Environmental coupling simulation aging system for colored drawing and mural pigments, and use method and application of environmental coupling simulation aging system

Abstract

The invention relates to the technical field of colored drawing and mural pigment aging simulation, in particular to an environment coupling aging simulation system for colored drawing and mural pigments and a using method and application of the environment coupling aging simulation system. The system comprises a plurality of reaction cavities arranged on a movable bracket and an external control terminal, the reaction cavity is connected with the ventilation and exhaust assembly, a humidity control assembly is arranged at the bottom, a temperature control assembly is arranged in the reaction cavity, a pore plate for placing a sample is arranged above the reaction cavity, a circuit access port is formed in the top of the reaction cavity, and a temperature and humidity monitoring assembly and a camera assembly are arranged at the circuit access port; the temperature control assembly, the humidity control assembly, the ventilation and exhaust assembly, the temperature and humidity monitoring assembly and the camera shooting assembly are all connected with an external power supply and an external control terminal. Advanced analysis means and a statistical method are combined, the pigment degradation degree is quantitatively represented, the main control environment factors and the weight of the synergistic effect of the main control environment factors are determined, and a theoretical basis is provided for cultural relic protection.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the technical field of aging simulation of painting and mural pigments, and in particular to an environment-coupled aging simulation system for painting and mural pigments, and a use method and application thereof. Background Art

[0002] Ancient paintings and murals are affected by the long-term and complex combined effects of multiple factors in the natural environment, such as light, humidity, temperature, soluble salts and gases. The pigment layers of many ancient paintings and murals often suffer from various deterioration diseases such as discoloration, fading, and cracking, which seriously threaten the preservation of cultural relics.

[0003] Studies have shown that a variety of mineral pigments can undergo chemical transformations under the influence of complex environmental factors, resulting in significant discoloration. For example, mineral pigments with multiple valence states, such as lead, mercury, and arsenic, change color in environments such as light and humidity due to the mutual conversion between valence states; azurite can be converted into malachite under high humidity or alkaline conditions, or react with soluble salts (such as sodium chloride) to form chlorine-containing copper salts. It is worth noting that pigment degradation is usually caused by the coupling of multiple environmental factors, and its mechanism of action shows a nonlinear synergistic effect, which is far from a simple superposition of the influence of a single factor. For example, in a humid environment, increased temperature may intensify salt migration, further affecting the chemical stability of the pigment. However, existing studies have mostly focused on univariate analysis, making it difficult to systematically reveal the synergistic effects of multi-factor coupling on pigment degradation and quantify their correlation.

[0004] In recent years, research on the discoloration of lead-containing mineral pigments has made some progress. For example, Li Zuixiong et al. explored the relationship between light and humidity (Li Zuixiong. Analysis of pigments in murals and colored sculptures and their stability. In Protection of Murals and Colored Sculptures of the Silk Road Grottoes, Science Press: Beijing, 2005, 26–148.), Wang Julin et al. studied the relationship between soluble salts and carbon dioxide (Wang Julin, Yu Longlong, Liu Hongli. The combined effect of CO2 and salt solution on the discoloration of red lead, Corrosion Science and Protection Technology, 2014, 26(2), 159–162.), and Arbizzani, R. et al. studied the influence of ultraviolet light and coupled factors such as temperature and humidity (Arbizzani, R., Casellato, U., Fiorin, E., Nodari, L. Decay Markers for the Preventative Conservation and Maintenance of Paintings. J. Cult. Herit. 2004, 5(2), 167-182.). However, the experimental methods for aging do not have universal applicability and precise coupling control capabilities. Furthermore, the degradation mechanisms of other mineral pigments, such as azurite, under the influence of multiple coupled environmental factors require more in-depth and systematic fundamental research. Furthermore, existing research methods often employ univariate analysis, examining the impact of a single factor on pigment degradation while holding other environmental factors constant. This approach struggles to systematically quantify the synergistic relationships between coupled factors and the correlation between coupled factors and pigment degradation, limiting our comprehensive understanding of pigment aging mechanisms.

[0005] The reasons why the research mainly focuses on single-factor analysis include: (1) experimental device limitations: traditional aging experimental devices are usually unable to control multiple variables (such as temperature and humidity, gas composition and concentration) at the same time, and lack precise coupling control capabilities; (2) high experimental complexity: multi-factor coupling experimental design requires the establishment of an experimental matrix in a high-dimensional parameter space, and the combination of variables grows exponentially, resulting in large experimental volume, high cost, and long cycle (Gómez-Heras, M., Brimblecombe, P., & Fort, R. (2006). The influence of NO2 on the weathering of building stone. Atmospheric Environment, 40 (36), 6905-6917).

