Solar cell and preparation method thereof, photovoltaic module, system, power utilization device and power generation device

Abstract

The invention relates to a solar cell and a preparation method thereof, a photovoltaic module, a system, a power utilization device and a power generation device. The solar cell comprises a first electrode layer, a transmission function layer, a mesoporous passivation layer, a perovskite light absorption layer and a second electrode layer which are stacked, the components of the mesoporous passivation layer comprise a mesoporous material and nitrogen-containing gas adsorbed in pores of the mesoporous material, and the nitrogen-containing gas comprises at least one of ammonia gas and organic amine gas. The solar cell has relatively high stability.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present application relates to the field of material technology, and in particular to a solar cell and a preparation method thereof, a photovoltaic module, a system, an electrical device and a power generation device. Background Art

[0002] Perovskite solar cells, which use perovskite materials as their light-absorbing layer, offer advantages such as reduced costs and increased efficiency, high low-light performance, and a wide range of applications, making them an excellent choice for the next generation of mass-produced photovoltaic cells. Perovskite materials are organic-inorganic metal halides (ABX3) with an octahedral structure. The raw materials are abundant and can be widely synthesized artificially. Perovskite materials offer several advantages, including high photoelectric absorption coefficients, long carrier diffusion lengths, and shallow defect energy levels, resulting in minimal photoelectric losses. However, perovskite solar cells suffer from poor stability, which needs to be improved. Summary of the Invention

[0003] Based on this, the present application aims to provide a solar cell capable of improving stability, a preparation method thereof, a photovoltaic module, a system, an electrical device and a power generation device.

[0004] The first aspect of the present application provides a solar cell, comprising a first electrode layer, a transport functional layer, a mesoporous passivation layer, a perovskite light absorption layer and a second electrode layer arranged in a stacked manner; the components of the mesoporous passivation layer include a mesoporous material and a nitrogen-containing gas adsorbed in the pores of the mesoporous material, and the nitrogen-containing gas includes at least one of ammonia and organic amine gas.

[0005] Without wishing to be limited to any theory, the above-mentioned solar cell is provided with a mesoporous passivation layer adsorbed with nitrogen-containing gas between the transport functional layer and the perovskite light-absorbing layer, which can slowly release the nitrogen-containing gas including the above-mentioned specific type of gas during the use of the solar cell. Since the degradation reaction of the perovskite material in the perovskite light-absorbing layer proceeds in a forward direction to generate nitrogen-containing gases such as ammonia or organic amine gas, the mesoporous passivation layer is pre-provided to provide a certain concentration of the above-mentioned nitrogen-containing gas through a slow release effect, thereby suppressing the forward progress of the degradation reaction of the perovskite material in the perovskite light-absorbing layer for a long time, thereby improving the stability of the perovskite solar cell.

[0006] In addition, the mesoporous passivation layer can also serve as a scaffold for the growth of perovskite crystals in the perovskite light-absorbing layer, thereby improving the crystal quality and thus helping to enhance the photoelectric performance of perovskite solar cells.

[0007] In any embodiment of the present application, the solar cell satisfies at least one of the following conditions:

[0008] (1) The particle size Dv50 of the mesoporous material is 50 nm to 150 nm;

[0009] (2) The average pore size of the mesoporous material is 10 nm to 50 nm.

[0010] In any embodiment of the present application, the solar cell satisfies at least one of the following conditions:

[0011] (1) The particle size Dv50 of the mesoporous material is 80 nm to 100 nm;

[0012] (2) The average pore size of the mesoporous material is 30 nm to 50 nm.

[0013] In any embodiment of the present application, the thickness of the mesoporous passivation layer is 90 nm to 300 nm.

[0014] In any embodiment of the present application, the organic amine gas includes at least one of methylamine and ethylamine.

[0015] In any embodiment of the present application, the components of the mesoporous passivation layer further include an ammonium salt precursor, which can decompose to form the nitrogen-containing gas. In this configuration, the ammonium salt precursor can continuously decompose to produce the nitrogen-containing gas during use of the solar cell, thereby causing the decomposition reaction of the organic amine cation in the perovskite material to approach an equilibrium state, thereby inhibiting the decomposition reaction of the perovskite material, thereby continuously improving the stability of the perovskite material, and further improving the stability of the solar cell.

[0016] In any embodiment of the present application, the cation of the ammonium salt precursor includes at least one of a methylamine cation, an ethylamine cation, a formamidine cation, a guanidine cation, and an ammonium cation.

[0017] In any embodiment of the present application, the ammonium salt precursor includes at least one of methylamine hydrohalide, ethylamine hydrohalide, formamidine hydrohalide, guanidine hydrohalide, ammonium carbonate and ammonium bicarbonate. It is understood that hydrohalide includes but is not limited to hydroiodide, hydrofluoride, hydrochloride and hydrobromide.

[0018] In any embodiment of the present application, in the mesoporous passivation layer, the molar ratio of the ammonium salt precursor to the mesoporous material is (0.1-5):100.

[0019] In any embodiment of the present application, both the transport functional layer and the mesoporous material contain metal compounds.

[0020] In any embodiment of the present application, the transport functional layer is a hole transport layer, and the hole transport layer and the mesoporous material each independently contain at least one of nickel oxide, cuprous iodide, cuprous thiocyanate and cuprous oxide.

[0021] In any embodiment of the present application, the transport functional layer is an electron transport layer, and the electron transport layer and the mesoporous material each independently contain at least one of tin oxide, zinc oxide and titanium oxide.

[0022] A second aspect of the present application provides a method for preparing a solar cell as described in any one of the above, comprising the following steps:

[0023] The first electrode layer, the transport function layer, the mesoporous passivation layer, the perovskite light absorption layer and the second electrode layer are formed in a stacked manner.

[0024] In any embodiment of the present application, the step of forming the mesoporous passivation layer includes the following steps:

[0025] mixing the mesoporous material and the ammonium salt precursor with a solvent to form a mesoporous slurry;

[0026] The mesoporous slurry is coated to form a film, and then annealed to decompose the ammonium salt precursor at least partially to form the nitrogen-containing gas.

[0027] In any embodiment of the present application, the preparation method satisfies at least one of the following conditions:

[0028] (1) The molar ratio of the ammonium salt precursor to the mesoporous material in the mesoporous slurry is (0.1-10):100;

[0029] (2) the cation of the ammonium salt precursor includes at least one of a methylamine cation, an ethylamine cation, a formamidine cation, a guanidine cation, and an ammonium cation;

[0030] (3) The ammonium salt precursor includes at least one of methylamine hydrohalide, ethylamine hydrohalide, formamidine hydrohalide, guanidine hydrohalide, ammonium carbonate and ammonium bicarbonate.

[0031] In any embodiment of the present application, the molar ratio of the ammonium salt precursor to the mesoporous material in the mesoporous slurry is (1-8):100.

[0032] In any embodiment of the present application, the temperature of the annealing treatment is 100° C. to 300° C., and the time of the annealing treatment is 10 min to 30 min.

[0033] The third aspect of the present application provides a photovoltaic assembly, comprising the solar cell provided in the first aspect of the present application.

