau, including:

[0051] Biomaterials are mixed with inorganic materials to form bio-physical composites. Biomaterials such as biochar, wood chips, and straw, as well as inorganic materials such as nano-modified bentonite, lime, and phosphogypsum, are mixed to form bio-physical composites. This mixture utilizes the organic characteristics of biomaterials and the mineral characteristics of inorganic materials to enhance the water retention capacity and nutrient retention capacity of the soil, while improving the physical structure of the soil. As a result, the composite can not only improve the soil structure but also provide long-term nutrient support, thereby promoting the growth of vegetation and the stability of the soil and preventing soil erosion.

[0052] Specific microorganisms encapsulated in multiple layers are inoculated into the composite. This encapsulation technology uses biocompatible polymers to form a protective layer, ensuring the survival rate of microorganisms in harsh environments and triggering release under specific conditions, thereby increasing the survival and functional time of microorganisms, enhancing the biological activity of the soil, and promoting the self-recovery ability of the soil in the Loess Plateau region.

[0053] Cross-linked polymer networks are used to immobilize organic and inorganic substances to form a multi-layer structure. This encapsulation technology uses biocompatible polymers to form a protective layer, ensuring the survival rate of microorganisms in harsh environments and triggering release under specific conditions, thereby increasing the survival and functional time of microorganisms, enhancing the biological activity of the soil, and promoting the self-recovery ability of the soil in the Loess Plateau region.

[0054] The amendment particles are treated with an intelligent responsive coating. The amendment particles undergo a special intelligent responsive coating treatment. This coating is made of a polymer with dual pH and temperature responsiveness and is designed to automatically disintegrate when the soil environment changes (such as acidification or temperature increase). After disintegration, the coating releases the encapsulated nutrients and microorganisms, providing support exactly when the plants need it most, being able to adaptively adjust according to the actual needs of the plants and external environmental changes, thereby improving nutrient utilization efficiency, reducing the environmental burden, and promoting healthier vegetation growth.

[0055] The prepared amendment is tested in the laboratory and in the field to verify its adaptability and effectiveness. This comprehensive test verifies the effectiveness and adaptability of the amendment in practical applications, ensuring its practicality in improving the soil quality of mining areas in the Loess Plateau and promoting ecological restoration. By comparing laboratory and field data, the formulation and application strategy of the amendment can be further adjusted to adapt to complex and changing environmental conditions.

[0056] Please refer to the appendix Figure 1 , in a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the bio-physical composite includes:

[0057] Select local organic materials with a certain moisture content and mix them with nano-modified bentonite at a mixing ratio of 3:1. Select local organic materials with a certain moisture content and mix them with nano-modified bentonite in a ratio of 3:1 to form a bio-physical composite. The local organic materials provide the necessary carbon source and microbial growth environment, while the nano-modified bentonite serves as the framework material of the modifier, improving the water retention and structural stability of the soil, effectively enhancing the soil air permeability and water holding capacity, creating favorable conditions for microbial activities and root development, and thus promoting vegetation stability and soil protection;

[0058] Add functionalized nanoparticles to the mixture. The particle size of the nanoparticles is 10 - 50 nanometers, and the dosage is 0.1% - 0.5% of the total weight of the modifier. These nanoparticles improve soil fertility by increasing the available trace elements (such as iron, manganese, etc.) in the soil. The functionalization treatment makes the nanoparticles more easily interact with the organic matter and microorganisms in the soil, thereby enhancing their bioavailability and environmental stability. Adding functionalized nanoparticles can significantly improve the bioavailability and persistence of trace elements in the soil, providing a solution to the common problem of trace element deficiency in the special soil of the Loess Plateau, and at the same time promoting the healthy growth of plants;

[0059] Ferment under the conditions of a temperature of 25 - 30 °C and a humidity of 55% - 65% for 4 - 6 weeks. This process not only stabilizes the nutrient components of the organic matter but also generates a microbial community beneficial to plant growth. By controlling the fermentation conditions, the growth of microorganisms and the conversion efficiency of nutrients can be optimized. The fermentation process decomposes the complex compounds in the organic matter into simple nutrient components, improving the soil fertility and biodiversity, and contributing to the long-term maintenance of the health of the soil and vegetation.

