Shed-cultivated morchella seedling hardening, stress resistance and yield increase method based on continuous ventilation in whole growth period

Abstract

The invention belongs to the technical field of agricultural science, and particularly relates to a greenhouse-cultivated morchella seedling hardening stress resistance and yield increase method based on full-growth-period continuous ventilation. The method comprises the steps that a waist air opening with the width of 10-15 cm is formed in the position, 1.2-1.5 m away from the ground, of a plastic film greenhouse, and a top air opening with the width of 50-60 cm is formed in the position, 3-5 m away from the ground, of the plastic film greenhouse; except for halving in the young mushroom cultivation stage, the ventilation openings are kept to be opened from the sowing time to the end of harvesting, and seam digging is conducted in the adult mushroom color changing stage to increase ventilation; the temperature of the part 2-6 cm away from the ground in the greenhouse is kept at 6-16 DEG C, and the day-night temperature difference is smaller than or equal to 10 Opportunities and standards for switching from the end of the spawn running period to the fruiting period are provided, and mushroom inducing water is sprayed to stimulate outbreak and fruiting. The method for early seedling hardening in the spawn running period, halving in the young mushroom period and seam digging and light supplementing by increasing ventilation in the adult mushroom color changing period is provided by utilizing the cold-resistant and impurity-resistant habits of the morchella esculenta, the high-yield main points are matched and integrated, the high-quality, high-yield and stable-yield probability is improved, and a followed yield increasing method is found for farmer households.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention belongs to the field of agricultural science and technology, and in particular relates to a method for hardening seedlings of Morchella edulis in a greenhouse, resisting stress and increasing yield based on continuous ventilation during the entire growth period. Background Art

[0002] Morels are a rare and valuable edible and medicinal mushroom, commanding a high price of 500-1500 yuan per kilogram of dried product. Artificial cultivation is a burgeoning industry in my country, experiencing rapid growth over the past decade. The China Edible Fungi Association reports that by 2024, the national cultivated area will reach 400,000 mu (approximately 1,000 hectares), with over 90% cultivated in greenhouses. Less than 8% is cultivated outdoors or under forests, and a smaller portion, approximately 2%, is cultivated indoors. The greenhouses provide shade, heat preservation, moisture retention, windbreak, insect protection, rain protection, and fertilization, corresponding to the requirements of light, temperature, water, air, insects, and fertilizer. Therefore, greenhouses play a significant role in morel cultivation and are essential for maintaining optimal growth conditions. However, due to the significant differences between north and south in my country, cultivation occurs at altitudes ranging from 50 to 2,500 meters. The cultivation period in various regions ranges from sowing in September to July of the following year, and greenhouse structures vary from single shade nets to double-layer quilts. Although morels are known to be cold-tolerant, moisture-loving, and aerobic, fruiting conditions vary greatly, with fresh yields ranging from 0 to 2,500 kg per mu. Furthermore, the quality of even the same variety varies widely. Even at high prices, 70-80% of cultivations are unprofitable. Even many growers with three to five years of experience struggle to generate high-quality, high-yield yields. Inadequate ventilation or improper greenhouse methods are key factors leading to reduced yields, spoilage, and ultimately losses. Maintaining high and stable yields is the dream of morel farmers everywhere.

[0003] Currently, ventilation during the fruiting period in China is intermittent. This intermittent ventilation system, seemingly based on wind speed and temperature, is open during the day and closed at night. This is time-consuming and labor-intensive to manage. However, if the vents are closed for 1-3 hours, young morels will gradually become tender, forming a tender layer in 7-8 hours. Opening them again is like a strong wind blowing against the tender layer, drying them out. After 5-7 consecutive days, dry, dead tissue will accumulate at the tips, becoming covered with a film and eventually moldy. After 15-20 days of germination, white or green mold will form at the tips. While some years, growing areas, and growers occasionally manage to avoid top mold at different times, some young mushrooms die from the airflow just as their primordia are forming, leading to a sharp drop in yield. Therefore, the death of young morels is not due to the closure of the vents, but rather to the wind blowing through them. Many growers often open the vents when temperatures exceed 20°C, resulting in widespread mushroom mortality or even a total crop failure. Some growers do not understand ventilation, which often leads to stuffy greenhouses and large-scale death of young morels due to white mold. Summary of the Invention

