Method of generating electricity using energy storage system for renewable energy sources

Abstract

A method of generating power using an energy storage system for renewable energy sources is provided. Renewable energy sources such as solar energy and wind energy are intermittent and variable. It is desirable to store the energy generated by these systems so as to be utilized when these sources are not producing. The battery system combines gravity and the force of high density water together to generate electricity in the turbine. The water is stored on the earth surface and is returned to a high storage point when renewable energy is pumped to the storage facility. The density of water can be increased by using soluble and insoluble subterranean minerals using suspending agents and surfactants. These batteries may operate independently, generate alternating current to support grid requirements, or may generate direct current for particular applications, such as regenerated chemical batteries used in transportation equipment such as automobiles and trucks.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] A system for storing electrical energy using readily available resources such as gravity, water, underground minerals, suspending agents, chemical dispersants and / or optional additives, mixing equipment for mixing components, elevated water storage devices such as water towers, a turbine generator for generating alternating current or direct current, and a pump for returning the mineral suspension to the elevated water storage device to charge a battery. Background Technology

[0002] Humans have been using renewable energy sources to generate electricity for over a century. Hydroelectric dams still produce a significant amount of electricity worldwide, but they require damming free-flowing rivers to generate sufficient head pressure to power turbine generators. Damming rivers has a severe impact on wildlife, fish, and the human environment, depriving them of valuable resources.

[0003] The conveniences of industrialization and modernization have created a high demand for electricity. Fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas are used to generate electricity with greater capacity and voltage. Human societies have begun to rely on low-cost electricity supplies to meet industrial production and household / consumer needs. This reliance has driven demand for drilling in coal, oil, and natural gas mines. The global supply system, which consumes fossil fuels, transports these materials to power plants, where hydrocarbon energy is converted into electricity.

[0004] Coal mining and oil and gas production can damage the environment in a variety of visible and invisible ways. Vast amounts of coal are mined in open pits, leaving millions of acres of damaged land. Overburden heaps from coal mines pollute creeks and rivers through acidic runoff. The environmental impacts of fossil fuel production are visible to the naked eye.

[0005] It is the intangible impact of burning fossil fuels that affects the lives of humans and animals. Burning fossil fuels produces greenhouse gases, leading to rising global temperatures. Combustion gases may contain acidic substances that can damage forests and crop production. Coal combustion produces and stores ash, which must be stored on-site. The storage of ash poses environmental risks for thousands of years due to potential groundwater and surface water contamination.

[0006] Transportation systems generate millions of tons of greenhouse gases daily by burning gasoline and diesel fuels in internal combustion engines. Hydrocarbon refining systems add further greenhouse gases during fuel production. Human-caused greenhouse gas emissions contribute to rising global temperatures and the melting of glaciers and polar ice caps.

[0007] To mitigate and ultimately halt this ongoing environmental damage, people around the world have called for action to increase the use of renewable energy. Renewable energy has a far lower environmental impact than energy generated from fossil fuel sources. Increasing the use of renewable energy requires large energy storage capacity to reduce its cost and increase its viability as a fossil fuel alternative. Large storage capacity must be established before renewable resources can be fully utilized to realize their potential.

[0008] Solar and wind power are two of the most commonly used energy sources. They are variable because, in a given day, the sun shines for 12 hours or less, and the stored energy must be used for the remaining 12 hours. Wind power is intermittent, with peak and trough energy production that does not align with electricity demand.

[0009] Currently, the methods for storing and replenishing wind and solar energy involve using chemical batteries, such as lithium-ion and sodium-ion batteries. Both systems require electricity from the grid to charge. Lithium-ion batteries are prone to explosions and thermal runaway events, which are often difficult to extinguish using conventional methods. Sodium-ion batteries are considered safer, but they are not entirely risk-free. Like any energy storage system, they can still experience thermal problems, short circuits, or other malfunctions that could lead to overheating. However, the risk of explosion is generally lower compared to lithium-ion batteries. Placing these batteries in densely populated urban environments poses a significant risk to local residents. Placing them in rural or remote areas would require substantial resources to deal with potential fires and explosions.

[0010] Manufacturing high-density batteries that are environmentally friendly and organized in a way that meets the requirements of renewable energy systems is highly desirable and will make renewable energy the norm rather than the exception. Increasing electricity storage capacity will help facilitate the use of renewable energy.

[0011] Therefore, the main objective of this invention is to store electrical energy using readily available resources.

[0012] This is achieved through the embodiments described in this specification. Summary of the Invention

[0013] According to the present invention, a method for generating electricity is provided. Aspects of the invention include flowing fuel to a generator to generate electrical energy, and transmitting the generated electrical energy directly or indirectly to one or more loads. The fuel comprises water or an aqueous suspension of solid particles in an aqueous liquid. This method enables power generation without subjecting the aqueous suspension of solid particles in the aqueous liquid to a chemical reaction. Optionally, the specific gravity of the solid particles ranges from 0.9 g / cm³. 3 Up to 6g / cm 3 1.9g / cm 3 Up to 6.0 g / cm3 2.5g / cm 3 Up to 5.5 g / cm 3 Or 3.4g / cm 3 Up to 4.8 g / cm 3 .

[0014] The present invention includes an aqueous suspension of solid particles comprising solid particles in an aqueous liquid, the aqueous suspension containing at least one suspending agent and / or optionally at least one additive in a dispersed phase and / or a liquid phase, particularly, the at least one suspending agent being at least one mineral suspending agent. Optionally, when at least one suspending agent is present, the amount of the at least one suspending agent present ranges from 0.025% to 0.125% by weight relative to the total weight of the at least one suspending agent and the solid particles, particularly, the amount is 0.028% to 0.113%, 0.030% to 0.100%, 0.033% to 0.092%, or 0.085% to 0.036%. Optionally, when at least one additive is present, the amount of the at least one additive present ranges from 0.01% to 6.0% by weight relative to the total weight of the at least one additive, the at least one suspending agent, and the solid particles, particularly, the amount is 0.05% to 4.0% or 0.1% to 3.5%.

[0015] In aspects of the invention, the aqueous liquid is water; the liquid includes water and at least one other liquid; the amount of water present is greater than 50% v / v relative to the total volume of water plus at least one other liquid, for example, the amount is greater than 60% v / v, 70% v / v, 96% v / v or 99% v / v, or the amount ranges from 75% to 95% v / v or 80% to 90% v / v; and, optionally, the aqueous liquid contains at least one other solid substance, for example, the at least one other solid substance is miscible with the water component of the aqueous liquid phase, or the at least one other solid substance is not miscible with the components of the aqueous liquid phase, for example, the at least one other solid substance is added in the water source or during the collection of solid particles.

[0016] The present invention includes at least one other liquid being an organic liquid, such as an organic liquid selected from silicones, hydrocarbons and alcohols, for example, at least one other organic liquid selected from ethylene glycol or silicones, or at least one other liquid being miscible with water or at least partially miscible with water.

[0017] The present invention includes water sources that are either fresh or salt water, such as brackish or salt water, including sources selected from saltwater ponds, seawater, ocean water, lakes, ponds, municipal water supply, tap water and groundwater.

[0018] Aspects of the invention include solid particles defined as solid particles (%w / w) comprising 5% to 95% of the total weight of the aqueous liquid plus the dry weight of the solid particles. For example, the amount of solid particles present in an aqueous suspension of solid particles ranges from 10% to 90% w / w of the total weight of the water plus the dry weight of the solid particles, for example, the amount is 20% to 85% w / w, 15% to 80% w / w, 20% to 70% w / w, or 25% to 60% w / w.

[0019] Aspects of the invention include solid particles comprising at least one mineral suspending agent, such as palygorskite, sepiolite, palygorskite, bentonite, chlorite, montmorillonite clay minerals such as illite, lithium montmorillonite and saponite, chlorite and bedeite; and iron ore; and particularly palygorskite substantially free of non-palygorskite minerals and iron ore.

[0020] The invention includes aspects of a generator that is stationary or portable; selected from stationary or portable hydroelectric generators, such as portable hydroelectric generators, optionally mounted on a vehicle, such as a vehicle used to serve other vehicles (e.g., a trailer) (including electric vehicles, such as electric vehicles whose battery stores less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 20%, 10%, 5%, or 1% of the electric vehicle's battery storage capacity); and combinations thereof.