[0034] A fourth aspect of the present application provides a photovoltaic system, comprising the photovoltaic assembly provided by the third aspect of the present application.

[0035] The fifth aspect of the present application provides an electrical device comprising at least one selected from the solar cell provided in the first aspect of the present application and the photovoltaic module provided in the third aspect of the present application.

[0036] The sixth aspect of the present application provides a power generation device, comprising at least one selected from the solar cell provided in the first aspect of the present application and the photovoltaic module provided in the third aspect of the present application. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0037] Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of a solar cell according to one embodiment of the present application;

[0038] Figure 2 is a schematic diagram of a solar cell according to another embodiment of the present application;

[0039] Figure 3 Schematic diagram of an electrical device using a solar cell as a power source according to one embodiment of the present application.

[0040] Description of reference numerals:

[0041] 1. Solar cell; 11. Transparent electrode; 12. Hole transport layer; 13. Mesoporous passivation layer; 14. Perovskite light absorption layer; 15. Electron transport layer; 16. Counter electrode layer; 2. Electrical device. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0042] The following detailed description of the embodiments of the present application is appropriately referred to the accompanying drawings. However, unnecessary detailed descriptions may be omitted. For example, detailed descriptions of well-known matters and repeated descriptions of substantially identical structures may be omitted. This is to avoid the following description from becoming unnecessarily lengthy and to facilitate understanding by those skilled in the art. In addition, the accompanying drawings and the following description are provided to enable those skilled in the art to fully understand the present application and are not intended to limit the subject matter described in the claims.

[0043] " range " disclosed in the present application is limited in the form of lower limit and upper limit, and given range is limited by selecting a lower limit and an upper limit, and the selected lower limit and upper limit define the boundary of special range. The scope limited in this way can be to include end value or not include end value, and can be arbitrarily combined, that is, any lower limit can form a range with any upper limit combination. For example, if the scope of 60-120 and 80-110 is listed for specific parameters, it is understood that the scope of 60-110 and 80-120 is also expected. In addition, if the minimum range value 1 and 2 are listed, and if the maximum range value 3,4 and 5 are listed, then the following range can all be expected: 1-3, 1-4, 1-5, 2-3, 2-4 and 2-5. In this application, unless otherwise specified, the numerical range " ab " represents the abbreviation of any real number combination between a and b, wherein a and b are all real numbers. For example, a numerical range of "0-5" indicates that all real numbers between "0-5" are listed herein, and "0-5" is simply an abbreviation for these numerical combinations. Furthermore, when a parameter is expressed as an integer ≥ 2, this is equivalent to disclosing that the parameter is, for example, an integer of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, etc.

[0044] Unless otherwise specified, all embodiments and optional embodiments of the present application can be combined with each other to form a new technical solution. Unless otherwise specified, all technical features and optional technical features of the present application can be combined with each other to form a new technical solution.

[0045] Unless otherwise specified, all steps of the present application may be performed sequentially or randomly, preferably sequentially. For example, the method includes steps (a) and (b), indicating that the method may include steps (a) and (b) performed sequentially, or may include steps (b) and (a) performed sequentially. For example, the method may further include step (c), indicating that step (c) may be added to the method in any order, for example, the method may include steps (a), (b) and (c), or may include steps (a), (c) and (b), or may include steps (c), (a) and (b), etc.

[0046] Unless otherwise specified, the terms "include" and "comprising" used in this application are open-ended. For example, "include" and "comprising" may mean that other components not listed may also be included or that only the listed components are included.

[0047] Unless otherwise specified, the term "or" is used in this application to be inclusive. For example, the phrase "A or B" means "A, B, or both A and B." More specifically, the condition "A or B" is satisfied if any of the following conditions are met: A is true (or exists) and B is false (or does not exist); A is false (or does not exist) and B is true (or exists); or both A and B are true (or exist).

[0048] One embodiment of the present application provides a solar cell, comprising a stacked first electrode layer, a transport functional layer, a mesoporous passivation layer, a perovskite light absorption layer, and a second electrode layer; the components of the mesoporous passivation layer include a mesoporous material and a nitrogen-containing gas adsorbed in the pores of the mesoporous material, and the nitrogen-containing gas includes at least one of ammonia and organic amine gas.

[0049] Without wishing to be limited to any theory, the above-mentioned solar cell is provided with a mesoporous passivation layer adsorbed with nitrogen-containing gas between the transport functional layer and the perovskite light-absorbing layer, which can slowly release the nitrogen-containing gas including the above-mentioned specific type of gas during the use of the solar cell. Since the degradation reaction of the perovskite material in the perovskite light-absorbing layer proceeds in a forward direction to generate nitrogen-containing gases such as ammonia or organic amine gas, the mesoporous passivation layer is pre-provided to provide a certain concentration of the above-mentioned nitrogen-containing gas through a slow release effect, thereby suppressing the forward progress of the degradation reaction of the perovskite material in the perovskite light-absorbing layer for a long time, thereby improving the stability of the perovskite solar cell.

[0050] Generally, the degradation reaction of perovskite materials during the use of solar cells is also slow. The present application slowly releases nitrogen-containing gas through the mesoporous passivation layer to cooperate with it, which can achieve a more lasting inhibition effect at a smaller usage amount of nitrogen-containing gas; at the same time, the nitrogen-containing gas is adsorbed in the mesoporous material, which can also control the concentration of the nitrogen-containing gas in a lower range, greatly reducing the risk of nitrogen-containing gas leakage.

[0051] Furthermore, the mesoporous passivation layer can serve as a scaffold for the growth of perovskite crystals in the perovskite light-absorbing layer, improving crystal quality and thereby enhancing the photovoltaic performance of the perovskite solar cell. In some embodiments, the mesoporous passivation layer and the perovskite light-absorbing layer are in contact with each other.

[0052] In some embodiments, the organic amine gas includes at least one of methylamine and ethylamine.

[0053] In some embodiments, the mesoporous passivation layer further comprises an ammonium salt precursor that decomposes to form the nitrogen-containing gas. This configuration allows the ammonium salt precursor to continuously decompose to produce the nitrogen-containing gas during use of the solar cell, thereby allowing the decomposition reaction of the organic amine cations in the perovskite material to approach equilibrium, thereby inhibiting the decomposition reaction of the perovskite material and continuously improving the stability of the perovskite material, thereby improving the stability of the solar cell.

[0054] In some embodiments, the cation of the ammonium salt precursor includes at least one of methylamine cation, ethylamine cation, formamidine cation, guanidinium cation and ammonium root cation. Further optionally, the ammonium salt precursor includes at least one of methylamine hydrohalide, ethylamine hydrohalide, formamidine hydrohalide, guanidinium hydrohalide, ammonium carbonate and ammonium bicarbonate. It will be understood that hydrohalide includes but is not limited to hydroiodide, hydrofluoride, hydrochlorate and hydrobromide. As an example, the ammonium salt precursor can be any one of methylamine hydroiodide, methylamine hydrochlorate, formamidine hydroiodide, formamidine hydrochlorate, guanidinium hydroiodide and guanidinium hydrochlorate.

