Power transmission line iron tower FBG sensing monitoring system and method

Abstract

The invention discloses a power transmission line iron tower FBG sensing monitoring system and method, and relates to the technical field of power transmission line monitoring, and the system comprises an FBG sensing optical cable which is installed on a power transmission line iron tower and is used for monitoring the physical parameters of the power transmission line iron tower; the demodulation equipment is used for demodulating the central wavelength of each FBG grid point and calculating a corresponding temperature and / or strain value according to a preset calibration coefficient; the OPGW optical cable erected on the power transmission line transmits a sensing optical signal generated by the FBG sensing optical cable to demodulation equipment; and the transmission link is used for guiding the sensing optical signal into a standby optical fiber. Physical parameters of the power transmission line iron tower are monitored through the FBG sensing optical cable; the transmission link guides the sensing optical signal into a standby optical fiber arranged in the OPGW optical cable and transmits the sensing optical signal generated by the FBG sensing optical cable to demodulation equipment; and demodulating the central wavelength of each FBG grid point through demodulation equipment, and calculating a corresponding value according to a preset calibration coefficient.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] The application belongs to the technical field of transmission line monitoring, and particularly relates to a transmission line tower FBG sensing monitoring system and method. BACKGROUND

[0002] The transmission line tower is an important infrastructure of the power system, and the structural health state thereof is directly related to the safe and stable operation of the power grid. Long-term exposure to complex and harsh natural environment, the tower may be tilted, deformed or even collapsed due to factors such as foundation settlement, structural corrosion, material fatigue, icing, strong wind, external damage, etc., causing huge economic losses and social impact. Therefore, it is crucial to perform real-time and effective state monitoring on the transmission line tower.

[0003] At present, the tower monitoring mainly adopts manual inspection, video monitoring and online monitoring based on various sensors. Among them, the online monitoring method based on sensors can provide more continuous and more accurate data.

[0004] For example, patent CN106643651A discloses a transmission tower inclination monitoring system based on a wireless sensor network. The technical scheme of the invention is to install a wireless inclination sensor, a data collector and a communication module on the tower, and to transmit data back to the monitoring center through wireless means such as GPRS. However, this scheme has obvious defects:

[0005] 1) Wireless sensors usually need to be powered by batteries or solar energy. The battery life is limited and difficult to replace, and the solar power supply has low reliability in bad weather, increasing the maintenance cost and workload. According to statistics, the annual maintenance cost of such a system may increase by about 20% due to this;

[0006] 2) Wireless communication may be unstable in strong electromagnetic interference environment or remote mountainous areas, resulting in a data loss rate of more than 15% in extreme weather;

[0007] 3) Electrical sensors (such as strain gauges and inclinometers) are susceptible to electromagnetic interference, and there are insulation and safety hazards in high-voltage environments.

[0008] In order to overcome the shortcomings of electrical sensors, the prior art proposes to use optical fiber sensors. For example, patent CN204373818U discloses a system for strain monitoring of a tower using a specially laid sensing optical cable. The technical scheme of the invention utilizes the advantages of optical fiber sensors in terms of electromagnetic interference resistance and intrinsic safety, but requires a separate sensing optical cable to be laid along the transmission line for signal transmission, resulting in a huge amount of work and high construction cost, especially when implementing the modification on the existing line. It is estimated that the cost of laying a dedicated sensing optical cable is about 30% higher than the scheme using existing facilities.

[0009] Therefore, the prior art generally exists problems of high deployment cost, difficult maintenance, unreliable power supply, unstable communication or the need for additional communication line laying, etc., and it is difficult to meet the demand of large-scale, low-cost and high-reliability deployment of the on-line monitoring system of the power transmission line tower, and a FBG sensing monitoring system and method of the power transmission line tower are needed to solve the above problems. SUMMARY

[0010] The technical problem to be solved by the present application is to solve the deficiencies in the prior art and design a new FBG sensing monitoring system of the power transmission line tower. The FBG sensing optical cable is used to monitor the physical parameters of the power transmission line tower, the transmission link is used to guide the sensing optical signal into the spare optical fiber arranged in the OPGW optical cable and transmit the sensing optical signal generated by the FBG sensing optical cable to the demodulation device, and the demodulation device is used to demodulate the center wavelength of each FBG grating point and calculate the corresponding temperature and / or strain value according to the preset calibration coefficient.