[0004] The present invention ignores superficial interference factors such as greenhouse facilities and climate, and accurately grasps the key to unstable production of morels, such as the weak and hollow tips of the ascocarps and the susceptibility to damage during the young mushroom stage. It uses the cold-resistance and weed-resistance of morels to propose ventilation and seedling hardening measures in the early stage of fungus emergence, cultivates robust mycelium, and only reduces it by half during the germination stage of young mushrooms. It then resumes production and further increases ventilation when the mushrooms grow and change color and are ready for picking. It also integrates high-yield essentials to improve the quality rate and the probability of high and stable yields, and finds a method for increasing production and efficiency that can be followed for growers.

[0005] The present invention provides a method for hardening seedlings of Morchella edulis in a greenhouse and enhancing stress resistance and yield increase based on continuous ventilation throughout the entire growth period, comprising the following steps:

[0006] (1) Open a waist vent with a width of 10-15 cm at a height of 1.2-1.5 m above the ground in the plastic film greenhouse, and a top vent with a width of 50-60 cm at a height of 3-5 m above the ground; the length of the waist vent and the top vent should be reduced by 3-5 m at each end of the greenhouse length;

[0007] (2) except for the halving during the young mushroom cultivation stage, the waist vents and top vents described in step (1) are kept open from the time of sowing until the end of harvesting, and the seams are opened to add light and increase ventilation during the color change stage of the adult mushrooms;

[0008] (3) Maintain a temperature of 6-16°C at 2-6 cm above the ground in the greenhouse and maintain a temperature difference of ≤10°C between day and night;

[0009] (4) Propose the timing and standard for the transition from the spawning period to the fruiting period, and use spraying mushroom-inducing water to stimulate the rapid fruiting;

[0010] Furthermore, the following standards must be met before spraying mushroom-inducing water at the end of the spawning period and the transition to the fruiting period:

[0011] Time: The nutrient bag discharge time is more than 30 days, and the temperature in the greenhouse is 10-16℃ for more than 10 hours per day;

[0012] Climate: The temperature outside the greenhouse is above -3℃ at night, and it is sunny for 5-7 consecutive days during the day with a rising trend;

[0013] Growth of the mushroom bed: The mycelium at the bottom of the nutrient bag turns brown and withers and no longer grasps the soil. The surface of the mushroom bed is covered with morel primordia and even a small number of young mushrooms the size of rice grains.

[0014] Furthermore, the waist air vents and top air vents in step (1) are both parallel to the ground.

[0015] Furthermore, the young mushroom cultivation stage in step (2) is the 3rd to 15th day after spraying the mushroom-inducing water;

[0016] The management of young mushroom cultivation stage is as follows:

[0017] Reduce the width of the waist vents to 5-8cm and the width of the top vents to 25-30cm.

[0018] Furthermore, step (2) further includes gap filling and light stripping, wherein the specific operation of gap filling and light stripping is as follows:

[0019] (1) The time to dig a gap is 16-20 days or later after the mushroom incubation water is applied. In a greenhouse covered with quilts, dig a gap every 5-6 meters at the connection point of the quilts.

[0020] (2) The gap length is ≥ 1 / 3 of the shed width and includes 0.5-0.6m extending from the top vent;

[0021] (3) The gap width is 10-20 cm and is fixed into shape by 3-5 iron wires.

[0022] Furthermore, the specific method for maintaining the temperature in the greenhouse in step (3) is as follows:

[0023] The temperature conditions are maintained by providing an average of 4-6 hours of sunlight per day through covering with perforated film, sunshade net outside the shed, and two-up and two-down quilts;

[0024] Furthermore, the covering film is a black or white film covering the mushroom bed, with a thickness of 0.015-0.03 mm and 4-5 ventilation holes with a diameter of 1.5-2.0 cm per meter;

[0025] The sunshade net outside the shed is a dense black net covering the outside of the shed film with a shading degree of 80-90%;

[0026] Two-raising and two-lowering quilt means raising the quilt to the top at 7-8 in the morning to increase the temperature and expose all the waist and top vents for ventilation and seedling training. When the greenhouse temperature reaches 16℃ at 9-12 o'clock, immediately lower the quilt to the bottom; raise the quilt to the top again at 2-3 in the afternoon, and lower the quilt to the bottom at 4-5 in the afternoon to keep warm at night.

