Automatic detection execution device for bottoming rebound of compartment type coal sampling drill

Abstract

The invention discloses a compartment type coal sampling drill bottoming rebound automatic detection execution device, and belongs to the technical field of compartment type coal sampling, the compartment type coal sampling drill bottoming rebound automatic detection execution device comprises a sleeve, the sleeve is a cylinder with an opening in the lower end, and the sleeve is installed on external lifting equipment through an installation plate fixedly installed on the sleeve; the sampling drill is rotationally mounted in the sleeve and is driven by a motor mounted on the sleeve; the rebound assembly is installed on the outer side of the upper end of the sampling drill, the rebound assembly is triggered by a trigger head installed at the lower end of the sampling drill, and when the trigger head abuts against the side wall of the compartment, the rebound assembly drives the sampling drill to ascend; the outer side of the upper end of the sleeve is fixedly sleeved with the sample storage barrel, the sample storage barrel is communicated with the interior of the sleeve and used for storing samples extracted by the sampling drills, external electric power or a complex sensor is not needed, the anti-interference capacity is high, and the device is particularly suitable for the coal dust environment.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] The present application relates to the technical field of coal sampling in a compartment, and particularly relates to a coal sampling drill bottom touch rebound automatic detection and execution device. BACKGROUND

[0002] In the quality inspection of coal transport vehicles in a compartment, the drill sampling is a common and important sampling method. However, the existing coal sampling device in a compartment still has many technical difficulties and deficiencies in actual application, especially in the aspects of bottom touch detection and rebound execution.

[0003] Firstly, the existing automatic sampling device relies on electronic sensors (such as pressure sensors, displacement sensors or photoelectric sensors) to detect whether the drill bit touches the bottom. However, the coal sampling site environment is extremely harsh, with high dust concentration and violent vibration. Under this working condition, the electronic sensor is prone to failure, false alarm due to dust adhesion, blockage or dampness, resulting in detection failure. As a result, the drill bit cannot stop drilling in time, which easily causes excessive wear and even breakage of the drill bit, and there is a major risk of drilling through the compartment floor and damaging the vehicle, and the safety and reliability are difficult to guarantee.

[0004] In order to solve the above problems, the present application provides a coal sampling drill bottom touch rebound automatic detection and execution device. SUMMARY

[0005] In view of the above technical deficiencies, the purpose of the present application is to provide a coal sampling drill bottom touch rebound automatic detection and execution device, which does not require external power or complex sensors, has strong anti-interference ability, and is especially suitable for coal dust environment.

[0006] To solve the above technical problems, the present application adopts the following technical scheme: the present application provides a coal sampling drill bottom touch rebound automatic detection and execution device, which comprises: A sleeve, which is a cylindrical shape with an open lower end, and the sleeve is installed on the lifting equipment outside through the installation plate fixedly installed thereon; A sampling drill, which is rotatably installed in the interior of the sleeve and is driven by the motor installed on the sleeve; A rebound assembly, which is installed on the outer side of the upper end of the sampling drill, and the rebound assembly is triggered by the trigger head installed at the lower end of the sampling drill, and when the trigger head abuts against the compartment side wall, the rebound assembly drives the sampling drill to rise; A sample storage cylinder, which is fixedly sleeved on the outer side of the upper end of the sleeve, and the sample storage cylinder is communicated with the interior of the sleeve, and is used for storing the sample extracted by the sampling drill.

[0007] Preferably, the motor shaft of the motor extends through the upper end of the sleeve to the interior of the sleeve and is fixedly connected with a prism, and the shaft body of the sampling drill is provided with a prism groove matched with the prism.

[0008] Preferably, the rebound assembly comprises: a rebound plate, which is in the shape of a circular arch, and whose circular surface is fixedly connected to the inner side wall of the sleeve, and which is rotationally connected to the shaft of the sampling drill; a fixed pressing plate, which is located above the rebound plate and is fixedly sleeved on the outer side of the shaft of the sampling drill; a pressing part, which is installed on the prism and is used to apply a downward pressing force to the sampling drill during sampling, so that the rebound plate is in a compressed state; wherein, when the trigger head abuts against the side wall of the carriage, the pressing part is released from the abutting state, and the rebound plate drives the sampling drill to rise through the fixed pressing plate.

