Urban update multi-dimensional full-cycle fund balance intelligent calculation method and system

Abstract

The invention relates to the field of fund balance, in particular to an intelligent calculation method and system for urban update multi-dimensional full-cycle fund balance. Comprising a management center, and the management center is in communication connection with a multi-dimensional data acquisition module, a fund calculation module and an intelligent balance module. Constructing a city updating data medium station, integrating city geographic data, project fund data and project cycle information, and incorporating the city geographic data, the project fund data and the project cycle information into the city updating data medium station for unified management; the method comprises the following steps: constructing a period stage mode through project period analysis of a city update data middle station; analyzing the city update project by using a periodic stage mode to obtain fund data; by combining fund data, analyzing a city update project, establishing a risk assessment model, further analyzing the model, obtaining a predicted risk value and an influence coefficient, and making a fund balance strategy based on the predicted risk value and the influence coefficient. The fund security can be improved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the field of capital balance, and specifically to a method and system for intelligently calculating multi-dimensional and full-cycle capital balance in urban renewal. Background Art

[0002] With the continuous advancement of urbanization, urban renewal has become an important means to enhance urban functions, optimize spatial layout, and improve the ecological environment. Urban renewal not only involves the renovation of buildings and infrastructure but also encompasses comprehensive considerations of economic, social, and environmental factors. Through urban renewal, land use efficiency can be improved, the living environment can be enhanced, and industrial upgrading can be promoted, thereby promoting sustainable urban development.

[0003] The Chinese invention patent with announcement number CN113409039B discloses a cash flow management method and system for online car-hailing drivers to withdraw cash, including: building a capital model to predict and calculate the amount of funds within a cycle; based on the amount of funds within the cycle, transferring bank cards, transferring the accounts to the withdrawal fund pool, and allocating them to the agency account; real-time detection of the agency account in the withdrawal fund pool, and issuing early warnings based on the remaining balance in the account; establishing a multi-platform account model based on the withdrawal fund pool, sending fund change requests to the transfer channel, and transferring funds to the designated receiving account. Through this method and system, the company's cash flow is fully and effectively utilized; the risk of agency funds is effectively controlled; the timeliness and security of the agency funds business are guaranteed; the work efficiency of personnel is improved, and costs are saved; In existing technologies, the complexity and diversity of urban renewal projects make fund management and cost control key challenges. The projects involve many stages and a wide range of fields. From property acquisition and land supply to development and construction, leasing and sales operations, each stage requires a large amount of capital investment, and the capital flow at each stage is time-series and uncertain. How to achieve accurate capital balance and ensure the financial health and capital security of the project has become an urgent problem to be solved. Summary of the Invention

[0004] The purpose of this invention is to address the problems existing in the background technology and propose a multi-dimensional full-cycle capital balance intelligent calculation system for urban renewal.

[0005] The technical solution of the present invention is a multi-dimensional full-cycle capital balance intelligent calculation system for urban renewal, including a management center, which is communicatively connected to a multi-dimensional data acquisition module, a capital calculation module, and an intelligent balance module: Multi-dimensional data acquisition module, used to build an urban renewal data center, integrate urban geographic data, project funding data and project cycle information, and incorporate them into the urban renewal data center for unified management; The funding calculation module is used to build a cycle phase model through project cycle analysis of the urban renewal data center; the cycle phase model is used to analyze urban renewal projects and obtain funding data; The intelligent balancing module is used to analyze urban renewal projects by combining funding data, establish a risk assessment model, further analyze the model, obtain predicted risk values ​​and impact coefficients, and formulate funding balancing strategies based on the predicted risk values ​​and impact coefficients.

[0006] Preferably, the process of building an urban renewal data center includes: Establishing an urban renewal data middle platform, wherein the urban renewal data middle platform is provided with a model dimension and a data input terminal; The model dimensions include model dimension one, model dimension two, and model dimension three; the model dimension one refers to the building dimension; the model dimension two refers to the neighborhood dimension; the model dimension three refers to the unit dimension; The data input end includes data input 1, data input 2, data input 3 and data input 4; data input 1 is used to input land information data; data input 2 is used to input land planning data; data input 3 is used to input capital cost data; and data input 4 is used to input building space data.

