Composting method

Abstract

The invention belongs to the technical field of agricultural waste treatment, and particularly relates to a composting method. The invention provides a composting method. The composting method comprises the following steps: putting compost materials into a root controller for composting; the compost material comprises crop waste and breeding waste. A large number of small holes are formed in the structure of the root controller, a large amount of oxygen is provided for microbial activity in compost materials, and respiration of aerobic microorganisms is promoted, so that compost temperature rise is accelerated through composting of the root controller, the temperature is higher, the high-temperature period is longer, the pH, nitrogen content and seed germination index of a pile body are increased, and the conductivity and C / N ratio of the pile body are reduced; the decomposition of toxic substances in the compost is improved, and the composting efficiency is improved. The method aims at exploring the influence effect of the root controller on resource utilization of the breeding waste, and theoretical basis and technical support are provided for convenient and efficient utilization of the waste.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention belongs to the technical field of agricultural waste treatment, and particularly relates to a composting method. Background Art

[0002] Livestock waste, a variety of waste generated during animal farming, primarily including animal excrement and remains, can easily cause environmental pollution, such as waste from American cockroach farming. The American cockroach (Periplaneta Americana), commonly known as the cockroach, belongs to the genus Periplaneta in the family Blattidae, order Blattodea, order Pterygota, class Insecta. In recent years, significant progress has been made in drug development and research on its mechanisms of action. With advancements and developments in artificial breeding technology, the American cockroach farming industry has also grown rapidly. The total annual production of waste from the pharmaceutical production process and excrement from the American cockroach farming process has reached approximately 2,000 tons and continues to increase annually. Without proper treatment, the organic matter contained in the excrement and its fermentation in open-air piles can produce greenhouse gases such as CH4, as well as malodorous substances such as H2S, NH3, alcohols, amines, and indoles, posing a serious threat to the safety of water, soil, and the atmosphere. In the context of sustainable agriculture and environmental protection, the treatment and utilization of waste generated during the American cockroach farming process has become a critical issue.

[0003] Composting is the most common method for treating livestock and poultry manure. Converting livestock and poultry manure into compost for use as crop fertilizer is a wise management practice that benefits both farmers and the environment. This process potentially increases farmers' incomes and is of great significance in achieving sustainable development goals. Currently, common methods for treating livestock and poultry manure include direct disposal, direct return to the fields, or use as feed, all of which carry the risk of environmental pollution. Therefore, research and development of more environmentally friendly and economical treatment methods are particularly important. Composting technology can not only effectively reduce the negative impact of waste on the environment, but also convert it into organic fertilizer, thereby promoting the sustainable recycling of resources, reducing environmental pollution, promoting green agricultural production, improving soil fertility, and achieving both ecological and economic benefits.

[0004] Reactor composting is a composting reaction carried out in a specific container. This method can significantly shorten the composting cycle and reduce the space required for composting. In addition, reactor composting is easy to automate and effectively control secondary pollution. It has become the focus of current research and has shown broad application prospects. Based on the specific application scenarios and process requirements, these devices can be divided into two categories: vertically configured reaction systems and horizontally configured reaction systems. In addition, there are many other special forms of reaction devices, such as fermentation chambers, treatment tanks, reaction towers, and rotating drums, but such reactors are relatively expensive, which is not conducive to low-cost composting for enterprises. Summary of the Invention

[0005] The invention aims to provide a composting method which utilizes a root controller for composting, has low cost and high composting efficiency.

[0006] In order to solve the above technical problems, the present invention proposes the following technical solutions:

[0007] The invention provides a composting method, comprising: placing composting materials in a root controller for composting; the composting materials comprise crop waste and breeding waste.

[0008] Preferably, the crop waste includes one or more of rice husks, rice straw and corn straw.

[0009] Preferably, the breeding waste includes one or more of American cockroach breeding waste, chicken manure and cow dung.

[0010] Preferably, the initial carbon-nitrogen ratio of the crop waste and the livestock waste during composting is (20-30):1.

[0011] Preferably, before the composting is carried out, the method further comprises mixing the compost material with water to obtain a mixture, and then mixing the mixture with a fermentation agent.