[0011] The FBG sensing optical cable is used to monitor the physical parameters of the power transmission line tower, the transmission link is used to guide the sensing optical signal into the spare optical fiber arranged in the OPGW optical cable and transmit the sensing optical signal generated by the FBG sensing optical cable to the demodulation device, and the demodulation device is used to demodulate the center wavelength of each FBG grating point and calculate the corresponding temperature and / or strain value according to the preset calibration coefficient.

[0012] A novel system architecture is proposed, which fully utilizes the existing OPGW network resources, and the specific transmission link composed of the sensor lead optical cable and the interface device is used to guide the sensing optical signal generated by the FBG sensing optical cable installed on the tower into the spare optical fiber of the OPGW optical cable, and then transmit it to the remote demodulation device for analysis.

[0013] The application adopts the following scheme to solve the technical problem:

[0014] A FBG sensing monitoring system of the power transmission line tower,

[0015] characterized in that it comprises:

[0016] a FBG sensing optical cable installed on the power transmission line tower,

[0017] The FBG sensing optical cable is used to monitor the physical parameters of the power transmission line tower.

[0018] a demodulation device,

[0019] The demodulation device is used for demodulating the center wavelength of each FBG grating point, and calculating the corresponding temperature and / or strain value according to a preset calibration coefficient;

[0020] The OPGW optical cable for power transmission line erection contains a spare optical fiber inside,

[0021] The spare optical fiber is used for transmitting the sensing optical signal generated by the FBG sensing optical cable to the demodulation device;

[0022] Transmission link,

[0023] The transmission link is used for guiding the sensing optical signal into the spare optical fiber.

[0024] As a preferred embodiment of the present application,

[0025] The transmission link contains a lead-out optical cable and an interface device,

[0026] The lead-out optical cable is led out from the FBG sensing optical cable,

[0027] The interface device is used for optically connecting the lead-out optical cable and the spare optical fiber.

[0028] As a preferred embodiment of the present application,

[0029] The interface device is arranged in a special joint box near the power transmission line tower or the tower base.

[0030] As a preferred embodiment of the present application,

[0031] The FBG sensing monitoring system further contains a data processing unit connected with the demodulation device,

[0032] The data processing unit is used for analyzing the information of the physical parameters and evaluating the structural health state of the power transmission line tower.

[0033] As a preferred embodiment of the present application,

[0034] The FBG sensing monitoring system further contains a display unit, which is used for visually displaying the analysis results and evaluation state of the data processing unit.

[0035] As a preferred embodiment of the present application,

[0036] The data processing unit contains a pre-warning module, which is used for sending alarm information to the operation and maintenance personnel.

[0037] As a preferred embodiment of the present application,

[0038] The physical parameters of the power transmission line tower monitored by the FBG sensing optical cable at least include temperature and / or strain.

[0039] As a preferred embodiment of the present application,

[0040] The FBG sensing optical cable is arranged in series or in parallel on the tower.

[0041] As a preferred embodiment of the present application,

[0042] The optical connection includes fusion splicing or connector docking.

[0043] A power transmission line tower FBG sensing monitoring method, comprising the following steps:

[0044] Step S1: installing and fixing the FBG sensing optical cable on the power transmission line tower;

[0045] Step S2: constructing a transmission link,

[0046] Connecting the lead-out optical cable with the interface device installed on the tower, and optically connecting the interface device with the standby optical fiber;

[0047] Step S3: transmission and demodulation of the sensing optical signal,

[0048] comprising step S30 and step S31,

[0049] Step S30: injecting probe light from the demodulation device to the standby optical fiber, receiving the sensing optical signal reflected back from the FBG sensing optical cable via the standby optical fiber, the interface device and the lead-out optical cable,

[0050] Step S31: demodulating the returned sensing optical signal by the demodulation device to obtain the wavelength information of the FBG sensing optical cable;

[0051] Step S4: data processing and state evaluation,

[0052] Converting the demodulated wavelength information into physical parameters, analyzing the physical parameter data by the data processing unit, and evaluating the structural health state of the power transmission line tower;

[0053] Step S5: result output and early warning,

[0054] Visualizing the analysis results and evaluation state, triggering early warning when detecting abnormality, and sending alarm information to the operation and maintenance personnel.

