Design method for integrated mine loading road of dump leaching field

Abstract

The invention relates to a design method for an integrated mine-climbing road of a dump leaching field. The problems that a traditional mine-climbing road is too large in slope, the heap building space is limited, equipment is prone to damage, and potential safety hazards exist are solved. Comprising the following steps: 1, uniformly planning and building an integrated mine feeding road at the periphery of a dump leaching field, and penetrating units in the dump leaching field to ensure that an ore truck can smoothly transport ores to each dump leaching unit; 2, along with the gradual increase of the height of the dump leaching field, a gentle slope ascending road can be built in advance before the upper layer of each dump leaching unit is heaped, and the road is gradually lifted to ensure that the mine truck can be smoothly transported to the higher layer of dump leaching unit and does not need to occupy the space of the dump leaching field again; and 3, in order to ensure long-term stability and road quality, the roadbed and surface design of the road needs to meet the requirement of repeated rolling of the high-strength mine truck. According to the design method, the heap building efficiency of the mine truck can be improved, the service life of equipment is prolonged, the heap building capacity of a heap leaching field is improved, and the production risk of a mine area is reduced.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the field of mining engineering technology, in particular to an optimized design and construction method of access roads related to open-pit heap leaching technology, and specifically to a design method for an integrated access road for a heap leaching field. Background Art

[0002] For ores with low grade that are difficult to be processed by conventional mineral processing, heap leaching is an effective recovery method. It is currently mainly used to process low-grade uranium, gold or copper ores. [1,2] As a low-cost, high-efficiency, and green mining technology, heap leaching is widely used in the mining of complex polymetallic copper ores such as secondary copper sulfide ores. It has been widely used in countries such as the United States, Australia, China, South Africa, Canada, and India. Currently, more than a quarter of the world's finished copper production relies on this technology. [3,4] During the ore transportation process of heap leaching copper ore, the ore is usually transported to the heap leaching site by car pile building or spreading machine pile building. For car pile building, the traditional single mine access road design has many problems: (1) In order to avoid the single mine access road from occupying too much yard space, it is necessary to reduce the space occupied by the single mine access road in each yard by increasing the climbing angle. The large climbing angle causes the mining truck transmission assembly to be overloaded for a long time, which is easy to cause equipment failure and reduce the equipment integrity rate; (2) Since each pile building unit needs to build a temporary mine access road connected to the main transportation road separately, due to construction restrictions, it is difficult to ensure that the roadbed and padding meet the requirements. Under the repeated rolling of mining trucks and rain erosion, the roadbed sinks and the road surface is often potholed. The inconvenience of road maintenance will further shorten the service life of the mining truck transmission assembly; (3) From the perspective of production safety, the mine access road is usually connected to the mining area hub road, and there is a safety hazard of mining trucks and daily commuter vehicles mixing. The above problems directly restrict mine production efficiency and increase equipment maintenance costs. It is urgent to improve the mine access road system through optimized design to improve the efficiency and safety of pile construction. Summary of the Invention

[0003] The purpose of this invention is to provide a method for designing integrated access roads to heap leach sites. By optimizing the access road system, this method addresses traditional issues such as excessive slopes, limited heap leach space, equipment fragility, and potential safety hazards. This design method improves the efficiency of heap leach trucks, extends equipment life, increases the heap leach site's capacity, and reduces production risks in mining areas.

[0004] The specific technical solutions of the present invention are as follows:

[0005] 1. Integrated road planning and design

[0006] An integrated access road is planned and constructed around the heap leaching site, connecting all units of the site to ensure that ore trucks can smoothly transport ore to each heap leaching unit. The specific design includes:

[0007] (1) The integrated access road to the mine adopts an overall lifting design. Without increasing the transport distance, heavy vehicles can travel on a road with a slope of less than 8%, thereby reducing the climbing load of the mining truck and avoiding overload of the transmission system.