[0060] Please refer to the attach Figure 1 , in a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the microbial encapsulation includes:

[0061] Select nitrogen-fixing bacteria and phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria, and coat them with multi-layer liposomes and biocompatible polymers to form microbial encapsulation particles. The present invention selects nitrogen-fixing bacteria and phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria as key microorganisms to enhance soil fertility and promote plant growth. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria can convert atmospheric nitrogen into nitrogen available to plants, while phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria help release phosphorus in the soil into a form that can be absorbed by plants. These microorganisms are coated with multi-layer liposomes and biocompatible polymer materials, so as to significantly improve the nitrogen and phosphorus nutrient levels of the soil, especially suitable for areas with relatively low natural fertility such as the Loess Plateau, and contribute to improving soil quality and supporting the healthy growth of vegetation;

[0062] The thickness of the encapsulation layer is 5 - 15 micrometers, and the cell concentration after encapsulation is 1x10 6 ~1x108 CFU / g. This thickness ensures sufficient protection without affecting the activity of microorganisms, and this concentration is sufficient to ensure that when released into the soil, the microorganisms can effectively carry out biological functions. By controlling the thickness of the encapsulation layer and the concentration of the bacterial cells, the protection of the microorganisms and the exertion of their functions are effectively balanced, ensuring that the microorganisms can quickly recover and exert their ecological functions under suitable environmental conditions, thereby enhancing soil biodiversity and the self-restoration ability of the ecosystem.

[0063] Under the conditions of humidity exceeding 60% and temperature approaching 30°C, the microbial encapsulation particles can be gradually activated and released in the soil. Through the environmentally triggered microbial release mechanism, the optimal synchronization of microbial activities and plant growth requirements is ensured, effectively improving the utilization rate of fertilizers, reducing the environmental burden, and contributing to sustainable and effective ecological restoration.

[0064] Please refer to the attachment Figure 1 , in a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the crosslinked polymer network immobilizes organic and inorganic substances including:

[0065] Using a polylactic acid - polyethylene glycol copolymer as a binder, biochar, lime, and phosphogypsum are mixed in a ratio of 5:1. The polylactic acid - polyethylene glycol copolymer is a biodegradable polymer, environmentally friendly and non-toxic to plants and microorganisms, and is optimized by a 5:1 ratio to ensure the balance of nutrient components in the soil conditioner. At the same time, the presence of the polymer enhances the structural stability and persistence of the mixture, not only ensuring the environmental sustainability of the conditioner, but also ensuring that the soil receives balanced nutrient supplementation through the optimized ratio, contributing to the long-term improvement of soil quality and plant growth environment.

[0066] A stable network structure is formed through chemical crosslinking technology. The pore size of the crosslinked network is 100 - 300 nanometers. This stable network structure not only enhances the physical stability of the conditioner, reducing nutrient loss caused by water flow, but also provides a gradual control of nutrient release by controlling the pore size, supporting the needs of plants at different growth stages.

[0067] A conditioner with a multi-layer structure is formed. The thickness of each layer of the structure is 1 - 5 millimeters, and it has a hierarchical release function. The conditioner is designed as a multi-layer structure, with the thickness of each layer between 1 - 5 millimeters. Each layer is designed to release different types or amounts of nutrients at different time points. For example, the outermost layer may be designed to quickly release nitrogen and phosphorus to support seed germination and seedling growth, while the inner layer may be rich in slowly released potassium and trace elements to support plant maturity and fruit development, so that the conditioner can provide continuous and staged nutrient support throughout the plant growth cycle. And this hierarchical release function ensures that plants can obtain the nutrients they need at different growth stages, thereby improving the growth efficiency and health status of plants.