[0012] Preferably, the initial water content of the mixture is 50% to 70%.

[0013] Preferably, the addition amount of the fermentation bacteria agent is 0.1% to 1% of the mass of the mixture.

[0014] Preferably, the mixture is mixed with a fermentation agent, and the number of viable bacteria in the mixture is ≥ 1×10 8 CFU / g.

[0015] Preferably, after the compost material is placed in the root controller, the top of the root controller is covered with a film.

[0016] Preferably, the composting time is ≥20 days.

[0017] Beneficial effects of the present invention: The present invention provides a composting method, comprising: placing composting materials in a root controller for composting; the composting materials include crop waste and aquaculture waste. Since there are a large number of small holes on the surface of the root controller, the small holes can provide a large amount of oxygen for the microbial activities in the compost material, promote the respiration of aerobic microorganisms, thereby accelerating the compost heating rate and making the temperature rise to a higher temperature, prolonging the high temperature period, increasing the pH, nitrogen content and seed germination index of the pile body, reducing the electrical conductivity and C / N ratio of the pile body, and improving the decomposition of toxic substances in the pile body, which is beneficial to improving the composting efficiency. The present invention aims to explore the effects of root controllers on the resource utilization of aquaculture waste, and provide a theoretical basis and technical support for the convenient and efficient utilization of waste. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0018] Figure 1 The temperature change diagram of each group during the composting process;

[0019] Figure 2 The graphs of pH value changes during the composting process of each group are shown;

[0020] Figure 3 The conductivity change diagram of each group during the composting process;

[0021] Figure 4 This is a graph showing the changes in seed germination index during the composting process for each group;

[0022] Figure 5 The graph shows the changes in organic matter content during the composting process of each group;

[0023] Figure 6 This is the graph showing the changes in total nitrogen content during the composting process of each group;

[0024] Figure 7 The graph of C / N ratio changes during the composting process of each group;

[0025] Figure 8 The graphs of changes in total nutrient content before and after composting in each group of composting processes are shown;

[0026] Figure 9 This is the appearance of the root controller. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0027] The invention provides a composting method, comprising: placing composting materials in a root controller for composting; the composting materials comprise crop waste and breeding waste.

[0028] As an optional embodiment, the crop waste of the present invention includes one or more of rice husks, rice straw and corn straw, more preferably rice husks. As an optional embodiment, the breeding waste of the present invention includes one or more of American cockroach breeding waste, chicken manure and cow dung, more preferably American cockroach breeding waste. The breeding waste of the present invention refers to various wastes generated during animal breeding, mainly including animal excrement and animal remains. The present invention can realize the resource utilization of crop waste and breeding waste, turning waste into treasure, which is in line with the concept of green development.

[0029] As an optional embodiment, the present invention mixes crop waste and livestock waste to obtain compost material; the carbon-nitrogen ratio of the crop waste and livestock waste described in the present invention is (20-30):1, or can be (23-27):1, and more preferably is 25:1. Setting the carbon-nitrogen ratio promotes composting. As an optional embodiment, the present invention adds water to the compost material to obtain a mixture, and the water content of the mixture described in the present invention is 50% to 70%, more preferably 60%. Setting the water content described in the present invention can promote composting.

[0030] As an optional embodiment, the present invention mixes the mixture with a fermentation agent to obtain a compost raw material. The amount of the fermentation agent added in the present invention is 0.1% to 1% of the mass of the mixture, or 0.3% to 0.7%, more preferably 0.4% to 0.5%. The number of viable bacteria in the mixture obtained after the mixture of the present invention and the fermentation agent is ≥ 1×10 8 CFU / g. The present invention does not specifically limit the types of bacteria in the fermentation agent, as long as they can promote the progress of fermentation. The present invention does not specifically limit the source of the fermentation agent, and conventional products can be used. The function of the fermentation agent of the present invention is to promote the progress of compost fermentation. In a specific embodiment of the present invention, the fermentation agent is a commercially available organic material decomposing agent of Shandong Baiwo Biotechnology Co., Ltd., and the number of live bacteria in the organic material decomposing agent is 20 billion / g. The organic material decomposing agent contains Bacillus subtilis, Aspergillus niger, Lactobacillus plantarum and yeast, and the fermentation agent also contains cellulase and protease.