[0027] Furthermore, it also includes sterilization of the greenhouse before sowing:

[0028] (1) Close the greenhouse during the hot season from July to September and raise the temperature to above 55-65℃ for 30-50 days;

[0029] (2) Deeply till the soil 20-30 cm every 15-20 days and apply organic manure in two batches before the first two deep tillages;

[0030] Furthermore, organic manure includes cow dung and sheep dung.

[0031] Furthermore, it also includes fertilizing and watering the bottom of the greenhouse after sealing;

[0032] Further, fertilization is as follows: after the greenhouse is completed, spread 500-1000kg / mu of special fertilizer for morels, and then plow and mix;

[0033] 2-5 days before sowing, water the soil thoroughly until the surface water reaches 3-8cm and the depth reaches 25-30cm.

[0034] After water infiltration, apply 30-40kg / mu of compound fertilizer with 15% nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, and sow after shallow plowing.

[0035] Furthermore, it also includes discharging the nutrient bags 7-10 days after sowing.

[0036] Furthermore, the composition of the nutrient bag is as follows: 50-60% wheat grains, 24-30% corn cob particles, 8-10% poplar sawdust, 3% soybean meal, 2% lime, 1% superphosphate, and 1% gypsum. Add 1.2-1.25 times the weight of the above ingredients in water and stir evenly.

[0037] Furthermore, each bag contains 0.7-1.1 kg, is sterilized at 100-110°C for 10-14 hours, and after cooling to 20°C, 2500-3000 kg of nutrient bags are produced per mu.

[0038] The invention provides an application of a method in producing stress-resistant and yield-increasing Morchella.

[0039] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following beneficial effects:

[0040] The present invention ignores superficial interference factors such as greenhouse facilities and climate, and accurately grasps the key points of unstable production of morels, such as the weak hollow tip of the ascocarp and the vulnerability of young mushrooms to damage during the germination period. It uses the cold resistance and weed resistance of morels to propose early seedling hardening measures, and integrates supporting high-yield essentials to improve the probability of high and stable yields, and finds a complete set of yield-increasing methods that can be followed for growers. During the 3-5 years of research and development and integrated implementation of the present invention, more than 500 mu of land have achieved a yield of more than 800 kilograms per mu of fresh mushrooms, of which more than 200 mu have achieved a yield of more than 1,500 kilograms per mu, with a maximum of more than 2,000 kilograms. This exceeds the yield of peers in the field by 300-500 kilograms, and the ratio of large, pointed, black-capped, and white-stalked high-quality mushrooms has increased significantly by 30-50%. The profit rate of growers exceeds 80%, far exceeding the 60% or more of peers.

[0041] Maintain high ventilation throughout the entire growth period to harden and strengthen seedlings. Reduce the temperature by half only during the vulnerable 10-12 days of budding mushrooms. During the mushroom growth and color change period, cracks should be removed to provide additional light and ventilation. Use external shading with 80-95% shade netting. The height of the net's upper edge should be adjusted appropriately with the expected fruiting season. Before the winter solstice, the net should be one meter from the bottom edge of the top vent. Thereafter, it should be gradually raised by 0.2-0.3 meters with each month of delay until the shade covers the greenhouse floor. Use three-water and auxiliary porous film to maintain humidity, preserving the morels' preference for humidity. Use a blanket with a two-step temperature adjustment to maintain a temperature of 6-16°C, ensuring cool conditions for strong seedlings and achieving dry cultivation while maintaining wet mushroom cultivation. A supplementary airtight greenhouse system is used to sterilize and kill insects. Organic fertilizer, three-element fertilizer, and bacterial fertilizer, combined with sufficient high-quality nutrient bags, create a nutritional foundation for high yields. Under the complex conditions of different climates, different regions and different growth periods, the seedling hardening is organically combined with high-quality and high-yield measures. The rate of miscellaneous fungi in mushroom beds and nutrient bags and the moldy rate of product tips are greatly reduced, the yield is increased to more than 800 kilograms of fresh mushrooms per mu, the rate of high-quality mushrooms is increased by more than 25%, and the unit selling price is increased by 100-150 yuan / kilogram of dry products, achieving increased production and improved quality, and ultimately ensuring improved benefits. The profit ratio has been significantly increased from the previous 30% to more than 90%. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0042] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the waist air outlet in Example 1.