[0006] Therefore, existing experimental equipment and methods urgently need to be improved to achieve coupled simulation of multiple environmental factors, accelerate the pigment aging process, and scientifically quantify the deterioration mechanism to provide theoretical support for the protection of painted and mural cultural relics. Summary of the Invention

[0007] To address the aforementioned issues, the present invention provides an environmentally coupled simulated aging system for painted and mural pigments, as well as its use and application. This system significantly accelerates pigment aging by integrating precise control of multiple environmental factors, including temperature, humidity, gas concentration, and soluble salts, generating degradation products consistent with literature reports. Combined with statistical analysis, it systematically reveals the primary environmental factors that trigger pigment degradation and their synergistic effects, providing a scientific basis for cultural relic protection.

[0008] The purpose of the present invention can be achieved by the following technical solutions:

[0009] The first object of the present invention is to provide an environmentally coupled simulated aging system for painted and mural pigments, which is connected to an external power source when in use and includes a plurality of reaction chambers, a temperature control component, a humidity control component, a ventilation and exhaust component, a temperature and humidity monitoring component, a camera component, and an external control terminal arranged on a mobile support;

[0010] The reaction chamber is connected to the ventilation and exhaust components, a humidity control component is provided at the bottom, a temperature control component is provided inside, a hole plate for placing samples is provided above, a circuit access port is provided at the top, and a temperature and humidity monitoring component and a camera component are provided at the circuit access port;

[0011] The temperature control component, humidity control component, ventilation and exhaust component, temperature and humidity monitoring component, and camera component are all connected to an external power supply and an external control terminal.

[0012] In one embodiment of the present invention, the ventilation and exhaust assembly includes a plurality of high-pressure gas cylinders arranged in parallel, the outlets of the high-pressure gas cylinders are provided with pressure reducing valves and connected to the reaction chamber via gas pipelines;

[0013] The gas pipeline is provided with a flow meter and a gas mixer.

[0014] In one embodiment of the present invention, a flow meter is provided on the side of the gas pipeline connected to the reaction chamber.

[0015] In the present invention, the reaction chamber is a parallel closed reaction chamber, each cavity is a hollow cylinder, the top cover is equipped with an air inlet, an air outlet and a circuit access port, and the top cover and the reaction chamber are airtightly sealed by flanges, gaskets and clamps; the air outlet and the circuit access port are kept at an appropriate distance to prevent water vapor condensation under high humidity conditions.

[0016] The temperature control assembly includes a temperature controller, a heating platform and a heat conduction module; the heat conduction module is placed on the heating platform and connected to the reaction chamber, wherein the temperature controller is connected to the heat conduction module for accurately controlling the temperature of the heat conduction module to ensure that the temperature of the reaction chamber is uniform and stable; the temperature controller is connected to an external control terminal (wherein the heating platform is used to receive instructions from the temperature controller to heat the heat conduction module, thereby heating the reaction chamber); the heating platform can be a heating plate lifting platform. By using the heating plate lifting platform and the reaction chamber fixing frame, the main reason is that the heating jacket can be easily removed at the end of the reaction, thereby accelerating the cooling of the reaction chamber.

[0017] The humidity control component is a tank filled with deionized water or a saturated salt solution (such as saturated calcium chloride, saturated sodium chloride, saturated magnesium chloride, etc.), which is used to control the upper limit of the relative humidity of the reaction chamber and fine-tune the air flow rate provided by the high-pressure gas cylinder (which can be adjusted according to actual conditions) to provide a stable humidity gradient.

[0018] The temperature and humidity monitoring system is a temperature and humidity probe, which is connected to an external control terminal through a circuit access port (connected to the external control terminal through a signal converter) to achieve real-time monitoring of the temperature and humidity in the cavity.

[0019] The camera assembly is a pipeline camera connected to a computer through a circuit access port, which records the color changes of the pigment during the accelerated aging process in real time and supports quantification of the color change rate using RGB or CIELAB color space.

