Method of rotating pipeline section

Abstract

A method of rotating a section of a pipeline about a longitudinal axis arranged coaxially with a bore of the section. The section includes a plurality of pipe elements joined to each other end to end. The section has a first end connected to the pipeline by a first coupler that allows the section to rotate relative to the pipeline. The section has a second end connected to the pipeline by a second coupler that allows the section to rotate relative to the pipeline. The method includes: supporting the section at a plurality of points; and applying a first torque to the section about the longitudinal axis at at least one point between the first end and the second end, thereby rotating the section about the longitudinal axis through a first angular displacement.

Description

[0001] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application is based on and claims priority from U.S. Provisional Application No. US 63 / 448,363 filed on February 27, 2023, U.S. Provisional Application No. US 63 / 448,364 filed on February 27, 2023, U.S. Provisional Application No. US 63 / 448,366 filed on February 27, 2023, U.S. Provisional Application No. US 63 / 600,392 filed on November 17, 2023, and U.S. Provisional Application No. US 63 / 600,400 filed on November 17, 2023, which are hereby incorporated by reference into this document. Technical Field

[0002] The present invention relates to a mechanical coupling for joining pipe elements and a method for pipeline maintenance. Background Art

[0003] Large-diameter pipelines are complex, expensive, and dangerous to assemble and deploy in the field. In some industries, particularly mining, the media conveyed in the pipeline (such as slurries) can be abrasive and / or corrosive, leading to accelerated wear of the interior portions of the pipe elements that come into contact with the media. The lowest areas of the interior of the pipe elements typically experience the greatest wear because abrasive particles are stratified within the flow by gravity, and the majority of the abrasive particles in the fluid contact and erode these lowest areas most quickly.

[0004] By periodically rotating the pipe element to position a different, less corroded portion of the interior of the pipe element so that it is lowest (at the bottom) while rotating the worn portion to the side or top, the life of such pipelines can be significantly increased. Depending on the media and the wear rate, the pipe element can be rotated (referred to as "clocking") at intervals of 90, 120, or 180 degrees. Once the pipe element has been clocked a sufficient number of times so that all interior surfaces have experienced approximately equal wear, the pipe element is replaced.

[0005] Rotating pipelines is also a complex, expensive, and dangerous task, especially for large-diameter pipelines, often requiring the same heavy equipment used to lay the pipeline in the first place. Because rotating each pipe element of a pipeline individually is impractical, long sections of the pipeline, which can include hundreds of feet of pipe elements and several joints (with the joints remaining intact), are typically rotated. A common method for rotating pipeline sections uses a series of specialized tracked vehicles called "pipelayers," although lifting equipment such as cranes and other machinery known in the art can also be employed. Each pipelayer has a lifting crane boom extending from the side of the tracked vehicle to lift the pipe elements out of the trench or from overhead supports. When the pipe elements of a pipeline are connected by bolted flanges, the flanges at opposite ends of the section of pipeline to be rotated are unbolted. Specialized slings that allow the pipe elements to be rotated about their longitudinal axes are wrapped around the pipeline section in spaced relation along its length. Multiple pipelayers are then brought in, connected to the slings, and used to lift the pipe elements. In addition, one or more pipelayers are introduced and connected to different slings that are arranged to tighten around the pipeline. These slings are positioned eccentrically to the pipe diameter so that when the slings are raised, the lifting axis of each sling pulls tangentially toward the pipe. As the pipelayers lift the pipe, each eccentric sling rotates the pipe and, consequently, the entire pipeline section. Each lift of the eccentric slings can only produce a limited amount of rotation, so they may need to be reset several times during the lift, and the rotation process repeated while the pipelayers hold the pipeline section in the raised position until the desired amount of rotation is achieved.

[0006] Once the pipeline segment has been sufficiently rotated, the eccentric sling is disengaged, and the hoist pipelayer lowers the segment back into position for reconnecting the segment's end flanges to the pipeline. When using flanged pipe elements, the rotation of the segment must be carefully controlled to ensure that the bolt holes on the flanges at the segment's ends align with the mating flanges of the pipeline. A joint between pipe elements formed by a mechanical coupler joining grooved pipe elements (a "grooved joint") can be used instead of flanged pipe elements to eliminate the need for rotational alignment of the segment with the pipeline, as a grooved joint is independent of the rotational position of the joined pipe elements. However, compared to a flanged joint, a grooved joint has lower rotational resistance about the longitudinal axis of the pipe elements. Pipe elements joined by a grooved joint can slide, allowing individual pipe elements to rotate relative to each other. Consequently, all pipe elements in a segment may not rotate by the same amount as a pipe element rotated by the eccentric sling. Sliding the pipe element relative to the coupling reduces the number of joints that can be included in a pipeline segment that rotates together, resulting in a shorter pipeline segment being rotated at a time. Whether using grooved or flanged joints, the need to disconnect the pipe element at the end of each pipeline segment can allow fluid to be lost from the pipeline. Depending on the fluid in the pipeline, such losses may be economically impractical or environmentally irresponsible.

[0007] There is clearly an opportunity to improve large diameter pipeline joints and the process of lifting and rotating large diameter pipeline sections so that they do not suffer from the disadvantages of processes according to the prior art. Summary of the Invention

[0008] The present disclosure relates to a method for rotating a segment of a pipeline about a longitudinal axis arranged coaxially with a bore of the segment. In an exemplary embodiment, the segment comprises a plurality of pipe elements coupled to each other end-to-end. The segment has a first end connected to the pipeline via a first coupling that allows the segment to rotate relative to the pipeline. The segment has a second end connected to the pipeline via a second coupling that allows the segment to rotate relative to the pipeline. In an exemplary embodiment, the method comprises supporting the segment at a plurality of points and applying a first torque to the segment about the longitudinal axis at at least one point between the first end and the second end, thereby rotating the segment about the longitudinal axis through a first angular displacement.

[0009] In an example embodiment, the method further includes supporting the segment between the first end and the second end.

[0010] In an example embodiment, the method further includes supporting the segment by supporting the pipeline proximate the first end and the second end of the segment.

[0011] By way of example, the support section comprises a lifting section.

[0012] In an example embodiment, the method further includes supporting the pipeline at points proximate the first and second ends of the segment and between the first and second ends.

[0013] For example, a first torque is applied at a plurality of points between the first and second ends of the segments, thereby rotating the segments about the longitudinal axis through a first angular displacement.

[0014] In an example embodiment, the method further comprises applying a second torque at at least one point between the first end and the second end of the segment to rotate the segment about the longitudinal axis through a second angular displacement. For example, the second angular displacement is equal to the first angular displacement.

[0015] In an example embodiment, the method further comprises applying a second torque at a plurality of points between the first end and the second end of the segment to rotate the segment about the longitudinal axis through a second angular displacement. For example, the second angular displacement is equal to the first angular displacement.

[0016] For example, applying the first torque comprises pulling the sling at the at least one point.The sling has a line of action offset from the longitudinal axis in a direction transverse to the longitudinal axis.

[0017] For example, the support section includes pulling a plurality of slings, each sling being positioned at a respective one of a plurality of points, each sling having a line of action aligned with the longitudinal axis.

[0018] In an exemplary embodiment, a first torque is applied at a plurality of points between a first end and a second end of the segment, thereby rotating the segment about the longitudinal axis through a first angular displacement. Lifting the segment includes pulling a plurality of slings. Each sling is positioned at a respective one of the plurality of points. Each sling has a line of action aligned with the longitudinal axis.

[0019] In an example embodiment, applying the first torque includes: connecting a sling to the anti-torsion coupling, wherein the sling has a line of action offset from the longitudinal axis; and applying tension to the sling, thereby applying a torque about the longitudinal axis, causing the anti-torsion coupling to rotate. For example, the sling is connected to the anti-torsion coupling via a shackle, which is connected to a rotation opening in the anti-torsion coupling. The rotation opening is offset from the longitudinal axis. For example, the anti-torsion coupling is connected to at least one pipe element.

[0020] In another example embodiment, applying the first torque includes: assembling a wrench to the segment at the at least one point, wherein the wrench has a jaw that receives the segment and an arm extending from the jaw in a direction transverse to the longitudinal axis; and applying a force to the arm at a point distal to the segment.