[0007] Preferably, the process of integrating urban geographic data, project funding data, and project cycle information and incorporating them into the urban renewal data center for unified management includes: The urban geographic data includes land information data, land planning data and building space data; The land information data includes land areas, regional coordinates, and property rights data; the land areas include unit areas, neighborhood areas, and building areas; the land planning data includes historical planning data, land use planning, and land supply data; the building space data includes building space information, building space structure, transportation infrastructure, and rental and sales operation data; The project funding data includes funding cost data, income financing data and funding source data; The capital cost data includes land cost data, space construction cost and urban operation cost; The income financing data includes project income data and project financing data; The fund source data includes financial source data and market source data.

[0008] Preferably, through the project cycle analysis of the urban renewal data center, the process of constructing the cycle stage model is as follows: Setting a cycle phase mode in the urban renewal data center through the project cycle, wherein the cycle phase mode includes cycle phase mode 1, cycle phase mode 2, cycle phase mode 3 and cycle phase mode 4; The cycle phase mode 1 is associated with data input 1; the cycle phase mode 2 is associated with data input 2; the cycle phase mode 3 is associated with data input 3; and the cycle phase mode 4 is associated with data input 4; The data input one is used to input land information data; the data input two is used to input land planning data; the data input three is used to input capital cost data; and the data input four is used to input building space data.

[0009] Preferably, the process of analyzing urban renewal projects using the cycle phase model includes: When the project cycle of the urban renewal project is in cycle stage mode one, according to data input one associated with cycle stage mode one, the obtained land area, land unit price, demolition unit area, demolition compensation unit price, reward unit area, reward unit price, loan amount, loan interest rate and loan period are used for calculation to obtain the land acquisition cost, demolition compensation cost, reward cost and loan interest cost, and the total cost is calculated to obtain the total cost of cycle stage mode one.

[0010] Preferably, the process of analyzing urban renewal projects using the cycle stage model also includes: When the project cycle of the urban renewal project is in cycle stage mode 2, the total capital inflow is obtained through the land transfer funds obtained according to the data input 2 associated with cycle stage mode 2; When the project cycle of the urban renewal project is in cycle stage mode three, input three according to the data associated with cycle stage mode three, calculate the total construction cost and the funds paid by obtaining the construction area, construction unit price, material cost per square meter, labor cost per square meter, equipment quantity and equipment unit price, and calculate the difference in amount to obtain the fund scheduling budget.

[0011] Preferably, the process of analyzing urban renewal projects using the cycle phase model and obtaining funding data includes: When the project cycle of the urban renewal project is in cycle stage mode four, input four according to the data associated with cycle stage mode four, calculate the cash inflow and cash outflow through the obtained sales unit price, sales area, rental unit price, leased area and lease period, and calculate the amount difference to obtain the cash flow statement; the obtained total cost, total cash inflow, capital scheduling budget and cash flow statement are recorded as capital data.

[0012] Preferably, by combining capital data, analyzing urban renewal projects, establishing a risk assessment model, and further analyzing the model to obtain predicted risk values ​​and impact coefficients, the process of analyzing the predicted risk values ​​and impact coefficients includes: The risk assessment of urban renewal projects is carried out through capital data to obtain a risk assessment model. The risk assessment model is ; Where f is the risk assessment function, x1 refers to the total amount of capital inflow, x2 refers to the capital scheduling budget, and x3 refers to the capital flow table; The risk assessment model is predicted through time series to obtain the predicted risk value WT. The predicted risk formula is:

[0013] Among them, WT refers to the risk prediction value; refers to the constant term; as well as Refers to the corresponding model parameters in the risk assessment model; Perform regression analysis on the predicted risk value obtained to obtain the potential factors of changes in capital demand, which are recorded as impact coefficients; use the deep learning neural network prediction formula to analyze the impact coefficients and predicted risk values ​​to obtain optimized prediction values.

[0014] Preferably, the process of developing a capital balancing strategy includes: By optimizing the predicted values, the cycle phase mode 1, cycle phase mode 2, cycle phase mode 3 and cycle phase mode 4 are predicted, and the funds of the urban renewal project are evenly distributed through the obtained optimized predicted values; The obtained optimized prediction values ​​are averaged to obtain the optimized prediction mean, and the capital balance of cycle stage mode one, cycle stage mode two, cycle stage mode three and cycle stage mode four is adjusted through the optimized prediction mean to obtain the capital balance strategy, and the capital of each cycle stage is optimized through the capital balance strategy.

