On-site ice cover bearing capacity test device and use method thereof

Abstract

The invention discloses an on-site ice cover bearing capacity test device and a use method thereof, and relates to the technical field of ice cover mechanical property test. The device comprises a support system which is fixed on a natural ice cover and is used as a bearing member for loading an artificial ice cover; the moving system is arranged on the bracket system and can horizontally move along the bracket system so as to adjust a loading position; the loading system is connected with the moving system and can provide vertical loading force and load the artificial ice cover; the loading cushion block is arranged on the surface of the artificial ice cover at the loading position; the deformation measuring systems are located on the two sides of the loading cushion block and arranged on the surface of the artificial ice cover. According to the invention, the test platform is constructed on the field on-site ice cover, the natural ice cover is used as a bearing foundation, the loading test is carried out on the on-site formed artificial ice cover, and the bearing capacity characteristic of the actual ice cover can be accurately reflected; the device is suitable for ice cover bearing capacity research under different thicknesses, environment temperatures and loading rates, and has the advantages of low cost, convenience in operation, accurate test result and the like.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of ice sheet mechanical performance testing technology, specifically to an on-site ice sheet load-bearing capacity testing device and its usage method. Background Technology

[0002] In winter, rivers, lakes, and other natural bodies of water in northern my country freeze due to low temperatures, forming natural ice sheets of considerable thickness. These ice sheets, with their inherent load-bearing capacity, are widely used in daily life and production, serving not only as temporary passageways for people and goods but also as important venues for winter tourism and recreational activities, playing an irreplaceable role in the production and daily life of northern China.

[0003] However, the load-bearing capacity of ice sheets is significantly influenced by a combination of factors. Fluctuations in temperature can alter the internal structure of the ice sheet, while variations in the composition and content of impurities in the water can change its crystallization state. Natural defects such as cracks and bubbles formed during ice sheet formation further exacerbate the uncertainty of load-bearing capacity. Even ice sheets of the same thickness can have significantly different actual load-bearing capacities, directly making it difficult to effectively guarantee the safety of ice sheet utilization. In recent years, accidents such as people falling into water and vehicles crashing into ice caused by sudden ice sheet breakage have occurred frequently, resulting in serious casualties and property damage, and posing a continuous threat to the safety of public winter activities. Therefore, accurately assessing and calculating the load-bearing capacity of ice sheets is a prerequisite and key to ensuring their safe utilization, and establishing scientific methods for calculating load-bearing capacity through experimental research is a necessary means to achieve this goal.

[0004] Currently, experimental research on ice sheet load-bearing capacity is mainly conducted in laboratory environments. These tests typically use tap water as the freezing source, artificially forcibly freezing it in a laboratory tank to form a simulated ice sheet, which is then tested for load-bearing capacity. However, this indoor testing model has significant limitations: Firstly, the water quality (such as purity and mineral content), ambient temperature, and airflow speed during the laboratory freezing process differ fundamentally from the formation conditions of natural ice sheets in the wild. This results in indoor ice sheet load-bearing capacity data failing to accurately reflect the mechanical properties of actual ice sheets in the field, leading to significant discrepancies between the test results and actual conditions, making it difficult to directly guide the safe use of ice sheets in the field. Secondly, indoor model tests require high-end hardware, including large laboratory spaces, dedicated water tanks, and high-powered refrigeration equipment. These requirements exceed the capabilities of most ordinary laboratories, limiting the widespread implementation of experimental research. Furthermore, artificially freezing ice sheets consumes a large amount of energy, resulting in high experimental costs and further hindering the in-depth advancement of ice sheet load-bearing capacity research.

[0005] In conclusion, developing a specialized device and supporting testing method capable of conducting ice sheet load-bearing capacity tests directly in the field is of great significance for overcoming the limitations of existing indoor tests, accurately obtaining the load-bearing capacity characteristics of actual ice sheets, and improving the theoretical basis for the safe utilization of ice sheets. This is a key issue that urgently needs to be addressed in the field of ice sheet mechanical performance testing. Summary of the Invention

[0006] The purpose of this invention is to provide an on-site ice sheet bearing capacity testing device and its usage method, which can realize loading tests on ice sheets in the field to test the vertical bearing capacity of the ice sheets.