[0021] For example, the rotating of the segment is performed while the first and second ends of the segment are coupled to pipelines adjacent to the segment. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0022] Figure 1 is an isometric view of an example coupling according to the present invention, the coupling shown joining pipe elements; Figure 1A yes Figure 1 A cross-sectional view of the coupling shown in FIG. Figure 2 is an isometric view of an example coupling according to the present invention; Figure 3 yes Figure 2 A side view of the coupling shown in FIG. Figure 4 yes Figure 2 A front view of the coupling shown in FIG; Figure 4A yes Figure 2 A front view of the coupling shown in FIG; Figure 5 It is along Figure 4 a cross-sectional view taken along line 5-5 in FIG. Figure 6 It is along Figure 4 a cross-sectional view taken along line 6-6 in FIG. Figure 7 is an isometric view of the first ring of the example; Figure 8 is an isometric view of the second ring of the example; Figure 9 yes Figure 7 A side view of the example first ring shown in FIG; Figure 10 yes Figure 8 A side view of the example second ring shown in FIG; Figure 11 yes Figure 7 A front view of the example first ring shown in; Figure 12 yes Figure 8 A front view of the example second ring shown in FIG; Figure 13 is an isometric view of the first section of the example; Figure 14 is an isometric view of the second section of the example; Figure 15 yes Figure 13 A front view of the example first section shown in FIG; Figure 16 yes Figure 14 A front view of the example second section shown in FIG; Figure 17 yes Figure 13 A side view of the example first section shown in FIG; Figure 18 yes Figure 14 A side view of the example second section shown in FIG; Figures 19 to 24 An example method of assembling a coupling according to the present invention is shown; Figure 25 is an isometric view of an example coupling according to the present invention joining pipe elements; Figure 26 yes Figure 25 A plan view of the coupling shown in FIG. Figure 26A is included Figure 26 A cross-sectional view of a section of the coupling shown in FIG. Figure 26B is included Figure 26 a plan view of a section of the coupling shown in FIG; Figure 27 is included Figure 25 An exploded isometric view of a section of the coupling shown in FIG. Figure 28 and Figure 29 yes Figure 25 an isometric view of components of the coupling shown in FIG; Figure 30 yes Figure 25 A longitudinal cross-sectional view of the coupling and pipe element shown in FIG; Figure 31 is an isometric view of an example coupling that allows a pipe element to rotate about its longitudinal axis; Figure 32 yes Figure 31 A longitudinal sectional view of the pipe coupling shown in FIG; Figure 33 This includes the use of Figure 31 An isometric view of an example pipeline with pipe elements connected to each other by a coupling shown in FIG. Figure 34 is connected to the pipe element Figure 31 an isometric cross-sectional view of a portion of the coupling shown in FIG; Figure 35 An isometric view showing an example coupling according to the present invention connected to a pipe element; Figure 35A An isometric view showing an example coupling according to the present invention connected to a pipe element; Figure 36 An isometric view showing an example first type of non-rotating coupling connecting two pipe elements; Figure 36A An isometric view showing an example second type of non-rotating coupling connecting two pipe elements; Figure 37 is an isometric view of an example coupling according to the present invention having a locking feature; Figure 38 is an isometric view of an example coupling according to the present invention having a locking feature; Figure 38A is an isometric view of an example coupling according to the present invention having a locking feature; Figure 39 is a schematic plan view of a pipeline having a section to be rotated according to an exemplary method of the present invention; Figure 40 is an axial view of a point on the pipeline where the segment is supported by a pipelayer; Figure 41 is an axial view of a point on the pipeline where torque is applied to the segment by a pipelayer using a sling; Figure 42 is an axial view of a point on the pipeline where torque is applied to the segment by a pipelayer using a sling connected to a torsionally rigid coupling; and Figure 42A is an axial view of a point on the pipeline where torque is applied to the segment by a pipelayer using a torsion clamp. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0023] References in this article Figures 1 to 30 Disclosed are anti-torsion or anti-rotation couplings. Advantageously, these couplings can join pipe elements of various sizes, including large diameter pipe elements, while preventing the pipe elements from rotating relative to each other along a longitudinal axis extending the length of the pipe elements. Advantageously, the couplings can be designed to reduce rotational slippage at the pipe joint between the pipe elements and the coupling.

[0024] Reference Figures 31 to 38A Also disclosed is a swivel coupling. The swivel coupling can connect pipe elements of various sizes, including large diameter pipe elements, while allowing the pipe elements to rotate relative to each other along a longitudinal axis extending the length of the pipe elements. The swivel coupling can include a locking feature to selectively prevent the pipe elements connected by the swivel coupling from rotating relative to each other.

[0025] The anti-torsion couplings and swivel couplings disclosed herein can be used together to connect pipelines and form pipeline segments. For example, a pipeline segment can include a swivel coupling at either end of the segment, wherein the swivel coupling can be configured to connect the pipeline segment to an adjacent pipeline segment. The anti-torsion coupling can connect pipe elements between the swivel couplings. Additionally, the anti-torsion coupling can connect pipe elements within a pipeline segment to the swivel coupling. A pipeline segment connected by the anti-torsion coupling and the swivel coupling can rotate relative to an adjacently connected pipeline segment without disconnecting from the adjacently connected pipeline segment.

[0026] This article also refers to Figures 39 to 42A A method for rotating a pipeline segment is disclosed. The pipeline segment may include pipe elements coupled together via a torsionally rigid coupling disclosed herein, wherein each end of the pipeline segment is coupled to a rotation coupling disclosed herein. The method may provide an efficient way to rotate a pipeline segment to extend its life without detaching or disconnecting the rotated pipeline segment from adjacently coupled pipeline segments.

[0027] Anti-torsion coupling Disclosed herein is an example anti-torsion coupling configured to connect pipe elements and prevent the pipe elements from rotating relative to each other. The coupling includes two rings, each of which is attachable to a pipe element to be connected via a segment. The segment is attached around the ring and pipe element via adjustable fasteners. The segment includes an active surface configured to engage with a receiving surface of the ring. The active and receiving surfaces are designed such that the engagement between the surfaces prevents rotation between the coupled ring and pipe element. Optionally, the receiving surface extends along a chord of the respective ring.

[0028] Figure 1 An example coupling 10 is shown for joining a first pipe element 12 and a second pipe element 14 while also preventing relative rotation of the pipe elements 12, 14 about a coaxial longitudinal axis 16. Figure 1 As shown in FIG, the coupling 10 includes a first ring 18 that can be attached to the end of the first pipe element 12 and a second ring 20 that can be attached to the end of the second pipe element 14. The attachment of the rings 18 and 20 to the respective pipe elements 12 and 14 can be achieved by welding, but other attachment means are also possible. Figure 1A and Figure 2 As shown in FIG, the coupling 10 surrounds a central space 40. Figure 1A As shown in FIG, the ends of the pipe elements 12, 14 can abut each other within the central space 40. The end-to-end contact of the pipe elements 12, 14 can provide frictional resistance to torsional rotation during rotation of the pipe elements 12, 14. The torsional frictional resistance can prevent or limit rotational slippage between the pipe elements 12, 14. In addition, the end-to-end contact of the pipe elements 12, 14 can provide a smooth internal transition between the pipe elements 12, 14, thereby minimizing turbulence and leading edge wear.

[0029] like Figure 7 and Figure 9 As shown in FIG, the first ring 18 defines a first groove 22 extending circumferentially around the ring 18. Figure 11As shown in FIG, the first ring 18 further defines one or more notches adjacent to the first groove 22, in this example four notches 24, 25, 26, and 27. The notches 24, 25, 26, and 27 may be spaced 90° apart around the first ring 18. Each notch 24, 25, 26, and 27 may include a first receiving surface 28 and a second receiving surface 29 extending inwardly toward the central space 40, and a third receiving surface 37 extending transversely therebetween. Optionally, the third receiving surface 37 may extend perpendicular or substantially perpendicular (e.g., within 10 degrees of perpendicular) to the first and second receiving surfaces 28, 29. Optionally, the first and second receiving surfaces 28, 29 may extend along respective chords of the first ring 18, wherein the chords extend through the central space 40. Optionally, the first and second receiving surfaces 28, 29 may taper inwardly toward each other as they approach the third receiving surface 37.

[0030] In this example embodiment, the second ring 20 is identical to the first ring 18 and is Figure 8 and Figure 10 As shown in FIG, a second groove 30 is defined that extends circumferentially around the second ring. As with the first ring 18, the second ring 20 defines one or more notches 32, 33, 34, and 35 adjacent to the second groove 30 (see FIG. Figure 12 ), notches 32, 33, 34, and 35 may be spaced 90° apart around second ring 20. Notches 32, 33, 34, and 35 also include first and second receiving surfaces 28, 29 extending inwardly toward central space 40, and a third receiving surface 37 extending transversely therebetween. Optionally, third receiving surface 37 may extend perpendicular or substantially perpendicular (e.g., within 10 degrees of perpendicular) to first and second receiving surfaces 28, 29. Optionally, first and second receiving surfaces 28, 29 may extend along respective chords of second ring 20, wherein the chords extend through central space 40. Optionally, first and second receiving surfaces 28, 29 may taper inwardly toward each other as they approach third receiving surface 37. Rings 18 and 20 are not limited to four notches, as more or fewer notches arranged in angularly spaced pairs around the rings are possible. Optionally, the rings 18, 20 may include a flat portion 21 to provide a flat reference for consistent placement of the level during assembly to the pipe elements 12, 14. In this example, Figure 7 and Figure 8 As shown in FIG, the flat portion 21 may be located proximate to the notches 32, 33, 34, 35.

[0031] like Figures 1 to 6As shown in FIG, the coupling 10 also includes a first section 36 and a second section 38 that can be attached end-to-end to surround a central space 40. Figure 13 As shown in FIG, the first section 36 includes a first key 42 and a second key 44, which in this example are in the form of arcuate protrusions extending lengthwise along the first section and protruding toward the central space 40. The first key 42 and the second key 44 are in a spaced relationship and as shown in FIG. Figure 5 and Figure 6 , are spaced apart so as to engage first and second grooves 22 and 30 defined in the first and second rings 18 , 20 when the first and second rings 18 , 20 are positioned within the central space 40 .

[0032] The second section 38 may be identical to the first section 36, as in Figure 1 The example coupling embodiment 10 is shown in FIG. 1 and as Figure 3 and Figure 6 As shown in FIG, the second section 38 includes a first key 46 and a second key 48 extending lengthwise along the second section 38 and projecting toward the central space 40. The first key 46 and the second key 48 on the second section 38 are in a spaced relationship and as shown in FIG. Figure 5 and Figure 6 , are spaced apart so as to engage first and second grooves 22 and 30 defined in the first and second rings 18 , 20 when the first and second rings 18 , 20 are positioned within the central space 40 .