[0055] In some embodiments, in the mesoporous passivation layer, the molar ratio of the ammonium salt precursor to the mesoporous material is (0.1-5):100. For example, the molar ratio may be 0.1:100, 0.2:100, 0.5:100, 0.8:100, 1:100, 2:100, 3:100, 4:100, or 5:100; further, the molar ratio may be (1-5):100 or (1-3):100.

[0056] In some embodiments, the particle size Dv50 of the mesoporous material is 50 nm to 150 nm. As an example, the particle size Dv50 of the mesoporous material can be 50 nm, 60 nm, 70 nm, 80 nm, 90 nm, 100 nm, 110 nm, 120 nm, 130 nm, 140 nm, or 150 nm. In some embodiments, the particle size Dv50 of the mesoporous material can also be a range consisting of any two of the above-mentioned point values ​​as end values, such as 80 nm to 150 nm or 80 nm to 100 nm, and similarly hereinafter. The particle size Dv50 of the mesoporous material within the above-mentioned range can provide the mesoporous passivation layer with suitable pores, thereby further facilitating the growth of perovskite crystals in the mesoporous passivation layer when a perovskite light-absorbing layer is formed on the mesoporous passivation layer, improving the quality of the perovskite crystals, and thus further enhancing the photoelectric performance of the perovskite solar cell.

[0057] Particle size Dv50 is well known in the art and can be measured using methods known in the art. For example, it can be measured using a laser particle size analyzer (e.g., Malvern Master Size 3000). Dv50 represents the particle size at which the cumulative volume percentage of particles, starting from the smallest particle size, reaches 50%, based on the particle size volume distribution.

[0058] Particle size and volume distribution can be determined by the following method: Add an appropriate amount of the sample to be tested to a clean beaker and thoroughly sonicate to ensure complete dispersion. The test instrument is a Malvern 2000 (USA). The sample is poured into the injection tower and then circulated with the solution into the test optical system. The particles are illuminated by a laser beam, and the energy distribution of the scattered light is measured to determine the particle size distribution (shading degree: 8-12%). A particle size and volume distribution graph is then plotted based on the test data.

[0059] In some embodiments, the average pore size of the mesoporous material is 10 nm to 50 nm. As an example, the average pore size of the mesoporous material can be 10 nm, 15 nm, 20 nm, 25 nm, 30 nm, 35 nm, 40 nm, 45 nm, or 50 nm. In some embodiments, the average pore size of the mesoporous material can also be a range consisting of any two of the above-mentioned point values ​​as end values, for example, 20 nm to 50 nm, 30 nm to 50 nm, 30 nm to 45 nm, or 20 nm to 40 nm. Within this preferred range, the nitrogen-containing gas can be well adsorbed therein to reach an appropriate content, and can also have an appropriate sustained-release effect.

[0060] In some embodiments, the thickness of the mesoporous passivation layer is 90 nm to 300 nm, further 90 nm to 200 nm, and further 100 nm to 200 nm. By way of example, the thickness of the mesoporous passivation layer can be 90 nm, 100 nm, 120 nm, 150 nm, 160 nm, 170 nm, 180 nm, 190 nm, 200 nm, 220 nm, 250 nm, 260 nm, 280 nm, or 300 nm. In some embodiments, the thickness of the mesoporous passivation layer can also be a range consisting of any two of the aforementioned values ​​as endpoints.

[0061] In some embodiments, the thickness of the perovskite light absorbing layer is 400 nm to 1000 nm. As an example, the thickness of the perovskite light absorbing layer is 400 nm, 500 nm, 600 nm, 700 nm, 800 nm, 900 nm, or 1000 nm; optionally, 400 nm to 600 nm.

[0062] Furthermore, the ratio of the thickness of the mesoporous passivation layer to the thickness of the perovskite light-absorbing layer is (1-6):10. As an example, the thickness ratio can be 1:10, 1.5:10, 2:10, 3:10, 4:10, 5:10, or 6:10. Under this ratio, the mesoporous passivation layer can improve the crystallization of the perovskite while not being too thick to hinder hole transport, nor too thin to have no effect on improving stability. It can be understood that when the mesoporous passivation layer serves as a scaffold for the growth of perovskite crystals in the perovskite light-absorbing layer and a perovskite material is also formed in the mesoporous passivation layer, the thickness of the perovskite light-absorbing layer includes the thickness of the perovskite material grown in the mesoporous passivation layer.

[0063] In some embodiments, both the transport layer and the mesoporous material contain metal compounds. Metal compounds used as the transport layer can be formed using processes such as PVD (physical vapor deposition), CVD (chemical vapor deposition), and ALD (atomic deposition), facilitating industrial production. Alternatively, nanoparticle solution spin coating and sol-gel methods can be used. Furthermore, the transport layer can have a thickness of 20 nm to 50 nm. For example, the thickness can be 20 nm, 30 nm, 40 nm, or 50 nm.

[0064] In some embodiments, the transport functional layer may be a hole transport layer or an electron transport layer.

[0065] In some embodiments, the transport functional layer in contact with or close to the mesoporous passivation layer is a first transport functional layer, and the solar cell further includes a second transport functional layer. One of the first transport functional layer and the second transport functional layer is a hole transport layer, and the other is an electron transport layer.

[0066] In some embodiments, the solar cell includes a first electrode layer, a hole transport layer, a perovskite light absorption layer, an electron transport layer, and a second electrode layer that are stacked, and further includes a mesoporous passivation layer.

[0067] In some embodiments, the mesoporous passivation layer is only disposed between the hole transport layer and the perovskite light absorbing layer, but not between the electron transport layer and the perovskite light absorbing layer.

[0068] Furthermore, the material of the electron transport layer may include at least one of the following materials and their derivatives or doped and passivated materials: [6,6]-phenyl C61 butyric acid methyl ester (PC61BM), [6,6]-phenyl C71 butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM), fullerene and its derivatives, etc.

[0069] In other embodiments, the mesoporous passivation layer is only disposed between the electron transport layer and the perovskite light absorbing layer, while no mesoporous passivation layer is disposed between the hole transport layer and the perovskite light absorbing layer.

[0070] In other embodiments, the mesoporous passivation layer is disposed between the hole transport layer and the perovskite light absorbing layer, and between the electron transport layer and the perovskite light absorbing layer. In other words, the solar cell comprises a stacked first electrode layer, a hole transport layer, a first mesoporous passivation layer, a perovskite light absorbing layer, a second mesoporous passivation layer, an electron transport layer, and a second electrode layer.

[0071] Furthermore, the mesoporous passivation layer and the functional transport layer in contact with it can transport the same carriers; for example, if the functional transport layer in contact with the mesoporous passivation layer is a hole transport layer, then the mesoporous material in the mesoporous passivation layer is also a hole transport material or other material for transporting holes.