[0009] Preferably, the lower side of the fixed pressing plate is rotationally installed with a plurality of rolling balls, which abut against the upper side of the rebound plate.

[0010] Preferably, the pressing part comprises: a plurality of fixed rods, which are distributed circumferentially along the motor shaft of the motor, and whose upper ends are fixedly connected to the prism; a plurality of pressing rods, which are respectively slidably hinged to the fixed shafts fixedly provided at the lower ends of the fixed rods, and between which and the corresponding fixed rods, an elastic mechanism is connected; wherein, the elastic mechanism has an elastic tendency to make the pressing rods coincide with the radial direction of the shaft of the sampling drill, and has a pressing force to make the pressing rods abut against the upper end surface of the shaft of the sampling drill.

[0011] Preferably, the elastic mechanism comprises a plurality of elastic rods, which are distributed circumferentially along the fixed shaft, and whose two ends are respectively fixedly connected to the lower end surface of the fixed rod and the upper side surface of the pressing rod.

[0012] Preferably, the elastic rod is in the shape of an arch, and the arch top thereof faces the fixed shaft.

[0013] Preferably, the trigger head is fixedly installed with a sliding rod, the upper end of the sliding rod extends to the inside of the prism through the shaft of the sampling drill, and is connected with a connecting frame through a spring, the multiple ends of the connecting frame respectively extend into the multiple empty grooves provided on the groove wall of the prism, and are fixedly connected with the top rods slidably installed in the empty grooves, the upper end of the top rod penetrates through the upper end surface of the shaft of the sampling drill, and abuts against the pressing rod, and the lower side surface of the pressing rod and the upper end surface of the top rod are matching inclined surfaces.

[0014] Preferably, the upper side surface of the fixed pressing plate is provided with a tapered cylinder which is tapered from top to bottom, and the tapered cylinder is fixedly sleeved on the shaft of the sampling drill.

[0015] Preferably, a plurality of through holes adapted to the sample storage cylinder are arranged on the side wall of the sleeve, the through holes are located on the lower side of the elastic plate, a plurality of reinforcing ribs are fixedly installed on the lower side of the elastic plate, the reinforcing ribs are arc-shaped, and the end away from the center of the elastic plate is inclined toward the rotating direction of the sampling drill.

[0016] The present application has the following advantages: The present application directly senses the contact force between the drill bit and the bottom of the carriage by the setting of the trigger head, the slide rod and the top rod, triggers the rebound assembly as soon as the bottom is touched, and drives the drill bit to automatically retract. The design does not require external power or complex sensors, has strong anti-interference ability, is especially suitable for coal dust environment, avoids equipment damage or damage to the bottom plate of the carriage caused by excessive drilling of the drill bit, and improves the standardization and reliability of sampling.

[0017] The present application continuously applies stable downward pressure to the shaft body of the sampling drill during drilling by the setting of the fixing rod, the pressing rod and the elastic rod, and ensures the drilling efficiency. When the bottom is touched, the inclined surface of the top rod presses the pressing rod, forces the pressing rod to swing outward against the elastic force of the elastic rod, instantaneously releases the upper end of the shaft body of the sampling drill, and enables the compressed elastic plate to quickly release energy and push the sampling drill to rebound quickly. When the pressing rod swings outward, it will be in contact with the conical cylinder, so that the resistance received by the sampling drill during the rising process gradually increases, and the sampling drill plays a buffering role, avoiding excessive inertia during the rising process, and reducing the service life of the equipment. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0018] In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present application or the prior art, the following will briefly introduce the drawings needed to be used in the embodiments or prior art description. Obviously, the drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the present application, and other drawings can be obtained by those skilled in the art without creative labor.

[0019] Figure 1 A structure diagram of a carriage type coal sampling drill bottom rebound automatic detection and execution device is provided for the embodiments of the present application.

[0020] Figure 2 An exploded view of the sleeve, the sampling drill and the sample storage cylinder.

[0021] Figure 3 A structure diagram of the elastic plate and the fixed pressing plate.

[0022] Figure 4 An enlarged view of A of the present application. Figure 3

[0023] Figure 5 A structure diagram of the elastic plate and the reinforcing rib.​

[0024] Figure 6 A cross-sectional view of the sleeve of the present application.