[0033] like Figure 13 、 Figure 15 and Figure 17 As shown in FIG, the first section 36 includes a first protrusion 60 and a second protrusion 62 extending transversely to the first key 42 and the second key 44. Optionally, the first protrusion 60 and the second protrusion 62 extend perpendicularly or substantially perpendicularly (e.g., within 10 degrees of the vertical direction) to the first key 42 and the second key 44. Figure 2 and Figure 5 As shown in FIG, the first and second protrusions 60, 62 are positioned to engage the first notches 24, 32 defined in the first and second rings 18, 20 when the first and second rings 18, 20 are positioned within the central space 40. Figure 14 、 Figure 16 and Figure 18 As shown in FIG, the second section 38 includes a first protrusion 64 and a second protrusion 66 extending transversely to the first key 46 and the second key 48. Optionally, the first protrusion 64 and the second protrusion 66 extend perpendicularly or substantially perpendicularly (e.g., within 10 degrees of the vertical direction) to the first key 46 and the second key 48. Figure 5As shown in FIG, the first and second protrusions 64, 66 of the second section 38 are positioned to engage the second recesses 25, 33 defined in the first and second rings 18, 20 when the first and second rings 18, 20 are positioned within the central space 40. Figures 13 to 18 As shown in , each of the protrusions 60, 62, 64, 66 may include first and second operating surfaces 72, 74 extending outwardly away from the respective first and second keys 42, 46, 44, 48, and a third operating surface 76 extending laterally between the first and second operating surfaces 72, 74. Optionally, the third operating surface 76 may extend vertically or substantially vertically (e.g., within 10 degrees of vertical) between the first and second operating surfaces 72, 74. Figure 2 、 Figure 4 and Figure 5 As shown in FIG, first and second active surfaces 72, 74 can be configured to engage first and second receiving surfaces 28, 29, respectively. Advantageously, first and second active surfaces 72, 74 are oriented to match the orientation of first and second receiving surfaces 28, 29, respectively, to optimize contact and engagement between active surfaces 72, 74 and receiving surfaces 28, 29. Optionally, third active surface 76 can be configured to engage third receiving surface 37. The engagement between first and second active surfaces 72, 74 and first and second receiving surfaces 28, 29, respectively, prevents rotation of first and second tubular elements 12, 14 relative to one another about longitudinal axis 16. The engagement between first and second active surfaces 72, 74 and first and second receiving surfaces 28, 29 allows for torque to be transmitted through tubular elements 12, 14 with reduced relative slippage.

[0034] Each notch 24, 25, 26, 27 in the first ring 18 can be configured to receive the first protrusion 60 of the first segment 36 and the first protrusion 64 of the second segment 38, and each notch 32, 33, 34, 35 in the second ring 20 can be configured to receive the second protrusion 62 of the first segment 36 and the second protrusion 66 of the second segment 38. The use of multiple pairs of notches on each ring 18 and 20 allows for effective mechanical engagement between the segments 36 and 38 and the rings 18 and 20, and also allows the pipe elements 12 and 14 to which the rings 18 and 20 are attached to be rotated or "indexed" relative to the segments 36 and 38 about the pipe element longitudinal axis 16 at angular intervals as defined by the number of pairs of notches. In this example, the pipe elements can be indexed at 90° intervals consistent with the 90° angular spacing between the pairs of notches. The ability to index the pipe elements allows the pipe elements to be rotated to distribute abrasive wear more evenly across their inner surfaces (thereby increasing the useful life of the pipe elements) while maintaining the orientation of the coupling segments 36 and 38. This can also be advantageous if the coupling 10 is disconnected at the end of the portion to be indexed, as it allows easy access to the fasteners connecting the segments after repeated indexing of the pipe elements, which might not be possible if the segments rotate with the pipe elements as they are indexed.

[0035] like Figure 1 and Figure 2 As shown in FIG, the first segment 36 includes a first attachment member 50 and a second attachment member 52 positioned at opposite ends thereof. The second segment 38 also includes a first attachment member 54 and a second attachment member 56 positioned at opposite ends thereof. The first attachment member 50 on the first segment 36 is engageable with the first attachment member 54 on the second segment 38. Similarly, the second attachment member 52 on the first segment 36 is engageable with the second attachment member 56 on the second segment 38. The attachment members attach the first segment 36 and the second segment 38 to each other.

[0036] In the illustrated embodiment, each attachment member 50, 52, 54, 56 includes a lug 80 (see Figure 13 and Figure 14 ), the lug 80 defines a first hole 82 and a second hole 84 in a spaced relationship. Each hole is adapted to receive an adjustable fastener 61 for attaching the first attachment member 50 on the first segment 36 to the first attachment member 54 on the second segment 38, and for attaching the second attachment member 52 on the first segment 36 to the second attachment member 56 on the second segment 38. Figure 2 and Figure 4As shown in FIG, at least one adjustable fastener 61 may extend through the first attachment members 50, 54 of the first and second segments 36, 38, and at least one adjustable fastener 61 may extend through the second attachment members 52, 56 of the first and second segments 36, 38. Tightening of the adjustable fasteners 61 may draw the segments 36, 38 together around the pipe elements 12, 14, as shown in FIG. Figure 1 and Figure 1A As shown in Figure 2 As shown in FIG, when the adjustable fastener 61 is tightened, a space may remain between the stop surface 53 of the first section 36 and the stop surface 53 of the second section 38. Figure 1A As shown in FIG, tightening of the adjustable fastener 61 engages the first key 42 of the first section 36 and the first key 46 of the second section 38 with the first groove 22 and the second key 44 of the first section 36 and the second key 48 of the second section 38 with the second groove 30.

[0037] Optionally, in an exemplary embodiment, the engagement of the first keys 42, 46 with the first grooves 22 and the engagement of the second keys 44, 48 with the second grooves can provide a wedging effect on the ends of the pipe elements 12, 14 to drive the ends of the pipe elements 12, 14 toward each other. Advantageously, the wedging effect can compressively preload the pipe ends, thereby forming a rigid coupling 10 with no gaps between the rings 18, 20 and the segments 36, 38, and clamping the butted ends of the pipe elements 12, 14 together. Under the influence of axial compressive forces, the compressively preloaded pipe-to-pipe interface can remain closed, i.e., the gap between the pipe elements 12, 14 is zero. Optionally, the interface can remain closed under axial compressive forces and / or other loads up to at least 750 psi. The coupling 10 according to the present disclosure can include structural components that prevent the pipe elements from rotating relative to each other, create a wedging effect on the ends of the pipe elements, or both.

[0038] like Figure 4 As shown in FIG, the first attachment member 50 and the second attachment member 52 of the first segment 36 can be positioned on the segment 36 at a distance L1 from the peak of the first segment 36. The first attachment member 54 and the second attachment member 56 of the second segment 38 can be positioned on the segment 38 at a distance L2 from the peak of the second segment 38. Figure 4As shown in , the corresponding holes 82, 84 in the lugs 80 of the first section 36 and the second section 38 are arranged coaxially with each adjustable fastener 61 extending along the first axis 85. The first axis 85 is positioned at a distance L3 from the first plane 102. The first plane 102 includes the longitudinal axis 16 and extends perpendicular to the second plane 103, which includes the longitudinal axis and extends perpendicular to the first axis 85. Depending on the diameter of the coupler, the distances L1 and L2 can each be between 8 inches and 20 inches. It is advantageous to minimize L1 and L2 to reduce L3, thereby reducing bending in the attachment members 50, 52, 54, 56 and the adjustable fasteners 61. Optionally, with reference to Figure 4A and Figure 6 To reduce bending in the attachment members 50, 52, 54, 56 and the fastener 61, at least a portion of each first axis 85 may be positioned at a distance less than or equal to the diameter of the fastener 61 from a point on the periphery of a circle 110 defined by the center of mass 106 of the first segment 36 and the center of mass 108 of the second segment 38. Figure 6 As shown in FIG, the center of mass 106 of the first segment 36 and the center of mass 108 of the second segment 38 are given by Figure 4 and Figure 4A6-6. The cutting plane line 6-6 shown in FIG. 10 is a perspective view of the centroid of the exposed surfaces of the segments 36, 38 generated by the cutting plane line 6-6. The cutting plane line 6-6 extends through the longitudinal axis 16. The cutting plane line 6-6 may extend through the longitudinal axis 16, through the first segment 36 between the first and second protrusions 60, 62 and the first attachment member 50, and through the second segment 38 between the first and second protrusions 64, 66 and the second attachment member 56. The cutting plane line 6-6 may extend through the longitudinal axis 16 at a location that provides a minimum area of ​​the exposed surfaces of the segments 36, 38, through the first segment 36 between the first and second attachment members 50, 52, and through the second segment 38 between the first and second attachment members 54, 56. The angle 105 between the first plane 102 and the cutting plane line 6-6 may be in the range of 5 degrees to 80 degrees. Optionally, to reduce bending in the attachment members 50, 52, 54, 56 and the fastener 61, at least a portion of each first axis 85 may be positioned at a distance from a point on the periphery of a circle 110 defined by the center of mass 106 of the first segment 36 and the center of mass 108 of the second segment 38 that is less than or equal to the diameter of the corresponding hole 82, 84. Optionally, to reduce bending in the attachment members 50, 52, 54, 56 and the fastener 61, the distance between the point on each first axis 85 and the longitudinal axis 16 is less than or equal to a radius plus the diameter of the corresponding hole 82, 84, where the radius is equal to the radius of the circle 110 defined by the center of mass 106 of the first segment 36 and the center of mass 108 of the second segment 38. Optionally, to reduce bending in the attachment members 50, 52, 54, 56 and the fastener 61, the distance between a point on each first axis 85 and the longitudinal axis 16 is a distance less than or equal to a radius plus the diameter of the fastener 61, where the radius is equal to the radius of a circle 110 defined by the center of mass 106 of the first segment 36 and the center of mass 108 of the second segment 38. Optionally, to reduce bending in the attachment members 50, 52, 54, 56 and the fastener 61, each first axis 85 is a first distance from an inner edge of the corresponding lug 80 closest to the central space 40 and a second distance from an outer edge of the corresponding lug 80 farthest from the central space 40. The ratio of the first distance to the second distance may be 0.333 to 0.5.

[0039] like Figure 15 and Figure 16 As shown in , each segment 36, 38 may include a stop surface 53 at either end. When the adjustable fastener 61 is tightened, at least a portion of the stop surface 53 of the first segment 36 may abut at least a portion of the stop surface 53 of the second segment 38. Alternatively, when the adjustable fastener 61 is tightened, a gap may exist between the stop surface 53 of the first segment 36 and the stop surface 53 of the second segment 38. Figure 15 and Figure 16As shown in , each stop surface 53 may include a recessed portion 55. Figure 4 , when the segments 36, 38 are drawn together, the corresponding recessed portions 55 of the stop surfaces 53 can define a slot 57 adapted to receive a tool, such as a pry bar or flange expander, which can be used to pry apart the coupling 10, if necessary. Optionally, a tool, such as a gauge, can be used to measure the slot 57 to verify proper installation.