[0021] The invention includes aspects in which the one or more loads are selected from batteries, such as: batteries in vehicles, including electric vehicles, including electric cars; batteries in homes, including batteries for household appliances (e.g., large computer storage facilities); batteries in buildings, including batteries for storing electrical energy for peak use or power outages; batteries in inverters for converting alternating current to direct current and vice versa; batteries in alternating current generators for generating alternating current; batteries in transformers; and combinations thereof. Optionally, one or more loads are connected to a power grid, a distribution network, such as residential (including individual residences), commercial (including individual commercial structures, such as buildings), transmission lines, or combinations thereof.

[0022] The invention also includes storing an aqueous suspension of solid particles in one or more portable or stationary containers prior to flow for supplying fuel to a generator to generate electricity.

[0023] Aspects of the invention include one or more containers having a capacity of 200 to 2,000,000 gallons. The lower limit of this range is 200, 500, 1,000, 5,000, or 10,000 gallons. The upper limit of this range is 50,000, 100,000, 200,000, 500,000, 1,000,000, 1,500,000, or 2,000,000 gallons. Any combination of the lower and upper limits of this range is possible. Aspects of the invention include one or more containers that are open (e.g., for air) containers or closed containers (e.g., pressurized gas, for example by an air compressor, such that the gas (e.g., air) occupies a portion of the closed container, thereby promoting flow; or one or more containers for municipal, industrial, residential, commercial, agricultural purposes or a combination of the above purposes, such as towers or barrels; or for commercial purposes, optionally mounted on a vehicle, for example for servicing other vehicles (including electric vehicles, such as electric vehicles whose battery stores less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 20%, 10%, 5%, or 1% of the electric vehicle's battery storage capacity; or combinations thereof (or having any capacity)) vehicles (e.g., trailers).

[0024] Aspects of the invention include flow aided or caused by one or more of the following: gravity; pressure, such as air pressure above an aqueous suspension of solid particles in a closed container; a pump, such as a positive displacement pump or a piston pump; and combinations thereof. Aspects of the invention also include containers configured with alternative energy sources, including, for example, solar panels or windmills associated with generators of alternative energy sources.

[0025] The present invention includes aspects of generating electricity for one or more of the following: charging residential AC outlets, such as 110V, 220V, 440V or combinations thereof; DC fast charging (DCFC), such as along corridors, optionally at fixed stations, private or public places, including shops (grocery stores, goods stores, service stores, etc.), theaters, coffee shops, and combinations thereof; DCFC for batteries of communities or electric vehicles, such as along highways and roads, optionally via battery towers; for peak use in communities, such as to alleviate peak use of electricity on sources such as the power grid; and for example, working in conjunction with other renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, natural gas, coal or nuclear power.

[0026] The system can be configured to generate alternating current for distribution to the grid when renewable resources are scarce, undesirable, or unavailable (e.g., when there is no solar power at night, or when wind power is insufficient or unable to power wind turbines).

[0027] The system can be configured to generate direct current to charge, for example, cars and trucks, with a charging efficiency that is more efficient than charging from the grid using alternating current, for example, when the conversion from alternating current to direct current results in a power loss of up to 30%.

[0028] This system can be configured to charge while discharging. For example, alternating current or stored pneumatic pressure can be used to drive a pump to charge the battery, while a turbine generator produces direct current or alternating current for industrial use, such as charging a large fleet of electric vehicles, computer facilities, etc. Renewable energy grid systems cannot sustainably meet this demand.

[0029] This system can be configured and deployed in densely populated areas with minimal or even zero risk of fire or explosion. The minerals and chemicals used are relatively non-toxic and can be reused for other purposes after replacement. Construction in local communities, commercial, and industrial facilities will eliminate the long-distance transmission losses currently associated with grid power. It will also increase the proportion of sustainable, locally generated clean energy.

[0030] Multiple systems can be used to balance grid power and maintain the balance of the power system, regardless of whether fossil fuel sources need to be called upon to compensate for differences in power load demand.

[0031] The system can be located within or as part of a building or other structure, or it can be transported to a remote location by vehicle.

[0032] Other aspects, objects, and advantages of the invention will be set forth in part in the description which follows, and in part will be obvious from the description, or may be learned by practice of the invention. These aspects, objects, and advantages will be realized and obtained by means of the elements and combinations particularly pointed out in the appended claims.

[0033] It should be understood that the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are merely exemplary and explanatory, and do not limit the invention as claimed in the claims.

[0034] The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate one or more embodiments of the invention and, together with the specification, serve to explain the principles of the invention. Attached Figure Description

[0035] Figure 1A-Figure 1B This is a schematic diagram of the system and method disclosed in this application.

[0036] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the time shift of solar energy.

[0037] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the time output of wind power. Detailed Implementation

[0038] Reference will now be made in detail to exemplary embodiments of the invention, examples of which are shown in the accompanying description or drawings. Throughout the drawings, the same reference numerals are used wherever possible to refer to the same or similar parts.

[0039] A system comprising fuel configured to flow to a generator to produce electricity, which can be used to power loads including resistive, capacitive and inductive loads.

[0040] A method for generating electricity in which fuel flows to a generator to produce electrical energy. The generated electrical energy is transmitted directly or indirectly to one or more loads. The fuel comprises an aqueous suspension of solid particles in an aqueous liquid. Aqueous suspensions of solid particles in aqueous liquids

[0041] An aqueous suspension of solid particles includes solid particles in an aqueous liquid, optionally containing at least one mineral suspending agent and / or optionally at least one dispersant and / or optionally at least one additive in the dispersed phase and / or liquid phase.

[0042] As used in this application, the suspension is an aqueous liquid in which solid particles are dispersed. Aqueous liquids

[0043] In some embodiments of the aqueous suspension, the aqueous liquid is water. In some embodiments of the aqueous suspension, the aqueous liquid includes water and optionally at least one other liquid. In some embodiments of the aqueous suspension, the amount of water present is greater than 50% v / v relative to the total volume of water plus at least one other liquid. In some embodiments, this amount is greater than 60% v / v, 70% v / v, 96% v / v, or 99% v / v. In some embodiments, this amount ranges from 75% to 95% v / v or 80% to 90% v / v.

[0044] Optionally, the aqueous liquid contains at least one other solid substance, for example, at least one other solid substance miscible with the components of the aqueous liquid phase, such as water. Alternatively, at least one other solid substance is miscible with the components of the aqueous liquid phase. For example, at least one other solid substance is added to the water source or during the collection of solid particles.

[0045] In some embodiments, at least one other liquid is an organic liquid. In some embodiments, the organic liquid is selected from silicone resins, hydrocarbons, and alcohols. In some embodiments, the organic liquid is derived from tar sands, oil sands, and lignite. In some embodiments, the organic liquid is selected from ethylene glycol or silicone. In some embodiments, at least one other liquid is miscible with water or at least partially miscible with water. In some embodiments, at least one other liquid is extracted, for example, during the collection of solid particles. In some embodiments, at least one other liquid is added, for example, through processing steps before or after the extraction of solid particles or for any other reason.

[0046] Water can be obtained from many sources. In some embodiments, the water comes from a freshwater source or a saltwater source. In some embodiments, the water is brackish or saltwater. In some embodiments, the water comes from a source selected from saltwater ponds, seawater, ocean water, lakes, ponds, and groundwater. For example, a brackish or saltwater source includes sources selected from saltwater ponds, seawater, ocean water, lakes, ponds, municipal water, tap water, and groundwater.

[0047] The density of pure water is approximately 1.0 g / cm³. The density of water does not change substantially when the temperature is below its boiling point of 100°C or at standard atmospheric pressure. In all cases, the reference point is 4°C (39°F), as water has its highest density at this point, at 1000 kg / m³.

[0048] Specific gravity, or relative density (SG), is defined as the ratio of the density of a substance to the density of water at a specific temperature, and can be expressed as: SG=ρ substance / ρ H2O Where SG = specific gravity of the substance; ρ substance = Density of fluid or substance [kg / m³] 3 ]; ρ H2O = Density of water - typically at a temperature of 4°C [kg / m³] 3 ];

[0049] The reference density of water at 4°C (39°F) is usually used as a reference because this is when water has the highest density, at 1000 kg / m³. 3 Since specific gravity (SG) is dimensionless, it has the same value in both the International System of Units (SI) and the Imperial System (BG). The SG of a fluid has the same numerical value as its density, expressed in g / mL or Mg / m³. 3 It is indicated by water. Water is usually used as a reference when calculating the specific gravity of solids.

