Systems and methods associated with dynamic thermal and pressure control of battery pack

Abstract

An example embodiment includes: a battery pack having a plurality of battery pack modules, each battery pack module including a plurality of battery pack cells; a pressure control system configured to provide a fluid having a target fluid pressure that achieves a target pressure to be applied to a respective battery cell of the battery module; and a thermal control system configured to supply coolant to the battery pack module to achieve the target temperature.

Description

[0001] Cross-reference to related applications This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 446,793, filed February 17, 2023, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference as if fully set forth in this specification. Background Technology

[0002] Battery packs are used in many applications, including consumer electronics, electric vehicles, robots, and grid storage devices. A battery pack undergoes numerous charge and discharge cycles throughout its lifespan.

[0003] The example battery pack includes several battery pack modules, each with a corresponding number of battery cells. The battery pack may heat up during charging, and especially during fast charging rates (e.g., high coulomb rates). Furthermore, the battery pack may heat up significantly during periods of high demand.

[0004] High temperatures reduce battery pack lifespan and may increase the risk of thermal runaway events, such as intense exothermic chain reactions within the battery pack and events that could lead to an uncontrolled self-heating state that could result in the ejection of gases, debris, and / or particles. Therefore, cooling the battery pack may be desirable to reduce its temperature, for example, during fast charging or when demand on the battery pack is high. Cooling during charging can improve charge transfer efficiency and reduce battery pack degradation, allowing the battery pack to maintain its capacity throughout its lifespan.

[0005] In some cases, it may be desirable to operate the battery pack above a specific temperature to optimize battery pack performance. In these cases, it may be desirable to heat the battery pack to a specific temperature. Therefore, a thermal control system that maintains the battery pack within the desired temperature range may be desired.

[0006] Traditional battery pack thermal control systems can control the temperature of the entire battery pack (e.g., ensuring all battery modules operate at the same temperature). However, in traditional battery pack thermal systems, coolant flow is in series, so battery modules and cells closer to the coolant inlet tend to be cooler than those further away. Therefore, it may be desirable to have a battery pack thermal control system capable of independently controlling the respective temperatures of each individual battery module. This allows for a more uniform temperature rise or fall, for example, across all modules.

[0007] Furthermore, in some cases, a battery pack can have low mechanical stability. For example, a battery pack can swell during operation (e.g., during high charge or discharge rate operation), which can lead to failure (e.g., a thermal runaway event or release of toxic gases). As such, it can be desirable to optimize battery pack performance to avoid such failures. As such, it can be desirable to apply pressure to a battery pack to maintain its stability and enhance its performance. Relative to these and other considerations, the disclosure made herein is presented. SUMMARY

[0008] The present disclosure describes implementations relating to systems and methods associated with dynamic thermal and pressure control of a battery pack.

[0009] In a first example implementation, the present disclosure describes a thermal control system for a battery pack having a plurality of battery pack modules. The thermal control system includes: a coolant supply system configured to supply a hot coolant and a cold coolant; a thermal management control module configured to set a target temperature for each battery pack module of the battery pack; and a plurality of temperature control units, each temperature control unit configured to control a temperature of a respective battery pack module independently of other battery pack modules of the battery pack, wherein a temperature control unit of the plurality of temperature control units includes: (i) one or more valves; and (ii) a valve control unit configured to control actuation of the one or more valves based on an actual temperature and the target temperature of the respective battery pack module. The one or more valves are configured to control a flow of the hot coolant and the cold coolant received from the coolant supply system, and wherein the temperature control unit is configured to supply a mixture of the hot coolant and the cold coolant to the respective battery pack module to achieve the target temperature.

[0010] In a second example implementation, the present disclosure describes a pressure control system. The pressure control system includes: a battery pack having a plurality of battery pack modules, each battery pack module including a plurality of battery pack cells; a fluid supply system; a pressure management control module configured to set a target pressure to be applied to respective battery pack cells of each battery pack module of the battery pack via fluid from the fluid supply system; and a plurality of pressure control units, each pressure control unit configured to control the pressure applied to respective battery pack cells of a respective battery pack module independently of other battery pack modules of the battery pack, wherein a pressure control unit of the plurality of pressure control units includes: (i) a pressure control valve; and (ii) a valve control unit configured to control actuation of the pressure control valve to provide fluid having a target fluid pressure that achieves the target pressure to be applied to the respective battery pack cells.

[0011] In a third example implementation, the present disclosure describes a vehicle. The vehicle includes the thermal control system of the first example implementation and the pressure control system of the second example implementation. The vehicle includes a fluid supply system configured to provide fluid to the pressure control system and coolant to the thermal control system.

[0012] The foregoing summary is illustrative only and is not intended to be in any way limiting. In addition to the illustrative aspects, implementations, and features described above, additional aspects, implementations, and features will become apparent in connection with the figures and the following detailed description. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0013] Figure 1 is a block diagram of a vehicle in accordance with an example embodiment of the present application.

[0014] Figure 2 is a block diagram of a system for thermal and pressure control of a battery pack in accordance with an example embodiment of the present application.

[0015] Figure 3 is a block diagram of another system for thermal and pressure control of a battery pack in accordance with an example embodiment of the present application.

[0016] Figure 4 is a block diagram illustrating a thermal control system in accordance with an example embodiment of the present application.

[0017] Figure 5 is a block diagram illustrating a coolant supply system in accordance with an example embodiment of the present application.

[0018] Figure 6 is a block diagram illustrating another coolant supply system in accordance with an example embodiment of the present application.

[0019] Figure 7 is a block diagram illustrating a thermal control unit in accordance with an example embodiment of the present application.

[0020] Figure 8 is a block diagram illustrating another thermal control unit in accordance with an example embodiment of the present application.

[0021] Figure 9 is a block diagram of a diagnostic module in accordance with an example embodiment of the present application.

[0022] Figure 10 is a block diagram of a pressure control system in accordance with an example embodiment of the present application.

[0023] Figure 11 is a block diagram illustrating a fluid supply system in accordance with an example embodiment of the present application.

[0024] Figure 12is a block diagram showing another fluid supply system according to an exemplary embodiment of the present application.

[0025] Figure 13 is a block diagram of a pressure control unit according to an exemplary embodiment of the present application.