[0020] Among them, the top, flange, air inlet, air outlet and circuit access port of the reaction chamber are equipped with temperature-controlled heating sleeves for insulation (glass fiber electric heating tape (width 100*1250mm) or rubber heating sheet (diameter 104mm, thickness 1.5-1.8mm) with digital temperature control ED330) to adapt to the temperature inside the reaction chamber and prevent water vapor condensation.

[0021] The mobile support is a trolley.

[0022] The device provided by this invention utilizes a multi-chamber parallel design to support multiple simultaneous experiments, making it suitable for studying the mechanisms of pigment aging under the coupling of multiple environmental factors. Compared to existing single-factor experiments, the device significantly improves aging rates and experimental efficiency.

[0023] A second object of the present invention is to provide a method for using an environmentally coupled simulated aging system for painting and mural pigments, comprising the following steps:

[0024] (1) Gradient centrifugation was used to remove impurities from natural painted and mural pigments, and then sieved to control the particle size consistency to reduce the effect of particle size on aging experiments, and post-processed to obtain pretreated samples;

[0025] (2) placing the pretreated sample obtained in step (1) on the orifice plate of the reaction chamber, and adjusting the temperature (e.g., 25-50° C.), humidity (e.g., 40%-80% RH), gas environment (e.g., CO2, SO2, air, etc.) and gas concentration in the reaction chamber, and monitoring the aging color of the pretreated sample in real time, and post-processing to screen the main controlling coupling factors that trigger the color painting and mural pigments.

[0026] In one embodiment of the present invention, in step (1), the post-processing is specifically as follows:

[0027] Immerse the sieved painting and mural pigments in a saturated salt solution.

[0028] In one embodiment of the present invention, a saturated sodium chloride solution is used for the immersion treatment.

[0029] In step (2), the humidity is adjusted using deionized water or a saturated salt solution (such as a saturated sodium chloride solution, a saturated calcium chloride solution, or a saturated magnesium chloride solution).

[0030] In one embodiment of the present invention, in step (2), the post-processing is to extract the RGB value or CIELAB value of the image captured by the camera assembly and analyze the color change rate of the painted and mural pigments.

[0031] The third object of the present invention is to provide an environmental coupling simulation aging system for painting and mural pigments for use in the study of the degradation mechanism of painting and mural pigments in complex environments.

[0032] In one embodiment of the present invention, an aging test is set up using an environmental coupling simulation aging system for painting and mural pigments to quantify the influence weights and synergistic effects of the main control coupling factors.

[0033] In the present invention, statistical experimental design methods such as the controlled variable method and central composite design can be used to design multiple groups of aging experiments targeting typical environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, gas concentration, and soluble salts to quantify the influence weights and synergistic effects of the main control factors. After the experiment, samples are taken and ground, and the pigment phase, chemical composition, and micromorphology are analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

[0034] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following beneficial effects:

[0035] (1) Multi-factor coupling and accelerated aging: By precisely controlling factors such as temperature, humidity, gas concentration, and soluble salts, the pigment aging process is significantly accelerated, generating degradation products consistent with the literature, and systematically revealing the multi-factor coupling mechanism.

[0036] (2) Scientific quantification and synergistic effect analysis: Combining advanced analytical means and statistical methods, quantitatively characterize the degree of pigment degradation, determine the weights of the main controlling environmental factors and their synergistic effects, and provide a theoretical basis for cultural relics protection.

[0037] (3) Efficient and flexible: The multi-cavity parallel design supports multiple experiments at the same time, and the real-time monitoring system improves experimental efficiency, making it suitable for the research of various mineral pigments. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0038] Figure 1 A schematic diagram of a multi-cavity parallel environmental coupling simulated aging device for painting and mural pigments provided by the present invention;

[0039] Labels in the figure: 1. Reaction chamber; 2. Nitrogen cylinder; 3. Carbon dioxide cylinder; 4. Air cylinder; 5. Pressure reducing valve and first flow meter; 6. Two-way valve; 7. Gas mixer; 8. Second flow meter; 9. Tank containing deionized water or saturated salt solution; 10. Pipe camera; 11. Temperature and humidity probe; 12. Heating table; 13. Temperature controller; 14. External control terminal.