[0015] The present invention also discloses a multi-dimensional full-cycle capital balance intelligent calculation method for urban renewal, comprising the following steps: S1. Build an urban renewal data center to integrate urban geographic data, project funding data, and project cycle information, and incorporate them into the urban renewal data center for unified management; S2. Build a cycle phase model by analyzing the project cycle of the urban renewal data center; use the cycle phase model to analyze urban renewal projects and obtain funding data; S3. By combining funding data, analyzing urban renewal projects, establishing a risk assessment model, further analyzing the model to obtain predicted risk values ​​and impact coefficients, and formulating a funding balance strategy based on the predicted risk values ​​and impact coefficients.

[0016] Compared with the existing technology, the above technical solution of the present invention has the following beneficial technical effects: constructing an urban renewal data middle platform, integrating urban geographic data, project funding data and project cycle information, and incorporating them into the urban renewal data middle platform for unified management; constructing a cycle stage model through project cycle analysis of the urban renewal data middle platform; using the cycle stage model to analyze urban renewal projects and obtain funding data; analyzing urban renewal projects by combining funding data, establishing a risk assessment model, further analyzing the model, obtaining predicted risk values ​​and impact coefficients, and formulating funding balance strategies based on the predicted risk values ​​and impact coefficients; improving accurate funding balance and improving the financial health and funding security of the project. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0017] Figure 1 The present invention is a flowchart of an embodiment of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0018] Example 1, as Figure 1 As shown, the multi-dimensional full-cycle capital balance intelligent calculation system for urban renewal proposed by the present invention includes a management center, which is communicatively connected to a multi-dimensional data acquisition module, a capital calculation module, and an intelligent balancing module: Multi-dimensional data acquisition module, used to build an urban renewal data center, integrate urban geographic data, project funding data and project cycle information, and incorporate them into the urban renewal data center for unified management; The funding calculation module is used to build a cycle phase model through project cycle analysis of the urban renewal data center; the cycle phase model is used to analyze urban renewal projects and obtain funding data; The intelligent balancing module is used to analyze urban renewal projects by combining funding data, establish a risk assessment model, further analyze the model, obtain predicted risk values ​​and impact coefficients, and formulate funding balancing strategies based on the predicted risk values ​​and impact coefficients.

[0019] Intelligent calculation method and system for multi-dimensional full-cycle capital balance of urban renewal - general invention Multi-dimensional data acquisition module, used to build an urban renewal data center, integrate urban geographic data, project funding data and project cycle information, and incorporate them into the urban renewal data center for unified management; The funding calculation module is used to build a cycle phase model through project cycle analysis of the urban renewal data center; the cycle phase model is used to analyze urban renewal projects and obtain funding data; The intelligent balancing module is used to analyze urban renewal projects by combining funding data, establish a risk assessment model, further analyze the model, obtain predicted risk values ​​and impact coefficients, and formulate funding balancing strategies based on the predicted risk values ​​and impact coefficients.

[0020] It should be further explained that, in the specific implementation process, the process of building an urban renewal data center, integrating urban geographic data, project funding data and project cycle information, and incorporating them into the urban renewal data center for unified management is as follows: Establishing an urban renewal data middle platform, wherein the urban renewal data middle platform is provided with a model dimension and a data input terminal; The model dimensions include model dimension one, model dimension two, and model dimension three; the model dimension one refers to the building dimension; the model dimension two refers to the neighborhood dimension; the model dimension three refers to the unit dimension; Specifically, different scopes of urban renewal data analysis can be switched through the model dimensions of the urban renewal data center; The data input terminal includes data input 1, data input 2, data input 3 and data input 4; data input 1 is used to input land information data; data input 2 is used to input land planning data; data input 3 is used to input capital cost data; data input 4 is used to input building space data; The urban geographic data refers to the updated urban geographic information data, including land information data, land planning data and building space data; The land information data refers to data related to land location areas, including land areas, regional coordinates, and property rights data; the land areas include unit areas, neighborhood areas, and building areas; the land planning data refers to data related to land use plans within the city, including historical planning data, land use plans, and land supply data; the building space data refers to data related to building spaces within the updated city, including building space information, building space structure, transportation infrastructure, and rental and sales operation data; The project funding data refers to the funding data of urban renewal projects, including funding cost data, income financing data and funding source data; The capital cost data refers to the cost data of various capital investments in urban renewal projects, including land cost data, space construction costs, and urban operation costs; The income and financing data refers to the income and financing data of each project in the urban renewal project, including project income data and project financing data; The fund source data refers to the source of fund collection, including but not limited to financial source data and market source data; The project cycle refers to the project progress of the urban renewal project.