[0055] Compared with the prior art, the present application has the following beneficial effects:

[0056] 1、The system of the present application utilizes the existing OPGW spare optical fiber to transmit sensing signals, greatly reducing the cost while simplifying the deployment.

[0057] The existing OPGW (optical fiber composite overhead ground wire) spare optical fiber resource in the widely laid power transmission line is ingeniously utilized to transmit the monitoring data of the FBG (fiber Bragg grating) sensing optical cable, avoiding the problem that in the traditional scheme, a power supply line and a communication line (whether optical cable or wireless base station) need to be laid separately for the sensor, resulting in high initial construction cost and difficult maintenance in the later period. By utilizing the OPGW spare optical fiber, the system of the present application avoids the need to add an independent communication link, making it more convenient and economical to upgrade and transform the existing line into an intelligent line, thereby significantly reducing the initial construction cost and the maintenance cost of the system.

[0058] 2、The system of the present application adopts passive FBG sensing combined with OPGW transmission to improve the reliability and intrinsic safety of the system.

[0059] The passive FBG sensor is used for sensing physical parameters (such as temperature and strain), and the passive nature of the FBG sensor eliminates the need for power supply on the tower, has the characteristics of strong anti-electromagnetic interference ability and no need for power supply on the tower, improves the reliability and safety of the system in harsh environments and high-voltage environments, and fundamentally solves the problems of traditional electrical sensors being easily disturbed and wireless sensors relying on batteries or solar power supply resulting in limited service life and poor reliability in bad weather.

[0060] The sensing optical signal is transmitted over a long distance through the high-reliability OPGW optical cable, further ensuring the stability and quality of data transmission. The combination of passive sensing and reliable transmission makes the system of the present application have higher reliability and intrinsic safety in harsh environments such as high voltage and strong electromagnetic interference of power lines.

[0061] 3、The system of the present application realizes an efficient monitoring scheme integrating sensing and communication, which is easy to implement and promote.

[0062] The system of the present application proposes a novel system architecture, which fully utilizes the existing OPGW network resources, and through the specific transmission link composed of the sensor leading optical cable and the interface device, the sensing optical signal generated by the FBG sensing optical cable installed on the tower is introduced into the spare optical fiber of the OPGW optical cable, and then transmitted to the remote demodulation equipment for analysis.

[0063] The design integrates the sensing network and the existing communication infrastructure of the power system, realizes the integration of sensing and signal transmission, simplifies the system structure, and can be used for intelligent upgrading of the built line, is relatively simple in engineering implementation, is conducive to large-scale popularization and application, and is helpful to improving the overall monitoring level and intelligent degree of the power grid. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0064] Figure 1 A structural schematic diagram of a power transmission line tower FBG sensing and monitoring system is provided for the present application;

[0065] Figure 2 A schematic diagram of the layout position of the FBG sensing optical cable on the tower in the power transmission line tower FBG sensing and monitoring system is provided for the present application;

[0066] Figure 3 A structural schematic diagram of an interface device of the power transmission line tower FBG sensing and monitoring system is provided for the present application;

[0067] Figure 4 A flow chart of a power transmission line tower FBG sensing and monitoring method is provided for the present application;

[0068] Figure 5 A structural block diagram of a power transmission line tower FBG sensing and monitoring system is provided for the present application;

[0069] Figure 6 A structural block diagram of a transmission link of a power transmission line tower FBG sensing and monitoring system is provided for the present application.