[0040] like Figure 15 and Figure 16 As shown in , each section 36, 38 may include a plurality of openings 94a-c that may be used to assemble the coupling 10 as described herein. Figure 15 and Figure 16 As shown in FIG, openings 94a-c may extend through one or more gussets 96 connected to segments 36, 38. Openings 94a-c may be located at various locations around the perimeter of segments 36, 38 to provide attachment points for equipment to lift the coupling 10 and rotate the pipeline segments. Standard lifting openings 94a may be located in positions that facilitate lifting segments 36, 38 in an orientation that allows fasteners 61 to be inserted vertically into holes 82, 84. Rotation openings 94b may be located on relatively thicker sections of segments 36, 38 and may have a larger diameter than lifting openings 94a so that rotation openings 94b can be used to rotate the pipeline segments when the coupling 10 is fully installed. Clamshell openings 94c may be advantageously located between stop surface 53 and attachment members 50, 52, 54, 56 to facilitate installation of the coupling 10 using a sling and to allow fasteners 61 to be inserted horizontally into holes 82, 84. The clamshell opening 94c may be positioned so that the fastener 61 may be easily inserted into the holes 82, 84 while attached to the lifting equipment and without interference from the lifting equipment, such as a shackle and / or sling(s).

[0041] like Figure 13 As shown in FIG, the first section 36 defines a first channel 88 positioned between the first key 42 and the second key 44 on the first section. The channel 88 extends lengthwise along the first section 36. Figure 14 As shown in FIG, the second section 38 defines a second channel 90 positioned between the first key 46 and the second key 48 on the second section 38. The second channel 90 extends lengthwise along the second section 38. Figure 6 As shown in FIG, seal 92 is received within first passage 88 and second passage 90. Seal 92 is engageable with first ring 18 and second ring 20 for achieving a fluid-tight joint between pipe elements 12 and 14.

[0042] Figures 19 to 24An exemplary method of assembling the coupling 10 disclosed herein is shown. The method of assembling the coupling 10 disclosed herein may also be referred to as a "clamshell" or "clamshell" method. Figure 19 As shown in FIG, the method includes positioning a first ring 18 and a second ring 20 (first ring 18 shown) facing end to end. The method may also include placing a seal 92 around the first ring 18 and the second ring 20 such that the seal 92 overlies a seam formed between the first ring 18 and the second ring 20 facing end to end ( Figure 5 and Figure 6 As shown in Figure 19 As shown in , the method includes lifting the first and second segments 36, 38 positioned end-to-end around the central space 40 near the first attachment member 50 of the first segment 36 and the first attachment member 54 of the second segment 38. Optionally, the first and second segments 36, 38 may be lifted at a location between the first attachment member 50 of the first segment 36 and the stop surface 53 of the first segment 36 and between the first attachment member 54 of the second segment 38 and the stop surface 53 of the second segment 38. The first and second segments 36, 38 may be lifted at a point between the first attachment member 50 of the first segment 36 and the first attachment member 54 of the second segment 38. Optionally, the first and second segments 36, 38 may be lifted via a sling 100 attached to a shackle that is connected to the first and second segments 36, 38 via a clamshell opening 94c. The sling 100 may be connected to a lifting device such as a crane. As Figure 19 As shown in , the location of the clamshell opening 94c can advantageously cause the opposing ends of the first and second segments 36, 38 proximate the second attachment members 52, 56 to hang closer together than the ends proximate the raised position. Figure 19 As shown in FIG, ends of the first and second segments 36 and 38 that are closer to the second attachment members 52 , 58 may contact each other.

[0043] like Figure 20 and Figure 21 As shown in FIG, the method includes pulling the first and second segments 36 and 38 away from each other and lowering the first and second segments 36 and 38 onto the first and second rings 18 and 20 until the first and second rings 18 and 20 are positioned within the central space 40. Figure 21, once the first and second segments 36, 38 have been fully lowered onto the rings 18, 20 and the rings 18, 20 are positioned within the central space 40, the opposing ends of the first and second segments 36, 38 proximate the second attachment members 52, 56 can return to their close together position, or can substantially return to their close together position, thereby allowing easy insertion of the fastener 61. Due to the location of the lifting point (more specifically, the location of the clamshell opening 94c), the opposing ends can return to a relatively close together position without having to manually force the segments 36, 38 together to insert the fastener 61.

[0044] like Figure 22 , the method includes attaching the second attachment member 52 of the first section 36 and the second attachment member 56 of the second section 38 via fasteners 61. The method includes attaching the first attachment member 50 of the first section 36 and the first attachment member 54 of the second section 38 via fasteners 61. Optionally, after the second attachment members 52, 56 are attached, the sling 100 may be lifted again, forcing the ends near the lifting point together to allow the fasteners 61 to be easily installed to attach the first attachment members 50, 54. After the fasteners 61 are installed, the sling 100 may be removed.

[0045] like Figure 23 and Figure 24As shown in FIG, the method includes rotating the attached first and second segments 36, 38 about the first and second rings 18, 20 until the first and second protrusions 60, 62 of the first segment 36 align with the first notches 24, 32, and 33 in the first and second rings 18, 20, respectively. The method may include rotating the attached first and second segments 36, 38 about the first and second rings 18, 20 until the first and second protrusions 64, 66 of the second segment 38 align with the second notches 25, 33, and 33 in the first and second rings 18, 20, respectively. The partially assembled coupling 10 can be rotated about the rings 18, 20 to advantageously orient the fastener 61 vertically. In this position, the fastener 61 can be more easily fully tightened. During rotation, the third active surface 76 can slide on the outer surface 19 of the rings 18, 20. The outer surface 19 of the rings 18, 20 extending between the notches can provide a piloting surface for the third active surface 76 of the projection to ride on, stabilizing and guiding the segments 36, 38 as they rotate relative to the rings 18, 20 and the tubular element, and providing a space between the segments and the seal 92. The outer surface 19 can have a diameter that is larger than the outer diameter of the seal 92, thereby creating a gap or space between the passages 88, 90 and the seal 92. The gap or space between the passages 88, 90 and the seal 92 can prevent rotation of the segments 36, 38 from damaging or dislodging the seal 92. Furthermore, the gap or space can reduce friction between the seal 92 and the segments 36, 38, allowing the segments 36, 38 to rotate more easily about the rings 18, 20.

[0046] like Figure 4 As shown in FIG, once the protrusions 60, 62, 64, 66 are in place, the method may include tightening the fastener 61 until the first protrusion 60 and the second protrusion 62 of the first segment 36 engage the first notch 24 in the first ring 18 and the first notch 32 in the second ring 20, respectively. As the fastener 61 is tightened, the first protrusion 64 and the second protrusion 66 of the second segment 38 engage the second notch 25 in the first ring 18 and the second notch 33 in the second ring 20, respectively. Tightening the fastener 61 also enables the keys 42, 44, 46, 48 of the segments 36, 38 to engage the grooves 22, 30 of the rings 18, 20. As the fastener 61 is tightened, the first channel 88 and the second channel 90 can receive the seal 92. As the fastener 61 is tightened, the first channel 88 and the second channel 90 are pulled toward the rings 18, 20 and the seal 92 positioned around the rings 18, 20. As the channels 88 , 90 are pulled toward the rings 18 , 20 and the seal 92 , the seal 92 may be seated within the channels 88 , 90 .

[0047] Figure 25 and Figure 26An example coupling 210 is shown for joining a first pipe element 212 and a second pipe element 214 while also preventing relative rotation of the pipe elements about a coaxial longitudinal axis 216. Figure 25 As shown in FIG, the coupling 210 includes a first ring 218 that can be attached to the end of the first pipe element 212 and a second ring 220 that can be attached to the end of the second pipe element 214. The attachment of the rings 218 and 220 to the respective pipe elements 212 and 214 can be achieved by welding, but other attachment means are also possible. Figure 28 and Figure 30 As shown in FIG, the first ring 218 defines a first groove 222 extending circumferentially around the ring. Figure 28 As shown in FIG, the first ring 218 further defines one or more receiving surfaces, in this example four receiving surfaces 224, 225, 226, and 227. Each receiving surface 224, 225, 226, and 227 extends over a corresponding portion of the first ring 218 adjacent the first groove 222. In this example embodiment, the receiving surfaces 224, 225, 226, and 227 comprise a flat surface 228, each extending along a chord of the ring 218. The receiving surfaces are spaced 90 degrees apart from each other around the first ring 218. In this example embodiment, the second ring 220 is identical to the first ring 218, and as shown in FIG. Figure 29 and Figure 30 As shown in FIG, a second groove 230 is defined that extends circumferentially around the second ring. As with the ring 218, four receiving surfaces 232, 233, 234 and 235 extend on corresponding portions of the second ring 220 (see FIG. Figure 28 ), the receiving surfaces again include flat surfaces 228, each of which extends along a chord of the ring 220 and is arranged 90° apart from each other around the second ring 220. The rings 218 and 220 are not limited to four receiving surfaces, as more or fewer surfaces arranged in angularly spaced pairs around the ring are possible.

[0048] like Figure 25 and Figure 26 As shown in FIG, the coupling 210 also includes a first section 236 and a second section 238 that can be attached end-to-end to surround the central space 240. Figure 27 and Figure 30 As shown in FIG, the first section 236 includes a first key 242 and a second key 244, which in this example are in the form of arcuate protrusions that extend lengthwise along the first section and protrude toward the central space 240. The first key 242 and the second key 244 are in a spaced relationship and as shown in FIG. Figure 30, are spaced apart so as to engage first and second grooves 222 , 230 defined in the first and second rings 218 , 220 when the first and second rings 218 , 220 are positioned within the central space 240 .