[0043] Figure 2 Schematic diagram of the top tuyere and ground film in Example 1.

[0044] Figure 3 Schematic diagram of the spray belt and nutrient bag in Example 1.

[0045] Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the seam filling method in Example 1. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0046] Example 1

[0047] Facility preparation and shed disinfection

[0048] Choose a standard plastic film greenhouse with a thickness of 0.10 mm and a quilt that can be raised and lowered outside the film; before sowing, during the hot season from July to September, close the waist vents (such as Figure 1 As shown) and top tuyere (as Figure 2 Close the door of the shed, block the holes in the film, use the high temperature on sunny days to dry the shed, raise the temperature to 60℃, and maintain it for more than 40 days. Deeply plow the soil every 20 days, 30 cm deep, to kill pests and pathogens in the soil.

[0049] Among them, 2 / 3 of the total organic fertilizer is applied before the first deep plowing, and 1 / 3 of the total organic fertilizer is applied before the second deep plowing to ensure uniformity after plowing and to ensure that the organic fertilizer is decomposed at high temperature. Among them, 3,000 kilograms of organic fertilizer is applied per mu, which is herbivorous animal manure such as sheep manure and cow manure; if it is grain-fed manure such as chicken and pig, 280 kilograms per mu.

[0050] Land preparation

[0051] After the greenhouse is sealed, evenly spread the bacterial fertilizer, 750 kilograms per mu, and cultivate the land to mix the bacterial fertilizer with the soil evenly. The bacterial fertilizer is the "Yiyuan" special fertilizer for morels produced in Ningjin, Hebei.

[0052] Pre-sowing treatment

[0053] Four days before sowing, the soil in the greenhouse should be watered for the first time. You can flood the soil with water until the surface is evenly covered with more than 6 cm of water. The soil 30 cm deep can be waterlogged. After the water has seeped in, spread three-element fertilizer and perform shallow tillage. The three-element compound fertilizer refers to 35 kg of chemical fertilizer containing 15% each of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium.

[0054] Sowing and placing nutrient bags

[0055] We selected the Jizhu No. 1, 232 and other morel six-sister series varieties bred by the Yanshan Scientific Experimental Station in Qianxi County, Hebei Province, which have been approved by experts and used for many years. We selected 200 kilograms per mu of land, crushed them into corn kernel size and sown them on the ground, and then micro-cultivated to cover the soil.

[0056] Place nutrient bags: 2,500 kg of nutrient bags per mu, each bag weighs 1.1 kg. The formula of the nutrient bags is 60% wheat grains, 24% corn cobs with particles less than 1.0 cm, 9% poplar sawdust with particles less than 1.0 cm, 3% soybean meal, 2% lime powder, 1% superphosphate powder, 1% gypsum powder, add water to 120% of the dry material weight, stir evenly to absorb water and bag fully, sterilize at 110℃ for 14 hours, and then cool to below 20℃ before use.

[0057] Nutrient bag treatment: Use a knife to cut four incisions on the bottom of the bag, with a total length of 60 cm. Press the cut surface against the soil surface, ensuring that the cut is in full contact with the soil and there is no cut outside the soil.

[0058] Hardening and ventilation management

[0059] From the beginning of the morel sowing period to the end of the harvest, the waist and top vents are kept wide open, except for the 11-day stimulation stage of the young mushrooms when the waist and top vents are halved. The waist and top vents are kept wide open throughout the entire growth period; a natural airflow is formed in the shed from the low-position vents to the high-position vents.