[0070] BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0071] 1 - a power transmission line tower,

[0072] 2 - an FBG sensing optical cable,

[0073] 3 - a lead-out optical cable,

[0074] 4 - an OPGW optical cable,

[0075] 41 - a spare optical fiber,

[0076] 5 - an interface device,

[0077] 6 - a demodulation device,

[0078] 7 - a transmission link,

[0079] 8 - a data processing unit,

[0080] 9 - a display unit,

[0081] 10 - a pre-warning module. Detailed Implementation

[0082] The specific embodiments of the present invention are described below with reference to the accompanying drawings and examples:

[0083] It should be noted that the structures, colors, proportions, sizes, etc. shown in the accompanying drawings are only used to complement the content disclosed in the specification, so that those skilled in the art can understand and read them, and are not intended to limit the conditions under which the present invention can be implemented. Any modifications to the structure, changes in the proportions, or adjustments to the size, without affecting the effects and objectives that the present invention can produce, should still fall within the scope of the technical content disclosed in the present invention.

[0084] At the same time, in the description of the present invention, it should be understood that the terms "one end", "the other end", "middle", "upper", "side", "top", "inner", "front", "center", "both ends", etc., indicate the orientation or positional relationship based on the orientation or positional relationship shown in the drawings, and are only for the convenience of describing the present invention and simplifying the description, and do not indicate or imply that the device or element referred to must have a specific orientation, or be constructed and operated in a specific orientation, and therefore should not be construed as a limitation of the present invention.

[0085] Furthermore, the terms "first," "second," "third," and "fourth" are used for descriptive purposes only and should not be construed as indicating or implying relative importance or implicitly specifying the number of technical features indicated. Thus, a feature defined as "first," "second," "third," or "fourth" may explicitly or implicitly include at least one of those features.

[0086] In this invention, unless otherwise explicitly specified and limited, the terms "installation," "setting," "connection," "fixing," "screw connection," etc., should be interpreted broadly. For example, they can refer to a fixed connection, a detachable connection, or an integral part; they can refer to a mechanical connection or an electrical connection; they can refer to a direct connection or an indirect connection through an intermediate medium; they can refer to the internal connection of two components or the interaction between two components. Unless otherwise explicitly limited, those skilled in the art can understand the specific meaning of the above terms in this invention according to the specific circumstances.

[0087] like Figure 1 , Figure 2 , Figure 3 , Figure 5 As shown, this invention proposes an FBG sensor monitoring system for transmission line tower 1, which is used to monitor the structural health status of transmission line tower 1 by transmitting sensor signals through OPGW optical cable 4.

[0088] The system of the present application comprises at least one FBG sensing optical cable 2 installed on the power transmission line tower 1, a demodulation device 6, an OPGW optical cable 4 erected on the power transmission line, and a transmission link 7. The system uses the following process: first, the physical parameters of the power transmission line tower 1 are monitored by the FBG sensing optical cable 2; then the sensing optical signal is introduced into the spare optical fiber 41 arranged inside the OPGW through the transmission link 7; the sensing optical signal generated by the FBG sensing optical cable 2 is transmitted to the demodulation device 6 through the spare optical fiber 41; finally, the center wavelength of each FBG grating point is demodulated by the demodulation device 6, and the corresponding temperature and / or strain value is calculated according to the preset calibration coefficient.

[0089] In the present embodiment, the physical parameters of the power transmission line tower 1 monitored by the FBG sensing optical cable 2 at least include temperature and / or strain, so that FBG sensing optical cables sensitive to both temperature and strain can be selected, or strain FBG sensing optical cables 2 with temperature-insensitive packaging are used in combination with separate temperature FBG sensing optical cables 2 for temperature compensation, so that only the temperature and / or strain of the power transmission line need to be monitored. For example, the operating wavelength range of the FBG sensing optical cable 2 can be selected in the communication window of 1525nm to 1565nm.