[0007] To achieve the above objectives, the technical solution of this application is: a field ice sheet bearing capacity testing device, comprising: The support system is fixed to the natural ice sheet and serves as a load-bearing component for loading the artificial ice sheet; The moving system, placed on the support system, can move horizontally along the support system to adjust the loading position; The loading system, connected to the mobile system, is capable of providing vertical loading force and loading the artificial ice sheet; Loading pads, placed on the surface of an artificial ice cap at the loading point, are used to convert the concentrated force applied by the loading system into a distributed load; The deformation measurement system, located on both sides of the loading pad and set on the surface of the artificial ice cover, is used to measure the vertical deformation of the artificial ice cover during the test.

[0008] As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the support system includes: The columns are symmetrically arranged and serve as vertical load-bearing members. The base plate is fixed to the bottom of the column and fits against the surface of the natural ice cap; Connecting plate, fixed to the top of the column; The crossbeam is detachably connected to the connecting plate via connectors to form a horizontal load-bearing structure; Anchoring components include anchor plates and anchor bolts. The anchor plates are embedded in the natural ice sheet, and the anchor bolts are connected to the anchor plates and the base plates at both ends, respectively, to anchor the support system to the natural ice sheet. Force transmission pads are fixed at the bottom of the crossbeam at the corresponding loading position and are used to convert the concentrated force applied to the crossbeam by the loading system into a distributed load.

[0009] As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the mobile system includes: The support plate is placed horizontally above the crossbeam; Baffles are symmetrically welded to both sides of the support plate; The moving component includes a wheel and an axle. The wheel contacts the top surface of the crossbeam and can roll along the crossbeam. The axle is used to fix the wheel and its two ends are connected to corresponding baffles. The positioning element includes a cable connected to an anchor block, which is connected to a support plate, and the anchor block is symmetrically fixed to both ends of the crossbeam.

[0010] As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the spacing between the baffles in the width direction of the crossbeam is slightly greater than the width of the crossbeam, and the lower end of the baffle is lower than the top surface of the crossbeam, so as to ensure that the support plate can move along the crossbeam by means of the wheels.

[0011] As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the loading system includes: The power source is a hydraulic drive device that provides vertical thrust; A pressure sensor, connected to the power source, is used to collect the applied force value in real time; The pad assembly includes an upper pad and a lower pad. The lower pad, pressure sensor, jack and upper pad are horizontally and tightly stacked together from bottom to top by a connector, and all are placed under the crossbeam. The suspension component includes screw assemblies located at both ends of the elastic member. The upper end of the screw assembly is connected to the support plate of the moving system, and the lower end is connected to the pad assembly, thereby realizing the suspension support of the loading system. The loading rod is a steel rod with a ball head at the lower end, and its upper end passes through the lower pad and is fixed to the bottom of the pressure sensor.

[0012] As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the deformation measurement system includes: A displacement sensor, placed on the surface of the artificial ice sheet, is used to directly measure vertical deformation; The guide component is fixed at the bottom of the crossbeam at the position corresponding to the displacement sensor. The traction component has a displacement sensor connected to one end, and the other end is fixed to the fixing plate after being turned by the guide component. The fixing plate is located at the bottom of the crossbeam.

[0013] As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the loading pad is a rigid solid component with a density less than that of water, which can float on the water surface.

[0014] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the centers of the force transmission pad, the power source, the pressure sensor, the loading rod, and the loading pad are located on the same vertical line.

[0015] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the power source is a jack. When the jack is placed, the side extending from the piston faces upward. The sum of the distance from the top surface of the jack to the bottom surface of the force transmission pad, the distance from the bottom of the loading rod to the top surface of the loading pad, and the vertical deformation of the artificial ice cap loading point is less than the maximum extension length of the piston.

[0016] This invention provides a method for using an on-site ice sheet bearing capacity testing device, comprising: Once the natural ice sheet reaches a safe load-bearing capacity, mark the installation location of the support system. Install anchors by drilling holes, embedding anchor plates, and injecting low-temperature curing medium to fix them, thus forming an anchoring foundation; Assemble the support system by connecting and fixing the columns to the anchors via the base plate, and connecting the crossbeams to the top of the columns to form an overall frame; Install the mobile system and loading system, connect the loading system to the mobile system via suspension components, and debug the pressure sensor and power source; Install the deformation measurement system, suspend and adjust the displacement sensor using the traction device, and initially detach the displacement sensor from the ice surface; An artificial ice cap is prepared below the support system. After the water area is formed by cutting the natural ice cap, it is frozen to a preset thickness using natural low temperature. Adjust the moving system to the loading position, place the loading pad and align it with the loading rod, and adjust the displacement sensor to the surface of the artificial ice cover; A vertical load is applied by a power source, the loading rate is controlled, and loading force and deformation data are collected in real time until the artificial ice sheet is destroyed, and the destruction process is recorded.