[0050] Water is generally considered a Newtonian fluid, meaning that shear stress is linearly proportional to the shear rate (viscosity). Viscosity is constant.

[0051] Solids dissolved in aqueous liquids tend to increase the specific gravity of the liquid. For example, if the density of salt water is 1200 kg / m³... 3 The specific gravity is 1.200.

[0052] The percentage of solid particles, such as minerals, suspended in water (e.g., a slurry) is referred to as the suspended solids percentage. Optionally, the minerals can also be solids dissolved in water, such as calcium chloride (salt) and other soluble minerals. Solid minerals can be suspended in water or aqueous liquids using suspending agents. Adding minerals with a higher specific gravity increases the density of the water (aqueous) / slurry. In other words, an aqueous suspension of solid particles in an aqueous liquid is:

[0053] For example, the calculation for water / slurry is shown below.

[0054] The density of the slurry can be calculated as follows: ρ m =100 / [c w / ρ s +[100-c w ] / ρ l (1) in, ρ m = Density of slurry (lb / ft) 3 kg / m 3 ); c w = Weight concentration of solids in the slurry (%); ρ s = Density of solids (lb / ft) 3 kg / m 3 ); ρ l = Density of a liquid that does not contain solids (lb / ft) 3 kg / m 3 ). The weight concentration of a slurry can be measured by evaporating a known weight of the slurry and measuring the weight of the dried solids.

[0055] The density of the solid is 2500 kg / m³. 3 The density of the liquid is 1000 kg / m³ 3 The density of a slurry with a solids concentration of 30% can be calculated as ρ. m =100 / [(30%) / (2500kg / m 3 )+[(100%)-(30%)] / (1000kg / m 3 )]=1220kg / m 3 .

[0056] The density of the solid is 2500 kg / m³. 3 The density of the liquid is 1000 kg / m³ 3 The density of a slurry with a solids concentration of 70% can be calculated as follows:

[0057] ρ m=100 / [(30%) / (2500kg / m 3 )+[(100%)-(70%)] / (1000kg / m 3 )]

[0058] =2161kg / m 3 .

[0059] Compared to 30% slurry, its density increased by 77%, and compared to the density of water, its density increased by 216%. solid particles

[0060] Solid particles, such as minerals, suspending agents and / or dispersants, as well as other dense solids, tend to make the flow characteristics of water or aqueous liquids more non-Newtonian, meaning that viscosity does indeed depend on stress and flow changes under force.

[0061] The specific gravity of the solid particles ranges from 0.9 g / cm³. 3 Up to 6g / cm 3 1.9g / cm 3 Up to 6.0 g / cm 3 2.5g / cm 3 Up to 5.5 g / cm 3 Or 3.4g / cm 3 Up to 4.8 g / cm 3 .

[0062] The solid particles in the suspension are solid microparticles.

[0063] In some embodiments, the solid particles are man-made, natural, or a mixture thereof. In some embodiments, the solid particles are inorganic, organic, or a mixture thereof.

[0064] In some embodiments, the solid particles are selected from rocks, mineral colloids, organic colloids, mineraloids, and minerals. Mixtures thereof are also considered. In some embodiments, the solid particles are mined.

[0065] In some embodiments, the solid particles are selected from polymers, metallic minerals, and fuels.

[0066] In some embodiments, the solid particles are rocks, and in some embodiments, the rocks are selected from limestone and gravel.

[0067] In some embodiments, the mineral colloids and organic colloids are derived from the soil. In some embodiments, the colloids are selected from crystalline silicate clay, amorphous silicate clay, iron oxide and alumina clay (e.g., their crystalline and amorphous variants) and organic colloids. In some embodiments, the organic colloid is humus.

[0068] In some embodiments, the solid particles are industrial minerals. In some embodiments, the industrial minerals are selected from aggregates, alunite, asbestos, bitumen (natural), barite, bentonite, borates, brine, carbonates, clay, spherical clay, corundum, diamond, diatomite, feldspar, nepheline syenite, fluorite, bleaching clay, garnet, gem minerals, granite, graphite, gypsum, kaolin, kyanite, sillimanite, andalusite, limestone, dolomite, marble, mica, olivine, perlite, phosphates, potash, potassium minerals, pumice, quartz, salt, slate, silica sand, diatomite, soda ash, sodium bicarbonate, sodium sulfate, staurolite, sulfur, talc, vermiculite, wollastonite, and zeolites.

[0069] In some embodiments, the solid particles are selected from limestone, clay, sand, gravel, diatomaceous earth, kaolin, bentonite, silica, barite, barite concrete, gypsum, and talc.

[0070] In some embodiments, the solid particles are selected from coal, lignite, and peat.

[0071] In some embodiments, the solid particles are selected from cement, slag, and silica fume.

[0072] In some embodiments, the solid particles are selected from those including nickel, silver, diamond, and gold.

[0073] In some embodiments, the solid particles are minerals, and in some embodiments, the minerals are selected from obsidian, amber, ilmenite, opal, amber, black jade, and limonite.

[0074] In some embodiments, the solid particles are selected from minerals, which are selected from silicates, carbonates, sulfates, halides, oxides, sulfides, phosphates, elements, and organic compounds.

[0075] In some embodiments, the mineral belongs to the silicate group. In some embodiments, the silicate is in the form of rock. In some embodiments, the silicate is selected from feldspar, quartzite, olivine, pyroxene, amphibole, garnet, and mica.

[0076] In some embodiments, the mineral belongs to the carbonate class. In some embodiments, the carbonate is selected from calcite, aragonite, dolomite, and siderite. In some embodiments, the carbonate is mirabilite carbonate.

[0077] In some embodiments, the mineral belongs to the sulfate class. In some embodiments, the sulfate is selected from anhydrite, celestite, barite, and gypsum. In some embodiments, the sulfate is selected from chromates, molybdates, selenates, sulfites, tellurates, and tungstate minerals.

[0078] In some embodiments, the minerals belong to the class of halides. In some embodiments, the halide minerals are natural salts, such as fluorite, rock salt, potash, and arsine. In some embodiments, the halide class is selected from fluoride, chloride, bromide, and iodide minerals.

[0079] In some embodiments, the mineral belongs to the oxide class. In some embodiments, the oxide mineral is selected from hematite, magnetite, chromite, spinel, ilmenite, and rutile. In some embodiments, the oxide mineral is selected from oxide and hydroxide minerals.

[0080] In some embodiments, the mineral belongs to the sulfide class. In some embodiments, the sulfide mineral is selected from pyrite, chalcopyrite, nickel pyrite, and galena. In some embodiments, the sulfide mineral is selected from selenides, tellurides, arsenides, antimony compounds, bismuth compounds, and sulfonates.

[0081] In some embodiments, the mineral belongs to the phosphate group. In some embodiments, the phosphate mineral is selected from any mineral having a tetrahedral unit A04, wherein A is selected from phosphorus, antimony, arsenic, or vanadium. In some embodiments, the phosphate mineral is apatite. In some embodiments, the phosphate mineral is selected from arsenate, vanadate, and antimonate minerals.

[0082] In some embodiments, the mineral is an element. In some embodiments, the element mineral is selected from gold, silver, copper, antimony, bismuth, graphite, and sulfur. In some embodiments, the element mineral is a natural alloy, such as silver-gold ore, phosphides, silicides, nitrides, and carbides.

[0083] In some embodiments, the minerals are organic. In some embodiments, the organic minerals are selected from oxalates, mesylates, citrates, cyanates, acetates, formates, and hydrocarbons. In some embodiments, the organic minerals are selected from whewellite, moolooite, mellite, fichtelite, carpathite, evenkite, and abelsonite.

[0084] In some embodiments, the solid particles are selected from:

[0085] Kaolin, including calcined kaolin;

[0086] ball clay;

[0087] dolomite;

[0088] Calcium carbonate (also known as limestone);

[0089] Calcite;

[0090] Hematite;

[0091] apatite;

[0092] Galena;

[0093] Glass;

[0094] Barite and barium sulfate;

[0095] Barite concrete;

[0096] Natural and synthetic bauxite and calcined bauxite;

[0097] Basalt;

[0098] Biotite;

[0099] magnetite;

[0100] muscovite;

[0101] Copper and copper ores, such as chalcopyrite, bornite, malachite, chalcocite, covellite, chalcopyrite, cuprite, azurite, chalcocite and arsenite;

[0102] Iron and various forms of iron ore, such as hematite, magnetite, limonite, siderite, goethite, ferroferrite, amphibole, hematite and maghemite, and silicon dioxide;

[0103] Feldspar and all its varieties, including barium feldspar, such as barium feldspar and glass feldspar, plagioclase, such as sodium feldspar, orthoclase, andesine, labradorite bytownite, and anorthite;

[0104] Magnesite and deburned magnesite;

[0105] Manganese and manganese ores, such as pyrolusite, pyrolusite, rhodochrosite, leucite, malachite, hygroscopicite, and manganese-potassium ore;

[0106] Titanium dioxide and ores ilmenite and rutile, and

[0107] Its combination.

