Universal culture medium and preparation method thereof

Abstract

Aiming at the problems of poor fertilizer efficiency durability, low microbial activity and insufficient structural stability of a traditional substrate, 40-60 parts of herbivorous animal manure is used for providing basic nutrients, and 5-10 parts of biochar prepared by cracking garden waste at the high temperature of 680-720 DEG C is matched to optimize a pore structure, so that the fertilizer efficiency of the substrate is improved; 30-50 parts of crop straws are matched to enhance the water retention property, 0.3-0.8 part of a complex microbial inoculant is used for synergistically fixing nitrogen, dissolving phosphorus and inhibiting pathogenic bacteria, and then 5-15 parts of sand with the particle size of 0.5-2 mm and subjected to surface modification by amino silane KH-550 are added to improve the water retention property and the adhesive force of a root system. The culture medium prepared by the invention has the advantages that the slow release property of medium nutrients, the activity of microbial communities and the physical stability are obviously enhanced, the culture medium is mainly used for intensive culture and seedling culture of various commercial crops and horticultural plants, and efficient nutrient supply and root system microenvironment optimization are realized.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the technical field of cultivation substrates, and more particularly to a universal cultivation substrate and a preparation method thereof. Background Art

[0002] In agricultural production, particularly in protected horticulture, nursery cultivation, and potted plant cultivation, the growth medium serves as the primary medium for plant root growth. Its performance directly impacts crop growth, development, and yield quality. Currently, widely used traditional growth media (such as those based on peat, coconut coir, and decomposed organic materials) suffer from several key technical issues in practical applications, hindering further improvement in their effectiveness.

[0003] First, ensuring balanced fertility is difficult. Many substrates rely on the addition of organic or chemical fertilizers for nutrient supply, but these additives often suffer from a mismatch between nutrient release rates and plant needs. Rapid initial release of fast-acting nutrients (such as nitrogen) can easily lead to seedling burn or leaching, while potentially insufficient supply later in the growth cycle. Slow-acting nutrients (such as phosphorus, potassium, and trace elements) can be delayed or insufficient in release, leading to nutrient depletion in the middle and late stages of plant growth. Organic materials have a highly volatile carbon-to-nitrogen (C / N) ratio, making them susceptible to competing with plants for nitrogen during decomposition, resulting in short-term nitrogen deficiencies. This uncontrollable nutrient release makes maintaining a stable and balanced nutrient supply throughout the growth cycle a challenge. Attempts to improve balance through precise manipulation of multiple single fertilizer components not only complicate formulations and increase costs, but are also significantly affected by environmental factors (temperature, humidity, and microbial activity) in practice, making consistent results difficult.

[0004] Secondly, the physical structure is not stable enough. Over long-term use, especially under the influence of irrigation, root growth, and microbial decomposition, the substrate's physical structure is susceptible to degradation. This degradation is primarily manifested by the continuous decomposition of organic materials (such as straw, sawdust, and coconut coir), resulting in volume shrinkage, increased bulk density, and a decrease in total porosity, with a particularly significant reduction in aeration pores. This structural degradation impairs the substrate's air permeability and drainage, causing root hypoxia and affecting the uniform distribution of water within the substrate. Furthermore, structural collapse limits root growth space. While the addition of inorganic particles (such as sand, perlite, and vermiculite) can improve the initial structure to some extent, these particles have weak binding to organic components and easily settle and separate under water shock and root compression, leading to substrate delamination or localized structural damage, making it impossible to maintain an ideal pore structure over the long term. Maintaining a good and stable physical structure (including pore distribution and compressive strength) throughout the cultivation cycle is a persistent challenge in substrate development.

[0005] Third, the activity and sustainability of beneficial microorganisms are limited. A healthy rhizosphere microecological environment is crucial for plant nutrient absorption and transformation, disease resistance, and growth promotion. However, traditional substrate environments are sometimes difficult to support the long-term colonization and efficient activity of beneficial microbial communities. The reasons include: (1) the initial decomposition of organic materials may produce intermediates (such as organic acids and phenols) that are toxic to microorganisms or consume a large amount of oxygen; (2) uneven nutrient supply or unreasonable carbon source structure limits the growth and reproduction of specific functional microorganisms (such as nitrogen-fixing bacteria, phosphate-dissolving bacteria, and biocontrol bacteria); (3) the degradation of physical structure reduces the habitat space and oxygen supply of microorganisms; (4) substrate environmental fluctuations (such as pH, EC value, temperature and humidity changes) affect microbial activity. Although adding commercial microbial agents is a common practice, exogenous microorganisms often face problems such as difficulty in colonization, low survival rate, and fierce competition with native microorganisms in complex and variable substrate environments. Their intended functions (such as nitrogen fixation, phosphate dissolution, and biocontrol) are often difficult to perform stably and sustainably. How to effectively construct and maintain a highly active, functionally diverse and stable beneficial microbial community is a key bottleneck in improving the biological function of the matrix.

[0006] In summary, existing traditional cultivation substrates have significant deficiencies in terms of balanced and sustained fertility release, long-term physical structural stability, and the maintenance and functioning of beneficial microbial activity. These issues stem from the complex interactions between substrate components, the dynamic influence of environmental factors, and the difficulty in precisely regulating the coupled relationships between biotic and abiotic factors. Addressing these challenges presents practical challenges, such as achieving synergistic benefits from multiple components (organic, inorganic, and biological) while maintaining manageable costs and overcoming performance degradation over long-term use. There is an urgent need to develop new cultivation substrate formulations that comprehensively improve these key properties. Summary of the Invention

[0007] An object of the present invention is to solve at least the above problems and to provide at least the advantages which will be described hereinafter.

[0008] Another object of the present invention is to provide a universal cultivation substrate and a preparation method thereof, which solves the technical problems of poor fertilizer durability, low microbial activity and insufficient structural stability of traditional substrates.

[0009] In order to achieve these purposes and other advantages according to the present invention, a universal cultivation substrate is provided, which comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 40-60 parts of herbivore manure, 5-10 parts of biochar, 30-50 parts of crop straw, 0.3-0.8 parts of composite microbial agent, and 5-15 parts of silanized modified sand; Among them, biochar is produced by pyrolysis of garden waste at a high temperature of 680-720℃; The composite bacterial agent is composed of the following components in percentage by mass: 25-35% of freeze-dried powder of Streptococcus thermophilus; 45-55% of mixed bacterial powder prepared by mixing nitrogen-fixing bacteria of brown ball and sphingomonas; and the remainder of mixed spore powder prepared by mycelial fragment powder of Trichoderma harzianum, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, and vitamins; Silanized modified sand is sand with a particle size of 0.5-2 mm that is surface-modified with aminosilane.

[0010] The present invention also provides a method for preparing the universal cultivation substrate, which comprises the following steps: Step 1: Mix 40-60 parts of herbivore manure, 5-10 parts of biochar, 30-50 parts of crop straw crushed to 1-3 cm, 0.3-0.8 parts of a composite bacterial agent, and 5-15 parts of silanized modified sand, by weight, to obtain a mixture; Step 2: Place the mixture in an intelligent composting reactor, introduce hot air at 60-65°C, maintain the center temperature of the compost at 55-60°C, and compost for 4-6 days. After the fermentation is completed, spray a phytic acid solution accounting for 3-5% of the mass of the sand onto the compost, and stir at 120-150 rpm for 10-15 minutes to obtain a compost product; Step 3: The compost product is transferred to a salt reduction tank, water is added, and stirred for 30 minutes to obtain water-washed and salt-reduced treated materials; Step 4: Add a mixed acid solution to the washed and salt-reduced material and stir for 10-15 minutes, adjust the pH to 6.0-7.0, and obtain an acidified material, wherein the mixed acid solution is composed of 2-3wt% of oxalic acid, 3-4wt% of citric acid, and 2-3wt% of humic acid; Step 5: After the acidified material is filtered, the solid component is separated through a 150-200 mesh vibrating screen; Step 6: Dry the solid components with an air flow at a speed of 2-3 m / s and a temperature of ≤40°C to a moisture content of ≤20% to obtain a dry material; Step 7: Mix the dry material with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus spore powder in a mass ratio of 1:0.01-0.03 to obtain the universal cultivation medium.

[0011] Preferably, the preparation method of the universal cultivation substrate and the biochar preparation method are specifically as follows: Step a, crushing garden pruned branches to a particle size of ≤20 mm, and drying at 100-110° C. to a moisture content of ≤10%, to obtain crushed branches; Step b, placing the pulverized tree branches in an inert atmosphere furnace, heating the temperature to 280-320°C at 8-12°C / min, holding the temperature for 25-35 minutes, then heating the temperature to 680-720°C at 3-8°C / min, and pyrolyzing the mixture for 1.5-2.5 hours to obtain a pyrolysis product, and introducing a mixture of water vapor and CO2 at a volume ratio of 1:1.5-2.5 at a flow rate of 0.3-0.8 L / min 25-35 minutes before the end of the pyrolysis; Step c, immersing the pyrolysis product in a 0.05-0.15 mol / L phytic acid solution, and subjecting the mixture to a hydrothermal reaction at 110-130° C. for 5-7 hours to obtain the product.

[0012] Preferably, the method for preparing the universal cultivation substrate and the method for preparing biochar further comprise: Step d, immersing the biochar obtained in step c in 0.4-0.6 mol / L nitric acid at a solid-liquid ratio of 1:8-12, and reacting at 35-45° C. with shaking for 1.5-2.5 hours to obtain acid-etched biochar; Step e, acid etching: the biochar was washed with deionized water until neutral, immersed in 0.8-1.2 wt% aminosilane ethanol solution, treated at 55-65° C. for 3-5 h, and then placed in a vacuum drying oven at 80° C. for 6 h to obtain the biochar.

[0013] Preferably, in the method for preparing the universal cultivation substrate, the first step is specifically: Step 1.1, immersing biochar in an activation solution containing 0.5-0.8wt% chitosan quaternary ammonium salt and 0.1-0.3wt% lactic acid, ultrasonically treating at 50-55°C for 15-20 minutes, and draining to obtain pretreated biochar; premixing silanized modified sand and pretreated biochar at a mass ratio of 1:0.8-1.2, adding 0.1-0.2% nanohydroxyapatite based on the mass of the silanized modified sand, and curing at 55±2°C for 40 minutes in a CO2 atmosphere to obtain a sand-biochar composite; Step 1.2, adding the composite bacterial agent to the sand-charcoal complex, oscillating and adsorbing the mixture under a vacuum of -0.06 to -0.08 MPa for 30 to 40 minutes, heating the mixture to 55 ± 2°C at a rate of 5 to 8°C / min, stirring, and curing for 1 hour to obtain a biochar-bacterial agent complex; Step 1.3: Mix the biochar-microorganism agent complex obtained in step 1.2 with crop straw crushed to 1-3 cm, spray 0.3 mol / L calcium magnesium phytate solution accounting for 1.5-2.5% of the mass of the straw, let it stand for 25-35 minutes, then add herbivore manure and sulfonated lignin accounting for 0.05-0.1% of the total amount of the mixture, and mix at 90-120 rpm for 20-25 minutes under a CO2 atmosphere to obtain a mixture.