[0031] The present invention places the compost raw materials in a root controller for composting. As an optional embodiment, the present invention has no special restrictions on the specifications of the root controller, and conventional products can be used. In a specific embodiment of the present invention, the root controller is cylindrical, and the specifications of the root controller are 70 cm in diameter and 100 cm in height. The present invention can also use raw materials containing small holes to make root controllers of different shapes according to the needs of composting. As an optional embodiment, the present invention places the compost raw materials in a root controller, and covers the top of the root controller with a film. The covering film can reduce water evaporation. In a specific embodiment of the present invention, the top of the root controller is covered with a plastic film. "Root control rapid seedling container", referred to as "root controller", is an innovative rapid seedling raising tool that focuses on regulating the development of plant roots and is widely used in the cultivation of flower, tree and various straw seedlings. There are no reports on the application of root controllers in composting research. The technology of the root controller can be traced back to Australia. Its design feature is that the side wall of the container adopts a concave and convex structure design. The protruding top of the root controller is densely covered with numerous micropores, and the micropores are significantly prominent to promote the healthy development of the root system. The root controller is made of polyethylene material with a tough texture, solid and durable. It can generally be used for about 5 years and can be reused.

[0032] The present invention utilizes a root controller for composting, aiming to provide a low-cost, convenient and fast composting method. Compared with other composting devices, it can maximize the resource utilization of agricultural solid waste. The advantage of using a root controller for composting is that it can effectively control the ventilation conditions during the composting process. Ventilation is an important parameter that affects temperature changes, moisture removal, gas composition, microbial activity and product quality during aerobic composting. Regulating the ventilation conditions through the root controller helps to maintain the oxygen level inside the compost, promote the active decomposition activities of microorganisms, and improve the composting efficiency. Conventional composting requires turning the pile to supplement oxygen. The root controller itself has a large number of micropores, so air circulation can be achieved without manual turning of the pile, achieving the effect of supplementing oxygen, which greatly reduces the workload of composting. In addition, compared with other composting reactors, the root controller is low in cost and easy to obtain, and has significant practical advantages. In a specific embodiment of the present invention, in the composting of American cockroach breeding waste, compared with CK, a root controller is used for composting. Since the root controller has many micropores and good air permeability, it promotes the group metabolism of microorganisms in the compost material, promotes the rapid increase of the pile temperature, and can make the pile quickly enter the high temperature period, and the temperature reached is higher and the high temperature period is longer; and on the 5th to 15th day of composting, the rapid proliferation of microorganisms promotes the decomposition of the pile raw materials, increases the pH and nitrogen content of the pile; coupled with ventilation, it promotes the degradation of substances in the compost, quickly realizes the maturity of the compost material, improves the seed germination index, reduces the electrical conductivity and C / N ratio of the pile, and improves the decomposition of toxic substances in the pile, which is conducive to improving the composting efficiency.

[0033] As an optional embodiment, the composting time of the present invention is ≥20 days, and can also be ≥21 days, more preferably 21 days. The composting environment temperature of the present invention is 16-37°C. During the composting of the present invention, the composting is terminated when the temperature of the compost body drops to the same as the ambient temperature and the kill rate of the pathogenic bacteria Ascaris lumbricoides eggs reaches 100%.

[0034] In order to further illustrate the present invention, the technical solution provided by the present invention is described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments, but they should not be construed as limiting the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0035] The American cockroach breeding waste in the following examples and comparative examples was obtained from Yunnan Jingxin Biotechnology Co., Ltd., and rice husks were purchased from Wanxing Department Store in Wancheng District, Nanyang City, a Taobao merchant.

[0036] The microbial agent is an organic material composting agent purchased from Shandong Baiwo Biotechnology Co., Ltd. The viable bacterial count of the microbial agent is 20 billion / g. The composition of the microbial agent is: Bacillus subtilis E1-12, Aspergillus niger MJ, Lactobacillus plantarum and yeast. The microbial agent also contains cellulase and protease (see "http: / / www.baiwobio.cn / product / youjiwuliaofushuji / 161.html").