[0017] By adopting the above technical solution, the present invention can achieve the following technical effects: 1. This invention innovatively utilizes the relatively thick natural ice sheet on site as a test platform, which can be directly used to assemble and fix the loading device without the need to build an additional complex support frame. This significantly reduces the amount of support structure and anchoring components used, which not only simplifies the on-site installation process and reduces the difficulty of operation, but also significantly saves material and construction costs, and has the advantages of being economical and practical.

[0018] 2. The test object of this invention is an ice sheet formed by freezing in a natural environment in a live water body. Its formation process completely follows actual water quality conditions, temperature changes, airflow influences, and other natural factors, and is highly consistent with the characteristics of ice sheets in real-world scenarios. Compared to ice sheets formed by artificial refrigeration in a laboratory, it can more accurately reflect the load-bearing capacity characteristics of actual ice sheets, effectively avoiding errors in results caused by environmental differences in indoor tests, and providing more reliable data support for ice sheet load-bearing capacity research.

[0019] 3. The testing method of this invention is designed specifically for outdoor field use. The size of the ice sheet being tested is not limited by laboratory space and facilities. There is no need to build a special water tank or large-scale refrigeration equipment. Tests can be carried out directly in natural water bodies. It can easily complete the loading test of large-sized ice sheets, expand the research scope of ice sheet load-bearing capacity testing, and meet the testing needs in different scenarios.

[0020] 4. Through optimized structural design, this invention effectively prevents loading equipment and testing instruments from falling into the water when the ice sheet breaks, reducing the risk of equipment damage and ensuring the safety of the testing equipment. This design not only reduces equipment maintenance and replacement costs but also ensures the continuity and stability of the testing process, improving testing efficiency. Attached Figure Description

[0021] To more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of this application, the drawings used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are only some embodiments of this application. For those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without creative effort.

[0022] Figure 1 This is a front view of the on-site ice sheet bearing capacity testing device; Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the on-site ice sheet bearing capacity testing device; Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the elevation of the support system; Figure 4 This is an elevation view of the loading system.

[0023] The numbers in the diagram are explained as follows: 101. Crossbeam, 102. Column, 103. Seat plate, 104. Connecting plate, 105. Anchor plate, 106. Anchor bolt, 107. Anchor ring, 108. Fastening bolt, 109. Fastening nut, 110. Force transmission pad, 201. Support plate, 202. Wheel, 203. Axle, 204. Baffle, 205. Cable, 206. Anchor block, 301. Jack, 302. Pressure sensor, 303. Loading rod, 304. Upper pad, 305. Lower pad, 306. Suspension spring, 307. Lower screw, 308. Upper screw, 309. Nut, 401. Displacement sensor, 402. Traction rope, 403. Pulley, 404. Connecting plate, 405. Fixing plate, 5. Loading pad, 6. Natural ice cap, 7. Artificial ice cap. Detailed Implementation

[0024] It should be noted that, unless otherwise specified, the embodiments and features described in the present invention can be combined with each other. The present invention will now be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments.

[0025] To make the objectives, technical solutions, and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention clearer, the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. The following description of at least one exemplary embodiment is merely illustrative and is in no way intended to limit the present invention or its application or use. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0026] It should be noted that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to limit the scope of exemplary embodiments according to the invention. As used herein, the singular form is intended to include the plural form as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. Furthermore, it should be understood that when the terms "comprising" and / or "including" are used in this specification, they indicate the presence of features, steps, operations, devices, components, and / or combinations thereof.

[0027] Unless otherwise specifically stated, the relative arrangement, numerical expressions, and values ​​of the components and steps set forth in these embodiments do not limit the scope of the invention. It should also be understood that, for ease of description, the dimensions of the various parts shown in the drawings are not drawn to actual scale. Techniques, methods, and devices known to those skilled in the art may not be discussed in detail, but where appropriate, such techniques, methods, and devices should be considered part of the specification. In all examples shown and discussed herein, any specific values ​​should be interpreted as merely exemplary and not as limitations. Therefore, other examples of exemplary embodiments may have different values. It should be noted that similar reference numerals and letters in the following figures denote similar items; therefore, once an item is defined in one figure, it need not be further discussed in subsequent figures.