[0072] In some embodiments, the transport functional layer in contact with the mesoporous passivation layer is a hole transport layer. The hole transport layer and the mesoporous material each independently comprise a metal compound, including but not limited to metal oxides, metal halides, and metal thiocyanates. For example, hole-transporting metal compounds include but are not limited to at least one of nickel oxide NiOx (1≤x≤2), cuprous iodide, cuprous thiocyanate, and cuprous oxide. These hole-transporting metal compounds, when used as hole transport layers and in direct contact with the perovskite material, may more or less promote degradation of the perovskite material. Therefore, a mesoporous passivation layer adsorbed with nitrogen-containing gas is disposed between the hole transport layer and the perovskite light-absorbing layer to inhibit degradation of the perovskite material. In other embodiments, the hole transport layer in contact with the mesoporous passivation layer is also composed of a material other than a metal compound, such as acidic PEDOT:PSS. Disposing a mesoporous passivation layer on the hole transport layer formed of this material can also solve the problem of inhibiting perovskite material degradation.

[0073] It is understood that the hole transport layer and the mesoporous material may be at least one of nickel oxide NiOx (1≤x≤2) and cuprous oxide, and may also include other hole transport materials; for example, the mesoporous material also includes other mesoporous hole transport materials.

[0074] Taking nickel oxide as a hole transport layer as an example, the high-valent nickel ions (nickel valence ≥ +3) in the bulk of nickel oxide help improve its hole mobility. However, the high-valent nickel at the interface with the perovskite light-absorbing layer is prone to redox reactions with the perovskite material, causing continuous degradation of the perovskite, seriously affecting the device's service life. Therefore, by providing a mesoporous passivation layer adsorbed with nitrogen-containing gas between the hole transport layer and the perovskite light-absorbing layer, it is possible to achieve both the high hole mobility of nickel oxide and the degradation of the perovskite material, thereby extending the service life of the solar cell and improving the photoelectric performance stability of the perovskite solar cell.

[0075] Furthermore, the mesoporous material in the mesoporous passivation layer may be mesoporous nickel oxide.

[0076] In other embodiments, the transport functional layer in contact with the mesoporous passivation layer is an electron transport layer, and the electron transport layer and the mesoporous material each independently contain a metal compound capable of transporting electrons, such as at least one of tin oxide and titanium oxide. These metal compounds capable of transporting electrons, when used as electron transport layers and in direct contact with the perovskite material, may more or less promote degradation of the perovskite material. Therefore, a mesoporous passivation layer adsorbed with nitrogen-containing gas is provided between the electron transport layer and the perovskite light-absorbing layer to inhibit degradation of the perovskite material.

[0077] It is understood that the electron transport layer and the mesoporous material may be at least one of tin oxide, zinc oxide and titanium oxide, and may also include other electron transport materials; for example, the mesoporous material also includes other mesoporous electron transport materials.

[0078] It is understandable that the types of the metal compounds in the transport functional layer and the mesoporous passivation layer may be the same, different, or partially different.

[0079] Furthermore, the transport functional layer is a dense functional layer relative to the mesoporous passivation layer. In other words, the porosity of the transport functional layer is less than the porosity of the mesoporous passivation layer. As an example, the transport functional layer can be formed using a magnetron sputtering process, while the mesoporous passivation layer can be formed using a slurry coating method.

[0080] Optionally, the solar cell may further include an electron blocking layer between the first electrode layer and the hole transport layer. The material of the electron blocking layer may be a known material.

[0081] Optionally, the solar cell may further include a hole blocking layer between the second electrode layer and the electron transport layer. The material of the hole blocking layer may include, but is not limited to, BCP (2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline).

[0082] It is understandable that corresponding modification layers may be provided between the layers in the above solar cell, which will not be described in detail here.

[0083] The perovskite light-absorbing layer can be prepared using commonly used methods in the art, including but not limited to sol-gel methods, coating, and multi-source co-evaporation. Coating methods include, but are not limited to, spin coating, slit coating, brush coating, wipe coating, doctor blade coating, screen coating, and spray coating. Furthermore, the perovskite light-absorbing layer is a three-dimensional perovskite thin film.

[0084] In some examples, the method for preparing the above-mentioned perovskite light-absorbing layer includes the following steps: mixing material A, BX2 and a solvent to prepare a perovskite precursor solution; then coating the perovskite precursor solution on a corresponding substrate, annealing, and obtaining the perovskite light-absorbing layer.

[0085] In some embodiments, the band gap of the perovskite light absorbing layer is between 1.20 eV and 2.30 eV.

[0086] In some embodiments, the perovskite light-absorbing layer comprises a perovskite material. The general formula of the perovskite material is ABX3 or A2CDX6, where the A ion is a monovalent cation, the B ion is a divalent metal cation, the C ion is a monovalent metal cation, the D ion is a trivalent metal cation, and the X ion is a monovalent anion.

[0087] Optionally, the A ion is a monovalent cation with a larger radius, including at least one of an organic cation and a metal cation. More preferably, the organic cation includes an organic amine ion, a carboxamidino group (HC(NH2)2 + , FA) and at least one of an imidazole group; more optionally, the metal cation includes Li + 、Na + , K + , Rb + and Cs + Further, the organic amine ion includes methylamine (CH3NH3 + , MA), at least one of ethylamino, propylamino, butylamino, pentylamino and hexylamino.

[0088] Optionally, the B ions include Pb 2+ 、Sn 2+ 、Be 2+ Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ 、Sr 2+ 、Ba 2+ 、Zn 2+ 、Ge 2+ 、Fe 2+ 、Co 2+ 、Cu 2+ and Ni 2+ More preferably, the B ions include Pb 2+ and Sn 2+ One or both of .

[0089] Optionally, the C ions include Cs + 、Ag + , K + Ru + At least one of .

[0090] Optionally, the D ions include Bi 3+ 、Ni 3+ 、Fe 3+ and Cu 3+ At least one of;

[0091] Optionally, the X ions include F- 、Cl - Br - and I - At least one of; Optionally, the X ions include Cl - Br - and I - At least one of .

[0092] It is understood that the perovskite material in the above-mentioned perovskite light absorbing layer can be selected from at least one of CsFAPbX3, CsMAPbX3, CsFAMAPbX3, CsPbX3, MAPbX3, FAPbX3, CsFAPbSnX3, CsMAPbSnX3, CsFAMAPbSnX3, CsPbSnX3, MAPbSnX3, and FAPbSnX3. Further, as an example, the perovskite material in the above-mentioned perovskite light absorbing layer can be selected from at least one of CsFAPbI3, CsPbI3, and FAPbI3.

[0093] As an example, the general formula of perovskite materials is as follows: Cs a FA b MA c Pb d Sn e I f Br g , among them, a=0~0.05, b=0.8~0.95, c=0~0.1, d=0.5~1, e=0~0.5, f=2.0~3, g=0~1, a+b+c=1, d+e=1, f+g=3.

[0094] The electrode materials of the first electrode layer and the second electrode layer are organic, inorganic, or organic-inorganic hybrid conductive materials, including but not limited to the following materials: metal materials such as Ag, Cu, C, Au, Al, and at least one of transparent conductive metal oxides such as FTO (fluorine-doped tin oxide), ITO (indium tin oxide), AZO (aluminum-doped zinc oxide), BZO (boron-doped zinc oxide), and IZO (indium zinc oxide).