[0037] The devices used are: root controller and PVC pipe; the specifications of the root controller are 70cm in diameter and 100cm in height.

[0038] Example 1 (i.e., Group T1)

[0039] The composting experiment was conducted at the Dali University Practical Teaching Base. The composting treatment method of the American cockroach breeding waste was as follows:

[0040] (1) Preparation of pile mixture: The test used American cockroach breeding waste and rice husk as raw materials, and the ratio of C / N was 25:1, and the weight ratio of the two was converted; the American cockroach breeding waste and rice husk were fully mixed to obtain a mixture.

[0041] (2) Compost preparation: Add water to the mixture until the material can be held in a ball and water seeps out without dripping (the initial water content of the mixture is about 50% to 60%). After the water content reaches the above requirements, a compost is obtained. The amount of bacterial agent added is 0.1% of the mass of the compost. After mixing, the fermentation raw materials are obtained and grouped as follows:

[0042] Place the fermented raw materials in the root controller and cover them with plastic film for composting. Figure 9 .

[0043] (3) Composting: Samples were collected on days 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35 after the composting process to monitor temperature, organic matter and nutrient content of the fermented material, and the destruction of insects, pathogenic bacteria, and Ascaris eggs. Composting was terminated when the compost temperature dropped to a stable level consistent with the ambient temperature and the destruction of pathogenic bacteria and Ascaris eggs reached 100%. Group T1 did not turn the compost.

[0044] Comparative Example 1 (i.e., Group T2) uses root control device and PVC pipe

[0045] The same as Example 1, the only difference is that the devices used are: a root controller and a PVC tube. The fermentation raw materials are placed in the root controller, and a PVC tube is placed in the root controller for ventilation. Specifically, the PVC tube is inserted into the root controller, one end of which exceeds the plane of the root controller, and the other end extends into the inside of the root controller. A total of 5 PVC tubes are placed, evenly distributed in the pile inside the root controller. Then cover the top of the root controller with a plastic film. During the fermentation temperature rising period, turn the pile every 2 days; after the fermentation temperature reaches the peak, turn the pile every 3 days until the composting is completed. Use a blower for forced ventilation for 3 minutes when turning the pile. The inner diameter of the PVC tube is 10 mm, the outer diameter is 12 mm, and the length is 700 mm.

[0046] Comparative Example 2 (CK) Traditional Composting Model

[0047] The same as Example 1, except that: the fermentation raw materials are piled and shaped into a strip pile with a triangular cross-section, the bottom width of the strip pile is 1m, and the height is controlled at 1m, and then covered with plastic film, and the film at the edge of the pile is pressed tightly with stones; the fermentation temperature is monitored every day, and the pile is turned every 2 days during the fermentation temperature rising period; after the fermentation temperature reaches the peak, the pile is turned every 3 days until the composting is completed.

[0048] The indicators and methods measured during the composting process of Example 1 and Comparative Examples 1-2 are as follows:

[0049] 1. Determination method

[0050] (1) Temperature measurement: Use a temperature sensor to record daily temperature data. Place the temperature sensor probe at the center of the pile for measurement. Read and record the temperature changes of the pile at 3:00 p.m. every day.

[0051] (2) Sampling was carried out at five points every 5 days, and sampling was carried out on the 0th, 5th, 10th, 15th, 20th, 25th, 30th, and 35th day of fermentation. Specifically, 250 g of solid sample was taken from each pile, naturally air-dried, crushed and sieved, and then the physical and chemical properties such as pH, conductivity, seed germination index, organic matter, total nitrogen, total nutrients, organic matter content and C / N ratio were measured.

[0052] Determination of total nitrogen, total carbon content and C / N ratio: Grind the air-dried compost sample and pass it through a 100-mesh sieve. Use a Unicube elemental analyzer to determine its total nitrogen, total carbon content and C / N ratio. The determination methods of pH, total phosphorus, total potassium, seed germination index, total nutrient content and organic matter content refer to: Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China. "Organic Fertilizer": NY / T 525-2021[S]. Beijing: China Agriculture Press, 2021.