[0008] (2) Each heap leaching unit is connected to the integrated road through a "T"-shaped cross connection, ensuring that the ore truck has the shortest path when unloading in each unit and facilitating reverse slope heap construction operations;

[0009] (3) The road width must meet the requirements of two-way travel of mining trucks and leave enough space for other auxiliary equipment (such as bulldozers and graders) to operate;

[0010] 2. Multi-layer segmented mining design

[0011] As the height of the heap leaching site gradually increases, a gently sloping upward road can be pre-built before each heap leaching unit is piled up to the next level. The road is gradually raised to ensure that the mining trucks can be transported smoothly to the higher heap leaching unit without encroaching on the yard space again. The specific design includes:

[0012] The integrated access roads are layered according to the designed height of the stockpile to ensure safety and adapt to the overall structural stability requirements of the stockpile. The design divides the access roads into two main levels: the "main level" and the "sub-levels." The entire integrated access road system consists of two main levels, each typically 30 meters high. Each main level is further divided into "sub-levels" (typically 6 meters) based on the required height of the heap leach units. Thus, a main level typically consists of five sub-levels. The sub-level roads are planned and constructed in advance so that they can be gradually constructed and used during the heap leaching process. The slope of the sub-level roads is also controlled within 8%, and they connect to the base road via a gentle climb to ensure a smooth transition for trucks. This layered design allows the access routes to adjust synchronously with the stockpile's increasing height. Each level of road connects to the unloading platform, allowing trucks to unload directly uphill without requiring extensive turns or maneuvers within the stockpile, thus reducing traffic flow within the stockpile.

[0013] To ensure the safety of the road slope, construction of a second main level of access to the mine begins when the sub-level reaches a height of 30 meters. A safety platform is set up between the two main levels to serve as a buffer zone. This not only ensures the overall stability of the stockpile yard and reduces the risks associated with the steepness of the transportation route, but also provides safety for equipment and personnel.

[0014] 3. Road structure optimization and construction standards:

[0015] To ensure long-term stability and road quality, the roadbed and surface design must meet the requirements of repeated rolling by high-strength mining trucks. Specific measures include:

[0016] (1) Roadbed design: Use a high-density compacted soil layer or crushed stone cushion to ensure that the roadbed will not sink or sink under high loads. If necessary, a drainage pipe can be laid under the base layer to prevent rainwater accumulation and softening of the roadbed;

[0017] (2) Pavement material: Choose materials with strong wear resistance and high impact resistance (such as slag stone) to pave the road surface to ensure that the road surface remains flat and durable under repeated rolling of the mining truck;

[0018] (3) Slope protection: barriers should be set up on the outside of the road to prevent the road base from being washed away by rainwater or the slope from overturning by mining trucks;

[0019] (4) Design of signs and safety facilities:

[0020] To ensure that mining truck drivers receive clear driving instructions, a series of clear signs are installed along the road. The signs are required to reach the eye level of the mining truck cab (about 2 meters). Speed bumps, reflective signs and safety barriers are also installed at intersections and steep slopes to ensure safe driving.

[0021] The specific implementation plan is as follows:

[0022] The integrated access road design approach for the heap leach site was implemented in three phases:

[0023] Phase 1: Initial road construction and adjustments

[0024] 1. Road survey and planning:

[0025] During the initial heap leach site construction phase, a topographic survey and measurement was conducted to determine the layout and elevation changes of the heap leach units. The specific alignment of the integrated access roads was planned to ensure that all units could be connected to the main haul road via a T-shaped connection.

[0026] (1) Use terrain model tools to determine the best path to minimize cut and fill while avoiding encroachment on the yard space.

[0027] (2) The road slope is strictly controlled throughout the planning process and must not exceed 8%. Appropriate signs are set up in complex areas to remind mining truck drivers to pay attention to slope changes.

[0028] 2. Roadbed construction:

[0029] According to the surveyed and planned route, excavators are used to excavate and level the roadbed to ensure that it can bear the heavy load pressure of the mining trucks. During construction, compaction is carried out layer by layer, and the bearing capacity of the roadbed is tested regularly to ensure its stability.