[0095] It is understandable that in order to enable light to be effectively transmitted to the perovskite light-absorbing layer, at least one of the first electrode layer and the second electrode layer in the solar cell is set as a transparent electrode, and the other is a counter electrode layer.

[0096] It can be understood that the solar cell includes a regular structure and a transverse structure in terms of structure. Optionally, one of the first electrode layer and the second electrode layer is a transparent electrode; the other can be a counter electrode layer.

[0097] The transparent electrode can be a transparent conductive metal oxide electrode. Examples of transparent electrode materials include transparent conductive glass such as FTO (fluorine-doped tin oxide), ITO (indium tin oxide), AZO (aluminum-doped zinc oxide), BZO (boron-doped zinc oxide), and IZO (indium zinc oxide). It is understood that in addition to glass as a substrate, transparent electrodes can also utilize transparent flexible substrates. Specifically, the transparent flexible substrate can be made of an organic polymer material, which can be a mixture of one or more of the following materials in varying proportions: polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyester (PET), polyimide (PI), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS).

[0098] The material of the counter electrode layer includes, but is not limited to, an organic material, an inorganic material, or a conductive material obtained by mixing organic and inorganic materials in different proportions.

[0099] Furthermore, the counter electrode layer is a metal electrode. Metallic conductive materials for the counter electrode layer include, but are not limited to, gold (Au), silver (Ag), copper (Cu), aluminum (Al), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), bismuth (Bi), platinum (Pt), magnesium (Mg), or mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, the counter electrode layer may also be a transparent electrode.

[0100] For the trans structure, as a non-limiting example, Figure 1 As shown, the solar cell 1 includes a transparent electrode 11 and a hole transport layer 12, a mesoporous passivation layer 13, a perovskite light absorption layer 14, an electron transport layer 15, and a counter electrode layer 16 stacked in sequence on the transparent electrode 11. The first electrode layer is the transparent electrode 11, and the second electrode layer is the counter electrode layer 16.

[0101] It is understandable that in other examples of the inverted structure, a mesoporous passivation layer 13 may also be provided between the perovskite light absorbing layer 14 and the electron transport layer 15 .

[0102] For a formal structure, as a non-limiting example, Figure 2 As shown, the solar cell 1 includes a transparent electrode 11 and an electron transport layer 15, a mesoporous passivation layer 13, a perovskite light absorption layer 14, a hole transport layer 12, and a counter electrode layer 16 stacked in sequence on the transparent electrode 11. The first electrode layer is the counter electrode layer 16, and the second electrode layer is the transparent electrode 11.

[0103] It is understandable that in other examples of the formal structure, a mesoporous passivation layer 13 may also be provided between the perovskite light absorption layer 14 and the hole transport layer 12 .

[0104] The present application also provides a method for preparing the above-mentioned solar cell, comprising the steps of forming a stacked first electrode layer, a transport functional layer, a mesoporous passivation layer, a perovskite light absorption layer and a second electrode layer.

[0105] In some embodiments, the preparation method includes the following steps S11 to S14.

[0106] S11. Forming a transport functional layer on the first electrode layer.

[0107] S12. Forming a mesoporous passivation layer on a surface of the transport functional layer away from the first electrode layer.

[0108] Furthermore, the step of forming a mesoporous passivation layer in S12 includes the following steps S121 - S122 .

[0109] S121. Mix the mesoporous material and the ammonium salt precursor with a solvent to form a mesoporous slurry.

[0110] The mesoporous material and the ammonium salt precursor are mixed with a solvent to form a mesoporous slurry. Part of the ammonium salt precursor can be pre-loaded in the pores of the mesoporous material during the mixing step, so that the nitrogen-containing gas formed by the subsequent S121 annealing treatment can be adsorbed in the pores of the mesoporous material.

[0111] Optionally, the molar ratio of the ammonium salt precursor to the mesoporous material in the mesoporous slurry is (0.1~10):100. As an example, it can be 0.1:100, 0.2:100, 0.5:100, 0.8:100, 1:100, 2:100, 3:100, 4:100, 5:100, 6:100, 7:100, 8:100, 9:100, 10:100; it can further be (1~10):100, or (1~8):100; it can further be (1~5):100.

[0112] Optionally, the ammonium salt precursor includes at least one of methylamine cation, ethylamine cation, formamidine cation, guanidine cation, and ammonium cation, and further optionally, includes at least one of methylamine hydrohalide, ethylamine hydrohalide, formamidine hydrohalide, guanidine hydrohalide, ammonium carbonate, and ammonium bicarbonate. The hydrohalide includes but is not limited to hydroiodide, hydrofluoride, hydrochloride, and hydrobromide.

[0113] Furthermore, methylamine hydrohalide includes methylamine hydroiodide (MAI). The structural formula of methylamine hydroiodide (MAI) is as follows: CH3NH2•HI, and its decomposition can form methylamine (CH3NH2) gas.

[0114] Furthermore, formamidine hydrohalide includes formamidine hydroiodide (FAI), and the structural formula of formamidine hydroiodide (FAI) is as follows: HN=CH-NH2•HI, which can decompose to form ammonia (NH3) gas.

[0115] S121, coating the mesoporous slurry into a film, and then performing an annealing treatment to decompose the ammonium salt precursor at least partially to form a nitrogen-containing gas.

[0116] Optionally, the temperature of the annealing treatment may be 100° C. to 300° C. For example, the temperature of the annealing treatment may be 100° C., 110° C., 120° C., 140° C., 150° C., 160° C., 180° C., 200° C., 220° C., 240° C., 250° C., 260° C., 280° C., or 300° C. For example, it may be 150° C. to 300° C., or 200° C. to 300° C. The temperature of the annealing treatment is based on the ability to at least partially decompose the ammonium salt precursor. In addition, the temperature of the annealing treatment should not be too high to prevent desorption of nitrogen-containing gases adsorbed in the pores of the mesoporous material.

[0117] Optionally, the annealing treatment time is 10 minutes to 30 minutes. For example, the time may be 10 minutes, 15 minutes, 20 minutes, 25 minutes, or 30 minutes. The annealing treatment time is controlled to maximize the decomposition of the ammonium salt precursor. In addition, the annealing treatment time should not be too long to prevent desorption of nitrogen-containing gases adsorbed in the pores of the mesoporous material.

[0118] It is understandable that the annealing treatment will cause at least part of the ammonium salt precursor to decompose, and some of the ammonium salt precursor may not be completely decomposed. The other part of the undecomposed ammonium salt precursor fills the pores of the mesoporous material and can continue to decompose to produce the nitrogen-containing gas during the use of the solar cell, thereby inhibiting the decomposition reaction of the perovskite material and continuously improving the stability of the perovskite material.

[0119] S13, forming a perovskite light absorbing layer on the surface of the mesoporous passivation layer away from the transport functional layer.

[0120] S14, forming a second electrode layer on a surface of the perovskite light absorbing layer away from the mesoporous passivation layer.

[0121] As described above, the transport functional layer may be a hole transport layer or an electron transport layer. Accordingly, before S14, the method further includes forming an electron transport layer or a hole transport layer on a surface of the perovskite light absorbing layer away from the mesoporous passivation layer.