[0108] The solid particles in the aqueous suspension have a size sufficient to suspend the solid particles. In some embodiments, the size is measured using D50. In some embodiments, D50 ranges from about 0.0001 to 0.15 mm. In some embodiments, D50 ranges from 0.00024 to 0.004 mm, 0.004 to 0.062 mm, or 0.063 to 0.125 mm. In some embodiments, D50 ranges from 0.00045 to 0.1 or 0.01 to 0.08 mm. In some embodiments, D50 ranges from about 0.1 to 75 mm. In some embodiments, D50 ranges from 0.25 to 50 mm, 0.4 to 40 mm, or 0.6 to 32 mm. In some embodiments, D50 ranges from 0.5 to 25 or 1 to 20 mm.

[0109] In some embodiments, the particle size distribution ranges from 0.010 mm to 10 mm.

[0110] In some embodiments, the aqueous suspension of solid particles has a size measured using D10. In some embodiments, D10 ranges from about 0.0001 to 6.5 mm. In some embodiments, D10 ranges from 0.0001 to 0.01 mm, 0.0024 to 4.0 mm, 0.04 to 2.0 mm, or 0.6 to 1.3 mm. In some embodiments, D10 ranges from 0.0045 to 1.0 mm or 0.1 to 5.0 mm.

[0111] In some embodiments, the aqueous suspension of solid particles has a size measured using D90. In some embodiments, D90 ranges from about 0.001 to 35 mm. In some embodiments, D90 ranges from 0.01 to 32 mm. In some embodiments, D90 ranges from 0.0024 to 4.0 mm, 0.01 to 32 mm, 0.04 to 2.0 mm, or 0.6 to 1.3 mm. In some embodiments, D90 ranges from 0.0045 to 1.0 mm or 0.1 to 5.0 mm.

[0112] In some embodiments, the aqueous suspension of solid particles has dimensions measured using D10 and / or D50 and / or D90. In some embodiments, these values ​​are any combination of D10, D50, and D90 described above. In some embodiments, D10 is 0.0001 to 0.01 mm; D90 is 0.01 to 32 mm; and D50 is 0.0001 to 0.15 mm.

[0113] In some embodiments, the size (D10, D50, D90, etc.) of the solid particles is manufactured using one or more sizing processes. In some embodiments, the sizing process is selected from filtration, coarse filtration, grinding, and crushing of solid particles.

[0114] The specific gravity of the solid particles can be used to select the combination of all solids in an aqueous suspension. In some embodiments, the specific gravity of the solid particles ranges from 0.9 g / cm³. 3 Up to 6g / cm 3 1.9g / cm 3 Up to 6.0 g / cm 3 2.5g / cm 3 Up to 5.5 g / cm 3 Or 3.4g / cm 3 Up to 4.8 g / cm 3 . Suspension

[0115] The aqueous suspension contains at least one suspending agent in an amount sufficient to disperse solid particles in the aqueous liquid. In some embodiments, the suspending agent is an inorganic suspending agent and an organic suspending agent, or a combination thereof.

[0116] In some embodiments, the effective amount of at least one suspending agent ranges from 0.025% to 0.125% of the total weight of at least one mineral suspending agent and solid particles. In some embodiments, this amount ranges from 0.028% to 0.113%, 0.030% to 0.100%, 0.033% to 0.092%, or 0.085% to 0.036%.

[0117] For example, when using a mineral suspending agent, in some embodiments, the amount of the aforementioned at least one mineral suspending agent can increase the maximum weight percentage of solid particles from 2% to 6% compared to a corresponding aqueous suspension that does not contain at least one mineral suspending agent. Therefore, the specific gravity of the aqueous suspension increases.

[0118] In some embodiments, at least one mineral suspending agent is a clay selected from palygorskite, chlorite, bentonite, sepiolite and chlorite (montmorillonite) minerals, such as illite, lithium montmorillonite and saponite, or an aggregate of these minerals that can suspend solid particles.

[0119] In some embodiments, at least one mineral suspending agent is palygorskite. In some embodiments, the palygorskite is sourced from Attapulgus, Georgia.

[0120] In some embodiments, at least one mineral suspending agent is palygorskite. In some embodiments, the palygorskite is derived from: Paligorskaya near the Popovka River in Perm, Russia; Atapulgus in Decatur County, Georgia; Tafraut in Morocco; and the Hyderabad deposit in Andhra Pradesh, India. In some embodiments, the palygorskite is derived from Atapulgus in Decatur County, Georgia. In some embodiments, the palygorskite is combined with other non-palygorskite minerals, such as montmorillonite, dolomite, calcite, talc, chlorite, quartz, etc. In some embodiments, the palygorskite is substantially free of non-palygorskite minerals. In some embodiments, such purified palygorskite can be obtained using the methods described in U.S. Patent Nos. 6,444,601 and 6,130,179, both of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. The palygorskite substantially free of non-palygorskite minerals is supplied by Active Minerals International, LLC. Selling products under the product name.

[0121] In some embodiments, at least one mineral suspending agent is bentonite. In some embodiments, the bentonite is sourced from areas near the Rock River in Wyoming and near Mississippi. In some embodiments, the bentonite is selected from calcium-based bentonite and sodium-based bentonite. In some embodiments, the bentonite is substantially free of non-bentonite minerals.

[0122] In some embodiments, at least one mineral suspending agent is montmorillon. In some embodiments, the montmorillon is sourced from: Montmorency, Vienne, France; Belfort, Butte County, South Dakota; Cressper, near Newcastle, Crook County; and Strasbourg, Shenandoah County, Virginia. In some embodiments, montmorillonite is combined with other non-montmorillonite minerals, such as cristobalite, zeolite, biotite, quartz, orthoclase, dolomite, etc. In some embodiments, the montmorillonite is substantially free of non-montmorillonite minerals.

[0123] In some embodiments, at least one mineral suspending agent is sepiolite. In some embodiments, the sepiolite originates from the following locations: Little Cottonwood Canyon, Salt Lake County, Utah; Crestmore, Riverside County, California; Ashmedos, Nevada; and Cerro Mercado, Durango, Mexico. Sepiolite from Spain, Turkey, India, and China is also available. In some embodiments, the sepiolite is associated with other non-sepiolite minerals such as dolomite. In some embodiments, the sepiolite is substantially free of non-sepiolite minerals.

[0124] Organic suspending agents can suspend minerals in water. In some embodiments, organic suspending agents are combined with inorganic suspending agents to improve or alter their properties in water, aqueous liquids, or organic fluids such as oil.

[0125] In some embodiments, at least one additive is present in the dispersed phase and / or liquid phase of an aqueous suspension of solid particles. In some embodiments, at least one additive is a dispersant, wetting / dispersing agent, and / or neutralizing agent.

[0126] In some embodiments, the dispersant is selected from substances that are absorbed onto at least one mineral suspending agent in an aqueous environment and have the ability to depolymerize or stabilize a suspension of at least one mineral suspending agent. In some embodiments, the dispersant is selected from condensed phosphates, polyacrylates, organophosphonates, polysulfonates, sulfonated condensates, polymaleates, and polymers derived from natural products. In some embodiments, the clay dispersant is selected from polyanionic, polycationic, polynonionic, and polyamplitive dispersants used as dispersants.

[0127] In some embodiments, the dispersant is selected from tetrasodium pyrophosphate, sodium tripolyphosphate, condensed phosphate dispersants, and their sodium salts. In some embodiments, the dispersant is selected from silicates, quaternary ammonium compounds, petroleum, sulfonates, soda ash, and lime. In some embodiments, the silicate is selected from sodium silicate and potassium silicate. In some embodiments, the lime is selected from lime carbonate.

[0128] In some embodiments, the aqueous suspension comprises at least one wetting / dispersant in an amount ranging from 0.01% to 6% of the weight of at least one mineral suspending agent and solid particles. In some embodiments, this amount ranges from 0.05% to 4% or 0.1% to 3.5%. The choice of wetting / dispersant is not particularly limited and is sometimes added during the solid particle processing. In some embodiments, at least one suspending agent does not interfere with the wetting / dispersant added, for example, during solid particle processing.