[0068] Please refer to the attached Figure 1 , in a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the intelligent responsive coating treatment includes:

[0069] Develop a polymer coating with dual pH and temperature responsiveness. The thickness of the coating is 50 - 100 microns, and this coating thickness ensures sufficient mechanical strength and sensitive response characteristics. The coating material is usually selected as a polymer that can rapidly denature or disintegrate under specific pH and temperature changes, such as the copolymer of polyethylene glycol and polyacrylic acid. This coating design enables it to respond when the soil environment undergoes slight acidification or temperature increase, thereby controlling the release of nutrients in the modifier. The application of this intelligent coating can precisely control the timing of nutrient release, ensuring that nutrients are released when the soil conditions become more suitable for plant absorption, thereby improving fertilizer efficiency and reducing the environmental burden;

[0070] The coating disintegrates when the soil acidifies and the temperature rises. The pH triggering range is 5.5 - 6.5, and the temperature triggering range is 28 - 35 °C. After passing through the above temperature and pH triggering ranges, in the Loess Plateau, when the temperature rises in spring and the soil may be temporarily acidified after irrigation, the coating responds to these changes and disintegrates, releasing the nutrients it encapsulates, thus achieving a controlled release effect;

[0071] The bio-induced component in the coating activates the release of nutrients when the concentration of plant rhizosphere exudates reaches 10 - 20 micromoles. When the concentration of these rhizosphere exudates reaches 10 - 20 micromoles, the bio-induced component in the coating is activated, further triggering the disintegration of the coating and releasing the encapsulated microorganisms and nutrients, thereby enhancing the utilization rate of nutrients and the healthy growth of plants, while avoiding environmental problems caused by excessive or inappropriate timing of nutrient application, and achieving a more environmentally friendly and efficient ecological restoration strategy.

[0072] Please refer to the attached Figure 1 , in a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the laboratory and field tests include:

[0073] Soil microenvironment tests are conducted under the simulated Loess Plateau environment with a test period of 6 to 24 months, monitoring the nutrient release rate, soil pH changes, and vegetation restoration. In the laboratory setup, a specific soil environment of the Loess Plateau is simulated, approximating the natural state by creating controlled conditions (such as temperature, humidity, light cycle, etc.). The purpose of conducting soil microenvironment tests in this environment is to observe the behavior of the amendment under controlled and reproducible conditions, mainly including monitoring the nutrient release rate, changes in soil pH, and the initial restoration of vegetation. Laboratory tests provide a precisely controlled environment to scientifically evaluate the performance of the amendment, ensuring that the amendment can achieve the expected ecological restoration effect before being extended to broader field applications. Thus, potential problems can be identified and solved at an early stage, optimizing the product formula;

[0074] The ecological restoration effect of the amendment is evaluated in the field mine reclamation area with a test period of 1 to 2 years, assessing the vegetation coverage rate, soil nutrient status, and microbial diversity. The purpose of this stage is to evaluate the effect of the amendment under actual application conditions, including changes in vegetation coverage rate, soil nutrient status, and microbial diversity. Through long-term observation, these data help evaluate and confirm the effectiveness of the amendment in promoting plant growth, improving soil quality, and increasing biodiversity, ensuring that the amendment can continuously and effectively support ecological restoration work.

[0075] Please refer to the appendix Figure 1 , in a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the fixation of organic and inorganic substances by the cross-linked polymer network further includes:

[0076] Adding glutaraldehyde and isocyanate, and the dosage of the cross-linking agent is 0.5% - 2% of the weight of the mixture of organic and inorganic substances. Glutaraldehyde and isocyanate are efficient cross-linking agents that can react with various organic molecules to form a stable cross-linked network. This network structure not only improves the structural integrity of the amendment but also increases its stability in the environment. The formation of the cross-linked network reduces the loss of nutrient elements, ensuring that the amendment can continuously release nutrients over a longer period, thereby more effectively supporting plant growth and soil quality improvement;

[0077] The fixed amendment is subjected to low-temperature curing under the conditions of a humidity of 30% - 40% and a temperature not exceeding 100°C. After adding the cross-linking agent, the amendment needs to be cured to complete the cross-linking reaction. This low-temperature curing process helps avoid the damage that excessive temperature may cause to organic components (such as biochar and other organic materials), while ensuring that the cross-linking agent can effectively react with organic and inorganic substances to form a stable polymer network, thus avoiding the decomposition of organic substances caused by high temperature and retaining all the functional characteristics of the amendment. In addition, this process also enhances the environmental adaptability of the product, making the amendment more stable and capable of continuously functioning under the complex and changeable environmental conditions of the Loess Plateau.