[0040] Figure 2 This is a diagram of the heating efficiency of a multi-cavity parallel environmental coupling simulated aging device for painting and mural pigments;

[0041] Figure 3 This is a temperature change diagram of each reaction chamber in a multi-chamber parallel environmental coupling simulation aging device for painting and mural pigments;

[0042] Figure 4 This is a diagram showing the humidity changes in each reaction chamber in a multi-chamber parallel environmental coupling simulation aging device for painting and mural pigments;

[0043] Figure 5 This is the conversion rate diagram of azurite pigment under different reaction conditions;

[0044] Figure 6 This is a real-time image of the color change of azurite pigment in each reaction chamber captured by a camera system;

[0045] Figure 7 This is the CIELAB color space conversion diagram of the azurite pigment in each reaction chamber captured in real time by the camera system;

[0046] Figure 8 This is a graph showing the change trend of the Lab value of the azurite pigment in each reaction chamber over time, captured in real time by a camera system in the experimental example of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0047] The present invention will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments.

[0048] In the description of the present invention, unless otherwise expressly specified or limited, the terms "connected," "connected," and "fixed" should be understood in a broad sense. For example, they may refer to fixed connections, detachable connections, or integration; mechanical connections or electrical connections; direct connections or indirect connections through an intermediate medium; and internal communication between two components or interaction between two components. Those skilled in the art will understand the specific meanings of the above terms in the present invention in specific circumstances.

[0049] In the present invention, unless otherwise expressly specified or limited, a first feature being "above" or "below" a second feature may include the first and second features being in direct contact, or may include the first and second features being in contact not directly but through another feature between them. Furthermore, a first feature being "above," "above," and "above" a second feature may include the first feature being directly above or obliquely above the second feature, or may simply mean that the first feature is higher in level than the second feature. A first feature being "below," "below," and "below" a second feature may include the first feature being directly below or obliquely below the second feature, or may simply mean that the first feature is lower in level than the second feature.

[0050] In the description of this embodiment, terms such as "upper," "lower," "left," and "right" are used to refer to positions or locations based on those shown in the accompanying drawings. These terms are intended solely to facilitate description and simplify operation, and are not intended to indicate or imply that the devices or components referred to must have, be constructed, or operate in a specific orientation. Therefore, they should not be construed as limitations on the present invention. Furthermore, the terms "first" and "second" are used solely for descriptive purposes and have no special meaning.

[0051] In the following embodiments, unless otherwise specified, the structures or components used are conventional structures or components in the art, as long as they can achieve the corresponding functions; unless otherwise specified, the reagents used are commercially available reagents, and the detection means and methods used are conventional detection means and methods in the art.

[0052] Example 1

[0053] This embodiment provides an environmental coupling simulation aging system for painting and mural pigments (such as Figure 1As shown), it is connected to an external power source when in use, and includes several reaction chambers 1, a temperature control component, a humidity control component, a ventilation and exhaust component, a temperature and humidity monitoring component, a camera component and an external control terminal 14 arranged on a mobile bracket (such as a trolley, etc.); the reaction chamber 1 is connected to the ventilation and exhaust component, a humidity control component is provided at the bottom, a temperature control component is provided inside, a hole plate for placing a sample is provided above, a circuit access port is provided at the top, and the circuit access port is provided with a temperature and humidity monitoring component and a camera component; the temperature control component, humidity control component, ventilation and exhaust component, temperature and humidity monitoring component, and camera component are all connected to the external power source and the external control terminal 14.

[0054] Furthermore, the ventilation and exhaust assembly includes a plurality of high-pressure gas cylinders arranged in parallel ( Figure 1 In the figure, the high-pressure gas cylinders are nitrogen cylinder 2, carbon dioxide cylinder 3, and air cylinder 4. The outlets of the high-pressure gas cylinders are provided with pressure reducing valves and first flowmeters 5 (for precisely adjusting the outlet flow rate and concentration of the gas), and are connected to the reaction chamber 1 via gas lines. The gas lines are provided with two-way valves 6 (for quickly starting or pausing the introduction of gas from all gas lines in an emergency) and a gas mixer 7. Furthermore, a second flowmeter 8 (for precisely adjusting the flow rate of gas entering the reaction chamber 1) is provided on the side of the gas lines connected to the reaction chamber 1. A gas line cleaning line can also be provided for cleaning the line (this can be set according to the implementation situation).

[0055] Among them, the reaction chamber 1 is a parallel closed reaction chamber 1, each cavity is hollow cylindrical, the top cover is equipped with an air inlet, an air outlet and a circuit access port, and the top cover and the reaction chamber 1 are airtightly sealed by flanges, gaskets and clamps; the air outlet and the circuit access port maintain an appropriate distance to prevent water vapor condensation under high humidity conditions.