[0053] The electrical conductivity measurement was carried out in accordance with the “Determination of Soil Electrical Conductivity” (HJ802-2016).

[0054] Data processing was performed using Microsoft Excel 2021 and SPSS 21.0 software for one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and multiple comparisons (LSD-t), and Microsoft Excel 2021 software was used for graphing.

[0055] 2. Measurement results and analysis

[0056] (1) Compost temperature changes

[0057] Depend on Figure 1 As shown in Table 1, the compost temperature initially increased and then decreased over time. Groups T1, T2, and CK all experienced a rapid temperature increase after composting commenced, entering a high-temperature phase (>50°C) after two days. The temperature of Group T1 was higher than that of CK during this high-temperature phase. Groups T1 and T2 reached their highest temperatures of 68°C and 65°C, respectively, on the fifth day of composting. The CK peaked at 58°C on the seventh day. The high-temperature phase in Groups T1 and T2 lasted for 13 days, two days longer than that in CK. Following the high-temperature phase, all three groups entered a cooling phase, with Group T1 cooling to room temperature on the 21st day, Group T2 cooling to room temperature on the 29th day, and Group CK cooling to room temperature on the 35th day. The composting efficiency was higher in Groups T1 than in Group T2, and higher in Group CK than in Group CK. Based on the evolution of compost temperature during composting, the composting process can be divided into three successive stages: an initial temperature increase, a sustained high-temperature phase, and a subsequent cooling and maturation phase. During the initial temperature rise phase of composting, the metabolic activities of various microbial communities release heat, thereby causing the temperature of the pile to rise. As the temperature of the pile gradually rises, the soluble organic components undergo a more in-depth degradation process, marking the transition of the composting process to a high-temperature sustained stage, effectively eliminating potential pathogens, insect eggs and plant seeds, ensuring the safety of the compost product and meeting hygiene standards. After a large amount of organic matter is consumed, the temperature drops and enters the cooling stage. Subsequent composting tends to stabilize and enters the mature stage. The temperature change trend of the present invention is as follows: the temperature first rises during the composting process, and the temperature gradually decreases after the high temperature continues for a period of time; in the experiment, the high temperature period of the T1 group and the T2 group lasted for 13 days, which was 2 days higher than that of the CK group, and the T1 group cooled to room temperature 14 days earlier than the CK group, and the T2 group cooled to room temperature 6 days earlier than the CK group, indicating that the use of root controllers can improve the composting efficiency of American cockroach breeding waste and improve the quality of the compost obtained.

[0058] Table 1 Temperature changes during composting in each group (℃)

[0059]

[0060]

[0061] (2) Changes in compost pH

[0062] Depend on Figure 2As shown in Table 2, during the composting process, the pH values of the CK, T1, and T2 groups all first decreased, then increased, and then decreased again, with the overall pH ranging from 6.4 to 7.4. The pH values of the T1 and T2 groups were higher than those of the CK group during the composting process. On the 15th day of composting, the pH values of each treatment group reached their highest point, reaching 6.96, 7.31, and 7.07 for the CK, T1, and T2 groups, respectively. Thereafter, the pH values of the compost decreased, reaching 6.41, 6.93, and 6.94 for the CK, T1, and T2 groups, respectively, at the end of composting. The T1 and T2 groups were significantly different from the CK group (P < 0.05). The use of a root controller for composting had a significant effect on the pH changes of aerobic composting of American cockroach waste (P < 0.05).