[0122] Specifically, as an example, the solar cell is in the trans type, and the preparation method thereof includes the following steps:

[0123] Step 1: Etch and clean the transparent electrode and dry it;

[0124] Step 2: sequentially preparing a hole transport layer and a mesoporous passivation layer on the transparent electrode;

[0125] Step 3: preparing a perovskite light absorbing layer on the mesoporous passivation layer;

[0126] Step 4: preparing an electron transport layer on the perovskite light absorbing layer;

[0127] Step 5: Prepare a counter electrode layer on the electron transport layer.

[0128] It is understandable that when the solar cell is formal, its preparation sequence is slightly different and can be slightly adjusted according to its structure.

[0129] The above-mentioned first electrode, hole transport layer, mesoporous passivation layer, electron transport layer and second electrode can be prepared by the preparation methods commonly used in the art, including but not limited to solution method and solid deposition method. The solution method includes any one of spin coating, spray coating, blade coating and slit coating, and the solid deposition method includes any one of vacuum evaporation, sputtering deposition, plasma deposition and ion deposition.

[0130] One embodiment of the present application further provides a photovoltaic module, which includes the above-mentioned solar cell.

[0131] The solar cell has high light conversion efficiency and good stability, and can improve the efficiency of photovoltaic modules.

[0132] The photovoltaic module includes one or more of the aforementioned solar cells, which can be selected based on the specific application scenario. Furthermore, the photovoltaic module includes multiple solar cells, which are connected in series or parallel to form a cell. Furthermore, the photovoltaic module may also include a tandem cell, which includes one or more of the aforementioned solar cells. Tandem cells include, but are not limited to, crystalline silicon / perovskite tandem cells, all-perovskite tandem cells, and copper indium gallium selenide and other thin-film / perovskite tandem cells.

[0133] In some embodiments, the photovoltaic module further includes a photovoltaic glass layer, a bonding layer, and a back sheet.

[0134] Adhesive layers are provided on both surfaces of the cell, a back plate is provided on the surface of one of the adhesive layers away from the cell, and a photovoltaic glass layer is provided on the surface of the other adhesive layer away from the cell.

[0135] The photovoltaic glass layer and back panel are used to protect the solar cells, and have the functions of sealing, insulation and waterproofing; the bonding layer plays the role of bonding the photovoltaic glass layer and the battery cell, and bonding the back panel and the battery cell.

[0136] Optionally, the photovoltaic glass layer is made of tempered glass, the back panel is made of TPT (polyvinyl fluoride) or TPE (thermoplastic elastomer), and the adhesive layer is made of EVA (polyethylene-polyvinyl acetate copolymer).

[0137] Furthermore, the photovoltaic module further includes a junction box and an outer frame.

[0138] The junction box is used to protect the power generation system of the entire photovoltaic module. It is equivalent to a current transfer station. When a battery cell short-circuits, the junction box will automatically disconnect the short-circuited battery string.

[0139] The outer frame can support and protect the entire photovoltaic module. The frame can be made of aluminum alloy, which has excellent strength and corrosion resistance.

[0140] Furthermore, silicone is used to bond and seal the connection between the frame and other parts of the photovoltaic module. Photovoltaic modules can convert solar energy into electrical energy, which can be stored in batteries or used to drive loads.

[0141] In some embodiments, the photovoltaic component is a solar panel.

[0142] One embodiment of the present application further provides a photovoltaic system, comprising the above-mentioned photovoltaic module.

[0143] The photovoltaic system utilizes the photovoltaic effect of the solar cells in the above photovoltaic modules to directly convert solar radiation energy into electrical energy with high efficiency; further, the above photovoltaic system is a photovoltaic power generation system.

[0144] Photovoltaic modules are the core part of photovoltaic power generation systems. The above photovoltaic system includes one or more photovoltaic modules, which can be selected according to the specific application scenario; further, when the above photovoltaic system includes multiple photovoltaic modules, the multiple photovoltaic modules form a photovoltaic array.

[0145] The above photovoltaic system can be an independent photovoltaic power generation system or a grid-connected photovoltaic power generation system.

[0146] An independent photovoltaic power generation system consists of a photovoltaic array, a battery bank, a charge controller, a power electronic converter (inverter), and a load. Its operating principle is that solar radiation energy is first converted into electrical energy by the photovoltaic array, which is then converted by the power electronic converter to power the load. Meanwhile, excess electrical energy is stored as chemical energy in an energy storage device after passing through the charge controller. In periods of insufficient sunlight, the energy stored in the battery is converted to 220V, 50Hz AC power after being boosted by the power electronic inverter, filtering, and power frequency transformer to supply the AC load.

[0147] A grid-connected photovoltaic power generation system consists of a photovoltaic array, a high-frequency DC / DC boost circuit, a power electronic converter (inverter), and system monitoring. Its operating principle is that solar radiation energy is converted by the photovoltaic array, then converted to high-voltage DC through high-frequency DC conversion. This is then inverted by a power electronic inverter and output to the grid a sinusoidal AC current with a frequency consistent with the grid voltage.

[0148] The above two photovoltaic power generation systems have their own characteristics and can be selected according to specific application scenarios.

[0149] One embodiment of the present application provides an electrical device, comprising at least one of the aforementioned solar cell and the aforementioned photovoltaic module.

[0150] In some embodiments, the solar cell or photovoltaic module can be used as a power source for an electrical device or as an energy storage unit for an electrical device.

[0151] Furthermore, the above-mentioned electrical devices may include mobile devices, such as mobile phones, laptop computers, etc., electric vehicles, electric trains, ships and satellites, but are not limited thereto.

[0152] Figure 3 The power consumption device 2 is used as an example. The power consumption device 2 is a pure electric vehicle, a hybrid electric vehicle, or a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle.

[0153] One embodiment of the present application provides a power generation device, comprising at least one of the above-mentioned solar cell and the above-mentioned photovoltaic module.

[0154] In order to make the technical problems, technical solutions and beneficial effects solved by this application clearer, the application will be further described in detail below with reference to the embodiments and drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of this application, rather than all the embodiments. The following description of at least one exemplary embodiment is actually only illustrative and is in no way intended to limit the present application and its applications. Based on the embodiments in this application, all other embodiments obtained by ordinary technicians in this field without creative work are within the scope of protection of this application.

[0155] If no specific techniques or conditions are specified in the examples, the experiments were carried out according to the techniques or conditions described in the literature in the field or according to the product instructions. All reagents or instruments used without specifying the manufacturer are commercially available conventional products.

[0156] 1. Device Preparation

[0157] Example 1

[0158] 1) Preparation of FTO conductive glass electrode: size 2.0*2.0 cm 2 The FTO glass was laser-etched to remove 0.35 cm at each end to expose the glass substrate; the etched FTO conductive glass was ultrasonically cleaned several times with water, acetone, and isopropyl alcohol, and then dried with nitrogen.