[0025] Figure 7 An enlarged view of B of the present application Figure 6

[0026] BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 1, sleeve, 2, sampling drill, 3, motor, 4, trigger head, 5, sample storage cylinder, 6, prism, 7, prism groove, 8, elastic plate, 9, fixed pressing plate, 10, ball, 11, fixed rod, 12, pressing rod, 13, elastic rod, 14, fixed shaft, 15, sliding rod, 16, connecting frame, 17, hollow groove, 18, ejector rod, 19, tapered cylinder, 20, through hole, 21, reinforcing rib, 22, spring. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0027] The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present application will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present application. Obviously, the described embodiments are only part of the embodiments of the present application, rather than all the embodiments. Based on the embodiments in the present application, all other embodiments obtained by a person of ordinary skill in the art without creative work fall within the protection scope of the present application.

[0028] The present application provides a van type coal sampling drill bottom bounce automatic detection and execution device, as shown in Figures 1 to 7

[0029] Embodiment one A van type coal sampling drill bottom bounce automatic detection and execution device, comprising a cylindrical sleeve 1 with an open lower end, the sleeve 1 is installed on the external lifting equipment through the installation plate fixedly installed thereon. A sampling drill 2 is rotatably installed inside the sleeve 1, which is used for drilling coal samples, and the rotating power is provided by a motor 3 installed on the sleeve 1; a sample storage cylinder 5 is fixedly sleeved on the upper end of the sleeve 1, and the sample storage cylinder 5 is in communication with the inside of the sleeve 1, which is used for collecting and temporarily storing the coal samples extracted by the sampling drill 2.

[0030] The motor shaft of the motor 3 extends to the inside of the sleeve 1 through the upper end of the sleeve 1, and the motor shaft is fixedly connected with a prism 6 at the end. Correspondingly, a prism groove 7 is machined on the shaft body of the sampling drill 2, which is matched with the prism 6. The prism 6 and the prism groove 7 can realize the dual functions of torque transmission and axial sliding: when the motor 3 is started, the prism 6 drives the sampling drill 2 to rotate synchronously, which ensures that the drill teeth of the sampling drill 2 can effectively cut the coal; at the same time, the length of the prism groove 7 is greater than the length of the prism 6, which allows the sampling drill 2 to move up and down along the axial direction, reserving space for the subsequent bounce action.

[0031] ​​A rebound assembly is installed outside the upper end of the sampling drill 2, which includes a spring plate 8, a fixed pressing plate 9 and a pressing part: the spring plate 8 is designed as a circular arch shape, and the circular surface around it is fixedly connected with the inner side wall of the sleeve 1, and the center position of the spring plate 8 is rotationally connected with the shaft body of the sampling drill 2, so as to ensure that the spring plate 8 remains fixed when the sampling drill 2 rotates; the fixed pressing plate 9 is located above the spring plate 8 and is fixedly sleeved outside the shaft body of the sampling drill 2, and rotates and moves axially synchronously with the sampling drill 2, and a plurality of ball bearings 10 are rotationally installed on the lower side of the fixed pressing plate 9, the ball bearings 10 directly abut against the upper side of the spring plate 8, and the sliding friction between the fixed pressing plate 9 and the spring plate 8 is converted into rolling friction through the ball bearings 10, thereby reducing the resistance when the sampling drill 2 rotates, and the pressing part is installed on the prism 6 and is used to apply a downward abutting force to the sampling drill 2 during sampling.

[0032] The motor 3 is started, and the sampling drill 2 is driven to rotate and drill downward into the coal layer through the cooperation of the prism 6 and the prism groove 7. When the trigger head 4 installed on the sampling drill 2 contacts and abuts against the carriage floor, the rebound assembly is triggered to act, so that the pressing part no longer abuts against the shaft body of the sampling drill 2, the compressed spring plate 8 instantaneously releases the elastic potential energy, rebounds upward, pushes the fixed pressing plate 9, drives the entire sampling drill 2 to rapidly rise, realizes automatic rebound, and avoids damaging the carriage floor by the sampling drill 2.