[0063] The active environment of microorganisms during the composting process is one of the key factors that determine the success of composting. Among them, the acidity and alkalinity (pH value) plays a vital role as a key parameter for regulating the microbial habitat. The optimal pH range for microbial growth is roughly between 6.7 and 9.0, while the ideal pH range during composting operations is 5.5 to 8.5. Maintaining the pH value within this reasonable range can significantly accelerate the composting process. On the contrary, if the pH value is too high or too low, it will have a negative effect on the activity of microorganisms, which may lead to a decrease in microbial activity or even complete inhibition. This acid-base imbalance will further lead to a series of problems such as slowing down the degradation rate of compost, producing unpleasant odors and a large loss of nitrogen, thereby affecting the overall quality and efficiency of the compost. In the present invention, the pH first decreased, then increased, and then decreased. In the first 5 days of the experiment, a large amount of organic matter was degraded to produce organic acids during composting, causing the pH to drop briefly; from the 5th to the 15th day, the rapid proliferation of microorganisms promoted the decomposition of a large amount of protein, thereby producing ammonia. This phenomenon indicates that there was no accumulation of organic acids caused by anaerobic conditions. The correlation between ammonia production and increased pH suggests that pH values in all treatments reached their highest levels on the 15th day of composting. Subsequently, enhanced microbial activity led to the production of significant amounts of organic acids, while the volatilization of ammonia caused pH to gradually decrease over the subsequent stages. This series of changes not only reveals the close connection between microbial activity and pH dynamics during composting but also reflects the complexity of biochemical transformations at different stages of composting.

[0064] Table 2 pH value changes during composting in each group

[0065]

[0066]

[0067] (3) Changes in compost conductivity

[0068] Depend on Figure 3As shown in Table 3, the electrical conductivity first decreased, then increased, and then decreased again until it reached a stable state during composting. The initial electrical conductivity (EC) of the CK, T1, and T2 groups was 4.43 mS / cm, 4.49 mS / cm, and 4.34 mS / cm, respectively. The EC of the CK, T1, and T2 groups reached its maximum values of 4.73 mS / cm, 3.77 mS / cm, and 4.52 mS / cm on the 20th, 15th, and 10th day of composting, respectively. Thereafter, the EC of each pile showed a downward trend. Compared with before composting, the EC values of organic fertilizers after composting decreased to varying degrees. At the end of composting, the conductivity values of CK, T1, and T2 groups were 4.03 mS / cm, 3.29 mS / cm, and 3.72 mS / cm, respectively. There was a significant difference between the T1 and T2 groups (P < 0.05), and both the T1 and T2 groups were significantly different from the CK (P < 0.05).

[0069] Table 3 Changes in electrical conductivity during composting in each group (mS / cm)

[0070]

[0071] The total ion concentration of compost leachate, or the amount of soluble salts in it, can be reflected by its electrical conductivity. Within a specific concentration range, the electrical conductivity of a solution shows a positive correlation with its salt content. Soluble salts in compost primarily consist of organic acid salts and inorganic salts, which are key factors that harm crop health. Specifically, the accumulation of soluble salts in compost can be toxic to crops, affecting their normal growth and development. If the electrical conductivity of livestock and poultry manure is too high, its application to soil may cause a sharp increase in soil osmotic pressure, leading to salt stress in plants. Conversely, a low electrical conductivity indicates a low ion concentration in the manure, reflecting a nutritional deficiency. This also negatively impacts soil quality and hinders the improvement of soil fertility. During the composting process, due to varying ammonia volatilization rates, the electrical conductivity shows a trend of first decreasing, then increasing, and finally stabilizing throughout the composting cycle. The optimal range for compost conductivity is 1.5 to 3.5 mS / cm. This ensures sufficient decomposition of organic matter in the compost while preventing excessive electrolyte levels that can lead to microbial overactivity, thereby ensuring compost quality and efficiency. The compost from group T1 of the present invention had a conductivity of 3.29 mS / cm, indicating good compost quality.

[0072] (4) Changes in compost seed germination index (GI)

[0073] Depend on Figure 4As shown in Table 4, the seed germination index of each group initially decreased and then increased throughout the composting process. From day 1 to day 5, the seed germination index of all three groups showed a downward trend. On day 5, the GI of each treatment group dropped to its lowest value, with the seed germination indexes of the CK, T1, and T2 groups reaching 34.37%, 27.47%, and 33.03%, respectively. From day 6 to day 35, the seed germination index of the three treatment groups gradually increased. The T1 group reached maturity (GI > 80%) on day 25, with a seed germination index of 84.43%. The CK and T2 groups completed maturity on day 30, with GIs of 82.65% and 89.97%, respectively. After composting, the seed germination indexes of the CK, T1, and T2 groups were 87.36%, 97.93%, and 94.47%, respectively, meeting the requirements for organic fertilizer maturity. The seed germination indexes of the T1 and T2 groups were significantly higher than that of the CK group (P < 0.05).