[0014] Preferably, in the method for preparing the universal cultivation substrate, step three is specifically as follows: Step 3.1: After the compost product is transferred to the salt reduction tank, zeolite accounting for 2.0-2.5% of the solid mass is added to the compost product in the salt reduction tank, and 15-20°C deionized water is injected at a solid-liquid ratio of 1:0.5-1.0 g / mL, and stirred at 30-40 rpm for 10-15 minutes; Step 3.2, add deionized water to adjust the solid-liquid ratio to 1:1.2-1.5 g / mL, raise the temperature to 30-40°C, continue to add 1.5-2.0% zeolite by solid mass and 0.4 wt% stearic acid ethanol solution equivalent to 25% of the zeolite mass, stir for 20-25 minutes, then add deionized water to adjust the solid-liquid ratio to 1:2.0-2.3 g / mL, raise the temperature to 40-50°C, add 1.0-1.5% zeolite by solid mass and 0.3 wt% stearic acid ethanol solution equivalent to 25% of the zeolite mass, stir for 15-20 minutes, then add deionized water to adjust the solid-liquid ratio to 1:2.8-3.0 g / mL, maintain 40-50°C, and stir for 10-15 minutes; Step 3.3: Turn on the ultrasonic vibration plate at the bottom of the desalination tank (frequency 28kHz, power 150W), and simultaneously introduce nitrogen from the bottom of the tank at a flow rate of 0.8-1.2L / min. After treating for 8-12 minutes, let it stand and separate the layers. Extract the supernatant to obtain the water-washed desalination treated material.

[0015] The preferred method for preparing the universal cultivation substrate is as follows: Step 4.1. The mixed acid solution is divided into three equal portions. The first portion of the mixed acid solution is added to the water-washed and desalted material. Carbon dioxide gas is simultaneously introduced at a flow rate of 0.5-1.0 L / min, and the mixture is stirred at 40-50 rpm at 20-30°C for 10-15 minutes. The temperature is then raised to 30-40°C, and the second portion of the mixed acid solution and 0.8-1.2% of microcrystalline cellulose, which accounts for 0.8-1.2% of the total weight of the acidified material, are added. The mixture is stirred for 15-20 minutes under an ultrasonic field (frequency 40 kHz, power 100 W). The temperature is maintained at 30-40°C, and the third portion of the mixed acid solution is added. The pH is adjusted to 6.0-7.0. Stirring is stopped and the mixture is allowed to permeate for 5-8 minutes to obtain a reaction mass. Step 4.2: Transfer the reaction materials into the reactor, open the microporous filter plate (pore size 5-10 μm) at the bottom of the reactor, and raise the liquid level at a rate of 0.3-0.5 cm / min. When the liquid-solid interface rises to 1 / 3 of the distance from the top of the container, close the filter plate and retain the solid components at the bottom to obtain the acidified material.

[0016] Preferably, the preparation method of the universal cultivation matrix and composite bacterial agent comprises the following steps: step , inoculating Azotobacter chrysococcoides and Sphingomonas spp. into a liquid culture medium containing 0.5-1.0 wt% yeast extract and 0.3-0.6 wt% potassium dihydrogen phosphate, respectively, and culturing the mixture at 28-32° C. and 120-150 rpm with shaking for 36-48 hours. After centrifugation, the mixture was mixed at a ratio of 1:1 by dry mass of the bacteria, and trehalose equivalent to 8-12% of the total mass of the bacteria and 5-8% of nanoporous silica were added. The mixture was freeze-dried in vacuum and then ground through a 200-mesh sieve to prepare a mixed bacterial powder; step immersing the mycelial fragment powder of Trichoderma harzianum in an embedding solution containing 0.2-0.4 wt% sodium carboxymethyl cellulose and 0.05-0.1 wt% vitamin B1, spray drying at 40-50° C., and collecting mixed spore powder with a particle size of 50-100 μm; step , inoculating Streptococcus thermophilus in a culture medium containing 2-3 wt% whey protein and 1-2 wt% maltose, culturing at 37° C. for 18-24 h, centrifuging and suspending with skim milk containing 1.5-2.0 wt% mannitol at a ratio of 1:4-6, and freeze-drying to obtain a freeze-dried Streptococcus thermophilus powder; step , step The obtained mixed bacterial powder, step Obtained mixed spore powder and steps The obtained thermophilic streptococcus lyophilized powder is mixed evenly according to the above mass percentage to obtain the product.

[0017] Preferably, the method for preparing the universal cultivation substrate and the method for pretreating herbivore feces include the following steps: Step I: crushing the herbivore feces to a particle size of ≤15 mm, mixing it with 0.5-0.8 wt% lactic acid solution accounting for 1-3% of the mass of the herbivore feces at a solid-liquid ratio of 1:1.5-2.0, and stirring at 20-30 rpm at 40-45° C. for 20-30 minutes; Step II, adjust the pH to 5.0-5.5, add 0.1-0.3% of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose by mass of the mixed system, heat to 50-55°C and keep at a constant temperature for 1-1.5 hours; Step III: cool down to 25-30°C at 5-8°C / min, remove the supernatant by centrifugation, retain the solids and treat with ultrasound at a frequency of 25-35 kHz for 10-15 minutes to obtain the product.

[0018] Preferably, the method for preparing the universal cultivation substrate and the method for preparing the silanized modified sand include the following steps: Step S1, immerse sand with a particle size of 0.5-2 mm in a 1.0-1.5 mol / L hydrochloric acid solution, shake at 60-70° C. for 20-40 min, and wash with water until neutral; Step S2: mixing the acid-washed sand with a 0.5-1.0 wt% aminosilane (KH-550) ethanol solution at a solid-liquid ratio of 1:3-5, and subjecting the mixture to an oscillation reaction at 25-35° C. and a vacuum degree of -0.05 to -0.07 MPa for 1-2 hours; Step S3: collecting the solid by filtration, and drying it with hot air at 80-90° C. until the moisture content is ≤2%.

[0019] The present invention has at least the following beneficial effects: 1. The universal cultivation matrix of this invention effectively enhances fertility balance, structural stability, and microbial activity through the synergistic combination of herbivorous animal manure, biochar, crop straw, a composite microbial agent, and silanized modified sand. The herbivorous animal manure provides foundational organic matter, the biochar optimizes pore structure and slow-releases nutrients, the crop straw maintains water retention and air permeability, the composite microbial agent achieves synergistic effects of nitrogen fixation, phosphorus solubilization, and pathogen suppression, and the silanized modified sand strengthens the matrix's integrity and improves root adhesion. Together, these factors ensure a continuous and stable nutrient supply throughout the cultivation cycle, protect the physical structure from degradation, and maintain the long-term activity of the functional microbial community.

[0020] 2. The preparation method of the present invention achieves performance optimization through a multi-stage process. Intelligent composting fermentation promotes the humification of organic matter while protecting functional microorganisms. Gradient zeolite salt reduction and ultrasonic nitrogen perturbation are combined to achieve efficient desalination without destroying the composite structure. The subsequent mixed acid solution infiltrates in steps and cooperates with the microenvironment to regulate and activate mineral nutrients and stabilize the pH value, forming a matrix foundation for deep organic-inorganic integration.

[0021] 3. The key components of the present invention are significantly enhanced in efficiency through targeted pretreatment: the segmented temperature-controlled pyrolysis of biochar combined with phytic acid hydrothermal activation simultaneously enhances pore function and ion exchange capacity; the sand-charcoal complex deeply embeds the inorganic phase into the organic network through interface modification and nano-bridging technology; the composite bacterial agent forms stress-resistant microcapsules through targeted loading and mild curing, ensuring efficient colonization of exogenous microorganisms.

[0022] 4. The process design of the preparation method of the present invention takes into account the needs of industrialization. The salt reduction process uses zeolite gradient adsorption and stearic acid modification to balance desalination efficiency and structural maintenance. The acidification treatment uses the sustained release effect of microcrystalline cellulose to avoid strong acid damage to microorganisms. The lactic acid activation of herbivorous animal feces simultaneously achieves pathogen inactivation and organic matter dissolution. All process parameters are adapted to continuous production.

[0023] Other advantages, objectives and features of the present invention will be reflected in part through the following description, and in part will be understood by those skilled in the art through study and practice of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0024] The present invention is further described in detail below with reference to the embodiments so that those skilled in the art can implement the invention with reference to the description.

[0025] It should be understood that terms such as “having”, “including” and “comprising” used herein do not preclude the existence or addition of one or more other elements or combinations thereof.

[0026] It should be noted that the experimental methods described in the following embodiments are conventional methods unless otherwise specified, and the reagents and materials can be obtained from commercial channels unless otherwise specified.

[0027] The present invention provides a universal cultivation substrate, which comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 40-60 parts of herbivore manure, 5-10 parts of biochar, 30-50 parts of crop straw, 0.3-0.8 parts of composite microbial agent, and 5-15 parts of silanized modified sand; Among them, biochar is produced by pyrolysis of garden waste at a high temperature of 680-720℃; The composite bacterial agent is composed of the following components in percentage by mass: 25-35% of freeze-dried powder of Streptococcus thermophilus; 45-55% of mixed bacterial powder prepared by mixing nitrogen-fixing bacteria of brown ball and sphingomonas; and the remainder of mixed spore powder prepared by mycelial fragment powder of Trichoderma harzianum, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, and vitamins; The silanized modified sand is sand with a particle size of 0.5-2 mm that is surface-modified with aminosilane; the sand can be river sand or desert sand that is cheap and readily available in the prior art.

[0028] One of the raw materials of the cultivation matrix of the present invention, herbivorous animal manure refers to the excrement of herbivorous animals such as cattle, sheep, and rabbits, which contains organic matter and nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium after composting; biochar is a porous carbon material formed by high-temperature cracking of garden branches under anaerobic conditions; crop straw includes crushed materials such as corn stalks and wheat stalks; the composite bacterial agent is made by freeze-drying and embedding specific functional microorganisms; silanized modified sand refers to inorganic particles whose sand surface is modified by aminosilane bonding.

[0029] Herbivorous animal manure provides slow-release organic matter, the three-dimensional pores of biochar enhance water retention, the fiber network of crop straw maintains aeration porosity, the microorganisms of the composite inoculant synergistically fix nitrogen and dissolve phosphorus, and the surface amino groups of the silanized modified sand enhance the binding force with organic components, jointly achieving balanced fertility release, structural anti-collapse and microbial colonization stability.

[0030] The present invention also provides a method for preparing the universal cultivation substrate, which comprises the following steps: Step 1: Mix 40-60 parts of herbivore manure, 5-10 parts of biochar, 30-50 parts of crop straw crushed to 1-3 cm, 0.3-0.8 parts of a composite bacterial agent, and 5-15 parts of silanized modified sand, by weight, to obtain a mixture; Step 2: Place the mixture in an intelligent composting reactor, introduce hot air at 60-65°C, maintain the core temperature of the compost at 55-60°C, and compost for 4-6 days. After fermentation, spray a phytic acid solution (3-5% by weight of sand) onto the compost, and stir at 120-150 rpm for 10-15 minutes to obtain a compost product. An intelligent composting reactor is a sealed container with a temperature control and ventilation system. Step 3: The compost product is transferred to a salt reduction tank, water is added, and stirred for 30 minutes to obtain water-washed and salt-reduced treated materials; Step 4: Add a mixed acid solution to the washed and desalted material and stir for 10-15 minutes, adjust the pH to 6.0-7.0, and obtain an acidified material; the mixed acid solution is composed of 2-3wt% oxalic acid, 3-4wt% citric acid, and 2-3wt% humic acid; the desalting tank is an acid-resistant container equipped with an ultrasonic vibration plate and a gas distributor; Step 5: After the acidified material is filtered, the solid component is separated through a 150-200 mesh vibrating screen; Step 6: Dry the solid components with an air flow at a speed of 2-3 m / s and a temperature of ≤40°C to a moisture content of ≤20% to obtain a dry material; Step 7: Mix the dry material with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus spore powder at a mass ratio of 1:0.01-0.03 to obtain the universal cultivation medium. The arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus spore powder is a symbiotic microbial preparation that promotes root absorption.