[0021] It should be further explained that, in the specific implementation process, a cycle phase model is constructed through the project cycle analysis of the urban renewal data center. The process of using the cycle phase model to analyze urban renewal projects and obtain funding data is as follows: Setting a cycle phase mode in the urban renewal data center through the project cycle, wherein the cycle phase mode includes cycle phase mode 1, cycle phase mode 2, cycle phase mode 3 and cycle phase mode 4; Specifically, the first cycle mode refers to the property rights collection cycle; the second cycle mode refers to the land supply cycle; the third cycle mode refers to the development and construction cycle; and the fourth cycle mode refers to the rental, sale, and operation cycle. The cycle phase mode 1 is associated with data input 1; the cycle phase mode 2 is associated with data input 2; the cycle phase mode 3 is associated with data input 3; and the cycle phase mode 4 is associated with data input 4; The data input 1 is used to input land information data; the data input 2 is used to input land planning data; the data input 3 is used to input capital cost data; the data input 4 is used to input building space data; When the project cycle of the urban renewal project is in cycle stage mode 1, according to data input 1 associated with cycle stage mode 1, the land area, land unit price, demolition unit area, demolition compensation unit price, reward unit area, reward unit price, loan amount, loan interest rate and loan period are obtained to calculate the land acquisition cost, demolition compensation cost, reward cost and loan interest cost, and the total cost is calculated to obtain the total cost of cycle stage mode 1; When the project cycle of the urban renewal project is in cycle stage mode 2, the total capital inflow is obtained through the land transfer funds obtained according to the data input 2 associated with cycle stage mode 2; When the project cycle of the urban renewal project is in cycle stage mode three, according to the data input three associated with cycle stage mode three, the total construction cost and the funds paid are calculated by using the obtained construction area, construction unit price, material cost per square meter, labor cost per square meter, equipment quantity and equipment unit price, and the difference in amount is calculated to obtain the fund scheduling budget; When the project cycle of the urban renewal project is in cycle stage mode 4, according to the data input 4 associated with cycle stage mode 4, the capital inflow and capital outflow are calculated by using the obtained sales unit price, sales area, rental unit price, leased area and lease term, and the difference in amount is calculated to obtain the capital flow statement; The total cost, total capital inflow, capital dispatch budget and capital flow table obtained are recorded as capital data.

[0022] It should be further explained that in the specific implementation process, by combining capital data, analyzing urban renewal projects, establishing a risk assessment model, and further analyzing the model to obtain predicted risk values ​​and impact coefficients, the process of formulating a capital balance strategy based on the predicted risk values ​​and impact coefficients is as follows: The risk assessment of urban renewal projects is carried out through capital data to obtain a risk assessment model. The risk assessment model is ; Where f is the risk assessment function, x1 refers to the total amount of capital inflow, x2 refers to the capital scheduling budget, and x3 refers to the capital flow table; The risk assessment model is predicted through time series to obtain the predicted risk value WT. The predicted risk formula is:

[0023] Among them, WT refers to the risk prediction value; refers to the constant term; as well as Refers to the corresponding model parameters in the risk assessment model; Perform regression analysis on the predicted risk value obtained to obtain the potential factors of changes in capital demand, which are recorded as impact coefficients; Through the deep learning neural network prediction formula, the impact coefficient and predicted risk value are analyzed to obtain the optimized prediction value; By optimizing the predicted values, the cycle phase mode 1, cycle phase mode 2, cycle phase mode 3 and cycle phase mode 4 are predicted, and the funds of the urban renewal project are evenly distributed through the obtained optimized predicted values; The obtained optimized prediction values ​​are averaged to obtain the optimized prediction mean, and the capital balance of cycle stage mode one, cycle stage mode two, cycle stage mode three and cycle stage mode four is adjusted through the optimized prediction mean to obtain the capital balance strategy, and the capital of each cycle stage is optimized through the capital balance strategy.