[0056] The temperature control assembly includes a temperature controller 13, a heating platform 12 and a heat conduction module; the heat conduction module is placed on the heating platform 12 and is located at the bottom of the reaction chamber 1, wherein the temperature controller 13 is connected to the heat conduction module for accurately controlling the temperature of the heat conduction module to ensure that the temperature of the reaction chamber 1 is uniform and stable; the temperature controller 13 is connected to the external control terminal 14 (wherein the heating platform 12 is used to receive instructions from the temperature controller 13 to heat the heat conduction module, thereby heating the reaction chamber 1); the heating platform 12 can be a heating plate lifting platform. By using the heating plate lifting platform and the reaction chamber 1 fixing frame, the main reason is that the heating jacket can be easily removed at the end of the reaction, thereby accelerating the cooling of the reaction chamber 1.

[0057] The humidity control component is a tank 9 filled with deionized water or a saturated salt solution (the saturated salt solution is such as saturated calcium chloride, saturated sodium chloride, saturated magnesium chloride, etc.), which is used to control the upper limit of the relative humidity of the reaction chamber and fine-tune the air flow rate provided by the high-pressure gas cylinder to provide a stable humidity gradient.

[0058] The temperature and humidity monitoring system is a temperature and humidity probe 11, which is connected to the external control terminal 14 through a circuit access port (connected to the external control terminal 14 through a signal converter (such as RS485 to USB)), to achieve real-time monitoring of the temperature and humidity in the cavity, and feed back the detection results to the external control terminal 14.

[0059] The camera assembly is a pipe-type camera 10, which is connected to an external control terminal 14 via a circuit access port, and records the color change of the pigment during the accelerated aging process in real time, and supports quantification of the color change rate using RGB or CIELAB color space.

[0060] Among them, the top, flange, air inlet, air outlet and circuit access port of the reaction chamber 1 are equipped with a temperature-controlled heating jacket for heat preservation (glass fiber electric heating tape (width 100*1250mm) or rubber heating sheet (diameter 104mm, thickness 1.5-1.8mm) with digital display temperature control ED330) to adapt to the temperature inside the reaction chamber 1 and prevent water vapor condensation.

[0061] During use, salt ions are first adsorbed onto the surface of the pigment particles through an immersion method, simulating the effects of soluble salts in the cultural relic environment. The treated pigment is then placed in a glass petri dish (20 mm in diameter) and placed on the orifice plate of reaction chamber 1. A centralized temperature control system, independent humidity control systems, and ventilation and exhaust systems are used to adjust the temperature, humidity, gas environment, and gas concentration of each of the four reaction chambers 1 to the experimental set conditions. A camera system records the color changes of the pigments in each reaction chamber 1 during the accelerated aging process in real time. By extracting the RGB or CIELAB values ​​of the captured images, the color change rate is analyzed and the main coupling factors that trigger the pigment color change are screened. After the reaction cycle, samples can be taken and ground, and the pigment phase, chemical composition, and micromorphology can be analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

[0062] The environmental coupling simulation aging system for painted and mural pigments provided in this embodiment adopts statistical experimental design methods such as the control variable method and central composite design, and designs multiple groups of aging experiments for typical environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, gas concentration, and soluble salts to quantify the main controlling factors and synergistic effects.

[0063] Example 2

[0064] This embodiment provides an environmentally coupled simulated aging system for painting and mural pigments. The system is the same as that of Embodiment 1 except for the following:

[0065] Four reaction chambers are provided, the high-pressure gas cylinders are carbon dioxide gas cylinders, and the humidity control components are tanks containing saturated magnesium chloride solution or tanks containing saturated calcium chloride solution.

[0066] Example 3

[0067] This embodiment provides an environmentally coupled simulated aging system for painting and mural pigments. The system is the same as that of Embodiment 1 except for the following:

[0068] There are four reaction chambers, the high-pressure gas cylinders are carbon dioxide gas cylinders, and the humidity control components are tanks filled with saturated sodium chloride solution or tanks filled with deionized water.