[0060] Vent settings:

[0061] The waist vent is 13 cm at a height of 1.5 meters from the ground, and the top vent is 55 cm at a height of 4 meters from the ground. The adjustment is based on the following factors: film thickness and damage, quilt thickness and quality, and the intensity of wind and sand in the area. The waist vent and top vent are as follows: Figure 1 、 2 All shown are parallel to the ground.

[0062] Seedling hardening environment control

[0063] The first standard is to maintain the temperature of the greenhouse near the ground surface (4 cm from the ground) at 12°C when the waist and top vents are opened normally, and the temperature difference between day and night does not exceed 10°C;

[0064] Auxiliary facilities: Use a shade net with a shading degree of 85% to cover the outside of the plastic film; the upper edge of the shade net is level with the lower edge of the top wind outlet, and the lower edge is level with the ground.

[0065] In areas north of the Yangtze River or where the night temperature is below -5℃ for more than 10 days, quilts are still needed to help fight against high temperature, low temperature, strong light, and strong winds above level 7. Usually, when the night temperature is below 7℃, the temperature is increased by uncovering during the day and covering at night. However, when the night temperature is above 7℃, the temperature is reduced by covering during the day and uncovering at night. In areas or seasons where the night temperature is -5℃ (including ten days or less) or above, cold greenhouse cultivation without quilts is possible. Generally, two layers of small arched mulch are required, with a thickness of 0.02 mm. The mulch used to assist in spawning is usually black, while the mulch used to assist in fruiting (such as Figure 2 shown) are usually white.

[0066] The auxiliary mulch or greenhouse film for hardening seedlings must be perforated. The perforated film is generally wide enough to cover one mushroom bed, with five holes per meter and a 2.0 cm diameter. Perforated film is essential for high-yield greenhouses, but it can also be used in warm greenhouses with quilts to further enhance the protection of the facility.

[0067] Mushroom stimulation standards and timely stimulation

[0068] First calculate the nutrient bag (such as Figure 3The drainage period must be at least 30 days, and the temperature must be 10°C for more than 10 hours daily. Observe that the nutrient bags are full, the mycelium at the bottom edge turns brown and no longer grips the soil, and the mushroom bed produces a large number of transparent, millet-sized primordia in a thin layer. Also, observe the temperature: nighttime temperatures should be above -3°C, and there should be at least 5-7 consecutive sunny days, with the temperature gradually rising. Before this patent was issued, many growers were unclear about the standards for mushroom induction. Some caused induction to be too early due to low temperatures, resulting in ineffective mushroom production and failure to produce and grow in the expected 15-20 days, which would result in a large loss of nutrients and aging and reduced yields. Some also suffered from malnutrition of young mushrooms due to an insufficient spawning stage, which prevented them from differentiating and growing, or even developed abnormalities. Some induction was too late, resulting in mushrooms producing one after another, but not in a uniform burst, affecting yield and management. Some growers were eager to produce mushrooms early, mistakenly believing that the high temperature during the day was sufficient, but ignored nighttime insulation measures such as quilts, resulting in a temperature difference of more than 10°C between day and night. The young mushrooms could not adapt to the drastic changes, and ultimately died, reduced yields, or even no harvest. Some growers suffered no harvest because the mushroom bed temperature was too high or they did not ventilate the mushroom bed early. Some growers even failed to cultivate strong primordia due to neglecting ventilation and hardening. The primordia were white, tender, weak, scarce and powerless. They ignored the knowledge of the growth standards for mushroom induction beds and incorrectly implemented single temperature and humidity management or mechanical day operations, resulting in failed induction, high cost operations, and reduced mushroom production.