[0078] Please refer to the appendix Figure 1 , in a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the bio-induced release of the intelligent coating includes:

[0079] The rhizosphere sensing components are integrated into the coating material, and the content of the sensing components is 0.1% - 1% of the total coating amount. The intelligent coating material of the modifier integrates specific rhizosphere sensing components, such as specific types of biomolecules or chemical signaling substances. These components are designed to be sensitive to specific chemicals secreted by plant roots, such as organic acids or rhizosphere exudates. This concentration is sufficient to ensure sufficient reaction sensitivity without affecting the overall structure and function of the coating. This strategy greatly improves the fertilizer use efficiency, reduces nutrient waste, and helps protect the environment, avoiding soil degradation and water pollution caused by excessive fertilization;

[0080] Under specific pH and temperature conditions, the sensing components trigger nutrient release at the critical stages of plant growth. This design takes into account the typical soil temperature and pH changes in the spring and autumn seasons in the Loess Plateau region, as well as the rhizosphere environmental changes during the active growth period of plants. When these conditions are met, the sensing components in the coating react, resulting in changes or disintegration of the coating structure, thereby releasing the nutrients and active ingredients inside or attached to the coating. Through this intelligent control, the modifier not only improves the efficiency of soil remediation and plant growth, but also enhances the adaptability to environmental changes, making the ecological restoration work more effective and sustainable.

[0081] Please refer to the appendix Figure 1 , in a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the addition of functionalized nanoparticles further includes:

[0082] The surface of iron oxide nanoparticles is functionalized using surface modification technology to improve their dispersibility in the soil. The amount of the surface modifier is 0.01% - 0.1% of the weight of the nanoparticles. Iron oxide nanoparticles are selected as a key functional material due to their high efficiency and versatility in soil improvement. These nanoparticles are functionalized through surface modification technology. Surface modification not only enhances the stability and biocompatibility of the nanoparticles, but also improves their dispersibility and activity in the soil. This treatment makes the nanoparticles more easily evenly distributed in the soil, thereby effectively playing their role and improving the quality of the soil and the nutritional status of plants;

[0083] The functionalized nanoparticles account for 0.1% - 0.5% of the total weight of the modifier. Within this concentration range, the nanoparticles are sufficient to play their role in improving soil structure, increasing the availability of nutrient elements, and promoting microbial activity without having a negative impact on the soil ecosystem. Thus, this repair modifier can effectively support plant growth and soil health while protecting the environment from potential nanoparticle pollution.

[0084] Please refer to the attached Figure 1 , in a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the soil microenvironment test includes:

[0085] Testing the nutrient release rate of the modifier under different conditions. The initial nutrient release rate is 30% - 50% of the total release amount, and the later nutrient release rate is 10% - 20% of the total release amount. By regulating the nutrient release rate in stages, it can ensure that plants can obtain sufficient nutritional support in the initial growth stage, while maintaining nutrient supply in the mature stage, optimizing the healthy development of plants and improving soil quality, thereby helping to achieve the efficient use of resources and reducing environmental pressure;

[0086] Evaluating the stability of the modifier under extreme environmental conditions of high temperature of 35 - 45°C, humidity < 30%, and pH change of 5.0 - 7.5. Under these conditions, the chemical and physical stability of the modifier will be tested to determine its persistence and efficacy retention ability under long-term exposure to adverse environments, thereby helping to verify the design and material selection of the modifier, ensuring its continuous ecological restoration function when most needed, and enhancing the success rate and sustainability of ecological restoration projects.

[0087] To better understand the present invention, the above content will be described in detail below in conjunction with specific embodiments.

[0088] Example 1: Basic Ecological Restoration Modifier

[0089] Composition and formula:

[0090] Biochar: 40%

[0091] Nanomodified bentonite: 30%

[0092] Organic compost: 20%

[0093] Functionalized nano-iron oxide particles: 10%

[0094] Preparation method:

[0095] Mix biochar, nanomodified bentonite, and organic compost.

[0096] Add surface-modified nano-iron oxide particles to the mixture.

[0097] Conduct a 6-week fermentation process under controlled conditions (temperature 30°C, humidity 60%).

[0098] Application: Suitable for arid and semi-arid regions, especially areas that require rapid improvement of soil physical structure and increase in organic matter content.