[0049] The second section 238 may be identical to the first section 230, as in Figure 25 In the example coupling embodiment 210 shown in FIG. Figure 27 and Figure 30 As shown in FIG, the second section 238 includes a first key 246 and a second key 248 extending longitudinally along the second section 238 and protruding toward the central space 240. The first key 246 and the second key 248 on the second section 238 are in a spaced relationship and as shown in FIG. Figure 30 , are spaced apart so as to engage first and second grooves 222 , 230 defined in the first and second rings 218 , 220 when the first and second rings 218 , 220 are positioned within the central space 240 .

[0050] like Figure 25 and Figure 26 As shown in , the first segment 236 includes a first attachment member 250 and a second attachment member 252 positioned at opposite ends thereof. The second segment 238 also includes a first attachment member 254 and a second attachment member 256 positioned at opposite ends thereof. The first attachment member 250 on the first segment 236 is engageable with the first attachment member 254 on the second segment 238. Similarly, the second attachment member 252 on the first segment 236 is engageable with the second attachment member 256 on the second segment 238, attaching the first segment 236 and the second segment 238 to each other. Figure 25 and Figure 27 As shown in FIG, first attachment member 250 on first section 236 defines a first operative surface 258 and a second operative surface 260 in spaced relation to first operative surface 258. When first ring 218 and second ring 220 are within central space 240, first operative surface 258 is engageable with a first of receiving surfaces 224 on first ring 218 and second operative surface 260 is engageable with a second of receiving surfaces 232 (not visible) on second ring 220. The engagement between operative surfaces 258, 260 and receiving surfaces 224 and 232, respectively, prevents rotation of first and second tubular elements 212, 214 relative to each other about longitudinal axis 216.

[0051] It is considered advantageous to have a plurality of active surfaces engaging corresponding receiving surfaces. Figure 25 、 Figure 26 and Figure 27As shown in FIG, the first attachment member 254 on the second section 238 includes a third active surface 262 that is engageable with the first receiving surface 224 on the first ring 218, and a fourth active surface 264 that is in spaced relation to the third active surface 262 and is engageable with the second receiving surface 232 (not visible) on the second ring 220. It is also advantageous if the active surfaces engage the receiving surfaces on opposite sides of the rings 218 and 220. Thus, as Figure 28 and Figure 29 As shown in FIG, a third of the receiving surfaces 226 extends over a portion of the first ring 218 adjacent to the first groove 222, and a fourth of the receiving surfaces 234 extends over a portion of the second ring 220 adjacent to the second groove 230. Figure 26 and Figure 27 As shown in FIG, the second attachment member 252 on the first section 236 includes a second attachment member 252 that can be connected to the Figure 26 and Figure 28 The fifth active surface 266 is engaged with the third receiving surface 226 on the first ring 218 shown in FIG. Figure 27 As shown in FIG, the sixth active surface 268 is spaced apart from the fifth active surface 266 and is capable of being Figure 29 The fourth 234 of the receiving surfaces on the second ring 220 shown in FIG. Figure 26 and Figure 27 As shown in FIG, the second attachment member 256 on the second segment 238 includes a seventh active surface 270 that can engage with the third receiving surface 226 on the first ring 218, and a seventh active surface 270 that is spaced apart from the seventh active surface 270 and can engage with the fourth receiving surface 234 on the second ring 220 (see FIG. Figure 29 )engages an eighth active surface 272.

[0052] For compatibility and effective engagement between the active and receiving surfaces, as described above, it is advantageous if the receiving surfaces 223, 224, 225, 226 and 232, 233, 234, and 235 include a flat surface 228, each extending along a chord of the rings 218 and 220. For an advantageous mating engagement to prevent relative rotation between the pipe elements 212 and 214 about the longitudinal axis 216, in this exemplary embodiment, the first to eighth active surfaces 258, 260, 262, 264, 266, 268, 270, and 272 also include a flat surface 274 that is capable of mating engagement with their corresponding receiving surfaces.

[0053] like Figure 26 and Figure 27As shown in FIG, in this example embodiment, for each active surface, a first portion 276 of the active surface is angularly oriented relative to a second portion 278 of the active surface. The angular orientation of the first portion 276 serves as a guide to guide the rings 218 and 220 into the segments 236 and 238 when the coupling 210 is assembled.

[0054] The receiving surfaces on each ring 218 and 220 work in opposing pairs to engage the eight active surfaces of segments 236 and 238. Advantageously, multiple pairs of receiving surfaces are included on each ring 218 and 220. In this example, there are two sets of paired receiving surfaces on ring 218: paired receiving surfaces 224 and 226 and paired receiving surfaces 225 and 227. Similarly, ring 220 includes paired receiving surfaces 232 and 234 and paired receiving surfaces 233 and 235. The use of multiple pairs of receiving surfaces on each ring 218 and 220 allows for effective mechanical engagement between segments 236 and 238 and the ring, and also allows the pipe element to which the ring is attached to be rotated or "indexed" relative to segments 236 and 238 about the pipe element longitudinal axis at angular intervals defined by the number of paired receiving surfaces. In this example, the pipe elements can be indexed at 90° intervals that coincide with the 90° angular spacing between the pairs of receiving surfaces. The ability to index the pipe elements allows the pipe elements to be rotated to more evenly distribute abrasive wear across their inner surfaces while maintaining the orientation of the coupling segments 236 and 238 (thereby increasing the useful life of the pipe elements). This is advantageous because it allows for easy access to the fasteners connecting the segments after repeated indexing of the pipe elements, which might not be possible if the segments rotated with the pipe elements as they were indexed.

[0055] In the illustrated embodiment, each attachment member 250, 252, 254, and 256 includes a lug 280 (see FIG. Figure 25 and Figure 26 ), the lug 280 defines a first hole 282 and a second hole 284 in a spaced relationship. Each hole is adapted to receive an adjustable fastener 286 for attaching the first attachment member 250 on the first segment 236 to the first attachment member 254 on the second segment 238, and for attaching the second attachment member 252 on the first segment 236 to the second attachment member 256 on the second segment 238.

[0056] It is considered advantageous to minimize the distance between the neutral axis of the cross section of the segment and a point on the cross section of the fastener that attaches the segments to each other (such as the centerline). Minimizing this distance reduces the bending moment applied to the fastener due to internal pressure within the ring, which attempts to separate the segments forming the pipe joint. Smaller bending moments allow for various design compromises, such as the use of smaller diameter fasteners, less expensive fasteners of lower strength materials, or increased pressure load performance for a given fastener and coupler combination. Due to the size of the fasteners and their heads (such as bolt heads or nuts) and the need to provide access to the fasteners and clearance for tools used to install the fasteners, prior art couplers are limited in their ability to position the fastener centerline near the neutral axis of the coupler segment.

[0057] Figure 26A Another way of specifying an advantageous attachment configuration is also illustrated. In this example, the relationship between the radius of a convenient point on the key and the distance from that point on the key to a convenient point on the fastener (measured along the diameter of one of the rings (18, 20)) is used as a proxy for minimizing the distance between the neutral axis of the segment and the fastener, independent of the particular cross-section of the coupling. Figure 26A As shown in the example of FIG, the distance K between point 289 midway between the root 291 on key 246 and the free end 293 of key 246 and point 295 on the centerline 297 of fastener 286 (measured along diameter line 297 of ring 218) can be compared to the distance R between point 289 and the center of curvature of key 246 at axis 239, i.e., by dividing distance K by distance R. This ratio represents the relative proximity of the bolt to the key with reference to the radius of the key (and therefore, generally, the radius of the pipe to be joined). This is expected to provide advantages when the ratio R / K is greater than 23, and further when the ratio is greater than 5, such as between 5 and 6.

[0058] Figure 26BAnother example of an advantageous configuration for pipe coupling segments is shown in FIG. In this example, the attachment members on segments 236 and 238 (attachment members 256 and 258 on segment 238 shown) subtend a relatively large angular portion of each segment measured from axis 2239, which is the center of curvature of keys 242, 244 (segment 236), 2246, and 2248 (segments 238, 248 shown). The subtended angle 241 of attachment members 250, 252, 254, and 256 (254 and 256 shown) ranges from 15° to about 35°, with a subtended angle of 25° being considered advantageous. In this example, the relatively large angle subtended by attachment members 256 and 258 allows centerline 283 of fastener 286 to be positioned relatively closer to key 246 because bearing surfaces 257 on attachment members 256 and 258 are thereby advantageously positioned away from mating plane 245. This positioning is advantageous because as bearing surfaces 257 become more distal to plane 245, the clearance between the outer surface of segment 238 and nut 247 of fastener 286 increases.

[0059] like Figure 27 and Figure 30 As shown in FIG, the first section 236 defines a first channel 288 positioned between the first key 242 and the second key 244 on the first section. The channel 288 extends lengthwise along the first section 236. The second section 238 defines a second channel 290 positioned between the first key 246 and the second key 248 on the second section 238. The second channel 290 extends lengthwise along the second section 238. Figure 30 As shown in FIG, seal 292 is received within first passage 288 and second passage 290. Seal 292 is engageable with first ring 218 and second ring 220 for achieving a fluid-tight joint between tubular elements 212 and 214.

[0060] It is contemplated that pipe couplings according to the present invention may eliminate various disadvantages associated with rotating pipeline sections and thereby improve the efficiency and safety of such operations.

[0061] Rotary coupling Also disclosed herein is an example rotation coupling configured to join pipe elements together and allow the pipe elements to rotate relative to each other.