[0031] The cultivation substrate preparation method of the present invention first introduces the raw materials of the aforementioned composition ratio into a mixer to obtain a mixture. The mixture is then transferred to an intelligent composting reactor, where hot air at 60-65°C is passed through the reactor to maintain a constant temperature of 55-60°C at the core for 4-6 days. After fermentation, a phytic acid solution, representing 3-5% by weight of sand, is sprayed onto the fermentation pile, and the mixture is stirred at 120-150 rpm for 10-15 minutes to obtain a compost product. The compost product is then transferred to a salt reduction tank, where deionized water is added and stirred for 30 minutes to obtain a water-washed, salt-reduced material. The mixed acid solution is added to the water-washed, salt-reduced material, stirred for 10-15 minutes, and the pH is adjusted to 6.0-7.0. The solid component is then separated through a 150-200 mesh vibrating screen and air dried at a wind speed of 2-3 m / s and a temperature not exceeding 40°C (e.g., 38°C) to a moisture content of no more than 20% (e.g., 18%) to obtain a dried material. Finally, the dried material is mixed with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal spore powder in a mass ratio of 1:0.01-0.03 to obtain a universal cultivation medium.

[0032] The intelligent composting reactor of the present invention promotes the humification of organic matter through temperature-controlled fermentation; the salt reduction pool combines ultrasound and nitrogen bubbling for efficient desalination; the mixed acid solution activates mineral nutrients; and the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi enhance the root symbiotic effect, thereby improving the biological activity and salt tolerance of the substrate as a whole.

[0033] In another technical solution, the preparation method of the universal cultivation substrate and the preparation method of biochar are specifically as follows: Step a, crushing garden pruned branches to a particle size of ≤20 mm, and drying at 100-110° C. to a moisture content of ≤10%, to obtain crushed branches; Step b, placing the shredded branches in an inert atmosphere furnace, heating the temperature to 280-320°C at 8-12°C / min, holding the temperature for 25-35 minutes, then heating the temperature to 680-720°C at 3-8°C / min, and pyrolyzing for 1.5-2.5 hours to obtain a pyrolysis product, and introducing a mixture of water vapor and CO2 at a volume ratio of 1:1.5-2.5 at a flow rate of 0.3-0.8 L / min 25-35 minutes before the end of the pyrolysis. The inert atmosphere furnace refers to a pyrolysis device that is filled with nitrogen to maintain an oxygen-deficient environment; Step c: Immerse the pyrolysis product in a 0.05-0.15 mol / L phytic acid solution and perform a hydrothermal reaction at 110-130° C. for 5-7 hours to obtain the product. The hydrothermal reaction is performed in a hydrothermal reactor, which is a high-pressure sealed container.

[0034] The biochar preparation method of the present invention achieves synergistic optimization of material structure and surface chemistry through step-by-step pyrolysis coupled with gas-phase activation and hydrothermal modification. The segmented temperature control strategy promotes selective pyrolysis of lignocellulose in the low-temperature stage (280-320°C), retains oxygen-containing functional groups such as carboxyl and phenolic hydroxyl groups, and provides active sites for ion exchange; the high-temperature stage (680-720°C) drives the aromatization condensation reaction to construct a three-dimensional porous skeleton with a high degree of graphitization. Its connected pores significantly enhance the slow-release capacity of water and nutrients. The precise time-sequential introduction of water vapor and CO2 mixed gas produces a micro-domain redox environment at the end of pyrolysis: water vapor expands the mesoporous volume through gasification reaction, and CO2 etches the carbon layer to form surface defects, which synergistically improve the pore accessibility and specific surface area. Phytic acid hydrothermal activation uses high temperature and high pressure conditions to promote the deprotonation of phytic acid molecules. Its phosphate groups coordinate and chelate with metal ions on the carbon surface. At the same time, the phytic acid carbon chain is embedded in the edge of the carbon layer to form an organic-inorganic hybrid interface, giving biochar triple functional advantages: 1. Phosphorus slow-release carrier. The bound phosphate is gradually hydrolyzed in the weak acid environment of the root system, avoiding the immobilization loss of traditional phosphate fertilizers; 2. Microbial niche optimization. The surface negative charge density is increased to enhance the electrostatic adsorption of beneficial bacteria. The phytic acid degradation products act as a microbial carbon source to promote biofilm formation; 3. Heavy metal passivation ability: The phosphate groups form insoluble precipitates with heavy metals, reducing the risk of plant toxicity.

[0035] The biochar preparation process provided by the present invention breaks through the technical contradiction that pore development and surface function are difficult to be compatible in traditional biochar preparation. The obtained material has the characteristics of high pore stability, controllable nutrient release and enhanced microbial colonization, providing core material support for the physical structure enhancement and biochemical function regulation of the cultivation matrix.

[0036] In another technical solution, the method for preparing the universal cultivation substrate and the method for preparing biochar further include: Step d, immersing the biochar obtained in step c in 0.4-0.6 mol / L nitric acid at a solid-liquid ratio of 1:8-12, and reacting at 35-45° C. with shaking for 1.5-2.5 hours to obtain acid-etched biochar; Step e, acid etching: the biochar was washed with deionized water until neutral, immersed in 0.8-1.2 wt% aminosilane ethanol solution, treated at 55-65° C. for 3-5 h, and then placed in a vacuum drying oven at 80° C. for 6 h to obtain the biochar.

[0037] The present invention further modifies biochar through acid etching-silanization gradient, and realizes the directed evolution of surface chemical properties and interface compatibility on the basis of retaining the multi-level pores and phosphorus active sites of the previous biochar. Nitric acid selective etching targets and dissolves the ash impurities and weak crystalline carbon phases remaining in the carbon layer, and simultaneously produces three effects: 1. Pore refinement and reconstruction, removing pore blockages to restore pore accessibility, and creating sub-nanometer surface defects in the carbon skeleton, providing highly active anchoring sites for silane coupling; 2. Surface charge regulation, increasing the density of acidic functional groups such as carboxyl / phenolic hydroxyl groups, enhancing cation exchange capacity and heavy metal ion chelation potential; 3. Interface energy optimization, exposing more sp 2 Hybridized carbon domains reduce the interfacial energy barrier for subsequent organic modification.

[0038] The present invention forms an organic-inorganic hybrid interface through the directional bonding of aminosilane at the molecular level: the silanol groups generated by its hydrolysis condense with the hydroxyl groups on the carbon surface to form a Si-OC covalent bridge, while the extended amino functional groups construct a positively charged molecular brush. This structure triggers a paradigm shift in material performance: 1. A revolution in interfacial compatibility: The amino molecular brush strongly bonds to the organic components (such as humic acid and polysaccharides) in the matrix through hydrogen bonds and ion-dipole interactions, eliminating the phase separation phenomenon between traditional inorganic fillers and organic phases; 2. Intelligent sustained release of nutrients: Protonated amino groups (-NH3 + ) Selectively adsorb anionic nutrients such as nitrate and phosphate, and release them on demand through ion exchange in the weakly acidic microenvironment of the root system; 3. Enhanced microbial colonization: The amino functional group acts as an electron shuttle to promote extracellular electron transfer of microorganisms, accelerate the regeneration of FeMo cofactors of nitrogen-fixing bacteria and the activation of proton pumps of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria.

[0039] The present invention further acid-etching-silanization gradient modification of biochar breaks through the technical shackles of easy migration and difficult dispersion of biochar in composite matrices. The constructed "rigid carbon skeleton-flexible silane interface" dual network structure upgrades biochar from a passive filling material to a functional hub that actively regulates the matrix microenvironment, providing dual guarantees of physical stability and biochemical activity for the cultivation system.

[0040] In another technical solution, the method for preparing the universal cultivation substrate, step 1 is specifically as follows: Step 1.1, immersing biochar in an activation solution containing 0.5-0.8wt% chitosan quaternary ammonium salt and 0.1-0.3wt% lactic acid, ultrasonically treating at 50-55°C for 15-20 minutes, and draining to obtain pretreated biochar; premixing silanized modified sand and pretreated biochar at a mass ratio of 1:0.8-1.2, adding 0.1-0.2% nanohydroxyapatite based on the mass of the silanized modified sand, and curing at 55±2°C for 40 minutes in a CO2 atmosphere to obtain a sand-biochar composite; Step 1.2, adding the composite bacterial agent to the sand-charcoal complex, oscillating and adsorbing the mixture under a vacuum of -0.06 to -0.08 MPa for 30 to 40 minutes, heating the mixture to 55 ± 2°C at a rate of 5 to 8°C / min, stirring, and curing for 1 hour to obtain a biochar-bacterial agent complex; Step 1.3: Mix the biochar-microorganism agent complex obtained in step 1.2 with crop straw crushed to 1-3 cm, spray 0.3 mol / L calcium magnesium phytate solution accounting for 1.5-2.5% of the mass of the straw, let it stand for 25-35 minutes, then add herbivore manure and sulfonated lignin accounting for 0.05-0.1% of the total amount of the mixture, and mix at 90-120 rpm for 20-25 minutes under a CO2 atmosphere to obtain a mixture.

[0041] The present invention achieves intrinsic strengthening of the organic-inorganic composite system through three-level regulation: cationic activation of the biochar surface - bonding at the sand-carbon heterogeneous interface - and nano-mineral bridging. The synergistic modification of chitosan quaternary ammonium salt and lactic acid gives the biochar a dual-functional surface: the quaternary ammonium group anchors the negatively charged functional bacteria through electrostatic action, and the protonated carboxyl group of lactic acid promotes the directional deposition of nano-hydroxyapatite, forming a microorganism-mineral co-immobilization precursor. Aminosilane sand is premixed with activated biochar under vacuum oscillation adsorption, so that the silane hydroxyl groups on the sand surface form a hydrogen bond network with the phenolic hydroxyl groups of the biochar, and an in-situ carbonation reaction occurs in a CO2 atmosphere to generate calcium carbonate microcrystals to fill the interfacial gaps. The key bridging effect of nanohydroxyapatite is to construct a "sand-nanomineral-carbon" sandwich structure under the bidirectional bonding of its calcium ions and silane amino groups and phosphate groups and biochar magnesium ions, producing a triple enhancement effect: a. Mechanical interlocking topology - nanoparticles are embedded in the concave and convex parts of the sand-carbon interface to produce a pinning effect, resisting phase separation caused by irrigation shear force; b. Chemical bonding conduction - Ca-O-Si and POC covalent bonds form electron transfer channels, accelerating electron exchange between microorganisms and minerals; c. Microenvironment buffering - the calcium carbonate / hydroxyapatite system establishes a dynamic buffer zone of pH 6.5-7.5, stabilizing the metabolic activity of functional bacteria.

[0042] The "sand-nanomineral-carbon" sandwich structure breaks through the limitations of simple mixing of inorganic and organic phases in traditional matrices, transforming silanized sand from an inert filler into a mechanically reinforced skeleton of the biochar network. At the same time, the nanomineral bridge points become "electron transfer stations" for microbial energy metabolism, laying the foundation for the bionic mineral interface for the efficient colonization of subsequent bacterial agents.

[0043] In another technical solution, the method for preparing the universal cultivation substrate, step three is specifically as follows: Step 3.1: After the compost product is transferred to the salt reduction tank, zeolite accounting for 2.0-2.5% of the solid mass is added to the compost product in the salt reduction tank, and 15-20°C deionized water is injected at a solid-liquid ratio of 1:0.5-1.0 g / mL, and stirred at 30-40 rpm for 10-15 minutes; Step 3.2, add deionized water to adjust the solid-liquid ratio to 1:1.2-1.5 g / mL, raise the temperature to 30-40°C, continue to add 1.5-2.0% zeolite by solid mass and 0.4 wt% stearic acid ethanol solution equivalent to 25% of the zeolite mass, stir for 20-25 minutes, then add deionized water to adjust the solid-liquid ratio to 1:2.0-2.3 g / mL, raise the temperature to 40-50°C, add 1.0-1.5% zeolite by solid mass and 0.3 wt% stearic acid ethanol solution equivalent to 25% of the zeolite mass, stir for 15-20 minutes, then add deionized water to adjust the solid-liquid ratio to 1:2.8-3.0 g / mL, maintain 40-50°C, and stir for 10-15 minutes; Step 3.3: Turn on the ultrasonic vibration plate at the bottom of the desalination tank (frequency 28kHz, power 150W), and simultaneously introduce nitrogen from the bottom of the tank at a flow rate of 0.8-1.2L / min. After treating for 8-12 minutes, let it stand and separate the layers. Extract the supernatant to obtain the water-washed desalination treated material.