[0074] Table 4 Changes in seed germination index during composting in each group (%)

[0075]

[0076] Undecomposed compost may contain substances such as heavy metals. GI can be used to judge the toxicity of organic fertilizers to plants. It is a key maturity standard for organic fertilizers, and its size increases with the decomposition of harmful components in the fertilizer. In the early stage of composting, organic matter decomposes rapidly, producing a large amount of harmful substances such as ammonia, which causes the GI of the three groups of composts to decrease in the early stage of composting, and then the GI of a large number of toxic products decomposes continuously. The seed germination index of the treatment group with good ventilation was significantly higher than that of CK (P < 0.05). The results of the present invention show that at the end of composting, the seed germination index of the treatment group using a root controller for composting was significantly higher than that of CK (P < 0.05), indicating that the use of a root controller for composting can improve the quality of compost by providing good ventilation.

[0077] (5) Changes in compost organic matter content

[0078] like Figure 5 As shown in Table 5, the total carbon content gradually decreased throughout the composting process. At the start of composting, the organic matter contents of the CK, T1, and T2 groups were 71.74%, 72.96%, and 72.75%, respectively. From 0 to 15 days, the organic matter content in each group showed a downward trend. On day 15, the organic matter contents of the CK, T1, and T2 groups were 66.16%, 66.08%, and 65.32%, respectively. Thereafter, the organic matter contents of each group increased slightly before eventually stabilizing. At the end of composting, the organic matter contents of the CK, T1, and T2 groups were 65.62%, 64.66%, and 64.83%, respectively.

[0079] Table 5 Changes in organic matter content during composting in each group (%)

[0080]

[0081]

[0082] Organic matter is an important substance for improving soil quality and increasing soil fertility. Carbon is the main substance that provides energy and constitutes biological cells. During the composting process, total organic carbon is decomposed and utilized by microorganisms and converted into CO2 and humus. Therefore, the organic matter content showed a downward trend during this composting process. After the composting was completed, the organic matter content of the pile decreased to varying degrees. The industry standard NY / T525-2021 "Organic Fertilizer" stipulates that the organic matter content in fertilizers shall not be less than 30%. At the end of the experiment, the organic matter content of each treatment group was higher than this level.

[0083] (6) Changes in total nitrogen content in compost

[0084] like Figure 6 As shown in Table 6, total nitrogen (TN) content first decreased and then increased during the composting process. At the start of composting, TN contents were 1.82%, 1.84%, and 1.82% in the CK, T1, and T2 groups, respectively. TN contents decreased from 0 to 5 days in the T1 group and from 0 to 10 days in the CK and T2 groups, respectively. On day 5, TN content in the T1 group reached its lowest point, at 1.80%. On day 10, TN content in the CK and T2 groups reached its lowest point, at 1.79% and 1.72%, respectively. TN content in each treatment group subsequently increased, reaching its highest point at the end of composting, at 2.01%, 1.95%, and 1.88% in the CK, T1, and T2 groups, respectively. Significant differences were observed between the T1 and T2 groups and the CK group (P < 0.05).

[0085] Table 6 Changes in total nitrogen content during composting in each group (%)

[0086]

[0087] Studies have shown that the dominant factor for the increase in TN content is the concentration effect, because during the composting process, the mass loss rate of the compost material is more significant than the loss rate of nitrogen, resulting in the relative accumulation of nitrogen in the compost. At the end of composting, the total nitrogen content increased compared to the beginning. In the first 10 days of the present invention, the total nitrogen content decreased, which was due to the decomposition of nitrogen-containing substances and the volatilization of a large amount of ammonia in the high temperature stage. After high temperature, the reduction in ammonia emissions and the concentration effect produced by the gradual mineralization of waste materials caused the total nitrogen content to gradually increase from the 15th day. After the experiment, the TN content of the T1 group and the T2 group was higher than that of the CK, indicating that the composting method may be the reason for this difference.