[0069] Spraying mushroom water to stimulate mushroom production is best done with a ground spray tape (such as Figure 3 (As shown) (5.0 cm wide dense five-hole ground spray belt, each length not exceeding 30 meters, and the distance between each other not exceeding 1.5 meters,) spray water for 40 minutes, and it is necessary to achieve an even accumulation of 4 cm of water and a depth of 25 cm of water stains;

[0070] During the extremely vulnerable period of young mushrooms (3-15 days after spraying the mushroom-inducing water, for 12 consecutive days), reduce ventilation by half: 6 cm at the waist and 30 cm at the top. At the latest, 15 days after the mushroom-inducing water is applied, choose a sunny day with less wind to expand the ventilation and restore the original ventilation. At intervals of 5 meters, dig out 15-20 cm wide top ventilation holes in the quilt gaps for direct ventilation, and extend the gaps by 3 meters to supplement light (such as Figure 4 As shown), prevent low temperature and strong wind from damaging the young mushrooms, and supplement oxygen and light to ensure the growth and color change of the young mushrooms.

[0071] Prevention of diseases and pests: On the second day after mushroom infiltration, spray the mushroom bed, film, four walls and roads with twice the amount of avermectin and high-chlorofluoropolyester used in farmland (twice the normal amount used in farmland, determined according to the drug label and concentration) to prevent pests at the same time.

[0072] The second standard is to maintain sufficient light every day. When the temperature is high during the day, you can raise the quilt for 3 hours each in the morning and evening when the light is low to increase the light. If the temperature in the shed is always above 6°C, you can consider peeling the seams of the quilt to fill in the light. When the quilt is lowered, the gaps provide light and a small amount of temperature increase to buffer the large environmental changes, so as to use as much light time as possible to improve the quality.

[0073] Filling in the gaps with light: Every 6 meters, create gaps in the quilt. The gap length should be at least one-third of the shed width (2.4 meters for a 7-meter-wide shed, and 3.4 meters for a 10-meter-wide shed). The gaps extend half a meter above the top vent, so the gap length includes the vent. The gap width is generally 15 cm and should not exceed 20 cm to prevent excessive direct sunlight. The quilt is usually secured with four folded wires to create gaps less than 20 cm wide. This allows light to penetrate when the quilt is covered, maintaining a basic illumination level in the shed and buffering against the significant fluctuations in the shed environment caused by the full raising and lowering of the quilt. In northern China, temperatures are low (below 6°C) during the spawning period, and light requirements are not high. Therefore, filling in the gaps with light is generally not required during this period. However, in the second half of the month after the incubation period, the young mushrooms have a high light demand and the temperature is also high. Filling in the gaps with light can help improve quality and assist in hardening the seedlings.

[0074] Watering the seams: 15 days after the mushroom-inducing watering, after the ventilation holes are restored, it is generally necessary to water the seams again to increase ventilation and light transmission. Evaporation increases, so timely watering is needed. It is best to use a ground sprayer to water for 4 minutes, ensuring that the surface 3 cm is moistened and the deep soil humidity is 80%. These are the three key watering methods for increasing morel mushroom production: bottom watering, mushroom-inducing watering, and seam watering, with seam watering ranking third.

[0075] Harvesting and second-flush mushroom management

[0076] Harvesting: After 25 days of hardening, when the young morels have darkened and the lines are more than 1 cm apart, they can be picked. Generally, large ones are picked, leaving the smaller ones, and darker ones are left, leaving the lighter ones. They are neatly arranged in buckets and taken out of the field to trim the roots and stems. Prompt picking ensures successful hardening. Normally, the harvest period for each greenhouse is 7 days, starting from the time the morels burst.

[0077] Second-flush mushroom management: However, due to factors such as low temperature damage, if the mushroom yield is less than 600 kg / mu 13 days after picking, second-flush mushroom management is required. First, remove the nutrient bags and re-water the mushrooms. Then, follow the normal management procedures after watering the mushrooms.

[0078] Experimental Example 1

[0079] In the greenhouse of Qiuxian Village, Daxing District, Beijing, the wind speed is 15 cm at the waist and 60 cm at the top. The wind speed is halved from the 3rd to the 15th day after the mushroom-inducing water is applied. Although there is a force 11 gale and high temperature of over 26°C for 6 consecutive days during the fruiting period, the average yield of 232 varieties of mushrooms in 9 greenhouses is 860 kg per mu, with more than 80% of the mushrooms being high quality.