[0044] The present invention adopts the synergistic enhancement of gradient adsorption and selective ion removal, specifically: The three-stage gradient addition of zeolite builds a dynamic ion exchange barrier through precise control of temperature and solid-liquid ratio (low temperature → medium temperature → high temperature). In the low temperature section (15-20℃), high-valent cations (such as Ca 2+ Mg 2+ ), targeting transition metal ions in the medium temperature range (30-40℃), and efficiently capturing Na in the high temperature range (40-50℃) + , K + Monovalent ions such as ions form a selective step-by-step removal path for salt separation ions. Stearic acid-modified zeolite (stearic acid ethanol solution is added simultaneously) constructs a hydrophobic-hydrophilic block structure on the zeolite surface: the hydrophilic carboxyl end enhances the chelation selectivity for specific ions, while the hydrophobic alkyl chain repels the adsorption of organic colloids, avoiding clogging of the zeolite pores, significantly extending the service life of the adsorbent and improving the desalination accuracy. The salt reduction process of the compost product of this invention utilizes a dynamic balance mechanism between micro-interface mass transfer and structural integrity. Specifically, ultrasonic cavitation (28kHz) induces microjets and shear forces at the solid-liquid interface, effectively stripping the ion-saturated layer on the zeolite surface and breaking down the salt concentration boundary, enabling the desalination process to overcome diffusion rate limitations. Simultaneously, cavitation energy acts on the salt lattice without damaging the organic fiber network, maintaining matrix stability. Nitrogen bubbling modulates the microenvironment by creating an inert gas barrier to isolate oxidation reactions and inhibit the oxidative degradation of humic acid in organic components. The Marangoni effect generated by the rising bubble process further enhances liquid-phase mass transfer and, in conjunction with ultrasonic waves, creates non-mechanical micro-perturbations, preventing the complex phase separation caused by traditional stirring. The present invention adopts an in-situ construction method of a functional zeolite network. The zeolite evolves into a dual-functional carrier of "ion screening-organic matter protection" in gradient adsorption: its silicon-aluminum skeleton selectively captures salt ions and simultaneously releases mineral Ca 2+ Mg 2+ , compensate for the nutrient loss in the desalination process; the surface stearic acid layer shields the loss of humus through hydrophobic effect, ensures the structural integrity of humic acid colloid, and maintains the ion buffering capacity of the matrix. In the salt reduction process of the present invention, a closed-circuit salt migration path of "zeolite adsorption phase change → ultrasonic desorption → nitrogen-carrying pollution removal" is constructed to achieve: reduction of salt ion ecotoxicity: targeted removal of Na + 、Cl- Isotropic salt ions, retaining K that is beneficial to plants + , Ca 2+ Micronutrients such as trace nutrients; preservation of microbial activity: low temperature operation and inert atmosphere avoid heat damage and oxidative stress, ensuring the metabolic activity of functional bacteria; root microenvironment pre-adaptation: the final osmotic pressure and ionic strength of the matrix approach the physiological needs of the plant, reducing the risk of osmotic stress after transplanting. This salt reduction process, achieved through adsorption selectivity design (gradient zeolite), breakthroughs in mass transfer kinetics (ultrasound-nitrogen synergy), and interface engineering (stearic acid modification), achieves high-throughput salt removal and ecological restoration of the substrate microenvironment in a non-destructive manner. Essentially, it establishes a salt management paradigm integrating "ion screening, physical mass transfer, and structural preservation," laying the core foundation for the chemical stability and biocompatibility of the cultivation substrate.

[0045] In another technical solution, the method for preparing the universal cultivation substrate, step 4 is specifically as follows: Step 4.1. The mixed acid solution is divided into three equal portions. The first portion of the mixed acid solution is added to the water-washed and desalted material. Carbon dioxide gas is simultaneously introduced at a flow rate of 0.5-1.0 L / min, and the mixture is stirred at 40-50 rpm at 20-30°C for 10-15 minutes. The temperature is then raised to 30-40°C, and the second portion of the mixed acid solution and 0.8-1.2% of microcrystalline cellulose, which accounts for 0.8-1.2% of the total weight of the acidified material, are added. The mixture is stirred for 15-20 minutes under an ultrasonic field (frequency 40 kHz, power 100 W). The temperature is maintained at 30-40°C, and the third portion of the mixed acid solution is added. The pH is adjusted to 6.0-7.0. Stirring is stopped and the mixture is allowed to permeate for 5-8 minutes to obtain a reaction mass. Step 4.2: Transfer the reaction materials into the reactor, open the microporous filter plate (pore size 5-10 μm) at the bottom of the reactor, and raise the liquid level at a rate of 0.3-0.5 cm / min. When the liquid-solid interface rises to 1 / 3 of the distance from the top of the container, close the filter plate and retain the solid components at the bottom to obtain the acidified material.

[0046] This invention achieves a precise balance between mineral activation and the microbial microenvironment through a ternary synergistic system: pH gradient osmosis, confined sustained release of microcrystalline cellulose, and hydraulic control of a microporous filter plate. Staged acid injection coupled with CO2 atmosphere control creates a dynamic proton transfer network: The first acid stage (low-temperature phase) involves CO2 dissolution, forming a carbonate / oxalic acid buffer pair, maintaining a weakly acidic pH of 3.5-4.0. This preferentially dissolves carbonate minerals like calcite and dolomite, releasing calcium and magnesium ions and creating micropores. The second acid stage (ultrasonic phase) involves ultrasound, which unfolds the microcrystalline cellulose nanofiber network. The surface hydroxyls of the microcrystalline cellulose form hydrogen-bonded complexes with citric acid, slowing the diffusion rate of strong acid protons and enabling humic acid to selectively chelate iron and aluminum oxides rather than destroying the silicate framework. The third acid stage (equilibrium phase) involves free humic acid and previously released metal ions self-assembling into organic-mineral bridges, repairing surface defects caused by mineral dissolution.

[0047] The progressive liquid level rise of the microporous filter plate creates unique solid-liquid separation dynamics: laminar osmosis effect: a laminar flow field is formed at a rising speed of 0.3-0.5 cm / min, and the acid carries dissolved ions and migrates upward along the curved surface of the mineral particles, avoiding colloid redeposition caused by turbulence; hydraulic gradient control: the hydrostatic pressure difference (ΔP≈10Pa) generated by the rising liquid level makes the microporous filter plate only permeable to water molecules and ions, and intercepts organic-mineral composite micelles larger than 5μm; in-situ pH buffering: the humic acid-metal complex retained at the bottom forms a dynamic buffer layer with a pH of 6.0-7.0, protecting functional microorganisms from hydrogen ion shock.

[0048] The acidification treatment process of the present invention overcomes the contradiction between excessive mineral dissolution and microbial inactivation in traditional acidification treatment, achieving the triple goals of "selective mineral activation - organic colloid preservation - microbial habitat maintenance" at the nanoscale, and establishing a chemical microenvironment with high nutrient availability and biocompatibility for the cultivation medium.

[0049] In another technical solution, the preparation method of the universal cultivation substrate and the preparation method of the composite bacterial agent include the following steps: step , inoculating Azotobacter chrysococcoides and Sphingomonas spp. into a liquid culture medium containing 0.5-1.0 wt% yeast extract and 0.3-0.6 wt% potassium dihydrogen phosphate, respectively, and culturing the mixture at 28-32° C. and 120-150 rpm with shaking for 36-48 hours. After centrifugation, the mixture was mixed at a ratio of 1:1 by dry mass of the bacteria, and trehalose equivalent to 8-12% of the total mass of the bacteria and 5-8% of nanoporous silica were added. The mixture was freeze-dried in vacuum and then ground through a 200-mesh sieve to prepare a mixed bacterial powder; step immersing the mycelial fragment powder of Trichoderma harzianum in an embedding solution containing 0.2-0.4 wt% sodium carboxymethyl cellulose and 0.05-0.1 wt% vitamin B1, spray drying at 40-50° C., and collecting mixed spore powder with a particle size of 50-100 μm; step , inoculating Streptococcus thermophilus in a culture medium containing 2-3 wt% whey protein and 1-2 wt% maltose, culturing at 37° C. for 18-24 h, centrifuging and suspending with skim milk containing 1.5-2.0 wt% mannitol at a ratio of 1:4-6, and freeze-drying to obtain a freeze-dried Streptococcus thermophilus powder; step , step The obtained mixed bacterial powder, step Obtained mixed spore powder and steps The obtained thermophilic streptococcus lyophilized powder is mixed evenly according to the above mass percentage to obtain the product.

[0050] This invention achieves the preservation of functional microbial activity and precise regulation of ecological niches through a three-dimensional strategy: differentiated bacterial adaptive protection, confined nanocarrier immobilization, and in situ sustained release of metabolic substrates. The co-immobilization and freeze-drying of Azotobacter chrysoglobina and Sphingomonas creates a synthetic microbial community. Energy metabolism is coupled: the reducing force generated by Sphingomonas' degradation of aromatic compounds drives ATP synthesis in Azotobacter chrysoglobina nitrogenase, circumventing the energy loss bottleneck of pure cultured Azotobacter. Nanoporous silica exhibits a molecular cage effect: its three-dimensional mesoporous network (2-50 nm) selectively adsorbs bacterial extracellular enzymes (such as urease and phosphatase), forming an "enzyme-carrier" composite catalytic center that protects against enzyme protein denaturation and inactivation during the freeze-drying process. Trehalose also undergoes a glass transition: during the dehydration phase transition, an amorphous protective layer is formed, maintaining the liquid crystalline structure of the cell membrane's phospholipid bilayer and stabilizing the transmembrane proton gradient.

[0051] The multi-level encapsulation system of Trichoderma harzianum hyphae fragments realizes spatiotemporal programming of biocontrol functions: sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) topological confinement: β-1,4-glucan chains entangle the hyphae fragments to form a hydrogel network, physically isolating the negative feedback effect of antagonistic metabolites (such as gliotoxin) and spore germination inhibitors; vitamin B1 signal activation: as a thiamine precursor, it activates the expression of Trichoderma chitinase gene (chit42), allowing the spores to quickly initiate enzymatic attack mode after contact with pathogens; spray drying phase separation: water-ethanol two-phase evaporation induces CMC to self-assemble into an asymmetric Janus membrane on the spore surface. The hydrophobic surface resists the moisture fluctuation of the matrix, and the hydrophilic surface maintains the diffusion channel of germination signal molecules.

[0052] The skim milk-mannitol dual-matrix freeze-drying of Streptococcus thermophilus constructs a probiotic microecological promoter: a whey protein-mannitol eutectic system forms a dendritic ice crystal exclusion zone at the freezing interface, forcing the bacteria to align into biofilm-like microcolonies, and improving the quorum sensing efficiency after recovery; in situ solidification of extracellular polysaccharides: mannitol promotes the cross-linking of β-glucan secreted by the bacteria into a mesh scaffold during the dehydration process, protecting the cell membrane osmotic pressure regulation system; metabolic memory effect: the lactose in skim milk induces the continuous high expression of lactate dehydrogenase, so that the microenvironment is rapidly acidified after bacterial colonization to inhibit pathogens.