[0090] As shown in Figure 2 , the FBG sensing optical cable 2 can be arranged at the key structural parts of the tower, such as the connection between the tower base and the foundation, the middle part of the main material, or the area near the important node plate where stress concentration or deformation is easy to occur.

[0091] In addition, one or more FBG sensing optical cables 2 can be installed on a single tower according to the monitoring needs of the tower, and the FBG sensing optical cables 2 can be connected in series or in parallel through optical fiber fusion or other methods to form a sensing network.

[0092] The key technical means of the system of the present application is to utilize the OPGW optical cable 4 erected on the power transmission line itself. Generally, the OPGW optical cable 4 contains multiple optical fiber cores, in addition to the cores used for power system communication, there are often spare optical fibers 41. The system of the present application utilizes the above-mentioned spare optical fibers 41 to transmit the FBG sensing signal.

[0093] The transmission link 7 of the system of the present application connects the FBG sensing optical cable 2 on the tower with the spare optical fiber 41 in the OPGW optical cable 4 to transmit the sensing optical signal.

[0094] As shown in Figure 3 and Figure 6 , the transmission link 7 comprises:

[0095] 1. One or more FBG sensing optical cables 3, and one end of the FBG sensing optical cable 3 is connected to the FBG sensing optical cable 2 or the end of the sensing network, and the other end is led to the appropriate position on the tower. In addition, according to the climate conditions of the field of the use area, it is required that the optical cable needs to have good mechanical protection performance and weather resistance.

[0096] 2. An interface device 5, which is installed in a special joint box near the tower frame or the tower base. The function of the interface device 5 is to realize reliable optical connection between the FBG sensing optical cable 3 and the standby optical fiber 41 drawn from the main cable of the OPGW optical cable 4.

[0097] The interface device 5 can be one or more low-loss optical fiber connectors, such as FC / APC, SC / APC type; or a fusion splice box for protecting the optical fiber after fusion splicing; or an optical splitter for connecting multiple sensing branches.

[0098] In order to ensure signal quality, the insertion loss of the interface device 5 is preferably less than 0.5 dB, and the return loss is better than -50 dB.

[0099] Specifically, the interface device 5 can be installed at the cross arm or the tower leg. The standby optical fiber 41 is drawn from the OPGW optical cable 4 through the OPGW splice box.

[0100] The sensing optical signal (optical signal containing FBG reflection spectrum information) enters the standby optical fiber 41 (for example, a single-mode optical fiber of G.652.D type) of the OPGW optical cable 4 through the FBG sensing optical cable 3 and the interface device 5. Since the OPGW optical cable 4 is laid along the power transmission line, the signal can be directly transmitted to the substation at the end of the line or the designated monitoring center through the standby optical fiber 41.

[0101] The demodulation device 6 is deployed in the existing remote monitoring center of the substation. When in use, a broadband light source is emitted by the demodulation device 6 into the standby optical fiber 41 of the OPGW optical cable, and the optical signal is reflected at the grating point of the FBG sensing optical cable 2 on the tower, and the reflected optical signal carrying wavelength information returns to the demodulation device 6 along the original path through the standby optical fiber 41. The demodulation device 6 accurately demodulates the center wavelength of each FBG grating point through high-speed spectral analysis technology, and calculates the corresponding temperature and / or strain value according to the preset calibration coefficient.

[0102] The preset calibration coefficient includes a temperature calibration coefficient and a strain calibration coefficient. The temperature calibration coefficient reflects the degree of influence of temperature change on the center wavelength of the FBG, which is generally the ratio of the wavelength change to the temperature change; the strain calibration coefficient reflects the influence of the deformation degree of the tower material on the center wavelength of the FBG, which is generally the ratio of the wavelength change to the strain change.

[0103] The demodulation device 6 can directly select the FBG demodulator on the market, which is simple and convenient to use, and the operation process and technical means are very perfect and can be directly used.

[0104] The FBG sensing monitoring system also includes a data processing unit 8, which can be integrated in the server or industrial computer of the monitoring center, for analyzing the information of physical parameters and evaluating the structural health state of the power transmission line tower 1.