[0026] Figure 14 shows a pressure mechanism configuration for applying pressure to individual battery cells according to an exemplary embodiment of the present application.

[0027] Figure 15 shows a pressure mechanism configuration for applying the same pressure to battery cells of a battery module according to an exemplary embodiment of the present application.

[0028] Figure 16 shows another pressure mechanism configuration for applying pressure to battery cells of a battery module according to an exemplary embodiment of the present application. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0029] Disclosed herein are systems and methods for thermal and pressure control of a battery pack. The disclosed systems and methods are applicable to any type of battery pack (e.g., lithium-ion battery pack, battery pack with silicon alloy / graphite hybrid anode combined with nickel-rich lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide as a cathode, lithium metal battery pack, etc.).

[0030] The disclosed systems can be used for any device or application that uses a battery pack. For example, the battery pack can be used to power an electric motor of a vehicle, including but not limited to a ground vehicle (i.e., a vehicle), a marine vehicle (e.g., a boat), or an aircraft (e.g., an aerial, a floating, a soaring, a hovering, an airborne, an aerospace vehicle, an airplane, a plane, a spacecraft, a helicopter, a dirigible, or an unmanned aerial vehicle, a vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) aircraft, or a drone). The disclosed embodiments of the present application can be used in any of these applications to achieve advantages such as operating individual battery modules at respective desired temperatures, reducing the likelihood of thermal runaway events, enhancing battery pack capacity, reducing internal ohmic resistance of the battery pack over its lifetime, reducing capacity fade over the lifetime of the battery pack, and maintaining robust packaging of the battery pack.

[0031] Figure 1is a block diagram of a vehicle 100 according to exemplary embodiments of the present application. In some embodiments, and as noted above, the vehicle 100 can be a VTOL, which can use electric hover, takeoff, and / or land. It should be appreciated that in other embodiments, the vehicle 100 can be any other type of vehicle that can take advantage of the present application, such as a ground vehicle (i.e., a car), a sea vehicle (e.g., a boat), or an aircraft (e.g., an aerial, a floating, a soaring, a hovering, an airborne, an aerospace vehicle, an airplane, a plane, a spacecraft, a helicopter, a blimp, or an unmanned aerial vehicle, or a drone).

[0032] In some embodiments, the vehicle 100 can include one or more propellers and rotors for driving the vehicle, such as the propellers 102, 104 and the lift rotors 122, 124, 126, and 128 shown. Each propeller can be configured as, for example, a tilt rotor, a lift rotor, or any other type of rotor. In other embodiments, instead of one or more propellers for driving the vehicle, the vehicle 100 can include one or more turbine engines, one or more tires, one or more ski-structures, etc. Figure 1

[0033] The first propeller 102 can be driven by a gearbox 106, which in turn is driven by one or more electric machines, such as, for example, a propeller electric machine 108, a propeller electric machine 110, and a propeller electric machine 112. Similarly, the second propeller 104 is driven by a gearbox 114, which in turn is driven by one or more electric machines, such as a propeller electric machine 116, a propeller electric machine 118, and a propeller electric machine 120. In some embodiments, the electric machines can be electric motors.

[0034] The vehicle 100 can also include a plurality of lift rotors, such as, for example, a plurality of lift rotors that can facilitate vertical takeoff and landing of the vehicle 100. For example, the vehicle 100 can include a lift rotor 122, a lift rotor 124, a lift rotor 126, and a lift rotor 128.

[0035] The lift rotor 122 is driven by a gearbox 130, which in turn is driven by an electric machine 132. The lift rotor 124 is driven by a gearbox 134, which in turn is driven by an electric machine 136. The lift rotor 126 is driven by a gearbox 138, which in turn is driven by an electric machine 140. The lift rotor 128 is driven by a gearbox 142, which in turn is driven by an electric machine 144.

[0036] ​In one embodiment, each of the above-described electric machines can include one or more respective electric machine controllers integrated therewith. For example, the lift motor 132 has one or more electric machine controllers 146 integrated therewith.

[0037] In some embodiments, the various electric machines of the vehicle 100 can be electric motors driven by power provided by a battery pack 148 having a plurality of battery pack modules. As Figure 1 As depicted, the battery pack 148 can have“n” number of battery pack modules, such as battery pack module 150, battery pack module 152, battery pack module 154, and battery pack module 156. Each battery pack module can include a housing or enclosure for housing a plurality of battery pack cells arranged in rows and / or columns.

[0038] The battery pack 148 is configured to store power and provide power to the various electric motors upon command by a respective energy management system of the vehicle 100. Specifically, in example implementations, the vehicle 100 can have a plurality (“m”) of energy management systems (EMS) 158 that are in communication with the battery pack modules 150-156. The EMS 158 is configured as an electronic regulator that monitors and controls the charging and discharging of the battery pack modules 150-156.

[0039] In examples, the EMS 158 is configured to measure the voltage of the battery pack modules 150-156 and stop charging them when a desired voltage is reached. The EMS 158 can also monitor and control parameters of the battery pack modules 150-156. For example, the EMS 158 monitors and controls the main power voltage, battery or cell voltage, charge and discharge rates, etc. of the battery pack modules 150-156.

[0040] The vehicle 100 can also include a plurality of contactor control units (CCUs), such as CCU 160, CCU 162, CCU 164, and CCU 166, that are electrically coupled to the battery pack modules 150-156 and in communication with the EMS 158. In one embodiment, as Figure 1 depicted, each CCU is coupled to a respective one of the battery pack modules 150-156. A contactor is an electrically controlled switch used to switch power circuits. The CCU can control actuation of the contactor to allow power to flow into and out of the respective battery pack module. For example, the EMS 158 controls the flow of power into and out of the battery pack modules 150-156 based on power demands from the various electric motors and controls the CCUs accordingly to enable power flow from particular battery pack modules as needed.

[0041] The vehicle 100 can be configured to include a distributed electric propulsion system configured to provide energy to the vehicle 100 via the power transmission system to power the plurality of propellers and lift rotors. In particular, the vehicle 100 can include a redundant distribution module 168 in communication with the EMS 158 and electrically coupled to the battery pack modules 150-156 via respective CCUs 160-166 and configured to provide power to the plurality of electric motors of the vehicle 100 via transmission lines.