[0099] Example 2: High-Efficiency Nutritional Ecological Restoration Modifier

[0100] Composition and formula:

[0101] Biochar: 30%

[0102] Nanomodified bentonite: 25%

[0103] Slow-release fertilizer: 20%

[0104] Biopolymer cross-linked network: 15%

[0105] Functionalized nano-iron oxide particles: 10%

[0106] Preparation method:

[0107] Mix all solid components evenly.

[0108] Add polylactic acid-polyethylene glycol copolymer as a cross-linking agent, and conduct low-temperature curing treatment after mixing.

[0109] Strengthen the structural stability through chemical cross-linking technology.

[0110] Application: Suitable for heavy metal pollution remediation areas with poor soil and long-term nutrient supply requirements.

[0111] Example 3: Microbial active type ecological restoration modifier

[0112] Composition and formula:

[0113] Biochar: 50%

[0114] Nanomodified bentonite: 20%

[0115] Microbial encapsulated particles (nitrogen-fixing bacteria and phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria): 20%

[0116] Organic materials: 10%

[0117] Preparation method:

[0118] Mix biochar and nanomodified bentonite.

[0119] Add encapsulated microbial particles and organic materials to the mixture.

[0120] Conduct a 4-week fermentation process under controlled environmental conditions (temperature 28°C, humidity 65%).

[0121] Application: Suitable for ecological function restoration, especially in areas with high demand for improving soil biodiversity and biological activity.

[0122] Comparative experiment 1: Component efficacy comparison test

[0123] Experimental purpose: To evaluate and prove the improvement effect of the mine ecological restoration modifier of the present invention based on the special soil of the Loess Plateau compared with conventional inorganic fertilizers and organic modifiers.

[0124] Experimental Setup and Procedures

[0125] Experimental Design

[0126] Experimental Group: Use the improver of the present invention.

[0127] Control Group A: Use traditional inorganic fertilizers.

[0128] Control Group B: Use conventional organic fertilizers (unfunctionalized biochar and compost).

[0129] Control Group C: Natural soil without adding any improver.

[0130] Experimental Procedures

[0131] Prepare test soil: Collect standard soil samples from the Loess Plateau to ensure the same soil type for each group.

[0132] Apply the improver:

[0133] Both the experimental group and the control groups are treated according to the standard of applying 10 tons of improver per hectare;

[0134] Ensure uniform mixing and evenly distribute it in the standardized test plots.

[0135] Set environmental conditions:

[0136] All test plots maintain the same irrigation and lighting conditions;

[0137] Monitor and record meteorological data during the experiment;

[0138] Data collection:

[0139] The sampling frequency of soil samples is before planting, 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months after planting;

[0140] Analyze the water retention capacity, pH, organic matter content, and microbial activity of the soil;

[0141] Measure the growth rate, biomass, and root development of plants.

[0142] The comparison of experimental data is shown in Table 1:

[0143] Table 1 Data Sheet for Comparative Test of Component Efficacy

[0144]

[0145] From the data in Table 1, it can be obtained that:

[0146] The experimental group showed significant superiority over all control groups in terms of water retention, pH balance, organic matter content, microbial activity, as well as plant growth rate and biomass. In particular, the microbial activity and plant growth data highlighted the high efficiency of the improver of the present invention in providing continuous nutrition and improving the soil ecological environment.

[0147] Comparative Experiment 2: Environmental Adaptability Test

[0148] Experimental purpose: To evaluate the performance of the improver of the present invention in the soil microenvironment of Tongchuan Yangquanshan Limestone Mine area, especially its stability and ecological restoration effect under extreme environmental conditions, and to verify its adaptability to the unique environment of the Loess Plateau.

[0149] Experimental setup and procedures:

[0150] Experimental organization:

[0151] Experimental group: Use the improver of the present invention.

[0152] Control group A: Use conventional inorganic fertilizers.

[0153] Control group B: Use traditional organic improvers.

[0154] Control group C: Untreated natural soil.

[0155] Location and conditions: Implement at Tongchuan Yangquanshan Limestone Mine, and use the same soil type to ensure the consistency of the experiment.