[0062] Figures 31 to 33 An exemplary embodiment of a coupling 310 according to the present invention is shown that allows pipe elements 312, 314 to rotate about their longitudinal axis 316. Figure 32As shown in detail in FIG, example coupling 310 includes a first ring 318 capable of being attached to a first of the pipe elements. First ring 318 includes a first collar 320 extending circumferentially around the first ring and projecting outwardly therefrom. First collar 320 defines a bearing surface 322 and a retaining surface 324 disposed opposite one another. Surfaces 322 and 324 are oriented transversely to a first ring axis 326 coaxially disposed with first ring 318. Optionally, surfaces 322 and 324 are oriented perpendicular or substantially perpendicular (e.g., within 10 degrees of perpendicular) to first ring axis 326. First ring 318 may also include a liner 319 to serve as a sacrificial wear surface, thereby protecting the first ring from abrasion. Liner 319 may be formed of or include a wear-resistant material (such as steel, chromium carbide, and urethane, to name a few examples) and may be replaceable to allow the ring to be reused.

[0063] The housing 328 defines a throughbore 330 that circumscribes a longitudinal axis 332 coaxially disposed therewith. The housing 328 has a first end 334 and a second end 336 disposed opposite one another. The housing 328 has a length extending along the longitudinal axis 332 between the first end 334 and the second end 336. The first end 334 of the housing 328 is adapted to coaxially receive the first ring 318 within the housing bore 330. In this exemplary embodiment, the housing includes a first shoulder 338 positioned distally from the first end 334 of the housing (e.g., spaced apart from the first end 334 in a direction moving toward the second end 336 of the housing 328). The first shoulder 338 may be positioned midway between the first end 334 and the second end 336 of the housing 328. The first shoulder 338 projects toward the longitudinal axis 332 and is oriented transversely thereto. Optionally, the first shoulder 338 is oriented perpendicularly or substantially perpendicularly (e.g., within 10 degrees of perpendicular) to the longitudinal axis 332. The first channel 340 extends circumferentially around the housing 328 and faces the longitudinal axis 332. The first channel 340 is positioned in spaced relation to the first shoulder 338 and proximate the first end 334 of the housing 328 (e.g., the first channel 340 may be positioned within 10-15% of the housing length). Alternatively, the first channel 340 may be positioned between the first shoulder 338 and the first end 334. A first retaining ring 342 can be positioned within the first channel 340. An exemplary retaining ring 342 suitable for use in the present invention is commercially available from Smalley USA, located in Lake Zurich, Illinois. The retaining ring 342 operates similar to a snap ring to fit within the bore 330 and then expands radially outward to engage the channel 340. The first retaining ring 342 protrudes into the bore 330 toward the housing longitudinal axis 332.

[0064] like Figure 32 , when the first ring 318 is received within the bore 330 of the housing 328 at the first end 334 of the housing, the first collar 320 of the first ring 318 can be positioned between the first shoulder 338 and the first channel 340 of the housing 328. The first retaining ring 342 can then be positioned within the first channel 340. The bearing surface 322 of the collar 320 can engage the first shoulder 338, and the retaining surface 324 of the first collar can engage the first retaining ring 342. Thus, the first ring 318 is retained in the housing 328 in the axial direction, but the only resistance to relative rotation between the first ring 318 and the housing 328 about the housing longitudinal axis 332 is the friction between the housing 328 and the first ring 318.

[0065] Since the coupling 310 according to the present invention is intended to allow the first ring 318 and the housing 328 (together with any pipe elements attached to the first ring, see Figure 33 ), it is advantageous to position a first bearing 344 between the housing 328 and the first ring 318. In this example, the first bearing 344 is positioned distally of the first end 334 of the housing 328 (e.g., spaced apart from the first end 334 in a direction moving toward the second end 336 of the housing 328). The first bearing 344 may be positioned between the first shoulder 338 and the midpoint between the first and second ends 334, 336 of the housing 328. To provide two points of support for the ring 318 for smooth rotation, a second bearing 346 is advantageously positioned between the housing 328 and the first ring 318. In this example, the second bearing 346 is positioned between the first collar 320 and the housing. For example, both the first and second bearings 344, 346 include a first bearing ring 348 and a second bearing ring 350, each of which extends circumferentially around the aperture 330. Both the first bearing ring 348 and the second bearing ring 350 are formed of a material having a lower coefficient of friction than the first ring 318 or the housing 328. In a practical design, the bearing rings 348 and 350 are formed of or include polytetrafluoroethylene for a low friction interface between the housing 328 and the first ring 318.

[0066] It is further advantageous to provide one or more seals 352 between the housing 328 and the first ring 328 to provide a fluid-tight joint between the first ring 318 and the housing 28. Figure 32In the example coupling embodiment 310 shown in FIG, a plurality of seals are used that are positioned distally of the first end 334 of the housing 328 and between the housing and the first collar 320 (e.g., spaced apart from the first end 334 in a direction moving toward the second end 336 of the housing 328). Alternatively, the plurality of seals may be positioned between the first shoulder 338 and the midpoint between the first end 334 and the second end 336 of the housing 328. In a practical design, the seal 352 may include an O-ring or similar engineered seal 354 that is received within a corresponding circumferential groove 356 positioned in the first ring 318 (including the first collar 320) or the housing 328 (shown). O-rings or similar engineered seals may be advantageous because they allow relative rotation between the housing and the ring.

[0067] like Figure 31 and Figure 32 As shown in FIG, to allow the first ring 318 to be conveniently coupled to the pipe element, the first ring includes a first outer groove 358 extending circumferentially therearound. The outer groove 358 is positioned outside the bore 330 of the housing 328 to receive a mating key from a mechanical coupler 360, thereby coupling the first ring 318, and therefore the coupler 310, to the first pipe element 312, as shown in FIG. Figure 34 Alternatively, first ring 318 may include a flange for coupling to a flanged pipe element, or may be joined to first pipe element 312 by other means known in the art.

[0068] like Figure 32As shown in FIG, the example coupling 310 may further include a second ring 362 that is attachable to a second one of the pipe elements. The second end 336 of the housing 328 is adapted to coaxially receive the second ring 362 within its bore 330 and is a mirror image of the first ring 318. The second ring 362 includes the same elements as the first ring 318, namely, a second ring axis 364 coaxially disposed with the second ring 362; a second collar 366 extending circumferentially around the second ring and projecting outwardly from the second ring; and the second collar 366 defining a bearing surface 368 and a retaining surface 370 disposed opposite each other. The surfaces 368 and 370 are oriented transversely to the second ring axis 364 coaxially disposed with the second ring 318. Optionally, the surfaces 368 and 370 are oriented perpendicular or substantially perpendicular (e.g., within 10 degrees of perpendicular) to the second ring axis 364. The second ring 362 may also include a sacrificial wear surface, such as the liner 319 described above. Similarly, the housing 328 also includes a second shoulder 372 positioned distally of the second end 336 of the housing, projecting toward and oriented transversely to the housing's longitudinal axis 332 (e.g., spaced apart from the second end 336 in a direction moving toward the first end 334 of the housing 328). Optionally, the second shoulder 372 is oriented perpendicular or substantially perpendicular (e.g., within 10 degrees of perpendicular) to the housing's longitudinal axis 332. The second shoulder 372 may be positioned between the second end 336 and the midpoint between the first end 334 and the second end 336 of the housing 328. A second channel 374 extends circumferentially around the housing 328 and faces the longitudinal axis 332, the second channel being positioned in spaced relation to the second shoulder 372 and proximate the second end 336 of the housing 328 (e.g., the second channel 374 may be positioned within 10-15% of the housing's length from the second end 336). Optionally, the second channel 374 may be positioned between the second shoulder 372 and the second end 336. A second retaining ring 376 can be positioned within the second channel 372, the second retaining ring protruding into the bore 330 toward the longitudinal axis 332. As with the first ring 318, when the second ring 362 is received within the bore 330 at the second end 336 of the housing 328, the second collar 366 can be positioned between the second shoulder 372 and the second channel 374. The second retaining ring 376 can then be positioned within the second channel 374, the bearing surface 368 of the second collar 366 can engage the second shoulder 372, and the retaining surface 370 of the second collar 366 can engage the second retaining ring 376, thereby retaining the second ring 362 within the housing 328.

[0069] The example coupling 310 according to the present invention may also include one or more additional seals 378 positioned between the housing 328 and the second ring 362. Figure 32As shown in FIG, a seal 378 is positioned distally of the second end 336 of the housing 328 and between the housing and the second collar 366 (e.g., spaced apart from the second end 336 in a direction moving toward the first end 334 of the housing 328). Alternatively, the seal 378 may be positioned between the second shoulder 372 and a midpoint between the first end 334 and the second end 336 of the housing 328. The seal 378 may include an O-ring 380 received within a circumferential groove 382 positioned in one of the second ring 362 (including the second collar 366) or the housing 328 (shown).

[0070] To provide support and minimize friction between second ring 362 and housing 328, first and second bearings are positioned between the housing and the second ring. In this example, first bearing 384 is positioned distally of second end 336 of housing 328, and second bearing 386 is positioned between second collar 366 and housing 328 (e.g., spaced apart from second end 336 in a direction moving toward first end 334 of housing 328). First bearing 384 may be positioned between second shoulder 372 and the midpoint between first end 334 and second end 336 of housing 328. Bearings 384 and 386 may include first and second bearing rings 388 and 390, respectively, extending circumferentially around aperture 330. Bearing rings 388 and 390 are advantageously formed from a material having a lower coefficient of friction than second ring 362 or housing 328. In a practical design, bearing rings 388 and 390 may be formed from or include polytetrafluoroethylene.

[0071] Like the first ring 318, the second ring 362 includes an outer groove 392 extending circumferentially therearound. The outer groove 392 of the second ring 362 is positioned outside the bore 330 of the housing 328 to receive a mating key from a mechanical coupler similar to 360, thereby joining the second ring 362, and therefore the coupler 310, to the second pipe element 314 (see FIG. Figure 33 ), similar to Figure 34 Alternatively, the second ring 362 may include a flange for attachment to a flanged pipe element, or may be attached to the second pipe element 314 by other means known in the art.