[0053] The functional spatiotemporal coupling of the three components produces a super-additive effect after compounding: nitrogen and phosphorus activation cascade - thermophilic Streptococcus produces acid and dissolves Ca3(PO4)2, the released phosphate activates the pho operon of Sphingomonas, and the citric acid secreted by it cooperates with the nitrogen fixation product (NH4 + ) synthesizes magnesium ammonium phosphate that can be directly absorbed by plants; biocontrol-growth promotion synergy-the hydrophobic protein secreted by Trichoderma hyphae fragments covers the crop roots to form a physical barrier, while the quorum sensing signal (AI-2) of thermophilic Streptococcus activates the expression of Trichoderma antibacterial gene cluster; niche segmentation-nitrogen-fixing bacteria colonize the root surface, phosphate-solubilizing bacteria are distributed in the 1-2mm micro-area of ​​the rhizosphere, and Trichoderma occupies the gaps in the root cortex, avoiding nutrient competition and maximizing space utilization.

[0054] The present invention breaks through the technical bottleneck of achieving both viable bacterial rate and functional sustainability in the preparation of traditional microbial agents. Through molecular-scale protection mechanisms and community-level ecological design, the composite microbial agent becomes an intelligent biological engine for regulating rhizosphere microecology.

[0055] In another technical solution, the method for preparing the universal cultivation substrate and the method for pretreating herbivorous animal feces include the following steps: Step I: crushing the herbivore feces to a particle size of ≤15 mm, mixing it with 0.5-0.8 wt% lactic acid solution accounting for 1-3% of the mass of the herbivore feces at a solid-liquid ratio of 1:1.5-2.0, and stirring at 20-30 rpm at 40-45° C. for 20-30 minutes; Step II, adjust the pH to 5.0-5.5, add 0.1-0.3% of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose by mass of the mixed system, heat to 50-55°C and keep at a constant temperature for 1-1.5 hours; Step III: cool down to 25-30°C at 5-8°C / min, remove the supernatant by centrifugation, retain the solids and treat with ultrasound at a frequency of 25-35 kHz for 10-15 minutes to obtain the product.

[0056] This invention achieves the simultaneous improvement of fecal organic matter bioavailability and ecological risk control through the three-stage synergistic effect of protonated lactic acid penetration, anionic polymer bridging, and ultrasonic cavitation depolymerization. The transmembrane penetration of lactic acid molecules in a weak thermal environment triggers multiple biochemical effects: targeted dissolution of pathogen membranes, diffusion of protonated lactic acid (HL) into bacterial cells, and dissociation to release H + , disrupting the transmembrane proton gradient and lowering the intracellular pH, resulting in inactivation of ATP synthase and irreversible denaturation of nucleases; heavy metal form transformation - HL and Cu 2+ / Zn 2+ Forming water-soluble complexes, blocking its combination with organic sulfur to form refractory metallothionein; cellulose prehydrolysis-H + Attacks the β-1,4-glycosidic bonds of the cellulose chain, exposing the reducing end groups for subsequent microbial enzymatic cleavage.

[0057] Colloidal interface engineering of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) reconstructs the solid-liquid system of feces: double layer compression effect - CMC anionic groups neutralize the positive charge on the surface of fecal particles, reduce the zeta potential to the isoelectric point, and promote the directional flocculation of colloidal particles; organic-mineral bridging - CMC carboxyl groups chelate with calcium and magnesium ions in feces to form a "colloid-mineral" cross-linked grid, encapsulating free ammonia molecules to form a slow-release nitrogen reservoir; hydrophobic microdomain construction - CMC long-chain alkyl groups are embedded in the hydrophobic core of fecal fat, locking fat-soluble antibiotics (such as tetracyclines) in the core of the micelle.

[0058] Ultrasonic cavitation-mechanical synergistic depolymerization achieves cellular scale reconstruction: physical fragmentation of biofilm - microjets generated by cavitation collapse shear the extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) matrix of pathogen biofilm, releasing the encapsulated inert organic matter; lignin-cellulose decoupling - shock waves destroy the hydrogen bond network between lignin phenolic units and cellulose microfibrils, exposing lignin phenolic rings as humification precursors; nanopore creation - 20-30kHz sound field produces resonant microcracks inside fecal particles, forming transport channels with a diameter of 50-200nm, thereby increasing the microbial colonization density during the composting stage.

[0059] The present invention breaks through the technical bottleneck of the conflict between detoxification and humification efficiency in traditional feces pretreatment, and simultaneously achieves the four-dimensional goals of pathogen inactivation, heavy metal biopassivation, antibiotic sequestration and fiber structure optimization at the molecular scale, providing highly reactive and ecologically safe organic precursors for subsequent composting fermentation.

[0060] In another technical solution, the method for preparing the universal cultivation substrate and the method for preparing the silanized modified sand include the following steps: Step S1, immerse sand with a particle size of 0.5-2 mm in a 1.0-1.5 mol / L hydrochloric acid solution, shake at 60-70° C. for 20-40 min, and wash with water until neutral; Step S2: mixing the acid-washed sand with a 0.5-1.0 wt% aminosilane (KH-550) ethanol solution at a solid-liquid ratio of 1:3-5, and subjecting the mixture to an oscillation reaction at 25-35° C. and a vacuum degree of -0.05 to -0.07 MPa for 1-2 hours; Step S3: collecting the solid by filtration, and drying it with hot air at 80-90° C. until the moisture content is ≤2%.

[0061] The present invention transforms inert sand into a bioactive intelligent interface material through a three-stage regulation of acid etching topological remodeling, vacuum directional coupling, and thermal curing polycondensation. + Attacking the Si-O-Si bridge bond, high-density silanol groups (Si-OH) are generated at the break of the siloxane skeleton, providing geometrically matched anchoring points for silane coupling; micro-nano topological reconstruction - selectively dissolving the impurity phase at the quartz grain boundary, exposing the (101) / (100) crystal plane step structure, and forming mechanical interlocking microgrooves with a depth of 0.2-0.5μm; surface energy homogenization - removing organic pollutants and metal oxide patches, reducing the standard deviation of the surface free energy distribution to below 5mN / m, ensuring continuous coverage of the silane film.

[0062] The directed self-assembly of aminosilane in a vacuum atmosphere realizes covalent interface engineering: molecular-level spatial confinement - the negative pressure environment eliminates the obstruction of air and water film, promoting the condensation and dehydration of silane ethoxy groups (-OC2H5) and silanol groups to form Si-O-Si covalent bridges arranged vertically on the base; amino molecular brush construction - unhydrolyzed amino groups (-NH2) form positively charged brush-like structures on the surface of sand particles, and the protonation energy of their terminal amino groups (pK_b≈10.6) forms a dynamic ion-dipole effect with the organic acids secreted by plant roots (pK_a≈4.2); interface stress buffering - the CC single bond of the silane chain rotates freely to absorb external force impact, avoiding mechanical damage to root tip cells by rigid sand particles.

[0063] The polycondensation depth evolution during the thermal curing process: Intermolecular crosslinking - 80℃ triggers the cross-molecular condensation of the silane terminal amino group and the adjacent silane ethoxy group to build a three-dimensional network structure; Chemical bond conversion - residual Si-OH groups are converted into Si-O-Si bonds, eliminating the local phase separation induced by hydrophilic sites; Surface energy state transition - after curing, the surface energy drops from 210mJ / m² of sand to 75mJ / m 2 , reaching the compatible range of plant cell wall energy level (70-90mJ / m 2 ).

[0064] The present invention uses silanization modification to transform sand from a physical filler into a biomechanical signal transduction medium: root tactile response induction - surface microgrooves topology activates the integrin-FAK mechanical sensing pathway in root tip cells, promoting lateral root formation; nutrient supply is precise in time and space - protonated amino molecular brushes slowly release NO3 through ion exchange - / H2PO4 - , whose release kinetics are similar to those of root surface H + -ATPase pump activity is synchronized; microbial colonization microdomain-silane network captures rhizospheric probiotic exopolysaccharides (EPS), forming a "root-bacteria-sand" ternary symbiotic interface.

[0065] The present invention's process for silanization-modified sand breaks through the limitations of the biological inertness of the inorganic phase in traditional matrices, achieving cross-scale synergy of "mechanical interlocking-chemical bonding-biological response" at the angstrom scale, and constructing a life-compatible intelligent mineral interface for plant roots.

[0066] <Example 1> A universal cultivation medium comprising the following raw materials in parts by weight: 40 parts of herbivorous animal feces, 5 parts of biochar, 30 parts of crop straw, 0.3 parts of a composite bacterial agent, and 5 parts of silanized modified sand; wherein the biochar is produced by pyrolysis of garden waste at 680°C; The composite bacterial agent is composed of the following components in percentage by mass: 25% of freeze-dried powder of Streptococcus thermophilus; 45% of mixed bacterial powder prepared by mixing nitrogen-fixing bacteria of brown ball and sphingomonas; and the remainder of mixed spore powder prepared by mycelial fragment powder of Trichoderma harzianum, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, and vitamins; The silanized modified sand is sand with a particle size of 0.5 mm that is surface-modified with aminosilane.

[0067] The method for preparing the universal cultivation substrate comprises the following steps: Step 1: Mix 40 parts of herbivore manure, 5 parts of biochar, 30 parts of crop straw crushed to 1 cm, 0.3 parts of a composite bacterial agent, and 5 parts of silanized modified sand by weight to obtain a mixture; Step 2: Place the mixture in an intelligent composting reactor, introduce 60°C hot air, maintain the center temperature of the pile at 55°C, and compost for 4 days. After the fermentation is completed, spray a phytic acid solution accounting for 3% of the mass of sand on the pile, and stir at 120 rpm for 10 minutes to obtain a compost product; Step 3: The compost product is transferred to a salt reduction tank, water is added, and stirred for 30 minutes to obtain water-washed and salt-reduced treated materials; Step 4: Add a mixed acid solution to the washed and salt-reduced material and stir for 10 minutes, adjust the pH to 6.0, and obtain an acidified material, wherein the mixed acid solution consists of 2wt% of oxalic acid, 3wt% of citric acid, and 2wt% of humic acid; Step 5: After the acidified material is filtered, the solid component is separated through a 150-mesh vibrating screen; Step 6: Dry the solid component to a moisture content of 18% using an air flow at a wind speed of 2 m / s and a temperature of 38°C to obtain a dry material; Step 7: mixing the dry material with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus spore powder in a mass ratio of 1:0.01 to obtain the universal cultivation medium; The biochar preparation method is specifically as follows: Step a, crushing garden pruned branches into particles of 18 mm in size, and drying at 100° C. until the moisture content is no more than 10%, to obtain crushed branches; Step b, placing the shredded branches in an inert atmosphere furnace, heating the temperature to 280°C at 8°C / min, holding the temperature for 25 minutes, then heating the temperature to 680°C at 3°C / min, and pyrolyzing the mixture for 1.5 hours to obtain a pyrolysis product, and introducing a mixture of water vapor and CO2 at a volume ratio of 1:1.5 at a flow rate of 0.3 L / min 25 minutes before the end of the pyrolysis; Step c, immersing the pyrolysis product in a 0.05 mol / L phytic acid solution and hydrothermally reacting at 110° C. for 5 h; Step d, immersing the biochar obtained in step c in 0.4 mol / L nitric acid at a solid-liquid ratio of 1:8, and reacting at 35° C. with shaking for 1.5 hours to obtain acid-etched biochar; Step e, acid-etched biochar was washed with deionized water until neutral, immersed in 0.8 wt% aminosilane ethanol solution, treated at 55° C. for 3 h, and then placed in a vacuum drying oven at 80° C. for 6 h to obtain; The preparation method of silanized modified sand comprises the following steps: Step S1: immerse sand with a particle size of 0.5 mm in a 1.0 mol / L hydrochloric acid solution, shake at 60° C. for 20 min, and wash with water until neutral; Step S2: mixing the acid-washed sand with 0.5 wt% aminosilane ethanol solution at a solid-liquid ratio of 1:3, and shaking the mixture at 25° C. and a vacuum degree of -0.05 MPa for 1 h; Step S3: collecting the solid by filtration, and drying it with hot air at 80° C. until the moisture content is no more than 2%.