[0088] (7) Changes in the carbon-nitrogen ratio of compost

[0089] Compost carbon-nitrogen ratio changes Figure 7As shown in Table 7, the overall trend of the C / N ratio continued to decline during the composting process. The C / N ratios of the T1 and T2 groups decreased faster, reaching maturity earlier. The C / N ratios of the T1 and T2 groups first dropped below 20 on the 30th day, and the C / N ratio of the CK group dropped below 20 on the 35th day. At the end of composting, the C / N ratios of the CK, T1, and T2 groups were 19.98, 18.95, and 19.20, respectively. At this point, T1 < T2 < CK.

[0090] Carbon and nitrogen are key elements for the growth of composting microorganisms. The C / N ratio of compost feedstock affects composting efficiency: a high ratio slows degradation and prolongs composting time; a low ratio leads to ammonia release, nitrogen loss, and reduced quality. A C / N ratio of less than 20 indicates compost maturity. By the end of the experiment, all three groups had C / N ratios that met maturity requirements. Group T1 had the lowest C / N ratio and achieved the best composting results, followed by Group T2. Group CK performed poorly, demonstrating that using a root controller can improve composting efficiency and quality.

[0091] Table 7 Changes in C / N ratio during composting in each group

[0092]

[0093] (8) Changes in total nutrient content at the end of composting by different composting methods

[0094] The changes of total nutrient content at the end of composting by different composting methods are as follows Figure 8 As shown in Table 8, the total nutrient content (TN+TP+TK) of each group increased after the composting was completed. The total nutrient contents of the CK, T1, and T2 groups before composting were 7.64%, 7.51%, and 7.09%, respectively. The total nutrient contents after composting were 10.77%, 12.01%, and 11.17%, respectively. After the composting was completed, the nutrient contents of the CK, T1, and T2 groups increased by 3.13%, 4.5%, and 4.08%, respectively, all meeting the requirements of the industry standard NY 525-2021 "Organic Fertilizer". During the composting process of the present invention, total nitrogen showed a trend of first decreasing and then increasing, and the total nutrient content increased compared to before composting.

[0095] Table 8 Changes in total nutrient content at the end of composting by different composting methods (%)

[0096]

[0097]

[0098] In summary, during the composting process of American cockroach breeding waste, compared with CK, the use of a root controller for composting can accelerate the temperature rise of the compost and achieve higher temperatures and a longer high-temperature period, increase the pH, nitrogen content and seed germination index of the compost, reduce the electrical conductivity and C / N ratio of the compost, and improve the decomposition of toxic substances in the compost, which is beneficial to the improvement of composting efficiency; however, under the condition of using a root controller, the use of a blower for forced ventilation did not further improve the composting efficiency, which may be related to the fact that the root controller itself has a large number of small ventilation holes and has a good ventilation structure.

[0099] Although the above embodiment provides a detailed description of the present invention, it is only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, not all of the embodiments. People can also obtain other embodiments based on this embodiment without creativity, and these embodiments all fall within the scope of protection of the present invention.

Claims

1. A composting method, characterized in that: include: The compost material is placed in a root controller for composting; the compost material includes crop waste and breeding waste.

2. The composting method according to claim 1, wherein: The crop waste includes one or more of rice husks, rice straw and corn straw.

3. The composting method according to claim 1, wherein: The breeding waste includes one or more of American cockroach breeding waste, chicken manure and cow dung.

4. The composting method according to claim 1, wherein: The initial carbon-nitrogen ratio of the crop waste and the livestock waste during composting is (20-30):

1.

5. The composting method according to claim 1, wherein: Before the composting is carried out, the method further includes mixing the compost material with water to obtain a mixture, and then mixing the mixture with a fermentation agent.

6. The composting method according to claim 5, characterized in that: The initial water content of the mixture is 50% to 70%.

7. The composting method according to claim 5, characterized in that: The addition amount of the fermentation bacteria agent is 0.1% to 1% of the mass of the mixture.

8. The composting method according to claim 5, characterized in that: The number of viable bacteria in the mixture obtained after the mixture is mixed with the fermentation agent is ≥1×10 8 CFU / g.

9. The composting method according to claim 1, characterized in that: After the compost material is placed in the root controller, the top of the root controller is covered with a film.

10. The composting method according to claim 1, characterized in that: The composting time is ≥20 days.

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