[0069] Experimental Example 4

[0070] This embodiment provides an exploration and verification of the temperature control capability of an environmentally coupled simulated aging system for painted and mural pigments (Example 2), as follows:

[0071] Before the experiment begins, the heating efficiency of the four-chamber parallel multi-field coupled reaction system is monitored using a temperature monitoring system. Figure 2 As shown, the temperature of the reaction system reaches 40°C when it is heated for 20 minutes, and it takes about 40 minutes to stabilize at 50°C, which accounts for 0.4% of the total reaction time (160 hours). The effect on the reaction kinetics is negligible, indicating that the temperature control capability of the temperature control component in the environmental coupled simulated aging system for painted and mural pigments provided in Example 2 is stable and efficient.

[0072] Experimental Example 5

[0073] This embodiment provides an exploration and verification of the temperature and humidity control capabilities of an environmentally coupled simulated aging system for painted and mural pigments (Example 2), as follows:

[0074] During the 160h reaction period, the temperature and humidity in the four reaction chambers changed as follows: Figure 3 and Figure 4 As shown. By adjusting the temperature, the reaction system temperature was maintained within the range of 53.1±4.2°C, and the temperature difference between the four reaction chambers was less than 2.6°C. By adjusting the relative humidity within the four reaction chambers, the relative humidity of the four reaction chambers was maintained at 38±3%, 51±4%, 64±3%, and 71±2%, respectively. This demonstrates the stability and effectiveness of the temperature control and independent humidity control components in the environmentally coupled simulated aging system for painted and mural pigments provided in Example 1.

[0075] Example 6

[0076] This embodiment provides an environmentally coupled simulated aging system for painting and mural pigments (Example 2) and its application in studying the degradation mechanism of painting and mural pigments in complex environments, as follows:

[0077] (1) using a gradient centrifugation method (performed at the following speeds: 5000 rpm, 5 min; 10000 rpm, 10 min) to remove impurities from the azurite pigment, and then sieving the pigment through a 200-mesh sieve (to control the consistency of particle size and reduce the effect of particle size on aging experiments) to obtain pretreated azurite powder;

[0078] The pretreated azurite powder was immersed in a saturated sodium chloride solution (immersion temperature was room temperature, immersion time was 5 min) to obtain a pretreated sample;

[0079] (2) The pretreated samples obtained in step (1) were placed on the orifice plates of each reaction chamber, and the temperature of the reaction system was maintained within the range of 53.1±4.2°C, and the temperature difference of the four reaction chambers was less than 2.6°C, and there was no atmosphere such as carbon dioxide. The relative humidity in the four reaction chambers was adjusted to 38±3% (the humidity control component in the reaction chamber was a tank filled with saturated magnesium chloride solution), 51±4% (the humidity control component in the reaction chamber was a tank filled with saturated calcium chloride solution), 64±3% (the humidity control component in the reaction chamber was a tank filled with saturated sodium chloride solution) and 71±2% (the humidity control component in the reaction chamber was a tank filled with deionized water), and the reaction was carried out for 160 hours. After the reaction was completed, the azurite powder was taken out; the azurite conversion rates were calculated by the FTIR semi-quantitative method to be <1%, <1%, 5% and 27%, respectively. The experiment found that the higher the humidity, the faster the azurite aging rate ( Figure 5 ).

[0080] Experimental Example 7

[0081] This embodiment provides an environmentally coupled simulated aging system for painting and mural pigments (Example 3) and its application in studying the degradation mechanism of painting and mural pigments in complex environments, as follows:

[0082] (1) using a gradient centrifugation method (performed at the following speeds: 5000 rpm, 5 min; 10000 rpm, 10 min) to remove impurities from the azurite pigment, and then sieving the pigment through a 200-mesh sieve (to control the consistency of particle size and reduce the effect of particle size on aging experiments) to obtain pretreated azurite powder;

[0083] The pretreated azurite powder was immersed in a saturated sodium chloride solution (immersion temperature was room temperature, immersion time was 5 min) to obtain a pretreated sample;

[0084] (2) The pretreated samples obtained in step (1) were placed on the orifice plates of each reaction chamber, and the temperature of the reaction system was maintained within the range of 53.1±4.2°C and the temperature difference of the four reaction chambers was less than 2.6°C. Carbon dioxide was used as the working atmosphere (concentration was 0.1%). The relative humidity in the two reaction chambers was adjusted to 33±1% (the humidity control component in the reaction chamber was a tank filled with saturated magnesium chloride solution) and 74±6% (the humidity control component in the reaction chamber was a tank filled with deionized water), respectively. The reaction was carried out for 160 hours. After the reaction was completed, the azurite powder was taken out. The azurite conversion rates were calculated by the FTIR semi-quantitative method to be <1% and 22% ( Figure 5 ).