[0072] Figure 33Two example segments 396 and 398 of pipeline 400 are shown. Segments 396 and 398 include pipe elements 312, 402, 404, 406, 408 and 314, 410, 412, 414, and 416, respectively. Each pipe element can be up to 50 feet long and is referred to as a "double random" length pipe. Coupling 310 allows segments 396 and 398 to rotate about the longitudinal axis 316 of the pipe element without disconnecting segments 396 and 398 from pipeline 400 or from each other. Couplings 310 that allow rotation about axis 316 are positioned at opposite ends of each segment 396 and 398. Figure 35 and Figure 35A 310. The pipe elements 312 and 314 are connected to the first ring 318 and the second ring 362 of the coupling 310 using mechanical couplings 360, respectively. The mechanical couplings 360 prevent relative rotation between the pipe element 312 and the first ring 318 and between the pipe element 314 and the second ring 362. When the key 420 of the coupling 360 engages the rings 318 (shown) and 362 (see also FIG. Figure 31 ) and similar grooves 422 in the pipe elements 312 (shown) and 314, the connection between the pipe elements 312, 314 and the rings 318, 362 is achieved, as shown. Figure 34 The non-rotating coupling 360 is also used to connect the pipe elements of sections 396 and 398 to each other between the coupling 310, as shown in FIG. Figure 33 and Figure 36 As shown for tube elements 312 and 402. Figure 35 and Figure 36 An example first type of non-rotating coupling 361 is shown in FIG. Figure 35A and Figure 36A An example of a second type of non-rotating coupling 363 is shown in FIG. Alternatively, the non-rotating coupling 361 may be Figures 1 to 30 396 and 398 are rotationally fixed relative to each other, but each segment 396, 398 can be rotated as a single tube within the coupling 310. Thus, the coupling 310 allows an entire segment of a pipeline comprising multiple pipe elements to be rotated or "indexed" as one piece to ensure uniform wear of the inner surfaces of the pipe elements when conveying abrasive media.

[0073] Figure 37Another coupling embodiment 424 according to the present invention is shown. Coupling 424 differs from coupling 310 in that first ring 318 further includes a locking surface 426 positioned to engage retaining surface 324 (see FIG. Figure 32 ) is in a spaced relationship and is exterior to the bore 330 of the housing 328. The locking surface 426 faces away from the bore axis 332. Another difference is that the housing 328 includes a locking tab 428 projecting from the first end 334 of the housing. The locking tab 428 defines a jamming surface 430 that is spaced from and faces the locking surface 426. A lock body 432 is insertable between the locking surface 426 and the jamming surface 430 such that, when the lock body 432 is positioned between the locking surface 426 and the jamming surface 430, the lock body 432 engages both the locking surface 426 and the jamming surface 430 to prevent relative rotation between the first ring 318 and the housing 328.

[0074] In the illustrated example embodiment, locking surface 426 comprises a flat surface extending through a chord of first ring 318, and detent surface 430 also comprises a flat surface on locking tab 428. In an actual example embodiment, the lock body may include a rod having a flat face to engage the flat surfaces of detent surface 430 and locking surface 426.

[0075] Figure 38 Another coupling embodiment 434 is shown in which the first ring 318 includes a first locking surface 436 that is positioned to engage the retaining surface 324 (see FIG. Figure 32) in a spaced relationship and exterior to the bore 330. A first locking surface 436 faces away from the bore axis 332. A second locking surface 438 is positioned in a spaced relationship with the retaining surface 324 and exterior to the bore 330, the second locking surface also facing away from the bore axis 332. Similarly, the housing 328 includes a first locking tab 440 projecting from the first end 334 thereof. The first locking tab 440 defines a first retaining surface 442 spaced from and facing the first locking surface 436. A second locking tab 444 projects from the first end 334 of the housing 328, the second locking tab defining a second retaining surface 446 spaced from and facing the second locking surface 438. The lock body 448 is capable of being inserted between the first locking surface 436 and the first blocking surface 442 and between the second locking surface 438 and the second blocking surface 446, so that when the lock body 448 is positioned between the first locking surface 436 and the second locking surface 438 and the first blocking surface 442 and the second blocking surface 446, the lock body 448 engages the first locking surface 436 and the second locking surface 438 and the first blocking surface 442 and the second blocking surface 446 to prevent relative rotation between the first ring 318 and the housing 328.

[0076] In the example coupler embodiment 434, the locking surfaces 436, 438 comprise corresponding flat surfaces extending through corresponding chords of the first ring 318, and the detent surfaces 442, 446 comprise corresponding flat surfaces on a first locking tab 440 and a second locking tab 444. In this example, the locking tabs 440 and 444 are positioned opposite each other on the housing 328. This configuration allows the lock body 448 to include a fork 450 having a first tine 452 positionable between the first locking surface 436 and the first detent surface 442 and a second tine 454 positionable between the second locking surface 438 and the second detent surface 446.

[0077] Figure 38A Another coupling embodiment 464 according to the present invention is shown. Coupling 464 differs from coupling 310 in that first ring 318 further includes at least one notch 466 positioned to engage with retaining surface 324 (see FIG. Figure 32 ) are in spaced relation and outside of the bore 330 of the housing 328. The notch 466 faces away from the bore axis 332. The lock body 468 is insertable into the slot 470 in the housing 328 and engages the notch 466 such that the lock body 468 engages both the housing 328 and the notch 466 to prevent relative rotation between the first ring 318 and the housing 328.

[0078] For all coupling embodiments 424, 434, 464, the housing and ring are substantially similar to those of embodiment 310, except for the exceptions described above. Although the first end of the housing is described with respect to example embodiments 424, 434, and 464, it is understood that (and in Figure 37 、 Figure 38 and Figure 38A ), the opposite end of the housing may also have locking features as described herein. In addition, coupling embodiments 424, 434, and 464 may have multiple locking surfaces to allow the ring 318 to be repeatedly indexed about the axis 332, thereby more evenly distributing wear around the ring and the inner surface of the pipe element connected thereto.

[0079] Method for rotating pipeline sections Also disclosed herein are methods of rotating a section of a pipeline. Figure 39 A portion of an example pipeline 510 comprising a plurality of segments is shown, with example segment 512 being shown in detail. The methods disclosed herein allow for rotation of each segment (e.g., segment 512) without the ends of each segment being disconnected from adjacent segments. Segment 512 has a longitudinal axis 514 coaxially arranged with the bore of the segment. Segment 512 comprises a plurality of pipe elements, in this example three pipe elements, 516, 518, and 520, joined end-to-end to one another. The three elements comprising segment 512 are shown by way of example only, as there may be more or fewer pipe elements comprising a segment. In a practical example, each pipe element may be up to 50 feet long, and such elements are referred to as "double random" length pipes.

[0080] Segment 512 has a first end 522 connected to pipeline 510 by a first coupler 524. The first coupler 524 allows segment 512 to rotate relative to pipeline 510 about longitudinal axis 514. Segment 512 has a second end 526 connected to pipeline 510 by a second coupler 528, which also allows segment 512 to rotate relative to pipeline 510 about longitudinal axis 514. In this example embodiment, the first coupler and the second coupler are referred to as "couplings that allow rotation" (hereinafter referred to as "rotational couplers"). Rotational couplers 524 and 528 are identical to each other in this example and define the scope of segment 512. Optionally, rotational couplers 524 and 528 may be disclosed herein and in Figures 31 to 38A The coupling 310, 424, 434 or 464 shown in Figure 4 allows rotation.

[0081] In the example section 512, the pipe elements 516, 518, and 520 are connected to each other using "anti-twist couplings" where two anti-twist couplings are connected at Figure 39, marked as 530 and 532. Optionally, the anti-torsion couplings 530 and 532 may be those disclosed herein and in Figures 1 to 30 10 or 210. Anti-torsion couplings 30 and 32 (described further herein) prevent relative rotation between the pipe elements they connect about longitudinal axis 514. In this example, relative rotation between pipe elements 516, 518, and 520 about axis 514 is prevented. Preventing relative rotation between the pipe elements that make up a segment is considered advantageous when a keyed mechanical coupling is used to connect pipe elements having circumferential grooves engaged by the key. Grooved pipe elements connected by a mechanical coupling rely heavily on friction between the coupling and the pipe elements to prevent relative rotation, and such mechanical joints may not generate sufficient friction to prevent relative rotation of one pipe element relative to another in all circumstances. Therefore, when torque is applied to one pipe element to rotate segment 512, unless an anti-torsion coupling is used to connect all pipe elements 516, 518, and 520 that make up segment 512, there is no guarantee that all pipe elements will rotate, or rotate the same amount as the pipe element to which the torque is applied.

[0082] Figures 39 to 42A An example method of rotating a segment 512 of a pipeline 510 is illustrated, the example method including: At multiple points 534, 536, 538 ( Figure 39 and Figure 40 ) at the support section 512; At least one point 540 between the first end 522 and the second end 526 of the segment 512 about the longitudinal axis 514 ( Figure 39 and Figure 41 ) applies a first torque to the segment 512, thereby rotating the segment 512 through a first angular displacement 542 about a longitudinal axis 514 arranged coaxially with the hole 544 of the segment 512.

[0083] In practice, the method may be performed while the first end 522 and / or the second end 526 of the segment 512 is connected to the adjacent pipeline 510 via a swivel coupling.

[0084] In practice, the number and location of support points for segment 512 will of course depend on the length of the segment and other factors such as pipe diameter and topography, and may require more than shown in the drawings. In any case, the support points may be located between ends 522 and 526 (e.g., point 536) and near the first and second ends of the segment (points 532 and 534), or between ends 522 and 526, or external to the ends on pipeline 510 itself, such as Figure 39Alternatively, support points near the first and second ends of the segments may be positioned between and within 30 feet of the ends on the pipeline 510 .