[0028] In the description of this invention, it should be understood that the orientation or positional relationship indicated by directional terms such as "front, back, up, down, left, right", "horizontal, vertical, horizontal" and "top, bottom" is generally based on the orientation or positional relationship shown in the accompanying drawings, and is only for the convenience of describing this invention and simplifying the description. Unless otherwise stated, these directional terms do not indicate or imply that the device or element referred to must have a specific orientation or be constructed and operated in a specific orientation, and therefore should not be construed as a limitation on the scope of protection of this invention. The directional terms "inner" and "outer" refer to the inner and outer contours relative to the outline of each component itself.

[0029] For ease of description, spatial relative terms such as "above," "on top of," "on the upper surface of," "above," etc., are used herein to describe the spatial positional relationship of a device or feature as shown in the figures to other devices or features. It should be understood that spatial relative terms are intended to encompass different orientations in use or operation beyond the orientation of the device as described in the figures. For example, if the device in the figures were inverted, a device described as "above" or "on top of" other devices or structures would subsequently be positioned as "below" or "under" other devices or structures. Thus, the exemplary term "above" can include both "above" and "below." The device may also be positioned in other different ways (rotated 90 degrees or in other orientations), and the spatial relative descriptions used herein will be interpreted accordingly.

[0030] It should be noted that, unless otherwise explicitly specified and limited, the terms "installation," "connection," and "linking" should be interpreted broadly. For example, they can refer to fixed connections, detachable connections, or integral connections; they can refer to mechanical connections or electrical connections; they can refer to direct connections or indirect connections through an intermediate medium; they can refer to the internal communication of two components or the interaction between two components. Those skilled in the art can understand the specific meaning of the above terms in this application based on the specific circumstances.

[0031] Example 1 Please see Figure 1-4 This embodiment provides an on-site ice sheet bearing capacity testing device, comprising: The support system, fixed to the natural ice sheet, serves as the core load-bearing component for loading the artificial ice sheet. Through its stable structural design, it can evenly transfer the vertical load during the loading process to the natural ice sheet, providing a solid support foundation for the entire experimental device and ensuring the stability and safety of the overall structure during loading.

[0032] The mobile system, placed on the support system, can move flexibly horizontally along the support system to precisely adjust the loading position. It can quickly switch between different loading points according to test requirements, greatly improving the convenience and flexibility of test operations and meeting the loading test requirements of multiple positions and multiple working conditions.

[0033] The loading system, connected to the mobile system, can provide controllable vertical loading force and precisely load the artificial ice sheet. Through stable power output, the loading force can be continuously adjusted, accurately simulating different load conditions and providing a reliable loading source for obtaining artificial ice sheet bearing capacity data.

[0034] A loading pad, placed on the surface of the artificial ice cap at the loading point, is used to uniformly convert the concentrated force applied by the loading system into a distributed load. This effectively avoids premature failure at the loading point due to excessive local stress, ensuring that the stress state of the artificial ice cap during the test is closer to the actual working conditions and improving the accuracy of the test data. Preferably, the loading pad is a hard solid wooden block with a density less than that of water, allowing it to float on the water surface and preventing it from sinking after the ice cap breaks. Its size is determined according to the test loading requirements, realizing the conversion of concentrated force into distributed load.

[0035] The deformation measurement system, located on both sides of the loading pad and set on the surface of the artificial ice cover, is used to measure the vertical deformation of the artificial ice cover in real time and accurately during the test. The symmetrically arranged measurement points can comprehensively capture the deformation characteristics of the ice cover, providing key data support for analyzing the mechanical response of the artificial ice cover under load.

[0036] As a preferred embodiment provided in this example, the support system includes: a crossbeam 101, a column 102, a base plate 103, a connecting plate 104, anchors, connectors, and force transmission pads 110; the anchors include anchor plates 105, anchor bolts 106, and anchor rings 107; the connectors include fastening bolts 108 and fastening nuts 109. The column 102 is a vertically placed steel column, serving as the vertical support structure of the support system; The seat plate 103 is a horizontal steel plate welded to the bottom of the column 102 and placed on the natural ice sheet 6, which increases the contact area between the column 102 and the natural ice sheet 6 and disperses the vertical load. The connecting plate 104 is a horizontal steel plate welded to the top of the column 102, used to connect the beam 101 and the column 102. The crossbeam 101 is a horizontally placed steel beam, and its two ends are connected to the column 102 through the connecting plate 104 using the fastening bolts 108 and the fastening nuts 109 to form a stable horizontal load-bearing frame. The anchor bolt 106 is a steel rod with external threads at both ends, the anchor ring 107 is a nut with internal threads, and the anchor plate 105 is a square steel plate placed horizontally inside the natural ice cap 6. The lower end of the anchor bolt 106 is connected to the anchor plate 105 through the anchor ring 107, and the upper end is connected to the seat plate 103 through the anchor ring 107. The anchoring effect of the anchor plate 105 and the natural ice cap 6 enhances the overall stability of the support system. The force transmission pad 110 is a steel component, fixed to the bottom of the crossbeam 101, used to convert the concentrated force applied to the crossbeam 101 by the loading system into a distributed load, so as to avoid excessive local stress on the crossbeam 101.