[0085] Experimental Example 8

[0086] This embodiment provides an environmentally coupled simulated aging system for painting and mural pigments (Example 3) and its application in studying the degradation mechanism of painting and mural pigments in complex environments, as follows:

[0087] (1) using a gradient centrifugation method (performed at the following speeds: 5000 rpm, 5 min; 10000 rpm, 10 min) to remove impurities from the azurite pigment, and then sieving the pigment through a 200-mesh sieve (to control the consistency of particle size and reduce the effect of particle size on aging experiments) to obtain pretreated azurite powder;

[0088] The pretreated azurite powder was immersed in a saturated sodium chloride solution (immersion temperature was room temperature, immersion time was 5 min) to obtain a pretreated sample;

[0089] (2) The pretreated samples obtained in step (1) were placed on the orifice plates of each reaction chamber, and the temperature of the reaction system was maintained within the range of 53.1±4.2°C and the temperature difference of the four reaction chambers was less than 2.6°C. Carbon dioxide was used as the working atmosphere (concentration was 0.7%). The relative humidity in the four reaction chambers was adjusted to 31±5% (the humidity control component in the reaction chamber was a tank filled with saturated magnesium chloride solution), 51±3% (the humidity control component in the reaction chamber was a tank filled with saturated calcium chloride solution), 62±6% (the humidity control component in the reaction chamber was a tank filled with saturated sodium chloride solution) and 71±3% (the humidity control component in the reaction chamber was a tank filled with deionized water), and the reaction was carried out for 160 hours. After the reaction was completed, the azurite powder was taken out; the azurite conversion rates were calculated by the FTIR semi-quantitative method to be <1%, <1%, <1% and 1.8% respectively. Figure 5 ).

[0090] Experimental Example 9

[0091] This embodiment provides an environmentally coupled simulated aging system for painting and mural pigments (Example 2) and its application in studying the degradation mechanism of painting and mural pigments in complex environments, as follows:

[0092] (1) using a gradient centrifugation method (performed at the following speeds: 5000 rpm, 5 min; 10000 rpm, 10 min) to remove impurities from the azurite pigment, and then sieving the pigment through a 200-mesh sieve (to control the consistency of particle size and reduce the effect of particle size on aging experiments) to obtain pretreated azurite powder;

[0093] The pretreated azurite powder was immersed in a saturated sodium chloride solution (immersion temperature was room temperature, immersion time was 5 min) to obtain a pretreated sample;

[0094] (2) The pretreated samples obtained in step (1) were placed on the orifice plates of each reaction chamber, and the temperature of the reaction system was maintained within the range of 53.1±4.2°C and the temperature difference of the four reaction chambers was less than 2.6°C. Carbon dioxide was used as the working atmosphere (concentration was 2.23%). The relative humidity in the four reaction chambers was adjusted to 30±2% (the humidity control component in the reaction chamber was a tank filled with saturated magnesium chloride solution), 50±2% (the humidity control component in the reaction chamber was a tank filled with saturated calcium chloride solution), 58±6% (the humidity control component in the reaction chamber was a tank filled with saturated sodium chloride solution) and 70±3% (the humidity control component in the reaction chamber was a tank filled with deionized water), and the reaction was carried out for 160 hours. After the reaction was completed, the azurite powder was taken out; the azurite conversion rates were calculated by the FTIR semi-quantitative method to be <1%, <1%, <1% and 1.1% respectively. Figure 5 ).

[0095] It can be found from Examples 5 to 8 that the lower the carbon dioxide concentration, the faster the aging rate of azurite.

[0096] Example 10

[0097] This embodiment provides an environmentally coupled simulated aging system for painting and mural pigments (Example 2) and its application in studying the degradation mechanism of painting and mural pigments in complex environments, as follows:

[0098] (1) using a gradient centrifugation method (performed at the following speeds: 5000 rpm, 5 min; 10000 rpm, 10 min) to remove impurities from the azurite pigment, and then sieving the pigment through a 200-mesh sieve (to control the consistency of particle size and reduce the effect of particle size on aging experiments) to obtain pretreated azurite powder;

[0099] The pretreated azurite powder was immersed in a saturated sodium chloride solution (immersion temperature was room temperature, immersion time was 5 min) to obtain a pretreated sample;