[0156] Application of the improver:

[0157] Apply evenly in each test area according to the recommended dosage.

[0158] Record the application time, meteorological conditions, and initial soil state.

[0159] Monitoring parameters:

[0160] Soil water holding capacity

[0161] Soil pH

[0162] Nutrient stability

[0163] Vegetation coverage

[0164] Microbial diversity

[0165] Data collection:

[0166] Collect and analyze soil and vegetation samples once every three months.

[0167] The comparative experiment data are shown in Table 2:

[0168] Table 2 Data Sheet of Environmental Adaptability Test for Yangquanshan Limestone Mine in Tongchuan

[0169]

[0170]

[0171] From the data in Table 2, it can be obtained that:

[0172] The experimental group was significantly superior to all control groups in terms of soil moisture retention, nutrient stability, and vegetation coverage. Especially under the conditions of high temperature and low humidity, the improver of the present invention showed excellent performance, ensuring the effective utilization of nutrients and the good growth of vegetation. These results indicate that the improver of the present invention has excellent environmental adaptability, is particularly suitable for soil and vegetation restoration in the extreme environment of the Loess Plateau, and effectively supports the goal of ecological restoration.

[0173] Comparative Experiment 3: Long-term Ecological Effect Evaluation Test

[0174] Experimental Purpose: To verify the ecological restoration effect of the improver of the present invention on the special soil of the Loess Plateau after long-term application, especially its lasting impact on soil nutrient cycling, biodiversity, and vegetation restoration.

[0175] Experimental Setup and Procedures

[0176] Experimental Design

[0177] Experimental Group: Use the improver of the present invention.

[0178] Control Group A: Use a conventional soil improver.

[0179] Control Group B: Untreated natural soil.

[0180] Experimental Procedures

[0181] Select the test site: Conduct the experiment in a representative mine reclamation area in the Loess Plateau;

[0182] Prepare the test soil: Ensure that the initial soil conditions of all test areas are similar.

[0183] Apply the improver:

[0184] Each group applies the improver according to the recommended dosage;

[0185] Ensure uniform application and record the application details.

[0186] Long-term Monitoring Setup:

[0187] The continuous monitoring time is set to 2 years, and the data at key time points are recorded;

[0188] The measurement parameters include soil nutrients, biodiversity indicators (such as microbial community structure, plant species richness), and vegetation coverage rate.

[0189] Data collection:

[0190] The sampling frequency of soil samples and biological samples is once every six months;

[0191] Standardized methods are used to analyze the samples to ensure the consistency and comparability of the data.

[0192] The comparative experimental data are shown in Table 3:

[0193] Table 3 Data Sheet for Long-Term Ecological Effect Assessment

[0194]

[0195] From the data in Table 3, it can be obtained that:

[0196] The experimental data clearly show a significant improvement in the experimental group compared to the control group in terms of soil nutrients, biodiversity, and vegetation coverage rate. In the experimental group, the long-term effect of the modifier not only improves the continuous supply capacity of soil nutrients but also significantly enhances biodiversity, especially the activity and structural diversity of the microbial community. In addition, the increase in vegetation coverage rate shows an obvious improvement in plant growth conditions, indicating that the modifier of the present invention can effectively promote vegetation restoration and improve ecosystem health.

[0197] Although the embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that various changes, modifications, substitutions, and variations can be made to these embodiments without departing from the principles and spirit of the present invention, and the scope of the present invention is defined by the appended claims and their equivalents.

Claims

1. A mine ecological restoration improver based on the special soil of the Loess Plateau, characterized in that, Comprising: Mixing biological materials with inorganic materials to form a bio-physical composite; Inoculating the composite with specifically multi-layer encapsulated microorganisms; Fixing organic and inorganic substances using a cross-linked polymer network to form a multi-layer structure; Performing an intelligent responsive coating treatment on the modifier particles; Conducting laboratory and field tests on the prepared modifier to verify its adaptability and effectiveness.