[0042] The EMS 158 and the redundant distribution module 168 can provide redundancy in the vehicle 100 such that if, for example, one propeller or one lift rotor fails, power can be distributed to other propellers or lift rotors to maintain operation of the vehicle 100.

[0043] The vehicle 100 can also include a thermal control system 170. As described in greater detail below, the thermal control system 170 is configured to control a temperature level of each battery pack module of the battery pack 148 to maintain safety and enhanced operation of the battery pack 148. As an example, safe operation can include controlling the temperature of each battery pack module to be below a first threshold temperature and above a second threshold temperature (i.e., within a target temperature range) to increase a useful life of the battery pack module, prevent overheating, prevent battery pack module failure, etc.

[0044] Different battery pack modules can be independently operated at different temperature ranges as needed. Moreover, the temperature range can dynamically change based on changes in the environmental and internal conditions of the respective battery pack module during operation of the battery pack module.

[0045] The vehicle 100 can also include a pressure control system 172. As described in greater detail below, the pressure control system 172 can be configured to apply pressure to the battery cells of the battery pack modules to enhance a capacity of the battery pack 148, reduce an internal ohmic resistance of each battery pack module / cell, increase an efficiency of each battery pack module, etc. In examples, the pressure control system 172 can apply a respective pressure to each battery pack module that is different than the pressure applied to other battery pack modules. In some examples, the pressure control system 172 can apply a respective pressure to each battery cell in a battery pack module that is different than the pressure applied to other battery cells of that battery pack module. Moreover, the pressure level can dynamically change based on changes in the environmental and internal conditions of the respective battery pack module / cell during operation of the battery pack module / cell.

[0046] In example embodiments, the thermal control system 170 and the pressure control system 172 can be included in the EMS 158 or can be in communication with the EMS 158. Further, in example embodiments, the thermal control system 170 and the pressure control system 172 can share components (e.g., can share a fluid supply system and fluids supplied therefrom).

[0047] Figure 2 is a block diagram of a system 200 for thermal and pressure control of the battery pack 148 according to example embodiments of the present application. The system 200 can have a thermal control system 201 that includes a coolant supply system 202. The term "coolant" is used herein generally to indicate a gas (e.g., air) or a liquid (e.g., hydraulic oil, water, glycol, etc.). The thermal control system 201 can represent, for example, the thermal control system 170.

[0048] As described in greater detail below, the coolant supply system 202 can provide hot and / or cold coolant to other components of the thermal control system 201, which then controls the flow of coolant to the battery pack 148 and its respective battery pack modules to control the respective temperatures of the battery pack modules, respectively.

[0049] The system 200 can also include a pressure control system 203 that has a fluid supply system 204. The term "fluid" is used herein generally to indicate a gas or a liquid. The pressure control system 203 can represent, for example, the pressure control system 172.

[0050] As described in greater detail below, the fluid supply system 204 can provide fluid to other components of the pressure control system 203, which then controls the flow of fluid to the respective battery pack modules to control the pressure levels applied to each battery pack module or its respective individual cells, respectively.

[0051] In some example embodiments, the thermal control system and the pressure control system can share the fluid supply system.

[0052] Figure 3 is a block diagram of another system 300 for thermal and pressure control of the battery pack 148 according to example embodiments of the present application. The system 300 can include a fluid supply system 302 that is configured to provide both coolant to a thermal control system 304 and fluid to a pressure control system 306. For example, the thermal control system 304 can represent the thermal control system 170. Further, for example, the pressure control system 306 can represent the pressure control system 172. With this configuration, the thermal control system 304 and the pressure control system 306 can share components of the fluid supply system 302 (e.g., fluid, pumps or compressors, fluid reservoirs, etc.).

[0053] Figure 4is a block diagram illustrating a thermal control system 400 according to an example embodiment of the application. The thermal control system 400 can represent, for example, any of the thermal control systems 170, 201, 304.

[0054] The thermal control system 400 can include a coolant supply system 402. The coolant supply system 402 represents, for example, the coolant supply system 202 or the fluid supply system 302. The coolant supply system 402 can be configured to provide hot coolant through a hot fluid line 404 and cold coolant through a cold fluid line 406. The term "fluid line" is used throughout the disclosure to encompass any fluid path, for example, a pipe, a channel, a tube, or a hose, by way of example.

[0055] The coolant supply system 402 supplies cold coolant and hot coolant to respective temperature control units (TCUs) that control temperature levels in respective battery pack modules. For example, the thermal control system 400 includes a TCU 408 configured to control the temperature of the battery pack module 150, a TCU 410 configured to control the temperature of the battery pack module 152, and a TCU 412 configured to control the temperature of the battery pack module 156. While only three battery pack modules and three TCUs are shown, it should be understood that any number of battery pack modules can be provided in the battery pack 148, as represented by the ellipsis 413, and each battery pack module has a respective TCU that independently controls the temperature level in the battery pack module.

[0056] Each of the TCUs 408-412 receives temperature sensor information from a temperature sensor (e.g., a thermocouple) disposed within the respective battery pack module that indicates the temperature of the battery pack module. For example, the TCU 408 receives temperature sensor information from a temperature sensor within the battery pack module 150 via a sensor signal line 414, the TCU 410 receives temperature sensor information from a temperature sensor within the battery pack module 152 via a sensor signal line 416, and the TCU 412 receives temperature sensor information from a temperature sensor within the battery pack module 156 via a sensor signal line 418.

[0057] The thermal control system 400 can also include a thermal management control module 420. The term "module" is used generically herein to include software, hardware, or a combination of software and hardware components. The thermal management control module 420 can include one or more processors along with memory and programmable input / output peripherals. The processors can include general purpose processors (e.g., single core microprocessors or multi-core microprocessors) or special purpose processors (e.g., digital signal processors, graphics processors, or application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) processors). The processors can be configured to execute computer readable program instructions (CRPI) to perform the operations described throughout. In addition to or as an alternative to software coded functionality (e.g., via CRPI), the processors can be configured to perform hard coded functionality.

[0058] The thermal management control module 420 can be configured to set a respective desired temperature or target temperature for each battery pack module and provide such target temperature to the respective TCU. For example, the thermal management control module 420 provides a target temperature for the battery pack module 150 to the TCU 408 via signal line 422, a target temperature for the battery pack module 152 to the TCU 410 via signal line 424, and a target temperature for the battery pack module 156 to the TCU 412 via signal line 426.