[0024] In the second embodiment, the intelligent calculation method for the multi-dimensional full-cycle capital balance of urban renewal proposed in the present invention is applied to the intelligent calculation system for the multi-dimensional full-cycle capital balance of urban renewal described in the first embodiment, including the following steps: S1. Build an urban renewal data center to integrate urban geographic data, project funding data, and project cycle information, and incorporate them into the urban renewal data center for unified management; S2. Build a cycle phase model by analyzing the project cycle of the urban renewal data center; use the cycle phase model to analyze urban renewal projects and obtain funding data; S3. By combining funding data, analyzing urban renewal projects, establishing a risk assessment model, further analyzing the model to obtain predicted risk values ​​and impact coefficients, and formulating a funding balance strategy based on the predicted risk values ​​and impact coefficients.

[0025] The embodiments of the present invention are described in detail above with reference to the accompanying drawings, but the present invention is not limited thereto. Various changes can be made within the scope of knowledge possessed by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the present invention.

Claims

1. The multi-dimensional full-cycle capital balance intelligent calculation system for urban renewal includes a management center, which is characterized by: The management center is connected to the multi-dimensional data acquisition module, the capital calculation module and the intelligent balance module: Multi-dimensional data acquisition module, used to build an urban renewal data center, integrate urban geographic data, project funding data and project cycle information, and incorporate them into the urban renewal data center for unified management; The funding calculation module is used to build a cycle phase model through project cycle analysis of the urban renewal data center; the cycle phase model is used to analyze urban renewal projects and obtain funding data; The intelligent balancing module is used to analyze urban renewal projects by combining funding data, establish a risk assessment model, further analyze the model, obtain predicted risk values ​​and impact coefficients, and formulate funding balancing strategies based on the predicted risk values ​​and impact coefficients.

2. The multi-dimensional full-cycle capital balance intelligent calculation system for urban renewal according to claim 1 is characterized in that: The process of building an urban renewal data center includes: Establishing an urban renewal data middle platform, wherein the urban renewal data middle platform is provided with a model dimension and a data input terminal; The model dimensions include model dimension one, model dimension two, and model dimension three; the model dimension one refers to the building dimension; the model dimension two refers to the neighborhood dimension; the model dimension three refers to the unit dimension; The data input end includes data input 1, data input 2, data input 3 and data input 4; data input 1 is used to input land information data; data input 2 is used to input land planning data; data input 3 is used to input capital cost data; and data input 4 is used to input building space data.

3. The multi-dimensional full-cycle capital balance intelligent calculation system for urban renewal according to claim 2 is characterized in that: The process of integrating urban geographic data, project funding data, and project cycle information and incorporating them into the urban renewal data center for unified management includes: The urban geographic data includes land information data, land planning data and building space data; The land information data includes land areas, regional coordinates, and property rights data; the land areas include unit areas, neighborhood areas, and building areas; the land planning data includes historical planning data, land use planning, and land supply data; the building space data includes building space information, building space structure, transportation infrastructure, and rental and sales operation data; The project funding data includes funding cost data, income financing data and funding source data; The capital cost data includes land cost data, space construction cost and urban operation cost; The income financing data includes project income data and project financing data; The fund source data includes financial source data and market source data.

4. The multi-dimensional full-cycle capital balance intelligent calculation system for urban renewal according to claim 3 is characterized by: Through the project cycle analysis of the urban renewal data center, the process of building a cycle stage model is as follows: Setting a cycle phase mode in the urban renewal data center through the project cycle, wherein the cycle phase mode includes cycle phase mode 1, cycle phase mode 2, cycle phase mode 3 and cycle phase mode 4; The cycle phase mode 1 is associated with data input 1; the cycle phase mode 2 is associated with data input 2; the cycle phase mode 3 is associated with data input 3; and the cycle phase mode 4 is associated with data input 4; The data input 1 is used to input land information data; the data input 2 is used to input land planning data; the data input 3 is used to input capital cost data; The data input four is used to input building space data.