[0129] In some embodiments, the wetting / dispersant foams little to no in water and has a structure including an organic portion capable of adsorbing onto the surface of suspended solid particles. For example, if the solid particles comprise organic particles (e.g., coal, peat, etc.), the wetting / dispersant has an electrically charged hydrophilic portion compatible with the continuous phase (e.g., water). For example, if the solid particles comprise inorganic particles, the wetting / dispersant has an organic portion capable of adsorbing onto the surface of inorganic particles (bauxite, iron ore, sand, copper, molybdenum, talc, titanium dioxide, calcium carbonate, potash, other industrial minerals, etc.) and an electrically charged hydrophilic portion compatible with the continuous phase (e.g., water).

[0130] In some embodiments, at least one wetting / dispersing agent is selected from polyanionic organic dispersants, polycationic organic dispersants, polynonionic organic dispersants, polyamphodic organic dispersants used as dispersants for organic (e.g., coal, peat, etc.) particles, and polyamphodic organic dispersants used as dispersants for inorganic (bauxite, iron ore, sand, copper, molybdenum, talc, titanium dioxide, calcium carbonate, potassium alkali, other industrial minerals, etc.) particles.

[0131] In some embodiments, at least one wetting / dispersing agent for the particles is selected from condensed naphthaldehyde sulfonate, polymeric salts of alkyl naphthalene sulfonic acid, polymeric substituted alkyl benzoate sulfonate, lignin sulfonate, and polyacrylate.

[0132] In some embodiments, the aqueous suspension includes at least one additive, such as a neutralizer.

[0133] In some embodiments, the aqueous phase of the aqueous liquid has a pH value of 2 to 13. In some embodiments, the pH ranges from 2 to 7, 4.5 to 9.5, or 7 to 13. In some embodiments, a neutralizing agent is used to adjust the pH.

[0134] In some embodiments, the neutralizing agent is selected from gypsum, slaked lime, ammonium nitrate, and aluminum sulfate. In some embodiments, the neutralizing agent is selected from sodium hydroxide, caustic soda, slaked lime, shell powder, limestone, quicklime, dolomite, beet lime, and calcium silicate. In some embodiments, the neutralizing agent is selected from aluminum sulfate, calcium chloride, lime sulfur, ferric sulfate, sulfuric acid, sulfur, and gypsum. In some embodiments, the neutralizing agent is selected from gypsum, slaked lime, ammonium nitrate, and aluminum sulfate.

[0135] In some embodiments, in addition to the additives described above, other additives are added to the aqueous suspension. In some embodiments, the additives are selected from substances added for treating solid particles or water sources. In some embodiments, at least one additive is a pH adjuster. Preparation of aqueous suspension

[0136] In some embodiments, the suspension is prepared by dispersing solid particles in an aqueous liquid by stirring in the presence of at least one mineral suspending agent. In some embodiments, stirring is carried out in the presence of one or more additives. In some embodiments, stirring is carried out in the presence of at least one wetting / dispersing agent and / or at least one clay dispersing agent.

[0137] The aqueous liquid, solid particles, and at least one mineral suspending agent are mixed in any order. In some embodiments, the aqueous liquid, solid particles, at least one mineral suspending agent, and / or optionally a dispersant for at least one mineral suspending agent, and / or optionally a wetting / dispersing agent for at least one solid particle, and / or one or more additional additives (neutralizing agents, at least one other solid substance, and other substances mentioned herein) are mixed in any order.

[0138] In some embodiments, both an aqueous liquid and solid particles are added to at least one mineral suspending agent. In some embodiments, both a mineral suspending agent and solid particles are added to an aqueous liquid.

[0139] In some embodiments, agitation is sufficient to substantially homogenize the aqueous suspension. In some embodiments, agitation is sufficient to homogenize the aqueous suspension. In some embodiments, homogenization enables solid particles to settle in a manner inconsistent with what Stokes' law of sedimentation predicts.

[0140] In some embodiments, the aqueous suspension is a heterogeneous aqueous suspension.

[0141] In some embodiments, stirring is mechanical. In some embodiments, stirring is selected from agitation, pumping, and grinding. In some embodiments, the amount of solid particles present is sufficient to exert shear force on the aqueous liquid and promote homogenization of the aqueous suspension. In some embodiments, stirring is the result of concrete drilling, ultrasonic dispersion, or cavitation.

[0142] In some embodiments, the mineral suspending agent is added in the form of powdered clay. In some embodiments, the powdered clay is dried before being added.

[0143] In some embodiments, the mineral suspending agent is added in the form of a pre-gel consisting of at least one mineral suspending agent and water. In some embodiments, the pre-gel consists of at least one mineral suspending agent at a weight percentage of 1% to 15% and the remainder water. In some embodiments, the pH value of the water is selected from values ​​disclosed herein for the liquid phase of aqueous suspensions. In some embodiments, the water includes at least one neutralizing agent selected from neutralizing agents disclosed herein for the liquid phase of aqueous suspensions.

[0144] In some embodiments, the mineral suspending agent is added in the form of a pre-dispersion consisting of at least one mineral suspending agent, a clay dispersant, and water. In some embodiments, the pre-dispersion consists of 1% to 45% by weight of at least one mineral suspending agent, 0.05% to 1.0% by weight of a clay dispersant, and the remainder water. In some embodiments, the pH value of the water is selected from values ​​disclosed herein for the liquid phase of aqueous suspensions. In some embodiments, the water includes at least one neutralizing agent selected from neutralizing agents disclosed herein for the liquid phase of aqueous suspensions.

[0145] In some embodiments, the aqueous suspension is prepared by adding a wetting agent / dispersant to an aqueous liquid; then adding at least one mineral suspending agent; and then adding solid particles under stirring.

[0146] In some embodiments, the aqueous suspension is prepared by the following steps: preparing a pre-gelled mineral suspending agent, adding a dispersant of at least one mineral suspending agent to the aqueous liquid; adding the pre-gelled agent to the slurry water; then adding at least one mineral suspending agent; and then adding solid particles under stirring.

[0147] In some embodiments, the aqueous suspension is prepared by the following steps: adding a clay dispersant and clay to an aqueous liquid while stirring and continuing to stir until the clay is dispersed to form a pre-dispersion, thereby preparing a mineral suspension in the form of a pre-dispersion; adding a dispersant for at least one mineral suspension to the aqueous liquid; adding the mineral suspension in the form of a pre-dispersion to the aqueous liquid; and adding solid particles while stirring. To make the aqueous suspension flow

[0148] Fuel flowing to a generator can potentially generate electricity. The generator can be stationary or portable; selected from stationary or portable hydroelectric generators, such as portable hydroelectric generators, optionally mounted on vehicles, such as for servicing other vehicles (including electric vehicles, such as electric vehicles whose battery stores less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 20%, 10%, 5%, or 1% of their battery storage capacity) (e.g., trailers); and combinations thereof.

[0149] Therefore, the generated electrical energy is transmitted directly or indirectly to one or more loads. The one or more loads are selected from batteries, such as: batteries in vehicles, including electric vehicles, including electric cars; batteries in homes, including batteries for household appliances (e.g., large computer storage facilities); batteries in buildings, including batteries for storing electrical energy for peak use or grid outages; batteries in inverters for converting AC to DC and DC to AC, batteries in alternators for generating AC; batteries in transformers; and combinations thereof. Optionally, said one or more loads may be connected to a power grid, a distribution network, such as residential (including individual residences), commercial (including individual commercial structures, such as buildings), transmission lines, or combinations thereof.

[0150] Aqueous suspensions enable long-distance mineral transport, which means that fuel consumption will increase (based on the increased specific gravity relative to the aqueous liquid itself) and the electrical energy generated by the generator. Transport is facilitated by adding an effective amount of at least one mineral suspending agent.

[0151] Solid particles in an aqueous suspension can flow toward or through two or more generators arranged in series and / or parallel.

[0152] In some embodiments, the solid particles are transported over a distance greater than or equal to 50 m. In some embodiments, this distance is greater than or equal to 0.600 km, 5 km, or 10 km. In some embodiments, this distance ranges from 40 km to 500 km, 100 km to 420 km, or 200 km to 380 km.