[0159] 2) Preparation of hole transport layer: FTO was treated with UV ozone, and then NiOx with a thickness of about 30 nm was formed on the FTO surface by magnetron sputtering to obtain a dense NiOx hole transport layer;

[0160] 3) Preparation of Mesoporous Passivation Layer: A mesoporous nickel oxide slurry doped with the organic ammonium salt FAI (formamidine hydroiodide) was spin-coated on the hole transport layer of the sample obtained in 2) using a solution spin coating method. The solvent in the mesoporous nickel oxide slurry was isopropanol. The Dv50 particle size of the mesoporous nickel oxide was 80 nm, the average pore size was 30 nm, and the molar ratio of FAI to the molar amount of mesoporous nickel oxide (i.e., molar ratio A in Table 1) was 1% mol. The spin coating speed was 3000 rpm for 30 s. After spin coating, the sample was annealed at 300°C for 30 min to obtain a mesoporous passivation layer with a thickness of 100 nm.

[0161] 4) Preparation of the perovskite light-absorbing layer: The perovskite light-absorbing layer was prepared using a one-step process. Specifically, the perovskite precursor solution was spin-coated at 3000 rpm for 40 seconds onto the mesoporous passivation layer obtained in step 3). Around the 10th second after spin coating, 300 μL of antisolvent was added dropwise. The film was then placed on a hot plate and annealed at 120°C for 60 minutes to obtain a 500 nm thick perovskite light-absorbing layer (FAPbI3).

[0162] 5) Preparation of electron transport layer: Place the film with perovskite light absorbing layer prepared in 4) into the evaporation apparatus and wait until the evaporation vacuum reaches 5*10 -4 Pa, an electron transport layer C60 with a thickness of 30 nm was formed by evaporation at a rate of 0.05 A / s;

[0163] 6) Preparation of metal counter electrode: Place the film with electron transport layer prepared in step 5 into the evaporation apparatus and wait until the evaporation vacuum reaches 5*10 -4 Pa, a metal counter electrode Ag with a thickness of 80 nm was formed by evaporation at a rate of 0.1 A / s;

[0164] The perovskite solar cell obtained by the above steps is marked as cell 1, which is a trans cell.

[0165] Example 2

[0166] The other steps are the same as those in Example 1, except that in step 3), the ratio of the molar amount of the organic ammonium salt FAI to the molar amount of the mesoporous nickel oxide is different, specifically 5% mol.

[0167] Example 3

[0168] The other steps are the same as those in Example 1, except that the ratio of the molar amount of the organic ammonium salt FAI to the molar amount of the mesoporous nickel oxide in step 3) is different, specifically 8% mol.

[0169] Example 4

[0170] The other steps are the same as those in Example 1, except that the ratio of the molar amount of the organic ammonium salt FAI to the molar amount of the mesoporous nickel oxide in step 3) is different, specifically 10% mol.

[0171] Example 5

[0172] The other steps are the same as those in Example 1, except that in step 3), the ratio of the molar amount of the organic ammonium salt FAI to the molar amount of the mesoporous nickel oxide is different, specifically 0.1% mol.

[0173] Example 6

[0174] The other steps are the same as those in Example 2, with the only difference being that in step 3), an equal molar amount of methylamine hydroiodide (MAI) is used to replace the FAI in Example 2; accordingly, the composition of the perovskite light-absorbing layer is MAPbI3.

[0175] Example 7

[0176] The other steps are the same as those in Example 2, except that in step 2), the hole transport layer is replaced with cuprous oxide of equal thickness; and in step 3), an equal molar amount of mesoporous cuprous oxide is used to replace the mesoporous nickel oxide in Example 2.

[0177] Examples 8-10

[0178] The other steps are the same as those in Example 2, with the only difference being that the mesoporous nickel oxide used in step 3) has a different Dv50 particle size and pore size, and a different corresponding thickness, as shown in Table 1.

[0179] Example 11

[0180] Example 11 is a formal battery, in which a mesoporous passivation layer similar to that of Example 2 is disposed between the electron transport layer and the perovskite light absorption layer. The mesoporous material in the electron transport layer and the mesoporous passivation layer is tin oxide, and the molar ratio A of the organic ammonium salt FAI (formamidine hydroiodide) in the mesoporous passivation layer is 5 mol%. The specific steps are as follows:

[0181] 1) Preparation of FTO conductive glass electrode: size 2.0*2.0 cm 2 The FTO glass was laser-etched to remove 0.35 cm at each end to expose the glass substrate; the etched FTO conductive glass was ultrasonically cleaned several times with water, acetone, and isopropyl alcohol, and then dried with nitrogen.

[0182] 2) Preparation of electron transport layer: SnO2 colloidal solution was spin-coated at 4000 rpm / s on the UV-ozone treated FTO substrate and annealed on a hot plate at 150°C for 10 minutes to form the electron transport layer;

[0183] 3) Preparation of the Mesoporous Passivation Layer: A mesoporous titanium oxide slurry doped with the organic ammonium salt FAI (formamidine hydroiodide) was spin-coated onto the electron transport layer of the sample obtained in 2) using a solution spin coating method. The solvent in the mesoporous titanium oxide slurry was isopropanol. The mesoporous titanium oxide had a Dv50 particle size of 80 nm and an average pore size of 30 nm. The molar ratio of FAI to the molar amount of mesoporous titanium oxide was 5% mol. The spin coating was performed at a speed of 3000 rpm for 30 s. After spin coating, the sample was annealed at 300°C for 30 min to obtain a mesoporous passivation layer with a thickness of 100 nm.

[0184] 4) Preparation of the perovskite light-absorbing layer: The perovskite light-absorbing layer was prepared using a one-step process. Specifically, the perovskite precursor solution was spin-coated at 3000 rpm for 40 seconds onto the mesoporous passivation layer obtained in step 3). Around the 10th second after spin coating, 300 μL of antisolvent was added dropwise. The film was then placed on a hot plate and annealed at 120°C for 60 minutes to obtain a 500 nm thick perovskite light-absorbing layer (FAPbI3).

[0185] 5) Preparation of hole transport layer: On the surface of the perovskite light absorption layer of the sample obtained in step 4), NiOx with a thickness of about 30 nm was formed by magnetron sputtering to obtain a dense NiOx hole transport layer;

[0186] 6) Preparation of metal counter electrode: Place the film with hole transport layer prepared in step 5 into the evaporation apparatus and wait until the evaporation vacuum reaches 5*10 -4 Pa, a metal counter electrode Ag with a thickness of 80 nm was formed by vapor deposition at a rate of 0.1 A / s.

[0187] Comparative Example 1

[0188] The method is basically the same as Example 1, except that step 3 is omitted, and step 4 is directly performed on the hole transport layer of the sample obtained in 2) to prepare the perovskite light absorbing layer in one step. The conditions of other steps are the same.

[0189] Comparative Example 2

[0190] The method is basically the same as Example 1, except that the composition of the slurry in the solution spin coating method in step 3) is different. Specifically, the same molar amount of microporous nickel oxide is used instead of mesoporous nickel oxide; the Dv50 particle size of the microporous nickel oxide is 20 nm, and the pore size is 2 nm.