[0059] The thermal management control module 420 can also provide a command signal to the coolant supply system 402 via signal line 428. The command signal can indicate whether the coolant supply system 402 is to supply coolant to the TCUs 408-412 and can also indicate a coolant flow rate to be supplied to the TCUs 408-412.

[0060] Each of the TCUs 408-412 can control an amount of cold coolant or hot coolant flowing to the respective battery pack module based on the target temperature set by the thermal management control module 420 and an actual temperature of the battery pack module. The coolant then discharged from the TCU can flow through the respective diagnostic module, which then provides the coolant to the respective battery pack module to achieve the target temperature.

[0061] In particular, in some example embodiments, the TCU 408 is configured to control a mixture of hot coolant received via the hot fluid line 404 and cold coolant received via the cold fluid line 406 to provide coolant at a particular desired temperature. This coolant is then provided to the diagnostic module 432 via the mixed fluid line 430, which then provides the coolant to the battery pack module 150 via the fluid line 434.

[0062] In some example embodiments, the coolant is then discharged from the battery pack module 150 and returned to the diagnostic module 432 via a return line 436. The diagnostic module 432 then provides the returned fluid to the TCU 408 via a fluid line 438, and the TCU 408 in turn provides the fluid back to the coolant supply system 402 via a reservoir return line 440. As described in greater detail below, the diagnostic module 432 can include several sensors that indicate the state of the coolant via a signal line 441 to enable the TCU 408 to determine whether the system is operating as expected.

[0063] Similarly, in some example embodiments, the TCU 410 is configured to control a mixture of hot coolant received via the hot fluid line 404 and cold coolant received via the cold fluid line 406 to provide coolant at a particular desired temperature. This coolant is then provided to the diagnostic module 444 via a mixed fluid line 442, which then provides the coolant to the battery pack module 152 via a fluid line 446.

[0064] In some example embodiments, the coolant is then discharged from the battery pack module 152 and returned to the diagnostic module 444 via a return line 448. The diagnostic module 444 then provides the returned fluid to the TCU 408 via a fluid line 450, and the TCU 408 in turn provides the fluid back to the coolant supply system 402 via a reservoir fluid line 452. The diagnostic module 444 can include several sensors that indicate the state of the coolant via a signal line 453 to enable the TCU 410 to determine whether the system is operating as expected.

[0065] Similarly, in some example embodiments, the TCU 412 is configured to control a mixture of hot coolant received via the hot fluid line 404 and cold coolant received via the cold fluid line 406 to provide coolant at a particular desired temperature. This coolant is then provided to the diagnostic module 456 via a mixed fluid line 454, which then provides the coolant to the battery pack module 156 via a fluid line 458.

[0066] The coolant is then discharged from the battery pack module 156 and returned to the diagnostic module 456 via a return line 460. The diagnostic module 456 then provides the returned fluid to the TCU 412 via a fluid line 462, and the TCU 408 in turn provides the fluid back to the coolant supply system 402 via a reservoir fluid line 464. The diagnostic module 456 can include several sensors that indicate the state of the coolant via a signal line 466 to enable the TCU 412 to determine whether the system is operating as expected.

[0067] The components of the thermal control system 400 can be configured to operate in an interconnected manner with each other and / or with other components coupled to the respective system. One or more of the operations or components of the described thermal control system 400 can be divided into additional operations or physical components, or combined into fewer operations or physical components. In some further examples, additional operations and / or physical components can be added to the thermal control system 400. Still further, any of the components or modules of the thermal control system 400 can include or be provided in the form of a processor (e.g., a microprocessor, a digital signal processor, etc.) configured to execute program code including one or more instructions for implementing the logical operations described herein.

[0068] The thermal control system 400 can also include any type of computer readable medium (non-transitory medium) or memory for storing program code, e.g., a storage device such as including a magnetic disk or hard disk, that when executed by one or more processors, causes the thermal control system 400 to perform the operations described above. In examples, the thermal control system 400 can be included in other systems.

[0069] Further, modules depicted as separate from each other can be integrated together. For example, the diagnostic module 432 can be included in the TCU 408. In another example, at least some of the operations of the TCU 408 can be implemented in the coolant supply system 402.

[0070] The coolant supply system 402 can have different configurations. Figure 5 is a block diagram illustrating a coolant supply system 500 according to an example embodiment of the present application. For example, the coolant supply system 500 can represent the coolant supply system 402.

[0071] The coolant supply system 500 can have a coolant tank or coolant reservoir 502 configured to store coolant (e.g., ethylene glycol) at low pressure. The coolant supply system 500 can also include a pump 504. In example embodiments, the pump 504 is an electric pump, e.g., driven by an electric motor that receives commands from the thermal management control module 420. The pump 504 can be configured to draw fluid from the coolant reservoir 502 and provide fluid flow via a first fluid line 506 and a second fluid line 508.

[0072] The coolant supply system 500 can include a heating element 510 and a cooling element 512. The heating element 510 can be configured to heat coolant received from the pump 504 via the first fluid line 506 to a particular temperature.

[0073] The heating element 510 can be any device that generates and / or radiates heat. For example, the heating element 510 can be configured to convert electrical energy to heat through a Joule heating process. Electrical current passing through the heating element 510 encounters resistance, causing the heating element 510 to heat up. In another example, the heating element 510 can be a heat source generated elsewhere in the vehicle 100 (e.g., from an electric motor or controller). In another example, the heating element 510 can be a thermoelectric heat pump. The heating element 510 can be disposed proximate or around the hot fluid line 404 to heat the coolant flowing therein.

[0074] The cooling element 512 can be configured to reduce the temperature of the coolant received from the pump 504 via the second fluid line 508 to cool the coolant to a particular temperature. The cooling element 512 can be any device that absorbs heat. In an example, the cooling element 512 can involve vapor-compression refrigeration, in which a refrigerant undergoes phase changes similar to an air conditioning system. In another example, the cooling element 512 can involve thermoelectric cooling, which utilizes the Peltier effect to generate a heat flux at the junction of two different types of materials. For example, such a cooling element can include a solid-state active heat pump that transfers heat from one side of the device to the other depending on the direction of electrical current, with the consumption of electrical energy. The cooling element 512 can be disposed proximate or around the cold fluid line 406 to reduce the temperature of the coolant flowing therein.