[0033] Example two: On the basis of example 1, this embodiment focuses on describing the specific structure and working principle of the pressing part, which includes a plurality of fixed rods 11, a plurality of pressing rods 12 and an elastic mechanism: the plurality of fixed rods 11 are uniformly distributed along the circumference of the motor shaft of the motor 3, and the upper end of the fixed rod 11 is fixedly connected with the prism 6 and rotates synchronously with the prism 6; the lower end of each fixed rod 11 is fixedly provided with a fixed shaft 14, and the pressing rod 12 is slidingly hinged on the fixed shaft 14 of the corresponding fixed rod 11, so that the pressing rod 12 can swing around the fixed shaft 14; the elastic mechanism is a plurality of elastic rods 13, which are distributed along the circumference of the fixed shaft 14, and the two ends of the elastic rod 13 are fixedly connected with the lower end surface of the fixed rod 11 and the upper side surface of the pressing rod 12, and the shape of the elastic rod 13 is arched, with the arch top facing the fixed shaft 14; the elastic rod 13 can not only push the pressing rod 12 to keep coinciding with the radial direction of the shaft body of the sampling drill 2, but also apply a downward elastic force to the pressing rod 12, so that the end of the pressing rod 12 abuts against the upper end surface of the shaft body of the sampling drill 2, and then the pressing rod 12 applies a continuous downward abutting force to the sampling drill 2, forcing the sampling drill 2 to move downward and compress the spring plate 8, and the spring plate 8 stores elastic potential energy when compressed, providing power for subsequent rebound.

[0034] The trigger head 4 is fixedly installed with a slide rod 15, the upper end of the slide rod 15 extends to the inside of the prism groove 7 through the shaft body of the sampling drill 2, the upper end of the slide rod 15 is connected with a connecting frame 16 through a spring 22, the multiple ends of the connecting frame 16 extend into multiple empty grooves 17 provided on the groove wall of the prism groove 7 respectively, and are fixedly connected with a top rod 18 which is slidingly installed in the inside of the empty groove 17, the upper end of the top rod 18 penetrates through the upper end surface of the shaft body of the sampling drill 2 and abuts against the lower side surface of the pressing rod 12, and the lower side surface of the pressing rod 12 and the upper end surface of the top rod 18 are processed into matching inclined surfaces, so that the top rod 18 can push the pressing rod 12 to swing through the inclined surface when moving upward.

[0035] A tapered cylinder 19 is arranged on the upper side surface of the fixed pressing plate 9, the tapered cylinder 19 has a structure of being thin at the top and thick at the bottom, and is fixedly sleeved on the shaft body of the sampling drill 2 and moves axially synchronously with the sampling drill 2.

[0036] When the sampling drill 2 does not reach the bottom, the elastic rod 13 always applies a downward elastic force to the pressing rod 12, so that the end of the pressing rod 12 abuts tightly against the upper end surface of the shaft body of the sampling drill 2, and since the multiple fixed rods 11 are uniformly distributed along the circumference of the pressing rod 12, a uniform downward abutting force can be applied to the shaft body of the sampling drill 2, so that the sampling drill 2 can always maintain a stable downward pressure during drilling, and the downward pressure is not uneven, so that the drilling efficiency is not reduced and the sample is not incomplete.

[0037] When the trigger head 4 reaches the bottom and triggers the rebound, the slide rod 15 pushes the connecting frame 16 and the top rod 18 upward, the inclined surface of the top rod 18 pushes the pressing rod 12 to swing outward around the fixed shaft 14 (i.e. to swing in a direction away from the axis of the sampling drill 2), at this time, the end of the pressing rod 12 away from the fixed shaft 14 will gradually abut against the outer side wall of the tapered cylinder 19; as the elastic plate 8 releases energy to push the sampling drill 2 to move upward, the tapered cylinder 19 rises synchronously with the sampling drill 2, the abutting position of the pressing rod 12 and the tapered cylinder 19 moves from the upper part (thinner part) of the tapered cylinder 19 to the lower part (thicker part) gradually, since the tapered cylinder 19 is thin at the top and thick at the bottom, when the abutting position moves downward, the extrusion force of the pressing rod 12 on the tapered cylinder 19 gradually increases, and then the resistance of the sampling drill 2 during the upward movement gradually increases, so that the buffering effect of the upward movement of the sampling drill 2 is realized, the upward inertia of the sampling drill 2 is not too large due to the too fast release of energy of the elastic plate 8, the collision impact of the sampling drill 2 with the sleeve 1, the prism 6 and other components is reduced, and the service life of the equipment is prolonged.