[0037] In a preferred embodiment provided in this example, the moving system includes: a support plate 201, a moving component, a positioning element, and a baffle 204; the moving component includes a wheel 202 and an axle 203; the positioning element includes a cable 205 and an anchor block 206. The support plate 201 is a rectangular steel plate placed horizontally above the crossbeam 101, serving as the load-bearing foundation of the mobile system. The baffle 204 consists of four rectangular steel plates, which are symmetrically welded to both sides near the bottom of the support plate 201 to form a lateral limiting structure. The wheel 202 is a steel wheel with bearings, which is placed between the crossbeam 101 and the support plate 201 and contacts the top surface of the crossbeam 101, so as to realize the flexible movement of the support plate 201. The axle 203 consists of two round steel rods, with two wheels 202 fixed on each axle 203. The two ends of the axle 203 are connected to the baffle 204 to form an overall support structure for the wheels 202. The anchor block 206 is a steel plate, welded to the top surface of both ends of the crossbeam 101, serving as a fixed support point for the cable 205; The cable 205 is a flexible cable, connected to the anchor block 206 and connected to the support plate 201, and is used to pull and fix the position of the support plate 201. The spacing of the baffles 204 in the width direction of the crossbeam 101 is slightly larger than the width of the top surface of the crossbeam 101, and the lower end is lower than the top surface of the crossbeam 101, so as to ensure that the support plate 201 can move stably along the crossbeam 101 by means of the wheels 202 and avoid lateral displacement during the movement.

[0038] As a preferred embodiment provided in this example, the loading system includes: a power source, a pressure sensor 302, a loading rod 303, a pad assembly, and a suspension component; preferably, the power source is a jack 301, the pad assembly includes an upper pad 304 and a lower pad 305; the suspension component includes an elastic member and a screw assembly, wherein the elastic member is preferably a tension spring 306, and the screw assembly includes a lower screw 307, an upper screw 308, and a nut 309; The jack 301 is a hydraulic jack, which can be pressurized by a manual oil pump to provide stable loading power; The pressure sensor 302 can measure pressure with the help of a data acquisition instrument and monitor the magnitude of the applied force in real time. The upper pad 304 and the lower pad 305 are rectangular steel plates of the same size and placed horizontally. Each of the four corners has a bolt hole and a large circular hole in the center for fixing the jack 301 and the pressure sensor 302. The lower screw 307 consists of four vertically placed round steel rods with threads at both ends, used to connect the lower pad 305 and the upper pad 304. The lower pad 305, pressure sensor 302, jack 301 and upper pad 304 are stacked together horizontally from bottom to top and placed below the crossbeam 101. The lower screw 307 is inserted into the bolt holes of the lower pad 305 and the upper pad 304, and the two ends are tightened with nuts 309 to form a rigid whole of the loading system. The suspension springs 306 are four vertically placed, stretchable steel wire springs; the upper screws 308 are four vertically placed, threaded circular steel rods at the top. The lower end of the suspension springs 306 is connected to the upper end of the lower screws 307, and the upper end is connected to the lower end of the upper screws 308. The upper end of the upper screws 308 is connected to the support plate 201 through nuts 309, thereby realizing the suspension support of the loading system. The loading rod 303 is a steel rod with a ball head at the lower end. Its upper end passes through the central circular hole of the lower pad 305 and is fixed to the bottom of the pressure sensor 302 to transmit the loading force to the artificial ice cover 7.

[0039] As a preferred embodiment provided in this example, the deformation measurement system includes: a displacement sensor 401, a guide component, a traction component, and a fixing plate 405; the traction component is preferably a traction rope 402, and the guide component may include a pulley 403 and a connecting plate 404. The displacement sensor 401 is a sensor that can measure the vertical deformation of the artificial ice cover 7. It is placed on the surface of the artificial ice cover 7 and located directly below the crossbeam 101 to directly collect deformation data. The gusset plate 404 is a steel plate, fixed to the bottom of the crossbeam 101 and located directly above the displacement sensor 401, for mounting the pulley 403; The fixing plate 405 is a steel plate, which is fixed to the bottom of both ends of the crossbeam 101 and serves as the fixing end of the traction rope 402. The pulley 403 is fixed on the gusset plate 404 and can rotate freely in the vertical plane to change the direction of force on the traction rope 402; The traction rope 402 is a flexible rope, with one end connected to the displacement sensor 401, the other end fixed to the fixing plate 405, and the middle supported on the pulley 403, used to control the lifting and lowering of the displacement sensor 401 and for protection.