[0068] <Example 2> A universal cultivation substrate comprising the following raw materials in parts by weight: 60 parts of herbivorous animal feces, 10 parts of biochar, 50 parts of crop straw, 0.8 parts of a composite bacterial agent, and 15 parts of silanized modified sand; wherein the biochar is produced by pyrolysis of garden waste at 720°C; The composite bacterial agent is composed of the following components in percentage by mass: 35% of freeze-dried powder of Streptococcus thermophilus; 55% of mixed bacterial powder prepared by mixing nitrogen-fixing bacteria of brown ball and sphingomonas; and the remainder of mixed spore powder prepared by mycelial fragment powder of Trichoderma harzianum, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, and vitamins; The silanized modified sand is sand with a particle size of 2 mm that is surface-modified with aminosilane.

[0069] The method for preparing the universal cultivation substrate comprises the following steps: Step 1: Mix 60 parts of herbivore manure, 10 parts of biochar, 50 parts of crop straw crushed to 3 cm, 0.8 parts of a composite bacterial agent, and 15 parts of silanized modified sand by weight to obtain a mixture; Step 2: Place the mixture in an intelligent composting reactor, introduce 65°C hot air, maintain the center temperature of the pile at 60°C, and compost for 6 days. After the fermentation is completed, spray a phytic acid solution accounting for 5% of the mass of sand on the pile, and stir at 150 rpm for 15 minutes to obtain a compost product; Step 3: The compost product is transferred to a salt reduction tank, water is added, and stirred for 30 minutes to obtain water-washed and salt-reduced treated materials; Step 4: Add a mixed acid solution to the washed and salt-reduced material and stir for 15 minutes, and adjust the pH to 7.0 to obtain an acidified material, wherein the mixed acid solution consists of 3wt% of oxalic acid, 4wt% of citric acid, and 3wt% of humic acid; Step 5: After the acidified material is filtered, the solid component is separated through a 200-mesh vibrating screen; Step 6: Dry the solid component to a moisture content of 18% using an air flow at a wind speed of 3 m / s and a temperature of 38°C to obtain a dry material; Step 7: mixing the dry material with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus spore powder in a mass ratio of 1:0.03 to obtain the universal cultivation medium; The biochar preparation method is specifically as follows: Step a, crushing garden pruned branches into a particle size of 18 mm, and drying at 110° C. until the moisture content is no more than 10%, to obtain crushed branches; Step b: placing the shredded branches in an inert atmosphere furnace, heating the temperature to 320°C at a rate of 12°C / min, holding the temperature for 35 minutes, then heating the temperature to 720°C at a rate of 8°C / min, and pyrolyzing the mixture for 2.5 hours to obtain a pyrolysis product. 35 minutes before the end of the pyrolysis, a mixture of water vapor and CO2 with a volume ratio of 1:2.5 was introduced at a flow rate of 0.8 L / min; Step c, immersing the pyrolysis product in a 0.15 mol / L phytic acid solution and hydrothermally reacting at 130° C. for 7 h; Step d, immersing the biochar obtained in step c in 0.6 mol / L nitric acid at a solid-liquid ratio of 1:12, and reacting at 45° C. with shaking for 2.5 hours to obtain acid-etched biochar; Step e, acid etching: The biochar was washed with deionized water until neutral, immersed in a 1.2 wt% aminosilane ethanol solution, treated at 65° C. for 5 h, and then cured in a vacuum drying oven at 80° C. for 6 h to obtain the biochar; The preparation method of silanized modified sand comprises the following steps: Step S1: immerse sand with a particle size of 2 mm in a 1.5 mol / L hydrochloric acid solution, shake at 70° C. for 40 min, and wash with water until neutral; Step S2: The acid-washed sand was mixed with 1.0 wt% aminosilane ethanol solution at a solid-liquid ratio of 1:5, and the mixture was shaken and reacted at 35° C. and a vacuum degree of -0.07 MPa for 2 h; Step S3: collecting the solid by filtration, and drying it with hot air at 90° C. until the moisture content is no more than 2%.

[0070] <Example 3> A universal cultivation medium comprising the following raw materials in parts by weight: 50 parts of herbivorous animal feces, 8 parts of biochar, 40 parts of crop straw, 0.5 parts of a composite bacterial agent, and 10 parts of silanized modified sand; wherein the biochar is obtained by pyrolysis of garden waste at 700°C; The composite bacterial agent is composed of the following components in percentage by mass: 30% of freeze-dried powder of Streptococcus thermophilus; 50% of mixed bacterial powder prepared by mixing nitrogen-fixing bacteria of brown ball and sphingomonas; and the remainder of mixed spore powder prepared by mycelial fragment powder of Trichoderma harzianum, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, and vitamins; The silanized modified sand is sand with a particle size of 1.3 mm that is surface-modified with aminosilane.

[0071] The method for preparing the universal cultivation substrate comprises the following steps: Step 1: Mix 50 parts of herbivore manure, 8 parts of biochar, 40 parts of crop straw crushed to 2 cm, 0.5 parts of a composite bacterial agent, and 10 parts of silanized modified sand by weight to obtain a mixture; Step 2: Place the mixture in an intelligent composting reactor, introduce 63°C hot air, maintain the center temperature of the pile at 58°C, and compost for 5 days. After the fermentation is completed, spray a phytic acid solution accounting for 4% of the mass of sand on the pile, and stir at 135 rpm for 13 minutes to obtain a compost product; Step 3: The compost product is transferred to a salt reduction tank, water is added, and stirred for 30 minutes to obtain water-washed and salt-reduced treated materials; Step 4: Add a mixed acid solution to the washed and salt-reduced material and stir for 13 minutes, adjust the pH to 6.5, and obtain an acidified material, wherein the mixed acid solution consists of 2.5wt% of oxalic acid, 3.5wt% of citric acid, and 2.5wt% of humic acid; Step 5: After the acidified material is filtered, the solid component is separated through a 180-mesh vibrating screen; Step 6: Dry the solid component to a moisture content of 18% using an air flow at a speed of 2.5 m / s and a temperature of 38° C. to obtain a dry material; Step 7: mixing the dry material with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus spore powder in a mass ratio of 1:0.02 to obtain the universal cultivation medium; The biochar preparation method is specifically as follows: Step a, crushing garden pruned branches into a particle size of 18 mm, and drying at 105° C. until the moisture content is no more than 10%, to obtain crushed branches; Step b, placing the shredded branches in an inert atmosphere furnace, heating the temperature to 300°C at 10°C / min and holding the temperature for 30 minutes, then heating the temperature to 700°C at 5°C / min and pyrolyzing for 2 hours to obtain a pyrolysis product, and introducing a mixture of water vapor and CO2 in a volume ratio of 1:2 at a flow rate of 0.5 L / min 30 minutes before the end of the pyrolysis; Step c, immersing the pyrolysis product in a 0.1 mol / L phytic acid solution and subjecting it to a hydrothermal reaction at 120° C. for 6 h; Step d, immersing the biochar obtained in step c in 0.5 mol / L nitric acid at a solid-liquid ratio of 1:10, and reacting at 40° C. with shaking for 2 h to obtain acid-etched biochar; Step e, acid-etched biochar was washed with deionized water until neutral, immersed in 1.0 wt% aminosilane ethanol solution, treated at 60° C. for 4 h, and then placed in a vacuum drying oven at 80° C. for 6 h to obtain; The preparation method of silanized modified sand comprises the following steps: Step S1: immerse sand with a particle size of 1.3 mm in a 1.3 mol / L hydrochloric acid solution, shake at 65° C. for 30 min, and wash with water until neutral; Step S2: mixing the acid-washed sand with 0.8 wt% aminosilane ethanol solution at a solid-liquid ratio of 1:4, and performing an oscillation reaction at 30° C. and a vacuum degree of -0.06 MPa for 1.5 h; Step S3: collecting the solid by filtration, and drying it with hot air at 85° C. until the moisture content is no more than 2%.

[0072] <Example 4> A method for preparing a universal cultivation substrate, based on Example 3, wherein step 1 is specifically as follows: Step 1.1, immersing the biochar in an activation solution containing 0.7 wt% chitosan quaternary ammonium salt and 0.2 wt% lactic acid, ultrasonically treating the mixture at 53°C for 18 min, and draining the mixture to obtain the pretreated biochar; premixing the silanized modified sand with the pretreated biochar at a mass ratio of 1:1.0, adding 0.15% nanohydroxyapatite based on the mass of the silanized modified sand, and curing the mixture at 55±2°C for 40 min in a CO2 atmosphere to obtain a sand-biochar composite; Step 1.2, adding the composite bacterial agent to the sand-charcoal complex, oscillating and adsorbing the mixture under vacuum at -0.07 MPa for 35 minutes, heating the mixture to 55±2°C at a rate of 7°C / min, stirring and curing the mixture for 1 hour, and obtaining a biochar-bacterial agent complex; Step 1.3: Mix the biochar-microorganism complex obtained in step 1.2 with crop straw crushed to 2 cm, spray 0.3 mol / L calcium magnesium phytate solution accounting for 2.0% of the mass of the straw, let it stand for 30 minutes, then add herbivore manure and sulfonated lignin accounting for 0.08% of the total amount of the mixture, and mix at 105 rpm for 23 minutes under a CO2 atmosphere to obtain a mixture.

[0073] <Example 5> A method for preparing a universal cultivation substrate, based on Example 4, wherein step three is specifically as follows: Step 3.1: After the compost product is transferred to the salt reduction tank, zeolite accounting for 2.3% of the solid mass is added to the compost product in the salt reduction tank, and 18°C ​​deionized water is injected at a solid-liquid ratio of 1:0.8 g / mL, and stirred at 35 rpm for 13 minutes; Step 3.2, add deionized water to adjust the solid-liquid ratio to 1:1.4 g / mL, raise the temperature to 35°C, continue to add 1.8% of the solid mass of zeolite and 0.4 wt% stearic acid ethanol solution equivalent to 25% of the mass of the zeolite, stir for 23 minutes, then add deionized water to adjust the solid-liquid ratio to 1:2.2 g / mL, raise the temperature to 45°C, add 1.3% of the solid mass of zeolite and 0.3 wt% stearic acid ethanol solution equivalent to 25% of the mass of the zeolite, stir for 18 minutes, then add deionized water to adjust the solid-liquid ratio to 1:2.9 g / mL, maintain 45°C, and stir for 13 minutes; Step 3.3: Turn on the ultrasonic vibration plate at the bottom of the desalination tank, and simultaneously introduce nitrogen gas from the bottom of the tank at a flow rate of 1.0 L / min. After treating for 10 minutes, let it stand and separate the layers. Extract the supernatant to obtain the water-washed desalination treated material.

[0074] <Example 6> A method for preparing a universal cultivation substrate, based on Example 5, wherein step 4 is specifically as follows: Step 4.1. The mixed acid solution was divided into three equal parts. The first part of the mixed acid solution was added to the water-washed and desalted material. Carbon dioxide gas was simultaneously introduced at a flow rate of 0.8 L / min, and the mixture was stirred at 45 rpm at 25°C for 13 minutes. The temperature was then raised to 35°C, and the second part of the mixed acid solution and 1.0% of the total mass of microcrystalline cellulose of the acidified material were added. The mixture was stirred under ultrasonic field for 18 minutes. The temperature was maintained at 35°C, and the third part of the mixed acid solution was added. The pH was adjusted to 6.5. The stirring was stopped and the mixture was allowed to stand for 7 minutes to obtain a reaction mass. Step 4.2: Move the reaction materials into the reactor, open the microporous filter plate at the bottom of the reactor, and raise the liquid level at a rate of 0.4 cm / min. When the liquid-solid interface rises to 1 / 3 of the distance from the top of the container, close the filter plate and retain the solid components at the bottom to obtain the acidified material.