[0030] (1) The first layer is a coarse-grained stone base layer, which is rolled multiple times with a roller to make the roadbed reach high density and high strength, ensuring that the mining truck is not prone to settlement after long-term rolling;

[0031] (2) The second layer is the drainage design layer, which ensures that rainwater can be quickly discharged through drainage pipes or gravel filter layers to prevent subgrade flooding;

[0032] 3. Road paving:

[0033] After the roadbed construction is completed, high-strength waste rock materials are used to pave the road surface to ensure that the mine truck can remain flat and free of potholes under long-term rolling;

[0034] (1) The pavement thickness is determined according to the tonnage of the mining truck and the traffic flow, and is generally paved with a thickness of 30 cm to 50 cm.

[0035] (2) After completion, the road surface must be compacted to ensure that there is no loosening or cracking;

[0036] (3) Drainage ditches are set up every 50 meters or so, with a width of 1-1.5 meters and a depth of 0.5-0.8 meters to guide the heap leachate into the designated collection system.

[0037] 4. Safety facilities installation:

[0038] Install reflective signs, speed bumps and signboards on major roads and intersections to ensure that mining truck drivers can get clear driving instructions at night or in bad weather conditions. By setting up obvious signs, the traffic accident rate can be reduced.

[0039] Phase 2: Layered road construction of main layer and sub-layer

[0040] 1. Increased yard height and layered road design

[0041] As the stockpile height gradually increases, the road will be raised layer by layer according to the design plan to ensure that the mining trucks can transport the ore smoothly. The entire mine access road layout is mainly constructed based on the expansion requirements of the heap leaching unit to avoid occupying the heap leaching area;

[0042] When the height of the first main layer of the heap leaching site reaches 30 meters, a second main layer access road will be planned and constructed in advance. This main layer road is connected to the sub-layer road below by a gentle slope to ensure that the mining trucks do not encounter excessive climbing problems when entering the upper layer road, thereby improving transportation efficiency and equipment safety.

[0043] 2. Layer-by-layer construction and dynamic adjustment

[0044] The roads on each main layer or sub-layer are directly connected to the unloading platform, allowing the mining trucks to unload the ore directly into the reverse slope of the stockpile, avoiding duplicate occupation of the stockpile space. Horizontally, the sub-layer roads extend along the direction of the newly built heap leaching unit. Vertically, once the heap leaching unit meets the layer height requirements, the construction and adjustment process of the new layer of access roads will be started in advance.

[0045] Before each construction phase, the road route must be planned in advance using equipment such as bulldozers and excavators to minimize the impact on normal production. After the new road is completed, its slope and load-bearing capacity will be tested, and safety features will be installed to ensure the long-term safety and reliability of the access road to the mine.

[0046] Phase 3: Road Maintenance and Expansion

[0047] 1. Daily maintenance:

[0048] Since the integrated road is designed for long-term use, daily maintenance needs to be carried out in a timely manner. When repeated rolling of mining trucks causes local settlement of the road surface, it is necessary to quickly fill the material and compact it to maintain the flatness of the road surface.

[0049] (1) The drainage systems on both sides of the road need to be cleaned regularly to prevent poor drainage during the rainy season;

[0050] (2) Road signs, guardrails and speed reduction facilities must be regularly inspected and maintained to ensure they are always in working order;

[0051] 2. Expansion and upgrade:

[0052] As the stockpile yard expands, the integrated access road will need to be extended and upgraded to ensure it continues to meet the production needs of the mine. The road expansion will maintain the original design concept, ensuring the slope and load-bearing capacity remain unchanged.

[0053] Beneficial effects of the present invention:

[0054] (1) Integrated, multi-level design: Through integrated road planning and layered upward technology, it helps to dynamically adjust and manage the access roads to the mine, adapt to the ever-changing needs of the mine, and ensure the smoothness and safety of the road slope.

[0055] (2) Extending equipment service life: By controlling the road slope within 8%, the slope and traffic capacity of the mine road can be ensured, significantly reducing the load on the mine truck transmission system, extending the equipment service life, and reducing maintenance costs.

[0056] (3) Improve the stockpile capacity and production efficiency: The integrated access road design can minimize the encroachment of the access road on the stockpile space, significantly increasing the ore accumulation and production efficiency.