[0040] In this embodiment, the centers of the force transmission pad 110, jack 301, pressure sensor 302, loading rod 303, and loading pad 5 are on the same vertical line, ensuring that the loading force is accurately transmitted vertically and reducing test errors.

[0041] In this embodiment, when placing the jack 301, the side extending from the piston should face upwards. The diameter of the circular hole at the center of the upper pad 304 should be slightly larger than the diameter of the piston to allow the piston to pass through. The sum of the distance from the top surface of the jack 301 to the bottom surface of the force transmission pad 110, the distance from the bottom of the loading rod 303 to the top surface of the loading pad 5, and the vertical deformation of the loading point of the artificial ice cover 7 should be less than the maximum extension length of the piston to ensure the continuity and integrity of the loading process.

[0042] It should be noted that the size and quantity of the anchor plate 105 and anchor bolt 106 should be determined according to the pressure required for loading the artificial ice cover 7. The total pulling force of the anchor plate 105 when it is pulled out of the natural ice cover 6 should be more than 1.5 times the loading force of the artificial ice cover 7 to ensure that the support system does not slip or overturn during loading.

[0043] Example 2 The present invention also provides a method for using an on-site ice sheet bearing capacity testing device, comprising the following steps: S1. Prepare all components of the device in advance according to the design drawings of the device, and transport them to the test site to ensure that each component is undamaged and functions normally.

[0044] S2. Once the thickness of the natural ice cap 6 on site reaches the safe bearing thickness, mark the installation positions of the support plate 103 and anchor bolt 106 in the test area according to the design drawings of the device, ensuring that the installation positions are flat and that the strength of the natural ice cap meets the bearing requirements.

[0045] S3. Drill a vertical hole at the center of the anchor bolt 106. The diameter of the hole is approximately 1.5 times the side length of the square anchor plate 105, and the depth of the hole is the length of the anchor bolt 106 within the natural ice cap 6. Use the anchor ring 107 to fix the anchor plate 105 to the lower end of the anchor bolt 106, and place the anchor plate 105 at the bottom of the hole, keeping the anchor plate 105 horizontal and the anchor bolt 106 vertical. Fill the hole with water, which freezes into ice in the low-temperature environment, so that the anchor plate 105 and the natural ice cap 6 form a strong overall anchoring structure.

[0046] S4. Install the base plate 103, which is connected to the column 102, onto the anchor bolt 106, which is installed on the natural ice sheet 6, and fix it with the anchor ring 107; before installation, grind the surface of the natural ice sheet 6 at the bottom of the base plate 103 to be level, so that the base plate 103 and the ice surface are in close contact, and ensure that the load is evenly transmitted.

[0047] S5. Place the crossbeam 101 on the connecting plate 104 at the top of the column 102, and use the fastening bolts 108 and fastening nuts 109 to fix the end of the crossbeam 101 to the connecting plate 104. Tighten the nuts to ensure a firm connection. Fix the force transmission pad 110 at the middle position of the bottom of the crossbeam 101 to ensure that the force transmission center corresponds to the loading position.

[0048] S6. Place the support plate 201 with the wheels 202 installed on it above the crossbeam 101 and close to one of the columns 102. Use the upper screw 308, the tension spring 306, and the lower screw 307 to suspend the lower pad 305, the pressure sensor 302, the jack 301, and the upper pad 304 below the crossbeam 101, and install the loading rod 303 at the bottom of the pressure sensor 302. Connect the jack 301 and the oil pump with an oil pipe and check if the oil circuit is unobstructed. Connect the pressure sensor 302 and the data acquisition instrument with a data cable and debug the testing instrument to ensure accurate pressure data acquisition. Connect the cable 205 to the support plate 201 and connect the cable 205 to the anchor block 206 at the top of the crossbeam 101 to temporarily restrict the movement of the support plate 201.

[0049] S7. Install a deformation measurement system at the bottom of the crossbeam 101, place the displacement sensor 401 on the natural ice sheet 6 below the crossbeam 101, connect one end of the traction rope 402 to the displacement sensor 401, and pass the other end through the pulley 403 and tie it to the fixed plate 405 at the bottom of the crossbeam; connect the displacement sensor 401 to the data acquisition instrument using a data cable, and debug the testing instrument to ensure accurate deformation data acquisition; before use, tighten the traction rope 402 to make the displacement sensor 401 a certain height away from the natural ice sheet 6 to avoid damaging the sensor when the ice sheet is cut later.