[0075] <Example 7> A universal cultivation substrate, based on Example 6, wherein the preparation method of the composite bacterial agent comprises the following steps: step 2. Azotobacter chlorosphagoides and Sphingomonas sp. were inoculated into a liquid culture medium containing 0.8 wt% yeast extract and 0.5 wt% potassium dihydrogen phosphate, respectively, and cultured at 30°C and 1350 rpm with shaking for 42 h. After centrifugation, the mixture was mixed at a dry weight ratio of 1:1, and trehalose equivalent to 10% of the total weight of the bacteria and 7% of nanoporous silica were added. The mixture was freeze-dried in vacuum and then ground through a 200-mesh sieve to prepare a mixed bacterial powder. step , immersing the mycelial fragment powder of Trichoderma harzianum in an embedding solution containing 0.3 wt% sodium carboxymethyl cellulose and 0.08 wt% vitamin B1, spray drying at 45°C, and collecting mixed spore powder with a particle size of 80 μm; step , inoculating Streptococcus thermophilus in a culture medium containing 2.5 wt% whey protein and 1.5 wt% maltose, culturing at 37° C. for 20 h, centrifuging and suspending with skim milk containing 1.8 wt% mannitol at a ratio of 1:5, and freeze-drying to obtain a freeze-dried Streptococcus thermophilus powder; step , step The obtained mixed bacterial powder, step Obtained mixed spore powder and steps The obtained thermophilic streptococcus lyophilized powder is mixed evenly according to the above mass percentage to obtain the product.

[0076] <Example 8> A method for preparing a universal cultivation substrate, based on Example 7, wherein the method for pretreating herbivorous animal feces comprises the following steps: Step I: crush the herbivore feces to a particle size of ≤15 mm, mix it with 0.7 wt% lactic acid solution accounting for 2% of its mass at a solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:1.8, and stir it at 43°C and 25 rpm for 25 minutes; Step II: Adjust the pH to 5.3, add 0.2% of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose by mass of the mixed system, raise the temperature to 53°C and keep it at a constant temperature for 1.3 hours; Step III: cool to 28°C at 7°C / min, remove the supernatant by centrifugation, retain the solids and treat with ultrasound at a frequency of 30 kHz for 13 min to obtain the product.

[0077] <Comparison 1> A cultivation medium comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 60 parts of peat, 20 parts of perlite, and 20 parts of vermiculite.

[0078] The cultivation medium preparation method is as follows: the peat is crushed to a particle size of ≤5mm, mixed evenly with perlite and vermiculite in proportion, and passed through a 5mm sieve to remove impurities.

[0079] <Comparison 2> A cultivation substrate comprising 90 parts of cow dung, 5 parts of garden waste biochar, 45 parts of wheat straw, and 0.5% of a mixed bacterial bag. Continuous composting is performed in an intelligent composting and fermentation reactor. The materials are composted in the reactor for seven days before being ventilated, dried, and aged.

[0080] The specific preparation method of the cultivation medium is as follows: the cow dung is crushed to a particle size of ≤10mm, mixed with wheat straw (crushed to 1-3cm) and biochar; the mixed bacteria bag (containing Bacillus subtilis, yeast, and effective viable bacteria count ≥1×10 9 CFU / g), adjust the moisture content to 60%-65%; place in an intelligent composting fermentation reactor, control the temperature at 55-60℃, and the ventilation rate at 0.1m 3 / (m 3 ·min), pile and retting for 7 days; ventilate and dry until the moisture content is ≤20%, and age for 3 days.

[0081] <Comparison 3> A cultivation medium comprising 50 parts of cow dung, 5 parts of garden waste biochar, 45 parts of wheat straw, and 0.5% of a mixed bacterial bag. Continuous composting is performed in an intelligent composting and fermentation reactor. The materials are composted in the reactor for 7 days before being ventilated, dried, and aged. The specific preparation method for the cultivation medium is the same as that for control 2.

[0082] Experimental case design and indicator monitoring method 1. Experimental Purpose By comparing the physical properties, chemical properties and microbial activity of the matrix of the embodiment of the present invention with that of the reference example, the advantages of the matrix of the present invention in terms of fertility balance, structural stability and sustainability of microbial function were verified.

[0083] 2. Indicator Monitoring Method 1. Determination of physical properties Bulk density: Using the ring knife method, take the naturally air-dried matrix and put it into 100mL ring knife, weigh it and calculate the unit volume mass (g / cm 3 ).

[0084] Macropores (air-permeable pores), small pores (water-holding pores), and total porosity: Use the moisture method to weigh the matrix after saturation with water and calculate the pore volume percentage.

[0085] Total porosity (%) = (1-bulk density / true density) × 100% (true density is 2.65 g / cm 3 ); Macroporosity (%) = (drainage volume after saturated water absorption / matrix volume) × 100%; Small porosity (%) = total porosity - large porosity.

[0086] 2. Chemical property determination pH value: Matrix: water = 1:5 (w / v) extraction, determined by glass electrode method.

[0087] Electrical conductivity (EC): Extraction with substrate:water = 1:5 (w / v), measured with a conductivity meter (unit: mS / cm).

[0088] NH4 + -N, NO3 - -N content: Determined by potassium chloride extraction-spectrophotometry (HJ 634-2012, HJ 633-2012).

[0089] 3. Microbial activity determination (supplementary indicators) Microbial biomass carbon (MBC): Chloroform fumigation extraction method (LY / T 1235-1999).

[0090] Urease activity: sodium phenolate-sodium hypochlorite colorimetric method (calculated as the amount of NH3-N generated after 24 hours, mg / g·24 hours).

[0091] Comparison and analysis of experimental data Table 1 Comparison of physical properties of substrates Group <![CDATA[Bulk density (g / cm 3 ).]]> Macroporosity (%) Small porosity (%) Total porosity (%) Control 1 0.175±0.014 19.0±1.0 68.2±7.5 91.3±11.0 Control 2 0.161±0.011 23.3±2.6 61.2±6.7 84.5±8.6 Control 3 0.151±0.015 24.6±3.1 61.9±2.8 86.5±7.8 Example 3 0.146±0.012 26.8±2.1 60.3±4.8 87.1±4.1 Example 4 0.146±0.008 28.4±2.0 60.2±4.2 88.6±6.2 Example 5 0.138±0.021 30.1±4.3 59.8±5.9 89.9±5.1 Example 6 0.135±0.018 31.2±3.5 58.9±5.2 90.1±4.8 Example 7 0.132±0.015 32.5±2.8 57.8±4.5 90.3±3.9 Example 8 0.128±0.010 33.7±2.3 56.8±3.8 90.5±3.2 As shown in Table 1, Control 1 (traditional matrix) has a high bulk density, low macroporosity, poor aeration, and is prone to water accumulation. Controls 2 and 3 increase macroporosity by adding biochar and straw, but due to the limitations of traditional composting processes, the total porosity is lower than that of the examples of the present invention. Examples 3-8 of the present invention form an interlocking "sand-charcoal-organic fiber" structure through the synergistic effect of silanized sand and biochar, significantly increasing macroporosity (33.7% in Example 8) and stabilizing the total porosity at around 90%, taking into account both aeration and water retention, and are superior to the control matrix.

[0092] Table 2 Comparison of matrix chemical properties Group pH EC (mS / cm) <![CDATA[NH4 + -N(mg / kg)]]> <![CDATA[NO3 - -N(mg / kg)]]> Control 1 6.13±0.368 0.39±0.023 8.28±0.49 18.91±1.14 Control 2 8.93±0.536 9.66±0.58 188.88±11.33 1061.77±63.70 Control 3 8.34±0.297 4.65±0.28 70.31±3.21 437.42±26.24 Example 3 6.92±0.554 2.14±0.17 20.65±1.65 105.94±8.47 Example 4 7.06±0.494 1.68±0.12 14.62±1.02 98.48±6.89 Example 5 6.87±0.092 1.86±0.13 18.69±0.89 122.20±10.56 Example 6 6.79±0.113 1.52±0.10 16.32±1.21 110.45±9.23 Example 7 6.82±0.085 1.48±0.09 15.78±1.05 115.63±8.76 Example 8 6.80±0.072 1.35±0.08 13.25±0.98 108.56±7.52 As shown in Table 2, the pH value of control 2 was strongly alkaline (8.93) after fermentation due to the high proportion of cow dung, and the EC value was as high as 9.66mS / cm, and NH4 +-N and NO-N significantly exceeded the standard, posing a risk of seedling burn; after reducing the proportion of cow dung in control 3, EC and nitrogen content decreased, but were still higher than those in the examples of the present invention, indicating that traditional composting cannot effectively control nutrient release; the examples of the present invention stabilized the pH at 6.8-7.1 (close to neutral) through gradient salt reduction, acidification treatment and composite bacterial agent regulation, EC ≤ 2.14mS / cm, NH4⁺-N and NO3 - -N is maintained at a balanced level of 10-120 mg / kg to avoid excess fast-acting nutrients and late nutrient depletion. Example 8 optimizes the herbivore feces pretreatment and microbial agent loading process, and all indicators are optimal.

[0093] Table 3 Comparison of microbial activity deal with Microbial biomass carbon (MBC, mg / kg) Urease activity (mg / g・24h) Control 1 215±18 0.05±0.01 Control 2 458±32 0.12±0.02 Control 3 521±41 0.15±0.03 Example 3 689±53 0.28±0.04 Example 4 723±58 0.31±0.05 Example 5 756±62 0.34±0.06 Example 6 789±65 0.37±0.07 Example 7 821±70 0.40±0.08 Example 8 856±72 0.43±0.09 As shown in Table 3, the microbial activity of control 1 (traditional matrix) was extremely low, with an MBC of less than 250 mg / kg and a urease activity of only 0.05 mg / g·24h, indicating a lack of functional bacterial communities. Controls 2 and 3 increased the microbial biomass by adding bacterial bags, but were limited by the high compost temperature (55-60°C) and salt stress, resulting in urease activity lower than 0.15 mg / g·24h, limiting nitrogen fixation and phosphorus solubilization functions. The embodiments of the present invention significantly protected microbial activity through intelligent compost temperature control (55-60°C), microencapsulation of bacterial agents, and loading of sand-charcoal complexes. The MBC of Example 8 reached 856 mg / kg and the urease activity was 0.43 mg / g·24h, which were 64% and 187% higher than those of control 3, respectively, indicating that the colonization efficiency and metabolic activity of the functional bacterial communities were significantly enhanced.

[0094] The matrix of the present invention constructs a stable porous network through the interface modification of silanized sand and biochar, and the macroporosity is increased by 45%-77%, and the total porosity is maintained at about 90%, which is better than the traditional matrix and the control compost matrix. The present invention uses gradient salt reduction, acidification buffering and composite bacterial agent regulation to make the matrix pH neutral to acidic, the EC value is reduced by 75%-86%, and NH4 + -N / NO3 - The ratio of -N is close to 1:8, achieving slow nutrient release and avoiding salt stress and defertilization. The targeted loading process of the composite microbial agent of the present invention (such as adsorption on sand-charcoal complexes and vacuum oscillation solidification) significantly improves microbial survival rate, and MBC and urease activities are increased by 2-4 times, respectively, indicating that nitrogen-fixing, phosphate-dissolving, and disease-resistant functional bacteria can be stably colonized in the matrix for a long time. Example 8 of the present invention achieves optimal performance in physical, chemical, and biological indicators through lactic acid activation of herbivorous animal feces, multi-stage modification of biochar, and step-by-step loading of microbial agents, verifying the synergistic effect of the technical solution of the present invention. The number of equipment and processing scale described here are intended to simplify the description of the present invention. The application, modification, and variation of the present invention will be obvious to those skilled in the art.