[0075] In an example embodiment, rather than using separate heating and cooling elements, a heat pump can be used to heat or cool the coolant as needed in order to provide coolant to the TCU at a particular desired temperature through a single fluid line.

[0076] Figure 6 FIG. 6 is a block diagram illustrating another coolant supply system 600 according to an example embodiment of the present disclosure. For example, the coolant supply system 600 can represent the coolant supply system 402. Components common between the coolant supply system 500 and the coolant supply system 600 are designated with the same reference numerals.

[0077] The coolant supply system 600 differs from the coolant supply system 500 in that the coolant supply system 600 has two separate pumps rather than a single pump. In particular, the coolant supply system 600 has a first pump 602 configured to draw coolant from the coolant reservoir 502 and provide the coolant to the heating element 510, and a second pump 604 configured to draw coolant from the coolant reservoir 502 and provide the coolant to the cooling element 512.

[0078] Additionally, the coolant supply system 600 can have a bypass valve 606 disposed in the reservoir return line 440. In some operating conditions, the coolant returning from the battery pack modules can have a high temperature. For example, if such a battery pack module is operated at a temperature higher than a target temperature, the corresponding TCU can provide hot coolant to absorb heat from the battery pack module and reduce its temperature. As the coolant absorbs heat, its temperature increases. Thus, the coolant returned to the coolant reservoir 502 via the reservoir return line 440 can be hot.

[0079] Another battery pack module can require hot fluid. For example, such a battery pack module can require hot coolant for pre-conditioning the battery pack module for high power or fast charging. In such a case, the thermal management control module 420 or any valve controller can actuate the bypass valve 606 to direct at least a portion of the hot coolant from the reservoir return line 440 to the first pump 602 that provides coolant to the heating element 510. With this configuration, since the coolant from the reservoir return line 440 is hot, the heating element 510 adds less heat to the coolant compared to a configuration in which no hot coolant is provided from the reservoir return line 440 via the bypass valve 606. Thus, the heating element 510 operates more efficiently.

[0080] The hot coolant and the cold coolant generated by the coolant supply system 402 (e.g., the coolant supply system 500, 600) can be provided to the respective TCUs of the thermal control system 400 via the hot fluid line 404 and the cold fluid line 406. The TCUs can then use the hot coolant and the cold coolant to control the temperature level of the respective battery pack module.

[0081] Figure 7 FIG. 7 is a block diagram illustrating a TCU 700 according to an example embodiment of the present application. For example, the TCU 700 can represent any of the TCUs 408, 410, 412.

[0082] In an example embodiment, the TCU 700 can include a valve control unit 702, a hot coolant control valve 704, a cold coolant control valve 706, and a bypass valve 708. The hot coolant control valve 704 is configured to control the flow of hot coolant received via the hot fluid line 404. Similarly, in an example embodiment, the cold coolant control valve 706 is configured to control the flow of cold coolant received via the cold fluid line 406.

[0083] For example, if the hot coolant control valve 704 is open, hot coolant is allowed to flow to the hot coolant line 710, and if the cold coolant control valve 706 is open, cold coolant is allowed to flow to the cold coolant line 712. The hot coolant line 710 and the cold coolant line 712 are then combined into a mixed fluid line (e.g., mixed fluid lines 430, 442, 454) to supply the respective battery module.

[0084] Valve control unit 702 can operate as a valve controller having an electronic actuator or circuit configured to actuate hot coolant control valve 704 via command signal line 705 and cold coolant control valve 706 via command signal line 707 to generate a fluid with a specific temperature at the mixing fluid line. Specifically, valve control unit 702 can be configured to receive a target temperature from thermal management control module 420 and receive the actual temperature of the battery pack module (e.g., via sensor signal lines 414, 416, 418). Valve control unit 702 can compare the target temperature and the actual temperature and can responsively control the actuation of hot coolant control valve 704 and cold coolant control valve 706 to supply coolant to the battery pack module, thereby achieving the target temperature (i.e., reducing any difference between the target temperature and the actual temperature).

[0085] In one example, the hot coolant control valve 704 and the cold coolant control valve 706 are configured as on / off valves. In other words, each of the hot coolant control valve 704 and the cold coolant control valve 706 can operate in a fully open state to allow fluid to flow through it, or in a fully closed state to prevent fluid flow.

[0086] In another example, the hot coolant control valve 704 and the cold coolant control valve 706 can be proportional valves. In this example, the degree of opening of the respective valve (which determines the flow rate of fluid through the valve) is proportional to the magnitude of the electrical command (e.g., voltage or current) provided to the valve by the valve control unit 702. This configuration allows the valve control unit 702 to precisely control the temperature of the coolant supplied to the battery pack module.

[0087] Coolant discharged from the TCU 700 (e.g., a mixture of hot and cold coolant) can be supplied to the battery pack module to achieve a target temperature within the battery pack module. For example, the battery pack module may have a plate that interfaces with the battery cells within the battery pack module (e.g., see description below). Figures 14 to 16The pressure distribution plates 1414, 1416, and 1418 in the system may have fluid conduits or channels formed therein. The coolant flowing through the channels may (i) absorb heat from the battery module if the temperature of the coolant is lower than the corresponding temperature of the battery module; or (ii) transfer heat to the battery module to raise its temperature if the temperature of the coolant is higher than the corresponding temperature of the battery module.

[0088] In some example embodiments, coolant discharged from the battery pack module flows through a corresponding diagnostic module (as described above). Figure 4 (As described), and then supplied to the TCU 700 via return line 714. Bypass valve 708 can be configured to release fluid from hot fluid line 404 and / or cold fluid line 406 to return line 714 if the coolant pressure level in hot fluid line 404 and / or cold fluid line 406 exceeds a threshold pressure value. For example, if hot coolant control valve 704 is closed, the pressure level in hot fluid line 404 may rise due to coolant blockage by hot coolant control valve 704. In this case, bypass valve 708 opens to release coolant to return line 714, which is fluidly coupled to coolant reservoir 502 of coolant supply system 402.