[0050] S8. Remove the natural ice cap 6 in a certain area at the bottom of the crossbeam 101 by cutting, exposing the water surface, and remove all the floating ice fragments to ensure that the water area is free of impurities; the cutting range and shape of the natural ice cap 6 are determined according to the test requirements; in a low-temperature environment, the water surface at the cutting part freezes into an artificial ice cap 7 of the required thickness for the test, and external interference is avoided during the formation of the artificial ice cap 7.

[0051] S9. Place the loading pad 5 on the artificial ice cover 7, with the midpoint of the loading pad 5 located directly below the loading rod 303 to ensure the loading center is aligned; release the cable 205 fixed on the anchor block 206, and use the cable 205 to pull the support plate 201 to the center of the crossbeam 101, and tighten and fix the cable 205 to the two anchor blocks 206 again to restrict the movement of the support plate 201 and ensure the stability of the loading position.

[0052] S10. Gradually release the traction rope 402 to lower the displacement sensor 401 to the surface of the artificial ice cover 7, ensuring that the sensor is in close contact with the ice surface; then loosen the traction rope 402 by a certain length, the loosening length should be slightly greater than the vertical deformation of the artificial ice cover 7; fix the traction rope 402 to the fixing plate 405 to prevent the displacement sensor 401 from falling into the water after the artificial ice cover 7 is damaged.

[0053] S11. Using an oil pump, hydraulic pressure is provided to jack 301, causing the piston of jack 301 to extend at the required rate; as the piston continues to extend, the top of the piston contacts the force transmission pad 110 at the bottom of the crossbeam 101; as the piston continues to extend, jack 301 pushes the loading rod 303 downward and stretches the suspension spring 306; as the piston continues to extend, the bottom of the loading rod 303 contacts the top surface of the loading pad 5; as the piston continues to extend, the artificial ice cover 7 will be deformed downward by the pressure applied by the loading pad 5; as the deformation of the artificial ice cover 7 continues to increase, the artificial ice cover 7 eventually breaks, at which point the pressurization of jack 301 is stopped, and the loading test ends; during the loading process of the artificial ice cover 7, pressure sensor 302 and displacement sensor 401 are used to collect and record the pressure and deformation of the artificial ice cover 7, and at the same time, a camera is used to film the destruction of the artificial ice cover 7, recording the destruction mode and characteristics.

[0054] S12. After the loading test is completed, use the traction rope 402 to lift the displacement sensor 401 to a certain height to avoid the sensor from contacting the water surface; use the cable 205 to move the support plate 201 to the vicinity of the side column 102, retrieve the loading pad 5 floating on the water surface, and clean up the test residue.

[0055] S13. Break all the ice in the artificial ice cover 7 area and clean it up to ensure that there are no residual ice blocks in the water. Use the low temperature environment to freeze the water surface again into an artificial ice cover 7 of the required thickness. Then repeat the above steps (S9) to (S11) to carry out the next test. In sequence, complete the test research on various conditions such as different thicknesses of artificial ice cover 7, different ambient temperatures, and different loading rates, and obtain multiple sets of comparative data.

[0056] Finally, it should be noted that the above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solutions of this application, and are not intended to limit them. Although this application has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, those skilled in the art should understand that modifications can still be made to the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments, or equivalent substitutions can be made to some of the technical features. Such modifications or substitutions do not cause the essence of the corresponding technical solutions to deviate from the spirit and scope of the technical solutions of the embodiments of this application.

Claims

1. A field ice sheet bearing capacity testing device, characterized in that, include: The support system is fixed to the natural ice sheet and serves as a load-bearing component for loading the artificial ice sheet; The moving system, placed on the support system, can move horizontally along the support system to adjust the loading position; The loading system, connected to the mobile system, is capable of providing vertical loading force and loading the artificial ice sheet; Loading pads, placed on the surface of an artificial ice cap at the loading point, are used to convert the concentrated force applied by the loading system into a distributed load; The deformation measurement system, located on both sides of the loading pad and set on the surface of the artificial ice cover, is used to measure the vertical deformation of the artificial ice cover during the test.