[0153] In some embodiments, transport includes flowing an aqueous suspension of solid particles in a conduit. In some embodiments, the conduit includes a pipeline, weir, U-shaped structure, mobile conveyor, and other structures for transporting water over a distance greater than 50 m. In some embodiments, the inner diameter of the pipe in the pipeline is at least 1.28 cm, 5 cm, or 300 cm. In some embodiments, the inner diameter of the pipe ranges from 1.28 cm to 200 cm, 5 cm to 100 cm, or 10 cm to 75 cm. In some embodiments, the conduit, pipeline, U-shaped structure, weir, mobile conveyor, and other structures for transporting water over a distance greater than 200 m have a lateral dimension of at least 1.28 cm, 5 cm, or 100 cm. In some embodiments, the lateral dimensions of the conduit, pipeline, U-shaped structure, weir, mobile conveyor, and other structures for transporting water over a distance greater than 50 m range from 1.28 cm to 300 cm, 10 cm to 200 cm, or 75 cm to 150 cm. The conduit may be configured to couple to allow fuel to flow through a generator.

[0154] In some embodiments, transport includes flowing an aqueous suspension of solid particles in a conduit such that the solid particles are transported over a distance. In some embodiments, transport includes flowing an aqueous suspension of solid particles in a conduit such that the solid particles are transported over a distance of at least 10m, 20m, 50m, 100m, or 1000m.

[0155] In some embodiments, transport includes pumping an aqueous suspension. In some embodiments, gravity and the placement of conduits further facilitate transport.

[0156] For example, aqueous suspensions (flowable slurries / mineral suspensions) can be lifted from the ground to almost any height by using pumps specifically designed for pumping mineral slurries. These pumps are described as centrifugal pumps, positive displacement pumps, and piston pumps. Other pumps not described may also be used. The size and horsepower of the pump depend on the specific gravity of the liquid and the height the mineral suspension is lifted. Compressed air can be used to assist the pump to reduce the cost of pumping aqueous suspensions to elevated tanks.

[0157] In some embodiments, the solid particles are transported back and reused via the same generator, for example using gravity and / or the pumps mentioned in this application. For example, water or slurry can be raised and stored in a tower for future release into a turbine generator to generate electricity.

[0158] In some embodiments, the aqueous suspension is stored in a container suitable for storing an aqueous suspension of solid particles. In some embodiments, the container is selected from conduits and transport containers (vehicles). In some embodiments, the transport container is selected from intermodal cargo containers, medium bulk transport containers, drums, containerized equipment, and dedicated transport containers suitable for aqueous suspensions of solid particles. Water storage towers are common in municipal, industrial, and agricultural applications. Water is pumped to the tower, and the resulting head pressure is used to supply water to the system being served at a relatively constant head pressure. For fluctuations in head pressure or turbidity in the fuel stream, a flywheel can be used to suppress fluctuations in the electricity generated by this method. In this invention, the slurry can be pumped and stored in the tower for future release into a turbine generator to generate electricity.

[0159] In some embodiments, one or more containers have a capacity ranging from a lower limit to an upper limit, wherein the lower limit is independently selected from 200, 500, 1000, 5000, or 10000 gallons, and the upper limit is independently selected from 50000, 100000, 200000, 500000, 1000000, 1500000, 2000000, or 4000000 gallons, for example, 200 to 50000 gallons, 10000 to 2000000 gallons, 1000 to 1000000 gallons, or 2000000 to 4000000 gallons. In some embodiments, one or more containers are open (e.g., for air) containers or closed containers (e.g., pressurized gas, such as by means of an air compressor, such as air occupying a portion of the closed container to facilitate flow). In some embodiments, one or more containers are used for municipal, industrial, residential, commercial, agricultural purposes, or a combination of the above purposes, such as towers or barrels. In some embodiments, one or more containers are used for commercial purposes and may be optionally mounted on vehicles, such as for servicing other vehicles (including electric vehicles, such as electric vehicles whose battery storage capacity is less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 20%, 10%, 5%, or 1%) (e.g., trailers). In some embodiments, one or more containers are combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the containers are configured with alternative energy sources, including, for example, solar panels or windmills associated with generators for alternative energy sources.

[0160] For example, a 2,000,000-gallon container can produce approximately 8.7 MW of iron ore in 2-3 hours. A 1,000,000-gallon or 500,000-gallon container will produce 1 / 2 or 1 / 4 of the wattage in the corresponding time.

[0161] In some embodiments, the flow is facilitated or caused by one or more of the following: gravity; pressure, such as air pressure above the aqueous suspension of solid particles in a closed container; a pump, such as a positive displacement pump or a piston pump; and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the solid particles of the aqueous suspension are returned to the same or different containers for reuse via the same or different generators or another set of generators. load

[0162] As mentioned above, the load can be resistive, capacitive, or inductive.

[0163] In some embodiments, the power generation is used for one or more of the following: charging residential AC outlets, such as 110V, 220V, 440V or combinations thereof; DC fast charging (DCFC), such as along corridors, optionally at fixed stations, private or public places, including shops (grocery stores, merchandise stores, service stores, etc.), theaters, coffee shops, and combinations thereof; DCFC for batteries of communities or electric vehicles, such as along highways and roads, optionally via battery towers; for peak use in communities, such as to alleviate peak use of electricity on sources such as the power grid; or in conjunction with other renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, natural gas, coal or nuclear power.

[0164] It's important to emphasize that part of the reason diesel trucks exist is the inability to build charging stations. Chargers are expensive, and gas stations (diesel refueling stations) are not substations. Therefore, under the current circumstances, it seems impractical to have no alternative for electric trucks and vehicles. For convenience, placing the system at truck stops or gas stations seems preferable.

[0165] Figure 1A A system and method are illustrated. The fuel is fuel flowing to a generator to generate electricity for one or more loads.

[0166] Figure 1B A system and method are illustrated. Fuel 10 is added to a container 20 for storing fuel 10 so that it flows through a conduit 25 to one or more power sources 30 connected in series or parallel, or a combination thereof. The electricity can be used to supply loads 40 and / or to the power grid, which can be used to supply additional loads 43. The fuel flowing to generate electricity is recyclable fuel 15, which is returned to container 20 via a return conduit 27 for reuse.

[0167] The method and system used as an alternative power source have been disclosed.

[0168] Example

[0169] Theoretically, the energy that water can gain upon falling can be expressed as follows: P th =ρqgh. in, P th =Theoretical available power (W); ρ = density (kg / m³) 3 (Water is approximately 1000 kg / m³) 3 ); q = water flow rate (m) 3 / s); g = gravitational acceleration (9.81 m / s²) 2 ); h = Falling height, head (m). Example - Hydropower

[0170] Theoretically, the flow rate is 1m 3 The power that can be provided by a water drop of 100m per second can be calculated as follows: P = (1000 kg / m³) 3 (1m) 3 / s)(9.81m / s 2 (100m) =981000W = 981kW / sec. By using 5200 kg / m 3 The density of water is increased by suspending hematite minerals, as shown above: P = (2353 kg / m³) 3 (1m) 3 / s)(9.81m / s 2 (100m) =2308kW / sec. Compared to hydropower, the power generation is increased by 235%. Therefore, in this example, the battery's storage density is 235% higher than that of an equal volume of water.

[0171] Water towers and reservoirs can be designed in various forms. A typical large water tower can store 7,570 cubic meters of water (2 million US gallons). If a water tower can store 7,570 cubic meters of hematite slurry and supply it to a generator at a feed rate of 1 cubic meter per second, it can generate 8.308 megawatts per hour. At a feed rate of 1 cubic meter per second, 7,570 cubic meters of mineral suspension will supply the turbine for 126 minutes (2.10 hours). The total energy stored in the 7,570 cubic meter reservoir will reach 17.446.8 megawatts within 126 minutes.

[0172] The same water tower can generate 3.531 megawatts of electricity per hour, or 7.416 megawatts of electricity in 126 minutes.

[0173] This type of system can be built as a standalone storage facility or integrated into the construction of high-rise buildings or residences, for example, as emergency power storage. Grid operators can manage multiple systems (through software or artificial intelligence) to balance local or regional short-term demand during peak periods.