[0100] (2) The pretreated samples obtained in step (1) were placed on the orifice plates of each reaction chamber, and the reaction system temperature was maintained at 53.1±4.2°C, the humidity was 64±3% (the humidity control component in the reaction chamber was a tank filled with saturated sodium chloride solution), and there was no carbon dioxide atmosphere; after 168 hours, the azurite powder was photographed using a camera component ( Figure 6 ) and use the camera system to capture the azurite pigment in each reaction chamber in real time for CIELAB color space conversion ( Figure 7 ), and then take the average brightness of the same area of ​​each image in the time series to obtain the change trend of L*a*b* over time ( Figure 8 ).pass Figure 8 From a to c, it can be found that in the presence of sodium chloride, the relative brightness (L*) of azurite gradually decreases during the accelerated aging process, and the color gradually changes from magenta to green (a*) and blue to yellow (b*); while in the absence of sodium chloride ( Figure 8 d~f), under the same accelerated aging conditions, the color of azurite has no obvious change.

[0101] The above description of the embodiments is intended to facilitate understanding and use of the invention by those skilled in the art. It will be apparent that those skilled in the art can readily make various modifications to these embodiments and apply the general principles described herein to other embodiments without requiring inventive effort. Therefore, the present invention is not limited to the above-described embodiments. Improvements and modifications made by those skilled in the art based on the explanations of the present invention without departing from the scope of the present invention should be within the scope of protection of the present invention.

Claims

1. An environmentally coupled simulated aging system for painting and mural pigments, connected to an external power supply when in use, characterized in that: It includes several reaction chambers, temperature control components, humidity control components, ventilation and exhaust components, temperature and humidity monitoring components, camera components and external control terminals arranged on a mobile support; The reaction chamber is connected to the ventilation and exhaust components, a humidity control component is provided at the bottom, a temperature control component is provided inside, a hole plate for placing samples is provided above, a circuit access port is provided at the top, and a temperature and humidity monitoring component and a camera component are provided at the circuit access port; The temperature control component, humidity control component, ventilation and exhaust component, temperature and humidity monitoring component, and camera component are all connected to an external power supply and an external control terminal.

2. The environmental coupling simulated aging system for painting and mural pigments according to claim 1, characterized in that: The ventilation and exhaust assembly includes a plurality of high-pressure gas cylinders arranged in parallel, the outlets of the high-pressure gas cylinders are provided with pressure reducing valves and are connected to the reaction chamber through gas pipelines; The gas pipeline is provided with a flow meter and a gas mixer.

3. The environmental coupling simulated aging system for painting and mural pigments according to claim 2, characterized in that: A flow meter is provided on the side where the gas pipeline is connected to the reaction chamber.

4. A method for using the environmentally coupled simulated aging system for painting and mural pigments according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that: The following steps are involved: (1) Gradient centrifugation was used to remove impurities from natural painted and mural pigments, and then sieved to control the particle size consistency to reduce the effect of particle size on aging experiments, and post-processed to obtain pretreated samples; (2) placing the pretreated sample obtained in step (1) on the orifice plate of the reaction chamber, adjusting the temperature, humidity, gas environment and gas concentration in the reaction chamber, and monitoring the aging color of the pretreated sample in real time, and post-processing to screen the main controlling coupling factors that trigger the painted and mural pigments.

5. The method for using the environmental coupling simulated aging system for painting and mural pigments according to claim 4, characterized in that: In step (1), the post-processing is specifically as follows: Immerse the sieved painting and mural pigments in a saturated salt solution.

6. The method for using the environmentally coupled simulated aging system for painting and mural pigments according to claim 5, characterized in that: The immersion treatment was performed using a saturated sodium chloride solution.

7. The method for using the environmentally coupled simulated aging system for painting and mural pigments according to claim 4, characterized in that: In step (2), the humidity is adjusted using deionized water or a saturated salt solution.

8. The method for using the environmentally coupled simulated aging system for painting and mural pigments according to claim 4, characterized in that: In step (2), the post-processing is to extract the RGB value or CIELAB value of the image captured by the camera component and analyze the color change rate of the painted and mural pigments.

9. Use of the environmentally coupled simulated aging system for painting and mural pigments according to any one of claims 1 to 3 in studying the degradation mechanism of painting and mural pigments in complex environments.

10. The use according to claim 9, characterized in that An aging test was set up using an environmental coupling simulation aging system for painting and mural pigments to quantify the influence weights and synergistic effects of the main controlling coupling factors.

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