2. The field ice sheet bearing capacity testing device according to claim 1, characterized in that, The support system includes: The columns are symmetrically arranged and serve as vertical load-bearing members. The base plate is fixed to the bottom of the column and fits against the surface of the natural ice cap; Connecting plate, fixed to the top of the column; The crossbeam is detachably connected to the connecting plate via connectors to form a horizontal load-bearing structure; Anchoring components include anchor plates and anchor bolts. The anchor plates are embedded in the natural ice sheet, and the anchor bolts are connected to the anchor plates and the base plates at both ends, respectively, to anchor the support system to the natural ice sheet. Force transmission pads are fixed at the bottom of the crossbeam at the corresponding loading position and are used to convert the concentrated force applied to the crossbeam by the loading system into a distributed load.

3. The field ice sheet bearing capacity testing device according to claim 1, characterized in that, The mobile system includes: The support plate is placed horizontally above the crossbeam; Baffles are symmetrically welded to both sides of the support plate; The moving component includes a wheel and an axle. The wheel contacts the top surface of the crossbeam and can roll along the crossbeam. The axle is used to fix the wheel and its two ends are connected to corresponding baffles. The positioning element includes a cable connected to an anchor block, which is connected to a support plate, and the anchor block is symmetrically fixed to both ends of the crossbeam.

4. The field ice sheet bearing capacity testing device according to claim 3, characterized in that, The spacing between the baffles in the width direction of the crossbeam is slightly greater than the width of the crossbeam, and the lower end of the baffle is lower than the top surface of the crossbeam, so as to ensure that the support plate can move along the crossbeam by means of the wheels.

5. The field ice sheet bearing capacity testing device according to claim 2, characterized in that, The loading system includes: The power source is a hydraulic drive device that provides vertical thrust; A pressure sensor, connected to the power source, is used to collect the applied force value in real time; The pad assembly includes an upper pad and a lower pad. The lower pad, pressure sensor, jack and upper pad are horizontally and tightly stacked together from bottom to top by a connector, and all are placed under the crossbeam. The suspension component includes screw assemblies located at both ends of the elastic member. The upper end of the screw assembly is connected to the support plate of the moving system, and the lower end is connected to the pad assembly, thereby realizing the suspension support of the loading system. The loading rod is a steel rod with a ball head at the lower end, and its upper end passes through the lower pad and is fixed to the bottom of the pressure sensor.

6. The field ice sheet bearing capacity testing device according to claim 1, characterized in that, The deformation measurement system includes: A displacement sensor, placed on the surface of the artificial ice sheet, is used to directly measure vertical deformation; The guide component is fixed at the bottom of the crossbeam at the position corresponding to the displacement sensor. The traction component has a displacement sensor connected to one end, and the other end is fixed to the fixing plate after being turned by the guide component. The fixing plate is located at the bottom of the crossbeam.

7. The field ice sheet bearing capacity testing device according to claim 1, characterized in that, The loading pad is a rigid solid component with a density less than water, and can float on the water surface.

8. The field ice sheet bearing capacity testing device according to claim 5, characterized in that, The center of the force transmission pad, power source, pressure sensor, loading rod, and loading pad is on the same vertical line.

9. The field ice sheet bearing capacity testing device according to claim 5, characterized in that, The power source is a jack. When the jack is placed, the side extending from the piston faces upward. The sum of the distance from the top surface of the jack to the bottom surface of the force transmission pad, the distance from the bottom of the loading rod to the top surface of the loading pad, and the vertical deformation of the artificial ice cap loading point is less than the maximum extension length of the piston.

10. A method for using an on-site ice sheet bearing capacity testing device, characterized in that, include: Once the natural ice sheet reaches a safe load-bearing capacity, mark the installation location of the support system. Install anchors by drilling holes, embedding anchor plates, and injecting low-temperature curing medium to fix them, thus forming an anchoring foundation; Assemble the support system by connecting and fixing the columns to the anchors via the base plate, and connecting the crossbeams to the top of the columns to form an overall frame; Install the mobile system and loading system, connect the loading system to the mobile system via suspension components, and debug the pressure sensor and power source; Install the deformation measurement system, suspend and adjust the displacement sensor using the traction device, and initially detach the displacement sensor from the ice surface; An artificial ice cap is prepared below the support system. After the water area is formed by cutting the natural ice cap, it is frozen to a preset thickness using natural low temperature. Adjust the moving system to the loading position, place the loading pad and align it with the loading rod, and adjust the displacement sensor to the surface of the artificial ice cover; A vertical load is applied by a power source, the loading rate is controlled, and loading force and deformation data are collected in real time until the artificial ice sheet is destroyed, and the destruction process is recorded.

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