[0174] It is foreseeable that electricity supplied from one or more systems to meet peak demand will be sold at peak demand rates, resulting in a higher return on investment for the systems. Systems can be charged during periods of lower grid demand. Recharging of systems can sometimes be achieved by pumping stored mineral suspensions to higher storage points or by using pumps or gravity (from higher to lower locations) to redirect them to another generator. Charging electric vehicles used for transportation will place significant demands on the grid. As more electric vehicles enter transportation networks, the energy consumed in charging lithium-ion batteries is substantial. It is estimated that 504 megawatts of electricity would be needed in the United States alone to convert highway truck traffic from diesel power to lithium-ion stored electrical energy. This will require new renewable generation capacity, as clean energy stored in batteries, to be distributed to these vehicles through the grid system / region. This estimate does not include automobiles.

[0175] Charging electric vehicles used for transportation will place high demands on the power grid. As more and more electric vehicles enter the transportation network, the energy consumed in charging lithium batteries is enormous. Passenger vehicle charging is categorized into the following three levels.

[0176] Level 1

[0177] Level 1 devices are charged via a standard residential 120-volt (120V) AC outlet. A Level 1 charger may take 40-50+ hours to charge a BEV (Battery Electric Vehicle) from empty to 80%, while a PHEV (Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle) may take 5-6 hours.

[0178] Level 2

[0179] Level 2 devices provide higher-speed AC charging via 240V (in residential applications) or 208V (in commercial applications) power services and are commonly used in homes, workplaces, and public charging facilities. A Level 2 charger can charge a BEV to 80% in 4-10 hours and a PHEV to 80% in 1-2 hours.

[0180] DC Fast Charging (DCFC)

[0181] DC Fast Charging (DCFC) equipment provides fast charging along busy corridors of the installed stations. DCFC equipment can charge a BEV to 80% in just 20 minutes to 1 hour.

[0182] Level 2 and DCFC devices have been deployed in various public places, such as grocery stores, theaters, or coffee shops, which places high demands on the power grid system.

[0183] Current grid-powered DCFC systems are inefficient at converting AC (alternating current) power to DC (direct current) power. The concept of battery towers using locally generated electricity can produce DC power for fast charging of vehicles at truck docks or direct connection to local communities. This system can significantly reduce the electricity demand on the renewable energy grid. Direct connection to home charging stations operating on DC will lower costs for consumers, making electric vehicles more affordable.

[0184] Because many modern devices operate internally as direct current (DC), alternating current (AC) is subsequently converted back to DC via each device's adapter. This double energy conversion, which results in up to 30% energy loss, can be eliminated if the building's power distribution is converted to DC. Battery designs will then allow them to discharge at DC, which is more efficient for charging car and truck batteries.

[0185] For example, in high-rise buildings, one or more elevators generate pressurized air that can be used to move fuel to, for example, higher levels for use or to generate electricity. Containers within the building are located on, for example, higher floors, where gravity can be used to generate electricity.

[0186] For example, in a residence, a pump can be used to flow fuel to, for example, a high place (e.g., an attic or roof) for use or to generate electricity. Containers in a residence may be located in places where gravity can be used to generate electricity, for example, when needed (e.g., in a shortage or emergency) or when desired (e.g., during peak demand periods from the relevant power grid).

[0187] The production of renewable energy varies depending on the availability of sunlight or wind. The availability of renewable energy does not always meet the needs of the energy grid.

[0188] This system and method can be used from other sources, whether or not they are renewable.

[0189] Solar energy is only available for a limited number of hours each day. When there is no sunlight, grid demand can peak. Weather conditions can inhibit solar energy collection, making large-scale storage even more necessary for the use of solar energy. Figure 2 This indicates the time shift of solar energy.

[0190] Wind energy is more stable than solar energy, but it still has the same problems associated with the variability of wind or the complete absence of wind to drive wind turbines. Figure 3 This indicates a constant output of wind energy.

[0191] As systems become increasingly complex, they become more suitable for control by artificial intelligence computer systems. For example, in some embodiments, algorithms may extrapolate, interpolate, or otherwise simulate the electricity use of one or more electricity consumers or systems. The algorithm outputs, the model, and the results of applying the algorithm to a dataset are considered. These models can automate decision-making through artificial intelligence. In some cases, these models are machine learning models trained on a sample dataset that serves as the basis for real-world predictions. While supervised machine learning (classical machine learning) is possible, unsupervised or reinforcement-based machine learning tends to be a way to automate large numbers of consumers and energy grids. Open-source machine learning frameworks are available.

[0192] Example

[0193] A structure comprising a container capable of storing 1000 gallons of aqueous suspension. Iron ore (72% by weight of the suspension) and... (0.04% by weight of iron ore) is added to a container along with water, either for immediate use or for storage. When electricity is needed or desired, the aqueous suspension flows through pipes with an inner diameter of 1-3 inches to a generator, which powers the load, charges the lithium-ion battery, and adds unused electricity to the grid. During peak hours (utility charges), the battery powers the structural load. During off-peak hours, a pump transports the aqueous suspension to the original container or a second container. The second container is either of the same or different structural design. The aqueous suspension in the second container can then be used to fuel another generator, thus powering the same or other loads. In this sense, this example represents a container network and generators that can be used to power various loads in the same or different structural designs. Maintaining a smaller distance between the generator and the load is more efficient than grid-powered loads and prevents the energy losses inherent in long-distance power transmission.

[0194] Example

[0195] A multi-layered structure with a container capable of storing 10,000 gallons of aqueous suspension. Iron ore (88% by weight of the suspension) and... (0.10 w / w% of iron ore) is added to a container along with water, either for immediate use or for storage. When electricity is needed or desired, the aqueous suspension flows under gravity through pipes with an inner diameter of 2-6 inches to a generator, which powers the load and charges rare-earth batteries and / or lithium-ion batteries. During peak hours (utility electricity rates), the batteries are used to power the building's loads, or the fuel flows under gravity to a second generator located on a lower floor. During off-peak hours, a pump transports the aqueous suspension to either the original container or a second container (on the same floor). The second container is either of the same or different construction. The aqueous suspension in the second container can then be used to fuel another generator, thus powering the same or other loads. In this sense, this example is a network of containers and generators that can be used to power various loads in the same or different constructions. Maintaining a smaller distance between the generator and the load is more efficient than grid-connected loads and prevents the energy losses inherent in long-distance power transmission. The multi-story building could be an office building or a data storage center for multiple computers.

[0196] Example

[0197] The pipeline is approximately 150 miles long, and uses... Phosphate (50-70% of the suspension weight) is transported from high altitude to low altitude (below 2000 feet) at a rate of 0.06 w / w of iron ore. The pipeline is reconfigured to have intermittent outlets, allowing some of the aqueous suspension to flow through generators (one per outlet) to provide power, but returning the aqueous suspension to the pipeline. When power is needed or desired, the aqueous suspension flows through the outlets into the generator via 1-6 inch inner diameter pipes, which powers the load and / or charges and / or lithium-ion batteries.

[0198] There are wind farms along and near the pipeline, which turn propellers when the wind is strong enough. By using electricity generated from the flow of phosphate through the pipeline, the network of electricity generated by the pipeline and wind farms makes it possible to power the community with fewer batteries (compared to wind farms) or no batteries at all.

[0199] Example

[0200] Solar panels operate for approximately nine hours a day, and intermittently during the day due to interruptions such as storms and clouds. Demand is typically higher at night or during periods of disruption.

[0201] A 2,000,000-gallon container contains iron ore (85% by weight of the suspension) and (Containing 0.10% of the iron ore by weight), these can be added upon use or stored for future use. When electricity is needed or desired, the aqueous suspension flows under gravity through pipes with an inner diameter of 2-6 inches to a generator, which powers the equipment's load and, if not in use, charges the rare-earth batteries and / or lithium-ion batteries. During the operation of the solar generator (uninterrupted daytime), the solar energy returns the suspension to a container for reuse, after which the batteries are charged or the solar energy powers the facility's load.

[0202] Example

[0203] An electric vehicle is located miles from a power source in the desert, and its battery needs charging. A service truck is transporting a generator and a 500-gallon sealed container containing iron ore and... The truck contains an aqueous suspension of solid particles. An air compressor uses air or nitrogen to pressurize the top of the suspension, causing it to flow through a generator and return to the container. This pressurization is achieved by a battery powering the air compressor on the service truck. The electric vehicle's battery is fully charged, allowing it to continue driving to its destination. Additionally, the truck has a battery-powered flywheel sufficient to suppress head pressure fluctuations as fuel flows from the sealed fuel tank.

[0204] The dispatcher of the aforementioned service truck could have dispatched a second truck, just like the one already dispatched, but the second service truck's pressurization was powered by a gas generator that supplies electricity to the air compressor. Based on the remote location of the faulty electric vehicle, the dispatcher refused to select a third truck that would draw power from another grid (solar, natural gas).