[0191] Comparative Example 3

[0192] The method is basically the same as Example 6, except that the composition of the slurry in the solution spin coating method in step 3) is different. Specifically, the same molar amount of microporous nickel oxide is used instead of mesoporous nickel oxide; the Dv50 particle size of the microporous nickel oxide is 20 nm, and the pore size is 2 nm.

[0193] Some parameters of the embodiments and comparative examples are shown in Table 1.

[0194] Table 1

[0195]

[0196] 2. Performance Testing

[0197] 1. Photovoltaic conversion efficiency of perovskite solar cells

[0198] Using Keithley 2400SMU, AM 1.5G solar irradiation at 100 mW / cm 2 The battery performance is tested under a light source, and the photoelectric conversion efficiency is calculated as follows:

[0199] PCE = Pout / Popt

[0200] = Voc×Jsc×(Vmpp×Jmpp) / (Voc×Jsc)

[0201] = Voc × Jsc × FF

[0202] Among them, Pout, Popt, Vmpp, Jmpp, Voc and Jsc are the battery operating output power, incident light power, battery maximum power point voltage, battery maximum power point current, open circuit voltage and short circuit current respectively.

[0203] Four perovskite solar cells obtained in each of the above embodiments and comparative examples were tested according to the above process, and the obtained results were averaged. For specific results, see Table 2.

[0204] 2. Stability test

[0205] The perovskite solar cell was placed at 65°C and 100 mW / cm 2 The photoelectric conversion efficiency of the sample was continuously irradiated under a light source of 100 nm, and the change of the photoelectric conversion efficiency with aging time was tracked. The time required for the photoelectric conversion efficiency to decay to 80% of the initial efficiency was recorded as T 80 The size of this parameter indicates the stability of the perovskite solar cell.

[0206] The perovskite solar cells obtained in the above embodiment and comparative example were tested according to the above process. The specific results are shown in Table 2.

[0207] Table 2

[0208]

[0209] Combining Table 1 and Table 2, it can be seen that Comparative Example 1 does not have a mesoporous passivation layer, and Comparative Examples 2 to 3 use microporous nickel oxide to replace the mesoporous nickel oxide in Example 1 and Example 6. It can be seen from the comparison that each embodiment has a mesoporous passivation layer, and the solar cell device prepared therefrom has higher photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability.

[0210] Furthermore, when the ammonium salt precursor in the embodiment is replaced with other methylamine hydrohalide, ethylamine hydrohalide, formamidine hydrohalide, guanidine hydrohalide, ammonium carbonate, or ammonium bicarbonate, the stability of the solar cell device can also be improved.

[0211] It should be noted that the present application is not limited to the above-mentioned embodiments. The above-mentioned embodiments are merely examples, and any embodiments having substantially the same structure and effect as the technical concept within the scope of the present application are all included in the technical scope of the present application. In addition, without departing from the scope of the present application, any other embodiments that can be conceived by those skilled in the art and that combine some of the constituent elements in the embodiments are also included in the scope of the present application.

Claims

1. A solar cell, characterized in that: It includes a first electrode layer, a transport functional layer, a mesoporous passivation layer, a perovskite light absorption layer and a second electrode layer arranged in a stacked manner; the components of the mesoporous passivation layer include a mesoporous material and a nitrogen-containing gas adsorbed in the pores of the mesoporous material, and the nitrogen-containing gas includes at least one of ammonia and organic amine gas.

2. The solar cell according to claim 1, wherein The solar cell satisfies at least one of the following conditions: (1) The particle size Dv50 of the mesoporous material is 50 nm to 150 nm; (2) The average pore size of the mesoporous material is 10 nm to 50 nm.

3. The solar cell according to claim 2, wherein The solar cell satisfies at least one of the following conditions: (1) The particle size Dv50 of the mesoporous material is 80 nm to 100 nm; (2) The average pore size of the mesoporous material is 30 nm to 50 nm.

4. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that The thickness of the mesoporous passivation layer is 90 nm to 300 nm.

5. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that The organic amine gas includes at least one of methylamine and ethylamine.

6. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that The components of the mesoporous passivation layer further include an ammonium salt precursor, which can decompose to form the nitrogen-containing gas.

7. The solar cell according to claim 6, characterized in that The cation of the ammonium salt precursor includes at least one of a methylamine cation, an ethylamine cation, a formamidine cation, a guanidine cation and an ammonium cation.

8. The solar cell according to claim 6 or 7, characterized in that The ammonium salt precursor includes at least one of methylamine hydrohalide, ethylamine hydrohalide, formamidine hydrohalide, guanidine hydrohalide, ammonium carbonate and ammonium bicarbonate.

9. The solar cell according to any one of claims 6 to 8, characterized in that In the mesoporous passivation layer, the molar ratio of the ammonium salt precursor to the mesoporous material is (0.1-5):

100.

10. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that The transport function layer and the mesoporous material both contain metal compounds.

11. The solar cell according to claim 10, characterized in that The transport function layer is a hole transport layer, and the hole transport layer and the mesoporous material each independently contain at least one of nickel oxide, cuprous iodide, cuprous thiocyanate and cuprous oxide.

12. The solar cell according to claim 10, characterized in that The transport function layer is an electron transport layer, and the electron transport layer and the mesoporous material each independently contain at least one of tin oxide, zinc oxide and titanium oxide.

13. A method for preparing a solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 12, characterized in that: The steps include: The first electrode layer, the transport function layer, the mesoporous passivation layer, the perovskite light absorption layer and the second electrode layer are formed in a stacked manner.

14. The method for preparing a solar cell according to claim 13, wherein: The steps of forming the mesoporous passivation layer include the following steps: mixing the mesoporous material and the ammonium salt precursor with a solvent to form a mesoporous slurry; The mesoporous slurry is coated to form a film, and then annealed to decompose the ammonium salt precursor at least partially to form the nitrogen-containing gas.

15. The method for preparing a solar cell according to claim 14, wherein: The preparation method satisfies at least one of the following conditions: (1) The molar ratio of the ammonium salt precursor to the mesoporous material in the mesoporous slurry is (0.1-10):100; (2) the cation of the ammonium salt precursor includes at least one of a methylamine cation, an ethylamine cation, a formamidine cation, a guanidine cation, and an ammonium cation; (3) The ammonium salt precursor includes at least one of methylamine hydrohalide, ethylamine hydrohalide, formamidine hydrohalide, guanidine hydrohalide, ammonium carbonate and ammonium bicarbonate.

16. The method for preparing a solar cell according to claim 15, wherein: The molar ratio of the ammonium salt precursor to the mesoporous material in the mesoporous slurry is (1-8):

100.

17. The method for preparing a solar cell according to any one of claims 14 to 16, wherein: The temperature of the annealing treatment is 100° C. to 300° C., and the time of the annealing treatment is 10 min to 30 min.

18. A photovoltaic module, characterized in that: The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 12 is included.

19. A photovoltaic system, characterized in that: Comprising the photovoltaic module according to claim 18.

20. An electrical device, characterized in that: The method comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of the solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 12 and the photovoltaic module according to claim 18.

21. A power generation device, characterized in that: The method comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of the solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 12 and the photovoltaic module according to claim 18.

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