[0057] (4) Safety assurance: large and small vehicles are separated to avoid the potential safety hazards of mining trucks and other vehicles mixing together. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0058] Figure 1 Plan of the integrated access road to the mine on the first main layer and the first sub-layer;

[0059] Figure 2 Plan of the integrated access road to the mine on the second main level;

[0060] Figure 3 Southeast isometric view of the second main level integrated access road to the mine.

[0061] Among them: 1- access lane to the mining area; 2- access road to the first sub-layer of the first main layer; 3- access route for ordinary vehicles; 4- access route for stockpiling equipment (including mining trucks, bulldozers, etc.); 5- units not yet built; 6- completed stockpiling units on the first main layer; 7- climbing slope; 8- access road to the first sub-layer of the second main layer; 9- access road to the second sub-layer of the second main layer; 10- completed stockpiling units on the first sub-layer of the second main layer; 11- completed stockpiling units on the second sub-layer of the second main layer; 12- safety platform between main layers DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0062] To better describe the present invention, a method for designing an integrated access road to a heap leaching site according to the present invention will be further described below with reference to the accompanying drawings.

[0063] In a large open-pit copper mine heap leaching site, ore production uses an excavator-truck process, and more than 85% of the ore needs to be directly piled by truck. Figure 1 As shown, according to the original design, trucks accessing the stockpile had to use Mine Access Lane 1, which was only 140 meters away from the stockpile. Within this distance, trucks had to climb 24 to 48 meters to reach the stockpile's unloading ramp for ore discharge. Each stockpile required its own access road, connected to Mine Access Lane 1. The traditional single access road design failed to meet production needs, resulting in frequent overloaded trucks, severe road damage, and inefficient ore transportation. Furthermore, the stockpile access roads occupied a significant amount of available heap leaching space, impacting the utilization of the heap leaching unit and further limiting production efficiency.

[0064] To solve the above problems, the mine decided to apply the "a method for designing an integrated access road to a heap leaching site" of the present invention to optimize its access road system and improve the stockpile capacity and ore transportation efficiency.

[0065] Implementation steps:

[0066] 1. Initial Survey and Planning

[0067] First, a topographic survey of the entire heap leaching site was conducted. Based on the survey results, an integrated access road to the mine was planned, and all heap leaching units were designed to be connected to the access road through a "T"-shaped intersection.

[0068] The overall road gradient is strictly controlled within 8%, ensuring no steep climbs, maintaining the safety of mining trucks and their service life. The road width is approximately 25 meters, accommodating the bidirectional travel of mining trucks and other equipment.

[0069] 2. Road construction

[0070] An integrated access road to the mine was constructed according to the design. The roadbed utilizes a high-density compacted soil layer to prevent settlement or damage under the long-term heavy loads of mining trucks. Once the roadbed is complete, waste rock is laid as the road surface and compacted multiple times to ensure a smooth and wear-resistant surface.

[0071] Speed bumps, reflective signs and signboards have been installed at key intersections to ensure that mining truck drivers can drive safely at night or in rainy conditions.

[0072] 3. Construction of the first main layer heap leaching unit

[0073] like Figure 1 As shown, after the access road 2 to the first sublayer of the first main layer is completed, heap leaching begins in the first sublayer. The route 3 for ordinary vehicles and the route 4 for heap leaching equipment (including mining trucks, bulldozers, etc.) are independent and do not interfere with each other. After heavy vehicles reach the corresponding unit, the integrated access road connects directly to the reverse slope unloading platform, eliminating the need for heap leaching and unloading. Light vehicles return along the original route.

[0074] Ore unloaded from the trucks is spread by bulldozers, with a single-layer pile height of 6m and a stacking angle of 37°. Heaping units are divided into two categories: unfinished units (5) and completed units (6). After one unit is completed, the next unit is built. Before each heap leaching unit is piled up to the next level, a gently sloping upward road is constructed. The upper heaping unit is set back 6m from the lower level, resulting in an overall slope of approximately 22°-24°.