[0205] The dispatcher is selecting an efficient system. Using compressed air generated from the turbine shaft to pump the aqueous suspension back to the top of the sealed container can improve the efficiency of container-based power generation. An air compressor is added to the turbine shaft to generate high-pressure air. This high-pressure air can be used to pressurize the container, thereby lifting the aqueous suspension. An air-driven positive displacement pump or centrifugal pump can provide additional lifting force to return the aqueous suspension to the container. The second truck is less environmentally friendly. The third truck relies on other sources of electricity.

[0206] Example

[0207] This power generation method involves flowing fuel to one or more generators to produce electrical energy, and then transmitting the generated electrical energy directly or indirectly to one or more loads. The fuel comprises an aqueous suspension of solid particles, which include iron ore and... Furthermore, the specific gravity of these solid particles ranges from 0.9 g / cm³. 3 Up to 6g / cm 3Consumers can achieve energy savings by bringing the electricity generated by this method closer to one or more loads.

[0208] This method is used for networks with one or more renewable power supplies, such as hydropower, wind power, solar power, or a combination thereof.

[0209] One aspect of the invention is any system or network that practices the methods disclosed in this application.

[0210] By considering the specification and embodiments of the invention disclosed in this application, those skilled in the art will understand other embodiments of the invention. The specification and embodiments are to be considered exemplary only, and the true scope and spirit of the invention are indicated by the appended claims.

Claims

1. A method for generating electricity using an energy storage system for renewable energy, characterized in that, include: Fuel flows to a generator to produce electricity; and The generated electrical energy is transmitted directly or indirectly to one or more loads; The fuel comprises water or an aqueous suspension of solid particles in an aqueous liquid; optionally, the specific gravity of the solid particles is in the range of 0.9 g / cm³. 3 Up to 6g / cm 3 1.9g / cm 3 Up to 6.0 g / cm 3 2.5g / cm 3 Up to 5.5 g / cm 3 Or 3.4g / cm 3 Up to 4.8 g / cm 3 .

2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, The aqueous suspension of the solid particles comprises solid particles in an aqueous liquid, the aqueous suspension containing at least one suspending agent and / or optionally at least one additive, particularly, the at least one suspending agent being at least one mineral suspending agent, particularly, the at least one additive being at least one wetting / dispersing agent and / or at least one neutralizing agent in the dispersed phase and / or liquid phase, and optionally, wherein when the at least one suspending agent is present, the amount of the at least one suspending agent present ranges to 0 relative to the total weight of the at least one suspending agent and the solid particles. The amount is 0.025% to 0.125% by weight, particularly 0.028% to 0.113%, 0.030% to 0.100%, 0.033% to 0.092%, or 0.085% to 0.036%; and optionally, when the at least one additive is present, the amount of the at least one additive present ranges from 0.01% to 6.0% by weight relative to the total weight of the at least one additive, the at least one suspending agent, and the solid particles, particularly 0.05% to 4.0% or 0.1% to 3.5%.

3. The method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that, The aqueous liquid is water; The liquid includes water and at least one other liquid; The amount of water present is greater than 50% v / v relative to the total volume of the water plus the volume of at least one other liquid, for example, the amount is greater than 60% v / v, 70% v / v, 96% v / v, or 99% v / v, or the amount ranges from 75% to 95% v / v or 80% to 90% v / v; and Optionally, the aqueous liquid contains at least one other solid substance. For example, the at least one other solid substance may be miscible with a component of the aqueous liquid phase, such as water, or the at least one other solid substance may not be miscible with a component of the aqueous liquid phase. For example, the at least one other solid substance may be added to the water source or during the collection of the solid particles.

4. The method according to claim 3, characterized in that, The at least one other liquid is an organic liquid, such as an organic liquid selected from silicones, hydrocarbons and alcohols. For example, the at least one other organic liquid is selected from ethylene glycol or silicone, or the at least one other liquid is miscible with water or at least partially miscible with water.

5. The method according to any one of claims 1-4, characterized in that, The water is from freshwater or saltwater sources, such as brackish or saltwater, including sources selected from saltwater ponds, seawater, ocean water, lakes, ponds, municipal water supply, tap water, and groundwater.

6. The method according to any one of claims 1-5, characterized in that, The solid particles are defined as solid particles (%w / w) comprising 5% to 95% of the total dry weight of the aqueous liquid plus the solid particles. For example, the amount of the solid particles present in the aqueous suspension ranges from 10% to 90% w / w relative to the total dry weight of the water plus the solid particles. For example, the amount is 20% to 85% w / w, 15% to 80% w / w, 20% to 70% w / w, or 25% to 60% w / w.

7. The method according to any one of claims 1-6, characterized in that, The solid particles comprise at least one mineral suspending agent, such as palygorskite, sepiolite, palygorskite, bentonite, chlorite, montmorillonite clay minerals such as illite, lithium montmorillonite and saponite, chlorite and bedeite; and iron ore; and in particular, palygorskite substantially free of non-palygorskite minerals and iron ore.

8. The method according to any one of claims 1-7, characterized in that, The generator is: Fixed or portable; Selected from stationary or portable hydroelectric generators, such as portable hydroelectric generators, optionally mounted on vehicles, such as vehicles (e.g. trailers) used to serve other vehicles (including electric vehicles, such as electric vehicles whose battery stores less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 20%, 10%, 5%, or 1% of the electric vehicle's battery storage capacity); and combinations thereof.

9. The method according to any one of claims 1-8, characterized in that, The one or more loads are selected from batteries, such as: batteries in vehicles, including electric vehicles, including electric cars; batteries in homes, including batteries for household appliances (e.g., large computer storage facilities); batteries in buildings, including batteries for storing electrical energy for peak use or grid outages; batteries in inverters for converting alternating current to direct current and vice versa; batteries in alternating current generators for generating alternating current; batteries in transformers; and combinations thereof; wherein one or more loads are optionally connected to a power grid, a distribution network, such as residential (including individual residences), commercial (including individual commercial structures, such as buildings), transmission lines, or combinations thereof.

10. The method according to any one of claims 1-9, further comprising: Prior to flow, an aqueous suspension of the solid particles is stored in one or more portable or stationary containers for supplying the fuel to the generator to produce electricity.

11. The method according to claim 10, characterized in that, One or more containers The capacity has a range from a lower limit to an upper limit, wherein the lower limit is independently selected from 200, 500, 1000, 5000 or 10000 gallons, and the upper limit is independently selected from 50000, 100000, 200000, 500000, 1000000, 1500000, 2000000 or 4000000 gallons, for example 200 to 50000 gallons or 10000 to 2000000 gallons or 1000 to 1000000 gallons or 2000000 to 4000000 gallons; The one or more containers are open (e.g., for air) containers or closed containers (e.g., pressurized gas, such as by means of an air compressor, causing the gas (e.g., air) to occupy a portion of the closed container, thereby promoting flow); the one or more containers are for municipal, industrial, residential, commercial, agricultural purposes or a combination of the above purposes, such as towers, barrels and tanks; The one or more containers are for commercial purposes and may be optionally mounted on a vehicle, such as for servicing other vehicles (including electric vehicles, such as electric vehicles whose battery stores less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 20%, 10%, 5%, or 1% of their battery storage capacity) (e.g., trailers) or combinations thereof.

12. The method according to claim 10 or 11, characterized in that, The flow is aided or caused by one or more of the following: gravity; Pressure, such as the air pressure above an aqueous suspension of the solid particles in a closed container; Pumps, such as positive displacement pumps or piston pumps; or combinations thereof.

13. The method according to any one of claims 1-12, characterized in that, The electricity generated is used for one or more of the following: Charging with a residential AC outlet, such as 110V, 220V, or 440V or a combination thereof; and / or, DC fast charging (DCFC), for example, along corridors optionally at fixed stations, private or public places, including shops (grocery stores, merchandise stores, service stores, etc.), theaters, coffee shops and combinations thereof; for example along highways and roads, optionally via battery towers for batteries of communities or electric vehicles; for example for peak use in communities to alleviate peak use of electricity on sources such as the power grid; for example working in conjunction with other renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, natural gas, coal or nuclear power.

14. The method according to any one of claims 1-13, characterized in that, The power generation method is combined with one or more power supplies, particularly renewable power supplies, such as hydropower, wind power, solar power, or combinations thereof.

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