[0038] After each sampling is completed, the sampling drill 2 is pulled downward until the upper end of the sampling drill 2 moves to the lower side of the pressing rod 12 again, at this time, under the elastic force of the elastic rod 13, the pressing rod 12 returns to the angle of coinciding with the radial direction of the shaft body of the sampling drill 2, so as to abut against the upper end surface of the sampling drill 2.

[0039] Example three: The embodiment is around the structure of the elastic plate 8 to enhance the structure and improve the sample conveying efficiency, and the specific structure and synergistic effect are as follows: The lower side of the elastic plate 8 is fixedly provided with a plurality of reinforcing ribs 21. The reinforcing ribs 21 are designed in an arc shape, and the end away from the center of the elastic plate 8 is inclined toward the rotating direction of the sampling drill 2. The plurality of reinforcing ribs 21 are uniformly distributed along the circumference of the elastic plate 8. The reinforcing ribs 21 have two functions: one is to enhance the structural strength of the elastic plate 8, so as to avoid deformation or fracture of the elastic plate 8 when the elastic plate 8 bears the pressure of the fixed pressing plate 9 and the indirect force of the rotation of the sampling drill 2 for a long time, and to ensure the stable elastic performance of the elastic plate 8; the other is that the inclined direction of the reinforcing ribs 21 is consistent with the rotating direction of the sampling drill 2, so that the sampling drill 2 can drive the coal sample to rotate synchronously when the sampling drill 2 rotates, and the reinforcing ribs 21 can guide the coal sample to flow to the side wall of the sleeve 1, thereby assisting the sample conveying.

[0040] Correspondingly, a plurality of through holes 20 are formed in the side wall of the sleeve 1, the through holes 20 are located on the lower side of the elastic plate 8, and are communicated with the sample storage cylinder 5 fixedly connected to the outer side of the upper end of the sleeve 1. After the coal sample is drilled by the sampling drill 2, the sample is conveyed upward along the spiral structure of the sampling drill 2 to the inside of the sleeve 1, and under the guidance of the reinforcing ribs 21, the sample can quickly enter the sample storage cylinder 5 through the through holes 20, so as to avoid the sample from being accumulated and blocked in the inside of the sleeve 1.

[0041] The lower side of the sample storage cylinder 5 is provided with a discharge port, and the lower side is inclined, and the discharge port is located at the lowest point of the inclined surface, so that the coal sample in the sample storage cylinder 5 can be better discharged.

[0042] Obviously, those skilled in the art can make various modifications and variations to the present application without departing from the spirit and scope of the present application. Thus, if these modifications and variations of the present application belong to the scope of the claims of the present application and the equivalent technologies thereof, the present application also intends to include these modifications and variations.

Claims

1. A box-type coal sampling drill bottoming rebound automatic detection execution device, characterized in that: include: A sleeve (1), wherein the sleeve (1) is cylindrical with an open lower end, and the sleeve (1) is mounted on an external lifting device via a mounting plate fixedly mounted thereon; A sampling drill (2), the sampling drill (2) being rotatably mounted inside the sleeve (1) and driven by a motor (3) mounted on the sleeve (1); A rebound assembly is mounted on the outer side of the upper end of the sampling drill (2), and the rebound assembly is triggered by a trigger head (4) mounted on the lower end of the sampling drill (2). When the trigger head (4) is pressed against the side wall of the carriage, the rebound assembly drives the sampling drill (2) to rise; The sample storage cylinder (5) is fixedly sleeved on the outer side of the upper end of the sleeve (1), and the sample storage cylinder (5) is communicated with the interior of the sleeve (1), and is used to store samples extracted by the sampling drill (2).

2. The automatic detection and execution device for bottoming out of a box-type coal sampling drill according to claim 1, characterized in that: The motor shaft of the motor (3) passes through the upper end of the sleeve (1) and extends to the interior of the sleeve (1), and is fixedly connected to a prism (6). The shaft of the sampling drill (2) is provided with a groove (7) adapted to the prism (6).