[0075] 4. Heap leaching unit expansion and second-level road construction

[0076] like Figure 2 、 3 As the ore stockpile height gradually increases, reaching 30 meters in some areas, a second main-level access road is planned and constructed in advance. This second-level access road connects to the lower level road via a gentle climb 7, with the slope maintained at less than 8%, ensuring that the trucks can complete the climb before entering each unit.

[0077] The access road 8 to the first sub-layer of the second main layer can meet the requirements of the heap leaching unit in this layer. When the heap is completed in part of the heap leaching unit and needs to be built in advance on the next layer, the access road 9 to the second sub-layer of the second main layer can be built in advance along the side of the stockpile. Figure 2 、 3 As shown, access roads 8 to the first sublayer of the second main layer and 9 to the second sublayer of the second main layer lead to completed piled units 10 and 11 of the first sublayer of the second main layer, respectively. To ensure the stability and safety of the slopes of the integrated access roads, a safety platform 12, approximately 5 meters wide, is provided between the first and second main layers.

[0078] 5. Later road maintenance and expansion

[0079] Throughout the operation of the heap leach site, the integrated access road to the mine is regularly inspected and maintained to ensure that there are no settlements or potholes. The mine's drainage system is also regularly cleaned to prevent the roadbed from being soaked and softened by rainwater during the rainy season.

[0080] Implementation effect:

[0081] 1. Alleviate the problem of excessively high slope of the mine road, extend the life of the mine truck transmission assembly, and improve the mine truck's service life.

[0082] To address the problem of excessively high slopes on the loading and unloading yards for mining trucks, which can cause prolonged overload of the transmission assembly and lead to equipment failure, the integrated access road features a fully elevated design. This allows heavy trucks to travel on a road with a slope of less than 8% without increasing haul distance. The access road connects the various units of the loading yard in a T-shape, rising gently at an 8% slope. This ensures that the entire climbing angle during the mining truck loading process is less than 8%, reducing the load on the transmission assembly and minimizing damage caused by overload operation.

[0083] Since the integrated access road was completed and put into use, the average service life of the mining truck drive assembly has increased from 8,500 hours to 13,000 hours, and the drive system failure rate has decreased by 53%. This has improved equipment availability and reduced maintenance costs by over US$1 million.

[0084] 2. Solve the problem of mine access roads encroaching on the stockpile space and expand the stockpile capacity.

[0085] The integrated access road allows the truck to ascend a gentle slope of 30 meters after passing through the underpass. Upon reaching the corresponding unit, the access road connects directly to the reverse-slope unloading platform, eliminating the need for stockpiling.

[0086] Through the construction of an integrated mine access road, the yard can be expanded by a total of 1.8 million cubic meters, or about 4.8 million tons of ore capacity.

[0087] 3. It connects multiple storage yards, eliminating the safety hazards of large and small vehicles intersecting.

[0088] Currently, the integrated access road connects three storage yards. Mining trucks heading to the storage yards bypass the mine access lanes, avoiding intersections with other vehicles. Heavy vehicles exiting the mining area can directly access the integrated access road via the intersection, while light vehicles can return to the mining area via their original route. Other vehicles can continue using the mine access lanes, which run parallel to the access road. This truly separates large and small vehicles, avoiding the safety hazards associated with mixing mining trucks and other vehicles.

[0089] 4. The integrated access road to the mine is easy for daily maintenance.

[0090] The integrated access road is a permanent road built to higher standards than a single access road. Repeated rolling by mining trucks prevents the roadbed from sinking, making it easier to maintain, including surface leveling, drainage, and silt removal, demonstrating superior performance compared to a single access road. Furthermore, its wider space provides ample working and turning space for commonly used road maintenance equipment such as graders, bulldozers, and excavators, facilitating safe operations. Furthermore, the sufficient distance from the underlying road facilitates easier truck unloading and bulldozer construction during the construction and renovation of retaining walls.

[0091] By optimizing the access road system for open-pit heap leach sites, this invention not only significantly increases the site capacity and truck transport efficiency, but also effectively extends the life of the equipment and reduces safety risks. After implementation, this technology has provided strong support for the long-term stable production of the mining area and significantly improved the mine's economic benefits.