[0089] Similarly, in some example embodiments, if the coolant control valve 706 is closed, the pressure level in the cold fluid line 406 may rise due to the blockage of coolant by the coolant control valve 706. In this case, the bypass valve 708 opens to release fluid to the return line 714, which is fluidly coupled to the coolant reservoir 502 of the coolant supply system 402.

[0090] Figure 8 This is a block diagram illustrating another TCU 800 according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. For example, TCU 800 may represent any of TCU 408, 410, 412. The same reference numerals are used to designate common components between TCU 700 and TCU 800.

[0091] TCU 800 differs from TCU 700 in that, rather than directly merging hot coolant line 710 and cold coolant line 712 into a single fluid line, TCU 800 includes a mixing reservoir 802 that receives coolant from hot coolant line 710 and cold coolant line 712. The coolant from hot coolant line 710 and cold coolant line 712 can be allowed to mix in mixing reservoir 802, which allows the coolant to have a uniform temperature between the coolant temperature of hot coolant line 710 and the coolant temperature of cold coolant line 712. The coolant can then be provided to the respective diagnostic module via a mixed fluid line 804, which can represent any of mixed fluid lines 430, 442, 454.

[0092] The components of TCUs 700, 800 are not intended to be limiting. More or fewer components can be used, and various configurations of the components described above can be used. For example, check valves can be used to prevent backflow of coolant in the coolant lines. Different types of valves can be used, such as cartridge valves, segmented valves, spool valves, poppet valves, etc. In addition, manifolds that integrate several components can also be used.

[0093] As described above, in some example embodiments, coolant that is discharged from the TCU flows through a diagnostic module (e.g., any of diagnostic modules 432, 444, 456) before being provided to the respective battery pack module. The diagnostic module can have sensors that are used to detect characteristics of the coolant to provide diagnostic feedback to the TCU, which can then determine whether the thermal control system 400 is operating as expected or whether a fault has occurred. In addition, the sensors can facilitate implementing closed-loop feedback control of the temperature of the coolant provided to the battery pack module to achieve a target temperature.

[0094] Figure 9 is a block diagram of a diagnostic module 900 according to an example embodiment of the present application. Diagnostic module 900 can include a flow meter 902, a temperature sensor 904, and a pressure gauge 906 (i.e., pressure sensor) mounted to a mixed fluid line 908 that fluidly couples the TCU to diagnostic module 900. Mixed fluid line 908 represents any of mixed fluid lines 430, 442, 454, 804 described above, for example.

[0095] The TCU can use temperature sensor information from the temperature sensor 904 to implement closed loop feedback control to precisely control the temperature of the coolant provided to the battery pack modules to achieve a target temperature of the battery pack modules. The flow meter 902 can provide sensor information indicative of the flow of coolant through the mixed fluid line 908. For example, the TCU can use such flow sensor information to control actuation of the hot coolant control valve 704 and the cold coolant control valve 706 to adjust coolant flow as needed.

[0096] In addition, the TCU can use sensor information from the diagnostic module 900 for fault detection. For example, if the valve control unit 702 does not command the hot coolant control valve 704 or the cold coolant control valve 706 to open, but the flow meter 902 or the pressure meter 906 indicates that coolant is flowing through the mixed fluid line 908, the TCU can determine that at least one of the hot coolant control valve 704 or the cold coolant control valve 706 is stuck open.

[0097] The diagnostic module 900 can also include a pressure meter 910 and a temperature sensor 912 mounted to the return line 914, which provides coolant discharged from the battery pack modules back to the TCU. The pressure meter 910 and the temperature sensor 912 can provide sensor information to the TCU indicative of the condition of the coolant discharged from the battery pack modules. The TCU can responsively adjust, for example, the TCU's commands to the valves to adjust the condition of the coolant, or can use the sensor information to determine if a fault has occurred.

[0098] Figure 9 The depicted diagnostic module 900 is an example for illustration. Other sensors can be used. For example, the diagnostic module 900 can include sensors configured to measure various properties and characteristics of the coolant to determine the health of the coolant (e.g., contaminant levels in the coolant) and whether the coolant needs to be replaced. Such sensors can be fluid contact sensors, in which a sensing element of the sensor is subjected to the coolant flowing through the diagnostic module 900, while other sensors can be non-fluid contact sensors (measure fluid properties without contacting the coolant), such as optical sensors.

[0099] Advantageously, the thermal control system 400 can allow for independent control of the temperature of each individual battery pack module. Thus, the temperature of each battery pack module can be dynamically controlled based on the local conditions of the battery pack module without regard to the conditions of other battery pack modules.

[0100] In addition to thermally controlling the battery module, it can also be desirable to exert pressure on the battery cells of the battery module to enhance their capacity, reduce internal ohmic resistance, and increase their useful life. In conventional battery systems, the battery cells can be disposed between two plates that are bolted together to exert pressure on the battery cells. The battery cells can expand during charging and discharging, and this expansion can cause the battery cells disposed between the two plates to be subjected to uncontrolled dynamic pressure, rather than the desired static pressure.

[0101] Accordingly, it can be desirable to configure a pressure control system to allow for the exertion of precise, constant pressure on the battery cells of a battery module. As discussed above with respect to Figures 2 to 3 The pressure control system can be configured to exert the desired pressure while maintaining the overall cell stack thickness. Moreover, the pressure control system can be configured to exert and maintain a particular pressure or compressed thickness on the battery cells within one module that is different from the pressure and compressed thickness exerted on the battery cells of another battery module.

[0102] Figure 10 is a block diagram of a pressure control system 1000 in accordance with example embodiments of the present application. For example, the pressure control system 1000 can represent any of the pressure control systems 172, 203, 306.

[0103] The pressure control system 1000 can include a fluid supply system 1002. For example, the fluid supply system 1002 represents the fluid supply system 204 or the fluid supply system 302. The fluid supply system 1002 can be configured to provide fluid to respective pressure control units (PCUs) that control the pressure exerted on the cells of respective battery modules through a fluid line 1004.