2. The mine ecological restoration improver based on the special soil of the Loess Plateau according to claim 1, characterized in that, The bio-physical composite includes: Selecting local organic materials with a certain moisture content and mixing them with nano-modified bentonite at a mixing ratio of 3:1; Adding functionalized nanoparticles to the mixture, the particle size of the nanoparticles being 10 - 50 nanometers and the dosage being 0.1% - 0.5% of the total weight of the modifier; Fermenting under conditions of a temperature of 25 - 30 °C and a humidity of 55% - 65% for a fermentation time of 4 - 6 weeks.

3. The mine ecological restoration modifier based on the special soil of the Loess Plateau according to claim 1, characterized in that Microorganism encapsulation includes: Selecting nitrogen-fixing bacteria and phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria and coating them with multi-layer liposomes and biocompatible polymers to form microorganism encapsulation particles; The thickness of the encapsulation layer is 5 - 15 micrometers and the cell concentration after encapsulation is 1x106 - 1x108 CFU / g; Under conditions of a humidity exceeding 60% and a temperature approaching 30 °C, the microorganism encapsulation particles can be gradually activated and released in the soil.

4. The mine ecological restoration improver based on the special soil of the Loess Plateau according to claim 1, characterized in that, Fixing organic and inorganic substances with a cross-linked polymer network includes: Using a polylactic acid - polyethylene glycol copolymer as a binder and mixing biochar with lime and phosphogypsum at a ratio of 5:1; Forming a stable network structure through chemical cross-linking technology, the pore size of the cross-linked network being 100 - 300 nanometers; Forming a modifier with a multi-layer structure, the thickness of each layer of the structure being 1 - 5 millimeters and having a hierarchical release function.

5. The mine ecological restoration improver based on the special soil of the Loess Plateau according to claim 1, wherein Intelligent responsive coating treatment includes: Developing a polymer coating with dual pH and temperature responsiveness, the thickness of the coating being 50 - 100 micrometers; The coating disintegrates when the soil acidifies and the temperature rises, the pH triggering range being 5.5 - 6.5 and the temperature triggering range being 28 - 35 °C; The bio-induced component in the coating activates and releases nutrients when the plant rhizosphere exudates reach 10 - 20 micromoles.

6. The ecological restoration and improvement agent for mines based on the special soil of the Loess Plateau according to claim 1, characterized in that, Laboratory and field tests include: Conducting soil microenvironment tests under a simulated Loess Plateau environment with a test period of 6 - 24 months, monitoring the nutrient release rate, soil pH changes, and vegetation restoration; Evaluating the ecological restoration effect of the modifier in a field mine reclamation area with a test period of 1 - 2 years, evaluating the vegetation coverage rate, soil nutrient status, and microbial diversity.

7. The mine ecological restoration improver based on the special soil of the Loess Plateau according to claim 1, characterized in that, Fixing organic and inorganic substances with a cross-linked polymer network further includes: Adding glutaraldehyde and isocyanate, the dosage of the cross-linking agent being 0.5% - 2% of the weight of the organic and inorganic mixture; The fixed modifier is subjected to low-temperature curing under conditions of a humidity of 30% - 40% and a temperature not exceeding 100 °C.

8. The mine ecological restoration improver based on the special soil of the Loess Plateau according to claim 5, characterized in that, Bio-induced release of the intelligent coating includes: Integrating rhizosphere sensing components into the coating material, the content of the sensing components being 0.1% - 1% of the total amount of the coating; Under specific pH and temperature conditions, the sensing components trigger nutrient release at key stages of plant growth.

9. The ecological restoration improver for mines based on the special soil of the Loess Plateau according to claim 2, characterized in that Adding functionalized nanoparticles further includes: The surface of iron oxide nanoparticles is functionalized using surface modification technology to improve their dispersibility in soil, and the dosage of the surface modifier is 0.01% to 0.1% of the weight of the nanoparticles; The functionalized nanoparticles account for 0.1% to 0.5% of the total weight of the modifier.

10. The mine ecological restoration improver based on special soil in the Loess Plateau according to claim 6, characterized in that, Soil microenvironment testing includes: Testing the nutrient release rate of the modifier under different conditions, with the initial nutrient release rate being 30% to 50% of the total release amount and the later nutrient release rate being 10% to 20% of the total release amount; Evaluating the stability of the modifier in extreme environments with a high temperature of 35 to 45 °C, a humidity of <30%, and a pH change of 5.0 to 7.5.

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