Claims

1. A method for designing an integrated access road to a heap leaching site, characterized in that: include: 1) Integrated road planning and design An integrated access road is planned and constructed around the heap leaching site, connecting all units of the site to ensure that ore trucks can smoothly transport ore to each heap leaching unit. The specific design includes: (1) The integrated access road to the mine adopts an overall lifting design, which allows heavy vehicles to travel on a road with a slope of less than 8% without increasing the haul distance; (2) Each heap leaching unit is connected to the integrated road through a "T"-shaped cross-connection, ensuring that the ore truck has the shortest path when unloading in each unit and facilitating reverse slope heap construction operations; (3) The road width must meet the requirements of two-way travel of mining trucks and leave enough space for other auxiliary equipment to operate; 2) Multi-layer segmented mining design As the height of the heap leaching site gradually increases, a gently sloping upward road is pre-built before each heap leaching unit is piled up to the next level. The road is gradually raised to ensure that the mining trucks can be transported smoothly to the higher heap leaching unit without encroaching on the yard space again. The specific design includes: The integrated access roads are layered according to the designed height of the stockpile to ensure safety and meet the requirements of the overall structural stability of the stockpile. The design divides the roads in the heap leach site into two main levels: the "main layer" and the "sub-layer." The entire integrated access road system is divided into two main layers, each typically 30 meters high. Each main layer is further divided into "sub-layers" based on the height requirements of the heap leach units. In other words, a main layer is usually composed of several sub-layers. The sub-layer roads should be planned and constructed in advance so that they can be gradually constructed and used during the heap leaching process. The slope of the sub-layer roads is also controlled within 8%, and they are connected to the bottom road by climbing a gentle slope to ensure a smooth transition for mining trucks. Each road layer is connected to the unloading platform, allowing mining trucks to directly unload materials uphill without the need for large-scale U-turns or movements within the stockpile, thus reducing traffic flow within the stockpile. To ensure the safety of the road slope, when the sub-layers reach a height of 30 meters, the second main layer of the mine road will be built, and a safety platform will be set up between the two main layers as a buffer area. 3) Road structure optimization and construction standards: To ensure long-term stability and road quality, the roadbed and surface are designed to meet the requirements of repeated rolling by high-strength mining trucks. Specific measures include: (1) Roadbed design: Use a high-density compacted soil layer or crushed stone cushion to ensure that the roadbed will not sink or sink under high load; (2) Pavement material: Choose materials with strong wear resistance and high impact resistance to pave the road surface to ensure that the road surface remains flat and durable under repeated rolling of the mining truck; (3) Slope protection: barriers should be set up on the outside of the road to prevent the road base from being washed away by rainwater or the slope from overturning by mining trucks; (4) Design of signs and safety facilities: To ensure that mining truck drivers receive clear driving instructions during driving, a series of obvious signs are set up along the road. The height of the signs must reach the eye level of the mining truck cab. At the same time, speed bumps, reflective signs and safety guardrails are set up at intersections and steep slopes to ensure safe driving of vehicles.

2. The method for designing an integrated access road to a heap leach site according to claim 1, characterized in that: The other auxiliary equipment includes a bulldozer and a grader.

3. The method for designing an integrated access road to a heap leach site according to claim 1, characterized in that: Each main layer is set with a "sub-layer" height of 6 meters according to the height requirements of the heap leaching unit.

4. The method for designing an integrated access road to a heap leach site according to claim 1, characterized in that: When designing the roadbed, drainage pipes are laid under the foundation layer to prevent rainwater accumulation from softening the roadbed.

5. The method for designing an integrated access road to a heap leach site according to claim 1, characterized in that: Choose slag stone for paving the road.