[0080] Ten sheds in Xingge Manor District, Luan County, Hebei Province fully adopt this patented seedling hardening and supporting high-yield technology. The variety Jizhu No. 1 has an output of 1,010 kilograms per mu and an 85% high-quality mushroom rate.

[0081] Comparative Example 1

[0082] In Xinzhuangzi and Beiguan, Qianxi, Hebei, double-layer cold greenhouses were built to block waist and top winds, and ventilation was only through the top of the greenhouse on both sides. The greenhouse width was 6 meters and the length was 40 meters. A shade net was added to the greenhouse film to assist in arching the film when the mushrooms were growing. The average yield of the Jizhu No. 1 variety was 160 kilograms, and the rate of deformed mushrooms was more than 70%.

[0083] Beijing Daxing Black Iron Fortress Garden tested ventilation for seedling hardening: 40 unventilated sheds were damaged by high temperatures, and the harvest of the Jizhu No. 1 variety from each shed (eight mu of land) was less than 50 kg; 10 sheds with 80 cm top ventilation holes throughout the growth period encountered strong winds, and two batches of young mushrooms died, and only the third-stage young mushrooms grew, with a harvest of 230 kg from each shed; 19 sheds with 60 cm top ventilation holes throughout the growth period (the harvest was halved during the 12-day mushroom-inducing period) encountered strong winds and young mushrooms were damaged, with an average harvest of 620 kg from each shed.

[0084] In the control 10 sheds of Xingge Manor District, Luan County, Hebei Province, the high-yield technology of Example 1 was adopted, the Jizhu No. 1 variety was grown without hardening the seedlings. The vents were closed at night and opened at 10 o'clock during the day. A large amount of white hair and green mold appeared on the top of the morels, with an output of 780 kg per mu and a high-quality mushroom rate of less than 60%.

[0085] Maintaining high ventilation throughout the entire growth period, hardening and strengthening seedlings is achieved. The ventilation is only halved during the fragile 11-day budding period of young mushrooms. Light is added to the gaps during the growth and color change period to enhance ventilation. Three-water and auxiliary porous membranes are used to maintain humidity, preserving the morels' preference for humidity. A quilt is used to adjust the temperature to maintain a constant 12°C, ensuring a cool environment for strong morel seedlings. This allows for dry cultivation of the morels and wet cultivation of the mushrooms. A supplementary airtight greenhouse is used to sterilize and kill insects. Organic fertilizer, three-element chemical fertilizer, and bacterial fertilizer, combined with sufficient high-quality nutrient bags, create a foundation for high yields. Under the complex conditions of diverse climates, regions, and growing seasons, hardening seedlings is effectively combined with high-quality and high-yield measures. This has significantly reduced the incidence of contaminants and moldy product tips, boosting yields to over 800 kg of fresh mushrooms per mu, with the percentage of high-quality mushrooms increasing by over 25%. The unit price of dried product has increased by 130 yuan per kg, achieving increased production and quality, ultimately ensuring improved profitability. The profit margin has significantly increased from 30% to over 90%.

[0086] The embodiments described above are merely descriptions of preferred embodiments of the present invention and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention. Without departing from the spirit of the present invention, various modifications and improvements made to the technical solutions of the present invention by persons skilled in the art should fall within the scope of protection defined by the claims of the present invention.