3. The automatic detection and execution device for bottoming out of a box-type coal sampling drill according to claim 2, characterized in that: Rebound components include: A spring plate (8), wherein the spring plate (8) is in the shape of a circular arch, and the annular surface around it is fixedly connected to the inner wall of the sleeve (1), and the spring plate (8) is rotatably connected to the shaft of the sampling drill (2); A fixed pressure plate (9), the fixed pressure plate (9) is located above the spring plate (8) and is fixedly sleeved on the outside of the shaft of the sampling drill (2); A downward pressing portion, which is mounted on the prism (6) and is used to apply a downward pressing force to the sampling drill (2) during sampling, so that the spring plate (8) is in a compressed state; When the trigger head (4) is pressed against the side wall of the carriage, the lower pressing portion releases the pressing state, and the spring plate (8) drives the sampling drill (2) to rise via the fixed pressing plate (9).

4. The automatic bottoming rebound detection and execution device for a box-type coal sampling drill according to claim 3, characterized in that: A plurality of balls (10) are rotatably mounted on the lower side of the fixed pressure plate (9), and the balls (10) are in contact with the upper side of the spring plate (8).

5. The automatic detection and execution device for bottoming out of a box-type coal sampling drill according to claim 3, characterized in that: The pressing portion includes: a plurality of fixing rods (11), the plurality of fixing rods (11) being distributed along the circumference of the motor shaft of the motor (3), the upper ends of the fixing rods (11) being fixedly connected to the prism (6); A plurality of pressure rods (12), wherein the plurality of pressure rods (12) are respectively slidably hinged on fixed shafts (14) fixedly provided at the lower ends of the plurality of fixing rods (11), and an elastic mechanism is connected between the pressure rods (12) and the corresponding fixing rods (11); The elastic mechanism has an elastic tendency to make the pressure rod (12) coincide with the radial direction of the sampling drill (2) shaft, and at the same time has a pressing force to make the pressure rod (12) press against the upper end surface of the sampling drill (2) shaft.

6. The automatic detection and execution device for bottoming out of a box-type coal sampling drill according to claim 5, characterized in that: The elastic mechanism comprises a plurality of elastic rods (13), the plurality of elastic rods (13) being distributed along the circumference of the fixed shaft (14), and the two ends of the elastic rods (13) being fixedly connected to the lower end surface of the fixed rod (11) and the upper side surface of the pressure rod (12), respectively.

7. The automatic bottoming-out detection and execution device for a box-type coal sampling drill according to claim 6, characterized in that: The elastic rod (13) is in an arched shape, with its arch top facing the fixed shaft (14).

8. The automatic detection and execution device for bottoming out of a box-type coal sampling drill according to claim 5, characterized in that: A slide rod (15) is fixedly mounted on the trigger head (4), the upper end of the slide rod (15) passes through the shaft of the sampling drill (2) and extends to the inside of the rib groove (7), and is connected to a connecting frame (16) via a spring (22), multiple ends of the connecting frame (16) respectively extend into multiple empty grooves (17) provided on the groove wall of the rib groove (7), and are fixedly connected to a push rod (18) slidably mounted inside the empty groove (17), the upper end of the push rod (18) passes through the upper end surface of the shaft of the sampling drill (2) and contacts the pressure rod (12), and the lower side surface of the pressure rod (12) and the upper end surface of the push rod (18) are matching inclined surfaces.

9. The automatic detection and execution device for bottoming out of a box-type coal sampling drill according to claim 8, characterized in that: The upper side of the fixed pressure plate (9) is provided with a tapered cylinder (19) that is thin at the top and thick at the bottom. The tapered cylinder (19) is fixedly sleeved on the shaft of the sampling drill (2).

10. The automatic detection and execution device for bottoming out of a box-type coal sampling drill according to claim 2, characterized in that: The side wall of the sleeve (1) is provided with a plurality of through openings (20) adapted to the sample storage tube (5), the through openings (20) being located on the lower side of the spring plate (8), and a plurality of reinforcing ribs (21) being fixedly mounted on the lower side of the spring plate (8), the reinforcing ribs (21) being arc-shaped, and one end away from the center of the spring plate (8) being inclined toward the rotation direction of the sampling drill (2), and the plurality of reinforcing ribs (21) being distributed along the circumference of the spring plate (8).

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