6. A method for designing an integrated access road to a heap leach site according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that: The heap leach site integrated access road design method is implemented through the following three stages: Phase 1: Initial road construction and adjustments 1) Road survey and planning: At the beginning of the heap leach site, topographic surveys and measurements are carried out to determine the layout and elevation changes of the heap leach units, and to plan the specific route of the integrated access roads to ensure that all units can be connected to the main haul road in a "T" shape: (1) Use terrain modeling tools to determine the best path to minimize cut and fill while avoiding encroachment on the yard space; (2) The road slope is strictly controlled throughout the planning process and must not exceed 8%. Appropriate signs are set up in complex areas to remind mining truck drivers to pay attention to slope changes. 2) Roadbed construction: According to the surveyed and planned route, excavators are used to excavate and level the roadbed to ensure that it can bear the heavy load pressure of the mining trucks. During construction, compaction is carried out layer by layer, and the bearing capacity of the roadbed is tested regularly to ensure its stability. (1) The first layer is a coarse-grained stone base layer, which is rolled multiple times with a roller to make the roadbed reach high density and high strength, ensuring that the mining truck is not prone to settlement after long-term rolling; (2) The second layer is the drainage design layer, which ensures that rainwater can be quickly discharged through drainage pipes or gravel filter layers to prevent subgrade flooding; 3) Pavement paving: After the roadbed construction is completed, high-strength waste rock materials are used to pave the road surface to ensure that the mine truck can remain flat and free of potholes under long-term rolling; (1) The pavement thickness is determined based on the tonnage of the mining trucks and the traffic volume; (2) After completion, the road surface must be compacted to ensure that there is no loosening or cracking; (3) Drainage ditches are set up at regular intervals to guide the heap leachate into the designated collection system; 4) Safety facility installation: Install reflective signs, speed bumps, and signposts on major roads and intersections to ensure that mining truck drivers have clear driving directions at night or in bad weather conditions. By setting up obvious signs, the traffic accident rate can be reduced. Phase 2: Layered road construction of main layer and sub-layer 1) Increased yard height and road layering design As the stockpile height gradually increases, the road will be raised layer by layer according to the design plan to ensure that the mining trucks can transport the ore smoothly. The layout of the entire access road is mainly based on the expansion needs of the heap leaching unit to avoid occupying the heap leaching area. When the height of the first main layer of the heap leaching site reaches 30 meters, a second main layer access road is planned in advance. This main layer road is connected to the sub-layer road below by climbing a gentle slope to ensure that the mining trucks do not encounter excessive climbing problems when entering the upper layer road, thereby improving transportation efficiency and equipment safety. 2) Layer-by-layer construction and dynamic adjustment The roads on each main layer or sub-layer are directly connected to the unloading platform, allowing the mining trucks to unload the ore directly into the reverse slope of the stockpile, avoiding duplicate occupation of the stockpile space. Horizontally, the sub-layer roads extend along the direction of the newly built heap leaching unit. Vertically, once the heap leaching unit meets the layer height requirements, the construction and adjustment process of the new layer of access roads will be started in advance. Before each construction project, bulldozers, excavators and other equipment are used to plan the road route in advance to ensure that the new road will have minimal impact on normal production. After the new road is completed, its slope and load-bearing capacity are tested, and safety protection facilities are installed to ensure the long-term safety and reliability of the mine access road. Phase 3: Road Maintenance and Expansion 1) Daily maintenance: Daily maintenance is carried out in a timely manner. When repeated rolling of mining trucks causes local settlement of the road surface, materials are quickly filled and compacted to maintain the flatness of the road surface; (1) The drainage systems on both sides of the road should be cleaned regularly to prevent poor drainage during the rainy season; (2) Regularly inspect and maintain road signs, guardrails, and speed reduction facilities to ensure they are always in working order; 2) Expansion and upgrade: As the stockpile gradually expands, the integrated access road to the mine needs to be extended and upgraded to ensure it can always meet the production needs of the mining area. When expanding the road, the original design concept must be maintained to ensure that the slope and bearing capacity remain unchanged.

7. The method for designing an integrated access road to a heap leach site according to claim 6, characterized in that: The pavement thickness is 30 cm to 50 cm.

8. The method for designing an integrated access road to a heap leach site according to claim 6, characterized in that: Drainage ditches are set up every 50 meters on the road surface, with a width of 1-1.5 meters and a depth of 0.5-0.8 meters.

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