[0105] Specifically used for storing, analyzing and visualizing the physical parameter data output by the demodulation device 6. By setting threshold, trend analysis, or using artificial intelligence algorithms such as machine learning model to deeply mine the data, the evaluation of the structural state of the tower inclination, settlement, key part stress, icing load, etc. can be realized, and the abnormality can be found in time and the warning can be sent out.

[0106] The FBG sensing monitoring system also includes a display unit 9 for visualizing the analysis results and evaluation state of the data processing unit 8, and the display unit 9 can directly select the display screen in the monitoring center, which can visualize the monitoring results and evaluation state.

[0107] The data processing unit 8 includes a warning module 10 for sending warning information to the operation and maintenance personnel. When the data processing unit 8 detects that the tower material related data is abnormal, the warning mechanism in the warning module 10 is triggered, and the warning information is sent to the operation and maintenance personnel. Communication is realized by using the existing communication equipment in the monitoring center, without the need for separate design.

[0108] A FBG sensing monitoring method for a power transmission line tower 1, comprising the following steps:

[0109] Step S1: Install the fixed FBG sensing optical cable 2 at the predetermined detection position on the power transmission line tower 1, determine the number and specific position of the sensing optical cable according to the need, and complete the laying and protection of the sensing optical cable tail fiber.

[0110] Step S2: Construct a transmission link 7,

[0111] Connect the outgoing optical cable 3 of the FBG sensing optical cable 2 with the interface device 5 installed on or near the tower, and optically connect the interface device 5 with the standby optical fiber 41 drawn from the OPGW optical cable 4;

[0112] The specific connection can be achieved by fusion or connector docking. Fusion generates high temperature by electrode discharge of fusion machine, melts and cools the optical fiber end face, and forms an integrated structure with atomic level combination, which has the characteristics of low loss, high stability and strong mechanical strength, and is suitable for the scene with high requirements for signal attenuation and reliability in the system.

[0113] The connector docking utilizes a precise mechanical structure to align the end faces of the two optical fibers, achieving transmission of optical signals, and has the advantages of plug and play and support for hot plugging.

[0114] Step S3: transmission and demodulation of the sensing optical signal,

[0115] comprising step S30 and step S31,

[0116] Step S30: injecting probe light from the demodulation device 6 of the remote monitoring center to the standby optical fiber 41 of the OPGW optical cable 4, receiving the sensing optical signal that reaches the FBG sensing optical cable 2 via the standby optical fiber 41, the interface device 5, and the lead-out optical cable 3 and is reflected back;

[0117] Step S31: demodulating the returned sensing optical signal by the demodulation device 6 to obtain the wavelength information of the FBG sensing optical cable 2.

[0118] Step S4: data processing and state evaluation,

[0119] Converting the demodulated wavelength information into physical parameters such as temperature and strain, analyzing the physical parameter data by the data processing unit 8, and evaluating the structural health state of the power transmission line tower 1.

[0120] For example, the following problems are analyzed:

[0121] 1. Whether the physical parameter exceeds the preset safety threshold?

[0122] 2. Trend analysis of long-term data to identify the degradation trend of the structural performance.

[0123] 3. Compensate the strain data with the temperature data to obtain the true structural stress / strain.

[0124] 4. Evaluate the overall health state index of the tower using algorithm models such as finite element model calibration and AI models.

[0125] Step S5: result output and early warning,

[0126] Visualize the analysis results and evaluation state, trigger an early warning when an anomaly is detected, and send an alarm message to the operation and maintenance personnel.

[0127] The preferred embodiments of the present application are described in detail above with reference to the accompanying drawings, but the present application is not limited to the above-described embodiments, and those skilled in the art can understand that the above-described embodiments are only for illustrating the preferred embodiments of the present application, and are not intended to limit the scope of the present application, and various changes can be made within the knowledge of those skilled in the art without departing from the purpose of the present application. Any modification, equivalent replacement, improvement, etc. made within the spirit and principle of the present application shall be included in the protection scope of the present application. For example, the specific structural form of the sensing optical cable, the specific model selection of each module in the field unit, the specific protocol of wireless communication, the specific algorithm implementation of sag reconstruction and state identification on the remote server, etc. can be adjusted according to actual needs.