[0104] For example, the pressure control system 1000 can include a PCU 1008 configured to control the pressure exerted on the cells of the battery module 150, a PCU 1010 configured to control the pressure exerted on the cells of the battery module 152, and a PCU 1012 configured to control the pressure exerted on the cells of the battery module 156. While only three battery modules are shown, it should be understood that any number of battery modules can be disposed in the battery pack 148, as represented by the ellipse 1006, and each battery module has a respective PCU that independently controls the pressure exerted on the cells of the battery module.

[0105] The pressure control system 1000 can include a pressure management control module 1014. The pressure management control module 1014 can include one or more processors along with memory and programmable input / output peripherals. The processors can include general purpose processors (e.g., single core microprocessors or multi-core microprocessors) or special purpose processors (e.g., digital signal processors, graphics processors, or application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) processors). The processors can be configured to execute computer readable program instructions (CRPI) to perform the operations described throughout this document. In addition to or as an alternative to the functionality of software coding (e.g., via CRPI), the processors can be configured to perform hard-coded functionality.

[0106] The pressure management control module 1014 is configured to set a respective desired pressure or target pressure for each battery module and provide such target pressure to the respective PCU. For example, the pressure management control module 1014 provides a target pressure for the battery module 150 to the PCU 1008 via signal line 1016, a target pressure for the battery module 152 to the PCU 1010 via signal line 1018, and a target pressure for the battery module 156 to the PCU 1012 via signal line 1020.

[0107] The pressure management control module 1014 can also provide a command signal to the fluid supply system 1002 via signal line 1022. The command signal can indicate whether the fluid supply system 1002 is to provide fluid to the PCUs 1008-1012 and can also indicate a fluid flow rate to be supplied to the PCUs 1008-1012.

[0108] Each of the PCUs 1008-1012 can control the pressure exerted by the fluid provided to the respective battery module based on the target pressure set by the pressure management control module 1014. In particular, in some example embodiments, the PCU 1008 provides fluid to the battery module 150 via fluid line 1024, the PCU 1010 provides fluid to the battery module 152 via fluid line 1026, and the PCU 1012 provides fluid to the battery module 156 via fluid line 1028. The pressure can be exerted to the battery cells in the respective battery module by a pressure mechanism disposed within the battery module, as described below with respect to Figures 14 to 16 .

[0109] In example embodiments, as described below with respect to Figure 13 , a pressure gauge within the PCU can provide sensor information indicative of the actual pressure of the fluid. The PCU can then compare the actual pressure to the target pressure and adjust the pressure level of the fluid to achieve the target pressure.

[0110] The components of the pressure control system 1000 can be configured to operate in an interconnected manner with each other and / or with other components coupled to the respective system. One or more of the operations or components of the described pressure control system 1000 can be divided into additional operations or physical components, or combined into fewer operations or physical components. In some further examples, additional operations and / or physical components can be added to the pressure control system 1000. Still further, any of the components or modules of the pressure control system 1000 can include or be provided in the form of a processor (e.g., a microprocessor, a digital signal processor, etc.) configured to execute program code including one or more instructions for implementing the logical operations described herein.

[0111] The pressure control system 1000 can also include any type of computer readable medium (non-transitory medium) or memory for storing program code, e.g., a storage device such as including a disk or hard disk, that when executed by one or more processors, causes the pressure control system 1000 to perform the operations described above. In an example, the pressure control system 1000 can be included in other systems. Also, modules depicted as separate from each other can be integrated together. For example, the PCUs 1008-1012 can be integrated into the pressure management control module 1014.

[0112] The fluid supply system 1002 can have different configurations. For example, different configurations can be used based on the type of fluid used to apply pressure. For example, in one example embodiment, a liquid can be used, while in another example embodiment, a gas (e.g., air) can be used.

[0113] Figure 11 FIG. 11 is a block diagram illustrating a fluid supply system 1100 according to an example embodiment of the present application. For example, the fluid supply system 1100 can represent the fluid supply system 1002.

[0114] The fluid supply system 1100 can have a liquid reservoir 1102 configured to store a liquid (e.g., hydraulic oil) at low pressure. The fluid supply system 1100 can also include a filter 1104. The fluid supply system 1100 can also include a pump 1106. The filter 1104 can prevent contaminants from flowing into the pump 1106 and damaging the pump. The filter 1104 can also prevent any debris from entering the liquid reservoir 1102 as the liquid reservoir 1102 is filled with liquid.

[0115] In example embodiments, pump 1106 can be an electric pump that is driven, for example, by an electric motor that receives commands from pressure management control module 1014. Pump 1106 can be configured to draw fluid from liquid reservoir 1102 through filter 1104 and provide a flow of fluid to PCUs 1008-1012 via fluid line 1108. In one example embodiment, as noted above with respect to Figure 3 the fluid can be a coolant for thermal control system 400. In this example embodiment, a pump (e.g., pump 504) of thermal control system 400 can be used to provide fluid to the PCUs.

[0116] Figure 12 is a block diagram illustrating another fluid supply system 1200 in accordance with example embodiments of the present application. Fluid supply system 1200 can represent, for example, fluid supply system 1002.

[0117] Fluid supply system 1200 differs from fluid supply system 1100 in that fluid supply system 1200 does not use a liquid, but rather uses compressed air as the fluid provided to the PCUs to apply pressure to the battery pack cells. In particular, in some example embodiments, fluid supply system 1200 can have an air tank 1202, a filter 1204, and an air compressor 1206.

[0118] Filter 1204 can protect air tank 1202 and air compressor 1206 from contaminants or debris. Air compressor 1206 can be configured to draw air from air tank 1202 through filter 1204, compress the air, and provide the pressurized air to PCUs 1008-1012 via fluid line 1208. In particular, air compressor 1206 can include a mechanical device (e.g., a piston) that increases the pressure of a gas by reducing the volume of the gas.

[0119] Fluid supply systems 1100, 1200 can include more components. For example, fluid supply systems 1100, 1200 can also include a relief valve to protect pump 1106 or air compressor 1206 from over-pressurization. In another example, fluid supply systems 1100, 1200 can also include a check valve to prevent backflow in the fluid line.

[0120] If the fluid supply system 1002 is liquid-based (e.g., fluid supply system 1100), the PCU can include hydraulic or liquid flow and pressure control valves. On the other hand, if the fluid supply system 1002 uses gas (e.g., fluid supply system 1200), the PCU can include pneumatic components. Regardless of whether the PCU receives liquid or compressed gas, the PCU is configured to regulate the pressure level of the fluid to apply a target pressure to the cells of the corresponding battery pack module.