[0085] like Figure 40 , the supporting step may include, for example, lifting the segment 512 from a plurality of support feet 546. Lifting is an optional operation in the supporting step and may or may not be required, depending on the size of the pipe elements comprising the segment, the terrain on which the segment is located, and the manner in which it is supported in situ. A specialized tracked vehicle known as a "pipelayer" 548 is typically used to support, lift (if necessary), and apply torque to the segment 512, although the use of a crane or other lifting device known in the art is also feasible. Figure 39 and Figure 40 As shown in FIG, lifting and supporting the segment 512 includes using a plurality of pipelayers 548 to pull a plurality of lifting slings 550. Each lifting sling 550 is positioned at a respective one of a plurality of lifting / supporting points 534, 536, and 538. To lift and support the segment 512, each lifting sling 550 has a line of action 552 that is aligned or substantially aligned (e.g., within 10 degrees of alignment) with the longitudinal axis 514 (see FIG. Figure 40 To minimize friction between the segments 512 and the lifting slings 550 , the lifting slings may have rollers 554 aligned to support the segments 512 while allowing rotation about the longitudinal axis 514 .

[0086] like Figure 39 and Figure 41 , a torque is applied to segment 512 at point 540 using a pipelayer 548, which pulls a take-up sling 556 around segment 512. Take-up sling 556 is designed to contract around and clamp a tubular element (in this example, tubular element 518). Take-up sling 556 also has a line of action 558 that is offset from longitudinal axis 514 in a direction transverse to longitudinal axis 514. Thus, when tension is applied to take-up sling 556, take-up sling 556 clamps tubular element 518 and, by virtue of the offset line of action 558, applies a torque about longitudinal axis 514, thereby causing tubular element 518 and those attached thereto (tubular elements 516 and 520) to rotate through angular displacement 542. Rotation of segment 512 relative to pipeline 510 is permitted by the use of rotational couplings 524 and 528 at opposite ends of the segment, and rotation of all the pipe elements comprising segment 512 is ensured by the use of anti-torsion couplings 530 and 532 connecting pipe element 518 with pipe elements 516 and 520. Rollers 554 on support slings 550 (see Figure 40 ) allows the section 512 to be moved by the pipelayer 548 at the support points 534, 536 and 538 (see Figure 39 ) while being supported at the same time and rotating with minimal friction.

[0087] One purpose of rotating segment 512 is to extend the service life of the segment by ensuring that all interior surfaces of the pipe elements comprising the segment experience approximately the same degree of wear. For example, pipe elements conveying abrasive slurries wear unevenly, with the majority of wear occurring on the lowest sector of the interior surface, where abrasive particles from the slurry concentrate and contact the pipe element's interior surface, causing the greatest wear on the lowest sector. Rotating (or "indexing") the segment moves a new, unworn sector within the pipe element to the lowest position, subjecting it to abrasion and wear. Various factors, such as the properties of the slurry and the pipe diameter, will determine the degree of angular displacement required to remove the worn sector from the lowest position and replace it with an unworn sector. However, tightening sling 556 may not be enough to rotate segment 512 through the entire required angular displacement in a single pull. Therefore, an exemplary method according to the present invention provides for applying a second torque at at least one point 540 between first end 522 and second end 526 of segment 512, thereby rotating the segment through a second angular displacement 560 about longitudinal axis 514. This step may be repeated until the desired angular displacement is achieved.The first angular displacement, the second angular displacement and subsequent angular displacements may be equal to or different from each other as required to achieve the desired displacement.

[0088] like Figure 39 As shown in FIG, for a long, heavy segment 512, it may be necessary to use multiple pipelayers 548 that apply torque at multiple points (540, 562) between the first and second ends of the segment 512 to achieve rotation of the segment through various angular displacements 542, 560 about the longitudinal axis 514. Multiple applications of torque may be required to achieve the desired angular displacement, so this step may be repeated in the method.

[0089] like Figure 42 As shown in FIG, the method according to the present invention also contemplates connecting a sling 557 to the segment 512 at at least one point 540, instead of an offset tightening sling 556. Alternatively, the segment 512 may be connected to the sling 557 at at least one point 540, and the offset tightening sling 556 may be connected to the segment 512 at other points. Figure 42As shown in FIG, a sling 557 can be connected to the anti-twist couplers 530, 532 (the anti-twist coupler 530 is shown). The sling 557 can be connected to the anti-twist coupler 530 via a shackle 559 that is connected to the rotation opening 594b of the anti-twist coupler 530, wherein the anti-twist coupler 530 can include the components and embodiments described herein for the coupler 10. The sling 557 connected to the rotation opening 594b has a line of action 561 that is offset from the longitudinal axis 514 in a direction transverse to the longitudinal axis 514. When tension is applied to the sling 557, the sling 557 exerts a torque about the longitudinal axis 14 due to the offset line of action 561, thereby causing the anti-twist coupler 530, and therefore the connected pipe elements 516, 518, 520, to rotate.

[0090] like Figure 42A As shown in FIG, the method according to the present invention contemplates attaching a torque clamp 564 to the segment 512 at at least one point 540, rather than an offset tightening sling. The torque clamp 564 has a jaw 566 that receives the segment 512 and an arm 568 that extends from the jaw 566 in a direction transverse to the longitudinal axis 514 of the segment 512. Thus, applying a force to the arm 568 at a point distal to the segment 512 applies a torque to the segment about the axis 514 (e.g., at a location spaced outwardly from the outer periphery of the pipeline of the segment 512). Alternatively, the force may be applied to the arm 568 at a location spaced outwardly from the outer periphery of the pipeline. It may be advantageous to provide a flat surface 569 on the segment 512, such as may be associated with the anti-torsion couplings 530 and 532, to allow for a positive-locking mechanical engagement between the jaws 566 of the twist clamp 564 and the segment 512 and to ensure rotation of the segment when force is applied to the arm 568 by the pipelayer 548. Alternatively, it may be advantageous to provide a notch on the segment 512, such as may be associated with the anti-torsion couplings 530 and 532, and a pin on the jaws 566 of the twist clamp 564 extending parallel to the axis 514 to allow for a positive-locking mechanical engagement between the jaws 566 of the twist clamp 564 and the segment 512 via engagement between the pin of the twist clamp 546 and the notch on the segment 512 to ensure rotation of the segment when force is applied to the arm 568 by the pipelayer 548.

[0091] It is contemplated that rotating segments of a pipeline using example methods according to the present invention may provide an efficient and safe way to extend the life of a pipeline that does not require shutting down the pipeline and disconnecting the segments to achieve the rotation.

[0092] All embodiments of the claimed invention described herein are expressly provided by way of example only. Numerous variations and modifications may be made to the example embodiments described herein without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. Furthermore, the scope of the present disclosure is intended to encompass any and all modifications and combinations of all elements, features, and aspects described in the specification and claims and shown in the accompanying drawings. Any and all such modifications and combinations are intended to be within the scope of the present disclosure.

Claims

1. A method of rotating a section of a pipeline about a longitudinal axis, the longitudinal axis being coaxially arranged with a bore of the section, the section comprising a plurality of pipe elements joined to each other end-to-end, the section having a first end connected to the pipeline by a first coupling allowing the section to rotate relative to the pipeline, the section having a second end connected to the pipeline by a second coupling allowing the section to rotate relative to the pipeline, the method comprising: supporting the segment at a plurality of points; A first torque is applied to the segment about the longitudinal axis at at least one point between the first end and the second end, thereby rotating the segment about the longitudinal axis through a first angular displacement. 2 . The method of claim 1 , further comprising supporting the segment between the first end and the second end. 3 . The method of claim 1 , further comprising supporting the segment by supporting the pipeline proximate the first and second ends of the segment.

4. The method according to claim 1, wherein Supporting the segment includes lifting the segment. 5 . The method of claim 1 , further comprising supporting the pipeline at points proximate to and between the first and second ends of the segment.

6. The method according to claim 1, wherein The first torque is applied at a plurality of points between the first and second ends of the segment to rotate the segment about the longitudinal axis through the first angular displacement.

7. The method of claim 1 further comprising applying a second torque at the at least one point between the first and second ends of the segment to rotate the segment through a second angular displacement about the longitudinal axis.

8. The method according to claim 7, wherein: The second angular displacement is equal to the first angular displacement.

9. The method of claim 6, further comprising applying a second torque at the plurality of points between the first and second ends of the segment to rotate the segment through a second angular displacement about the longitudinal axis.

10. The method according to claim 9, wherein: The second angular displacement is equal to the first angular displacement.

11. The method according to claim 1, wherein Applying the first torque includes pulling a sling at the at least one point, the sling having a line of action offset from the longitudinal axis in a direction transverse to the longitudinal axis.

12. The method according to claim 6, wherein: Supporting the segment includes pulling a plurality of slings, each sling positioned at a respective one of the plurality of points, each sling having a line of action aligned with the longitudinal axis.

13. The method according to claim 4, wherein: The first torque is applied at a plurality of points between the first end and the second end of the segment to rotate the segment about the longitudinal axis through the first angular displacement, wherein lifting the segment includes pulling a plurality of slings, each sling positioned at a respective one of the plurality of points, each sling having a line of action aligned with the longitudinal axis.

14. The method according to claim 1, wherein Applying the first torque includes: connecting a sling to the torsionally rigid coupling, the sling having a line of action offset from the longitudinal axis; and Applying tension to the sling applies a torque about the longitudinal axis, causing the anti-torsion coupling to rotate.

15. The method according to claim 14, wherein The sling is connected to the anti-twist coupling via a shackle connected to a swivel opening in the anti-twist coupling, the swivel opening being offset from the longitudinal axis.

16. The method according to claim 14, wherein The torsion-resistant coupling is connected to at least one pipe element.

17. The method according to claim 1, wherein Applying the first torque includes: fitting a torque clamp to the segment at the at least one point, the torque clamp having a jaw portion that receives the segment and an arm extending from the jaw portion in a direction transverse to the longitudinal axis; and A force is applied to the arm at a point distal to the segment.

18. The method according to claim 1, wherein The rotating of the segment is performed while the first and second ends of the segment are coupled to the pipeline adjacent to the segment.

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