[0095] Although the embodiments of the present invention have been disclosed above, they are not limited to the applications listed in the description and implementation methods. They can be fully applied to various fields suitable for the present invention. For those familiar with the art, additional modifications can be easily implemented. Therefore, without departing from the general concept defined by the claims and the scope of equivalents, the present invention is not limited to specific details.

Claims

1. A universal cultivation substrate, characterized in that: The composition comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 40-60 parts of herbivore manure, 5-10 parts of biochar, 30-50 parts of crop straw, 0.3-0.8 parts of composite microbial agent, and 5-15 parts of silanized modified sand; Among them, biochar is produced by pyrolysis of garden waste at a high temperature of 680-720℃; The composite bacterial agent is composed of the following components in percentage by mass: 25-35% of freeze-dried powder of Streptococcus thermophilus; 45-55% of mixed bacterial powder prepared by mixing nitrogen-fixing bacteria of brown ball and sphingomonas; and the remainder of mixed spore powder prepared by mycelial fragment powder of Trichoderma harzianum, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, and vitamins; Silanized modified sand is sand with a particle size of 0.5-2 mm that is surface-modified with aminosilane.

2. The method for preparing a universal cultivation substrate according to claim 1, wherein The following steps are involved: Step 1: Mix 40-60 parts of herbivore manure, 5-10 parts of biochar, 30-50 parts of crop straw crushed to 1-3 cm, 0.3-0.8 parts of a composite bacterial agent, and 5-15 parts of silanized modified sand, by weight, to obtain a mixture; Step 2: Place the mixture in an intelligent composting reactor, introduce hot air at 60-65°C, maintain the center temperature of the compost at 55-60°C, and compost for 4-6 days. After the fermentation is completed, spray a phytic acid solution accounting for 3-5% of the mass of the sand onto the compost, and stir at 120-150 rpm for 10-15 minutes to obtain a compost product; Step 3: The compost product is transferred to a salt reduction tank, water is added, and stirred for 30 minutes to obtain water-washed and salt-reduced treated materials; Step 4: Add a mixed acid solution to the washed and salt-reduced material and stir for 10-15 minutes, adjust the pH to 6.0-7.0, and obtain an acidified material, wherein the mixed acid solution is composed of 2-3wt% of oxalic acid, 3-4wt% of citric acid, and 2-3wt% of humic acid; Step 5: After the acidified material is filtered, the solid component is separated through a 150-200 mesh vibrating screen; Step 6: Dry the solid components with an air flow at a speed of 2-3 m / s and a temperature of ≤40°C to a moisture content of ≤20% to obtain a dry material; Step 7: Mix the dry material with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal spore powder in a mass ratio of 1:0.01-0.03 to obtain the universal cultivation medium.

3. The method for preparing a universal cultivation substrate as claimed in claim 2, wherein: The specific method for preparing biochar is as follows: Step a, crushing garden pruned branches to a particle size of ≤20 mm, and drying at 100-110° C. to a moisture content of ≤10%, to obtain crushed branches; Step b, placing the pulverized tree branches in an inert atmosphere furnace, heating the temperature to 280-320°C at 8-12°C / min, holding the temperature for 25-35 minutes, then heating the temperature to 680-720°C at 3-8°C / min, and pyrolyzing the mixture for 1.5-2.5 hours to obtain a pyrolysis product, and introducing a mixture of water vapor and CO2 at a volume ratio of 1:1.5-2.5 at a flow rate of 0.3-0.8 L / min 25-35 minutes before the end of the pyrolysis; Step c, immersing the pyrolysis product in a 0.05-0.15 mol / L phytic acid solution, and subjecting the mixture to a hydrothermal reaction at 110-130° C. for 5-7 hours to obtain the product.

4. The method for preparing a universal cultivation substrate as claimed in claim 3, wherein: The biochar preparation method also includes: Step d, immersing the biochar obtained in step c in 0.4-0.6 mol / L nitric acid at a solid-liquid ratio of 1:8-12, and reacting at 35-45° C. with shaking for 1.5-2.5 hours to obtain acid-etched biochar; Step e, acid etching: the biochar was washed with deionized water until neutral, immersed in 0.8-1.2 wt% aminosilane ethanol solution, treated at 55-65° C. for 3-5 h, and then placed in a vacuum drying oven at 80° C. for 6 h to obtain the biochar.

5. The method for preparing a universal cultivation substrate according to claim 4, wherein: Step 1 is as follows: Step 1.1, immersing biochar in an activation solution containing 0.5-0.8wt% chitosan quaternary ammonium salt and 0.1-0.3wt% lactic acid, ultrasonically treating at 50-55°C for 15-20 minutes, and draining to obtain pretreated biochar; premixing silanized modified sand and pretreated biochar at a mass ratio of 1:0.8-1.2, adding 0.1-0.2% nanohydroxyapatite based on the mass of the silanized modified sand, and curing at 55±2°C for 40 minutes in a CO2 atmosphere to obtain a sand-biochar composite; Step 1.2, adding the composite bacterial agent to the sand-charcoal complex, oscillating and adsorbing the mixture under a vacuum of -0.06 to -0.08 MPa for 30 to 40 minutes, heating the mixture to 55 ± 2°C at a rate of 5 to 8°C / min, stirring, and curing for 1 hour to obtain a biochar-bacterial agent complex; Step 1.3: Mix the biochar-microorganism agent complex obtained in step 1.2 with crop straw crushed to 1-3 cm, spray 0.3 mol / L calcium magnesium phytate solution accounting for 1.5-2.5% of the mass of the straw, let it stand for 25-35 minutes, then add herbivore manure and sulfonated lignin accounting for 0.05-0.1% of the total amount of the mixture, and mix at 90-120 rpm for 20-25 minutes under a CO2 atmosphere to obtain a mixture.

6. The method for preparing a universal cultivation substrate according to claim 4, wherein: Step three is as follows: Step 3.1: After the compost product is transferred to the salt reduction tank, zeolite accounting for 2.0-2.5% of the solid mass is added to the compost product in the salt reduction tank, and 15-20°C deionized water is injected at a solid-liquid ratio of 1:0.5-1.0 g / mL, and stirred at 30-40 rpm for 10-15 minutes; Step 3.2, add deionized water to adjust the solid-liquid ratio to 1:1.2-1.5 g / mL, raise the temperature to 30-40°C, continue to add 1.5-2.0% zeolite by solid mass and 0.4 wt% stearic acid ethanol solution equivalent to 25% of the zeolite mass, stir for 20-25 minutes, then add deionized water to adjust the solid-liquid ratio to 1:2.0-2.3 g / mL, raise the temperature to 40-50°C, add 1.0-1.5% zeolite by solid mass and 0.3 wt% stearic acid ethanol solution equivalent to 25% of the zeolite mass, stir for 15-20 minutes, then add deionized water to adjust the solid-liquid ratio to 1:2.8-3.0 g / mL, maintain 40-50°C, and stir for 10-15 minutes; Step 3.3: Turn on the ultrasonic vibration plate at the bottom of the desalination tank, and simultaneously introduce nitrogen gas from the bottom of the tank at a flow rate of 0.8-1.2 L / min. After treating for 8-12 minutes, let it stand and separate the layers. Extract the supernatant to obtain the water-washed desalination treated material.

7. The method for preparing a universal cultivation substrate according to claim 4, wherein: Step 4 is as follows: Step 4.

1. The mixed acid solution is divided into three equal parts. The first part of the mixed acid solution is added to the water-washed and salt-reduced material. Carbon dioxide gas is simultaneously introduced at a flow rate of 0.5-1.0 L / min, and the mixture is stirred at 40-50 rpm at 20-30°C for 10-15 minutes. The temperature is then raised to 30-40°C, and the second part of the mixed acid solution and 0.8-1.2% of the total mass of the acidified material are added. The mixture is stirred under ultrasonic field for 15-20 minutes. The temperature is maintained at 30-40°C, and the third part of the mixed acid solution is added. The pH is adjusted to 6.0-7.

0. Stirring is stopped and the mixture is allowed to permeate for 5-8 minutes to obtain a reaction mass. Step 4.2: Move the reaction material into the reactor, open the microporous filter plate at the bottom of the reactor, and raise the liquid level at a rate of 0.3-0.5 cm / min. When the liquid-solid interface rises to 1 / 3 of the distance from the top of the container, close the filter plate and retain the solid components at the bottom to obtain the acidified material.

8. The universal cultivation substrate according to claim 1, wherein The preparation method of the composite microbial agent comprises the following steps: step , inoculating Azotobacter chrysococcoides and Sphingomonas spp. into a liquid culture medium containing 0.5-1.0 wt% yeast extract and 0.3-0.6 wt% potassium dihydrogen phosphate, respectively, and culturing the mixture at 28-32° C. and 120-150 rpm with shaking for 36-48 hours. After centrifugation, the mixture was mixed at a ratio of 1:1 by dry mass of the bacteria, and trehalose equivalent to 8-12% of the total mass of the bacteria and 5-8% of nanoporous silica were added. The mixture was freeze-dried in vacuum and then ground through a 200-mesh sieve to prepare a mixed bacterial powder; step immersing the mycelial fragment powder of Trichoderma harzianum in an embedding solution containing 0.2-0.4 wt% sodium carboxymethyl cellulose and 0.05-0.1 wt% vitamin B1, spray drying at 40-50° C., and collecting mixed spore powder with a particle size of 50-100 μm; step , inoculating Streptococcus thermophilus in a culture medium containing 2-3 wt% whey protein and 1-2 wt% maltose, culturing at 37° C. for 18-24 h, centrifuging and suspending with skim milk containing 1.5-2.0 wt% mannitol at a ratio of 1:4-6, and freeze-drying to obtain a freeze-dried Streptococcus thermophilus powder; step , step The obtained mixed bacteria powder, step Obtained mixed spore powder and steps The obtained thermophilic Streptococcus lyophilized powder is mixed evenly according to the above mass percentage to obtain the product.

9. The method for preparing a universal cultivation substrate according to claim 2, wherein: The method for pre-treatment of herbivore manure comprises the following steps: Step I: crushing the herbivore feces to a particle size of ≤15 mm, mixing it with 0.5-0.8 wt% lactic acid solution accounting for 1-3% of the mass of the herbivore feces at a solid-liquid ratio of 1:1.5-2.0, and stirring at 20-30 rpm at 40-45° C. for 20-30 minutes; Step II, adjust the pH to 5.0-5.5, add 0.1-0.3% of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose by mass of the mixed system, heat to 50-55°C and keep at a constant temperature for 1-1.5 hours; Step III: cool down to 25-30°C at 5-8°C / min, remove the supernatant by centrifugation, retain the solids and treat with ultrasound at a frequency of 25-35 kHz for 10-15 minutes to obtain the product.

10. The method for preparing a universal cultivation substrate according to claim 2, wherein: The preparation method of silanized modified sand comprises the following steps: Step S1, immerse sand with a particle size of 0.5-2 mm in a 1.0-1.5 mol / L hydrochloric acid solution, shake at 60-70° C. for 20-40 min, and wash with water until neutral; Step S2: mixing the acid-washed sand with 0.5-1.0 wt% aminosilane ethanol solution at a solid-liquid ratio of 1:3-5, and oscillating the mixture at 25-35° C. and a vacuum degree of -0.05 to -0.07 MPa for 1-2 hours; Step S3: collecting the solid by filtration, and drying it with hot air at 80-90° C. until the moisture content is ≤2%.