[0128] Many other changes and modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the application. It should be understood that the application is not limited to the specific embodiments described herein, but only limited by the claims.

Claims

1.A kind of transmission line tower FBG sensing monitoring system, characterized in that Including: FBG sensing optical cable (2) is installed on transmission line tower (1), The FBG sensing optical cable (2) is used to monitor the physical parameters of transmission line tower (1); Demodulation device (6), The demodulation device (6) is used to demodulate the center wavelength of each FBG grid point, and calculate the corresponding temperature and / or strain value according to the preset calibration coefficient; Transmission line erection OPGW optical cable (4), the OPGW optical cable (4) contains spare optical fiber (41) inside, The spare optical fiber (41) is used to transmit the sensing optical signal generated by the FBG sensing optical cable (2) to the demodulation device (6); Transmission link, The transmission link is used to guide the sensing optical signal into the spare optical fiber (41). 2.The transmission line tower FBG sensing monitoring system of claim 1, Characterized in that, The transmission link includes a lead-out optical cable (3) and an interface device (5), The lead-out optical cable (3) is led out from the FBG sensing optical cable (2), The interface device (5) is used to optically connect the lead-out optical cable (3) and the spare optical fiber (41). 3.The transmission line tower FBG sensing monitoring system of claim 2, Characterized in that, The interface device (5) is arranged in a special joint box on the transmission line tower (1) or near the tower base. 4.The transmission line tower FBG sensing monitoring system of claim 3, Characterized in that, The FBG sensing monitoring system further includes a data processing unit connected to the demodulation device (6), The data processing unit is used to analyze the information of the physical parameters and evaluate the structural health status of the transmission line tower (1). 5.The transmission line tower FBG sensing monitoring system of claim 4, Characterized in that, The FBG sensing monitoring system further includes a display unit, which is used to visually display the analysis results and evaluation status of the data processing unit. 6.The transmission line tower FBG sensing monitoring system of claim 5, Characterized in that, The data processing unit includes a warning module, which is used to send warning information to the operation and maintenance personnel. 7.The transmission line tower FBG sensing monitoring system of claim 1, Characterized in that, The physical parameters of the transmission line tower (1) monitored by the FBG sensing optical cable (2) at least include temperature and / or strain. 8.The transmission line tower FBG sensing monitoring system of claim 1, Characterized in that, The FBG sensing optical cable (2) is provided with multiple FBG sensing optical cables, and the FBG sensing optical cables are arranged in series or in parallel on the tower. 9.The transmission line tower FBG sensing monitoring system of claim 2, Characterized in that, The optical connection includes fusion or connector docking. 10.A transmission line tower FBG sensing monitoring method, Using the transmission line tower FBG sensing monitoring system of claim 6, characterized in that Including the following steps: Step S1: install the FBG sensing optical cable (2) on the power transmission tower (1); Step S2: build the transmission link, Connect the drop cable (3) with the interface device (5) installed on the tower, and optically connect the interface device (5) with the spare optical fiber (41); Step S3: transmission and demodulation of sensing optical signal, Comprising steps S30 and S31, Step S30: inject probe light from the demodulation device (6) to the spare optical fiber (41), receive the sensing optical signal reflected back from the FBG sensing optical cable (2) via the spare optical fiber (41), the interface device (5), and the drop cable (3), Step S31: demodulation device (6) demodulates the returned sensing optical signal to obtain the wavelength information of the FBG sensing optical cable (2); Step S4: data processing and state evaluation, Convert the demodulated wavelength information into physical parameters, analyze the physical parameter data through the data processing unit, and evaluate the structural health state of the power transmission tower (1); Step S5: result output and early warning, Visualize the analysis results and evaluation state, and trigger an early warning when an anomaly is detected, sending an alarm message to the operation and maintenance personnel.

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