5. The multi-dimensional full-cycle capital balance intelligent calculation system for urban renewal according to claim 4 is characterized in that: The process of analyzing urban renewal projects using the cycle stage model includes: When the project cycle of the urban renewal project is in cycle stage mode one, according to data input one associated with cycle stage mode one, the obtained land area, land unit price, demolition unit area, demolition compensation unit price, reward unit area, reward unit price, loan amount, loan interest rate and loan period are used for calculation to obtain the land acquisition cost, demolition compensation cost, reward cost and loan interest cost, and the total cost is calculated to obtain the total cost of cycle stage mode one.

6. The multi-dimensional full-cycle capital balance intelligent calculation system for urban renewal according to claim 5 is characterized in that: The process of analyzing urban renewal projects using the cycle stage model also includes: When the project cycle of the urban renewal project is in cycle stage mode 2, the total capital inflow is obtained through the land transfer funds obtained according to the data input 2 associated with cycle stage mode 2; When the project cycle of the urban renewal project is in cycle stage mode three, input three according to the data associated with cycle stage mode three, calculate the total construction cost and the funds paid by obtaining the construction area, construction unit price, material cost per square meter, labor cost per square meter, equipment quantity and equipment unit price, and calculate the difference in amount to obtain the fund scheduling budget.

7. The multi-dimensional full-cycle capital balance intelligent calculation system for urban renewal according to claim 6 is characterized in that: Using the cycle stage model to analyze urban renewal projects, the process of obtaining funding data includes: When the project cycle of the urban renewal project is in cycle stage mode four, input four according to the data associated with cycle stage mode four, calculate the cash inflow and cash outflow through the obtained sales unit price, sales area, rental unit price, leased area and lease period, and calculate the amount difference to obtain the cash flow statement; the obtained total cost, total cash inflow, capital scheduling budget and cash flow statement are recorded as capital data.

8. The multi-dimensional full-cycle capital balance intelligent calculation system for urban renewal according to claim 7 is characterized in that: By combining funding data, analyzing urban renewal projects, establishing a risk assessment model, and further analyzing the model, we can obtain predicted risk values ​​and impact coefficients. The process of analyzing the predicted risk values ​​and impact coefficients includes: The risk assessment of urban renewal projects is carried out through capital data to obtain a risk assessment model. The risk assessment model is ; Where f is the risk assessment function, x1 refers to the total amount of capital inflow, x2 refers to the capital scheduling budget, and x3 refers to the capital flow table; The risk assessment model is predicted through time series to obtain the predicted risk value WT. The predicted risk formula is: ; Among them, WT refers to the risk prediction value; refers to the constant term; as well as Refers to the corresponding model parameters in the risk assessment model; Perform regression analysis on the predicted risk value obtained to obtain the potential factors of changes in capital demand, which are recorded as impact coefficients; use the deep learning neural network prediction formula to analyze the impact coefficients and predicted risk values ​​to obtain optimized prediction values.

9. The multi-dimensional full-cycle capital balance intelligent calculation system for urban renewal according to claim 8 is characterized in that: The process of developing a capital balancing strategy includes: By optimizing the predicted values, the cycle phase mode 1, cycle phase mode 2, cycle phase mode 3 and cycle phase mode 4 are predicted, and the funds of the urban renewal project are evenly distributed through the obtained optimized predicted values; The obtained optimized prediction values ​​are averaged to obtain the optimized prediction mean, and the capital balance of cycle stage mode one, cycle stage mode two, cycle stage mode three and cycle stage mode four is adjusted through the optimized prediction mean to obtain the capital balance strategy, and the capital of each cycle stage is optimized through the capital balance strategy.

10. A multi-dimensional, full-cycle capital balance intelligent calculation method for urban renewal, specifically applied to the multi-dimensional, full-cycle capital balance intelligent calculation system for urban renewal according to any one of claims 1 to 9, comprising the following steps: S1. Build an urban renewal data center to integrate urban geographic data, project funding data, and project cycle information, and incorporate them into the urban renewal data center for unified management; S2. Analyze the project cycle of the urban renewal data center and build a cycle phase model. Use the cycle phase model to analyze urban renewal projects and obtain funding data. S3. By combining funding data, analyzing urban renewal projects, establishing a risk assessment model, further analyzing the model to obtain predicted risk values ​​and impact coefficients, and formulating a funding balance strategy based on the predicted risk values ​​and impact coefficients.

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