Claims

1. A method for hardening seedlings of Morchella edulis in a shed and increasing production based on continuous ventilation during the whole growth period, characterized in that: The steps include: (1) Open a waist vent with a width of 10-15 cm at a height of 1.2-1.5 m above the ground in the plastic film greenhouse, and a top vent with a width of 50-60 cm at a height of 3-5 m above the ground; the length of the waist vent and the top vent should be reduced by 3-5 m at each end of the greenhouse length; (2) except that the number of waist air vents and top air vents is halved during the young mushroom cultivation stage, the waist air vents and top air vents described in step (1) are kept open from the time of sowing until the end of harvesting, and the seams are opened to increase light and ventilation during the color change stage of the adult mushrooms; (3) Maintain a temperature of 6-16°C at 2-6 cm above the ground in the greenhouse and maintain a temperature difference of ≤10°C between day and night; (4) Propose the timing and standard for the transition from the spawning period to the fruiting period, and use spraying mushroom-inducing water to stimulate the rapid fruiting; Among them, the following standards must be met before spraying mushroom-inducing water at the end of the spawning period and the transition to the fruiting period: Time: The nutrient bag discharge time is more than 30 days, and the temperature in the greenhouse is 10-16℃ for more than 10 hours per day; Climate: The temperature outside the greenhouse is above -3℃ at night, and it is sunny for 5-7 consecutive days during the day with a rising trend; Growth of the mushroom bed: The mycelium at the bottom of the nutrient bag turns brown and withers and no longer grasps the soil. The surface of the mushroom bed is covered with morel primordia and even a small number of young mushrooms the size of rice grains. Wherein, the waist air vent and the top air vent in step (1) are both parallel to the ground.

2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that The young mushroom cultivation stage in step (2) is 3-15 days after spraying the mushroom-inducing water; Among them, the management of halving the ventilation holes during the young mushroom cultivation stage is as follows: Reduce the width of the waist vents to 5-8cm and the width of the top vents to 25-30cm.

3. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that Step (2) also includes filling in the light by removing the seam, wherein the specific operation of filling in the light by removing the seam is as follows: (1) The time to dig a gap is 16-20 days or later after the mushroom incubation water is applied. In a greenhouse covered with quilts, dig a gap every 5-6 meters at the connection point of the quilts. (2) The gap length is ≥ 1 / 3 of the shed width and includes 0.5-0.6m extending from the top vent; (3) The gap width is 10-20 cm and is fixed into shape by 3-5 iron wires.

4. The method according to claim 1, wherein The specific method for maintaining the temperature in the greenhouse in step (3) is as follows: The temperature conditions are maintained by providing an average of 4-6 hours of sunlight per day through covering with perforated film, sunshade net outside the shed, and two-up and two-down quilts; The covering film is a black or white film covering the mushroom bed, with a thickness of 0.015-0.03mm and 4-5 ventilation holes with a diameter of 1.5-2.0cm per meter. The sunshade net outside the shed is a dense black net covering the outside of the shed film with a shading degree of 80-90%; Two-raising and two-lowering quilt means raising the quilt to the top at 7-8 in the morning to increase the temperature and expose all the waist and top vents for ventilation and seedling training. When the greenhouse temperature reaches 16℃ at 9-12 o'clock, immediately lower the quilt to the bottom; raise the quilt to the top again at 2-3 in the afternoon, and lower the quilt to the bottom at 4-5 in the afternoon to keep warm at night.

5. The method according to claim 1, wherein It also includes sterilization of the greenhouse before sowing: (1) Close the greenhouse during the hot season from July to September and raise the temperature to above 55-65℃ for 30-50 days; (2) Deeply till the soil 20-30 cm every 15-20 days and apply organic manure in two batches before the first two deep tillages; Among them, organic manure includes cow dung and sheep dung.

6. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that It also includes fertilizing and watering the bottom of the greenhouse after the greenhouse is sealed; Among them, fertilization is: after the greenhouse is completed, spread 500-1000kg / mu of special fertilizer for morels, and then plow and mix; 2-5 days before sowing, water the soil thoroughly until the surface water reaches 3-8cm and the depth reaches 25-30cm. After water infiltration, apply 30-40kg / mu of compound fertilizer with 15% nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, and sow after shallow plowing.

7. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that It also includes discharging nutrient bags 7-10 days after sowing. The nutrient bag composition is: 50-60% wheat grains, 24-30% corn cob particles, 8-10% poplar sawdust, 3% soybean meal, 2% lime, 1% superphosphate, and 1% gypsum. Add 1.2-1.25 times the weight of the above ingredients in water and stir evenly. Among them, each bag is 0.7-1.1kg, sterilized at 100-110℃ for 10-14 hours, and after cooling to 20℃, 2500-3000kg nutrient bags are discharged per mu.

8. Application of the method according to any one of claims 1 to 7 in producing stress-resistant and yield-increasing Morchella.

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