[0121] Figure 13 is a block diagram of a PCU 1300 according to example embodiments of the present application. For example, the PCU 1300 can represent any of the PCUs 1008, 1010, 1012.

[0122] In example embodiments, the PCU 1300 can include a pressure control valve 1302, a pressure gauge 1304, and a valve control unit 1306. The pressure control valve 1302 can be configured to achieve and maintain a set pressure or command pressure in a fluid line 1308. Several types of pressure control valves can be used, including pressure relief valves, pressure reducing valves, sequence valves, balanced valves, and unloader valves.

[0123] For example, the pressure control valve 1302 can include a pressure reducing valve configured to be set for a desired downstream pressure. In another example, the pressure control valve 1302 can include a pressure relief valve for controlling or limiting the pressure in the fluid line 1308. In another example, the pressure control valve 1302 can combine or integrate pressure relief functionality with pressure reducing functionality, and can be referred to as a pressure relief-reducing valve. In another example, the pressure control valve 1302 can include a valve assembly or manifold of several valves configured to operate together to maintain a set downstream pressure level of the pressure control valve 1302.

[0124] In example embodiments, the valve control unit 1306 operates as a valve controller having an electronic driver or circuit configured to actuate the pressure control valve 1302 via a command signal line 1310 to produce fluid having a particular pressure level in the fluid line 1308. In particular, in some example embodiments, the valve control unit 1306 is configured to receive a target pressure from the pressure management control module 1014 and an actual pressure level from the pressure gauge 1304 via a sensor signal line 1312. The valve control unit 1306 then responsively controls actuation of the pressure control valve 1302 to provide fluid to the battery pack module and achieve the target pressure (i.e., to reduce any difference between the target pressure and the actual pressure). In this example embodiment, the pressure control valve 1302 can be electrically actuated such that a command signal provided from the valve control unit 1306 via the command signal line 1310 sets the pressure level of the fluid line 1308 and an outlet of the pressure control valve 1302.

[0125] In one example, the pressure control valve 1302 is configured as an on / off valve. In other words, the pressure control valve 1302 can operate in a fully open state to allow fluid to flow therethrough and increase the pressure level downstream, or in a fully closed state to prevent fluid flow and decrease the pressure level downstream.

[0126] In another example, the pressure control valve 1302 is configured as a proportional valve. In this example, the degree of opening of the pressure control valve 1302, and thus the downstream pressure level, is proportional to the size (e.g., voltage or current size) of the electrical command provided to the pressure control valve 1302 by the valve control unit 1306 via the command signal line 1310. This configuration can allow the valve control unit 1306 to precisely control the pressure level of the fluid provided to the battery module.

[0127] The configuration of the PCU 1300 is not intended to be limiting. More or fewer components can be used, and various configurations of the components described above can be used. For example, check valves can be used to prevent backflow of fluid in the fluid lines. Different types of valves can be used, such as cartridge valves, segmented valves, slide valves, poppet valves, etc. Furthermore, manifolds that integrate several components can also be used. Moreover, the PCU 1300 can include several pressure control valves in order to provide different pressure levels of fluid to respective battery cells of the battery module.

[0128] The fluid discharged from the PCU 1300 is provided to the respective battery module in order to achieve the target pressure to be applied to the cells of the battery module. For example, the battery module can include a pressure distribution plate for applying pressure to the battery cells.

[0129] Figure 14 A pressure mechanism configuration for applying pressure to individual battery cells is shown in accordance with example embodiments of the present application. In particular, Figure 14 A cross-sectional side view of a battery module 1400 is depicted, for example, which can represent any battery module of the battery pack 148.

[0130] The battery module 1400 can have a plurality of battery cells, such as battery cell 1402, battery cell 1404, and battery cell 1406. Three battery cells are depicted as an example for illustration purposes only. More or fewer battery cells can be used. The number of battery cells arranged in the battery module is based on the desired voltage and capacity of the battery module.

[0131] The battery module 1400 can also include respective battery holders that maintain or retain the battery cells within the battery module 1400. For example, the battery holder 1408 retains or maintains the battery cell 1402 within the battery module 1400. As an example, the battery holder 1408 is depicted as having a yoke shape (e.g., a U-shaped battery holder), and the battery cell 1402 is disposed between the two sides of the yoke. However, the battery holder can also have other shapes (I-beam, C-channel, etc.). Similarly, in some example embodiments, the battery holder 1410 retains the battery cell 1404, and the battery holder 1412 retains the battery cell 1406.

[0132] The battery module 1400 can also include pressure distribution plates configured to apply pressure to the battery cells 1402-1406. For example, the battery module 1400 can have a pressure distribution plate 1414 that interfaces or contacts one side of the battery cell 1402. As depicted, the opposite side of the battery cell 1402 interfaces or contacts an inner surface of the battery holder 1408. With this configuration, the battery cell 1402 is interposed between one side of the battery holder 1408 and the pressure distribution plate 1414. Similarly, the battery cell 1404 is interposed between one side of the battery holder 1410 and the pressure distribution plate 1416, and the battery cell 1406 is interposed between one side of the battery holder 1412 and the pressure distribution plate 1418. Figure 14

[0133] In example embodiments, the pressure distribution plates 1414-1418 can be thermally conductive, but electrically insulating. In particular, channels can be embedded in the pressure distribution plates 1414-1418 to allow a coolant of the thermal control system 400 to flow therethrough to cool or heat the pressure distribution plates 1414-1418. The thermally conductive pressure distribution plates 1414-1418 transfer heat to or from the respective battery cells to regulate the temperature of the respective battery cells.

[0134] At the same time, the pressure distribution plates 1414-1418 can electrically insulate the battery cells 1402-1406. For example, the pressure distribution plates 1414-1418 can be made of a non-conductive material, or can be plated or coupled to an electrically insulating material (e.g., a polymer or a thermally conductive pad).

[0135] The battery module 1400 can also include respective pistons configured to apply pressure to the battery cells via the respective pressure distribution plates. For example, the battery module 1400 has a piston 1420 that interfaces with the pressure distribution plate 1414. As depicted, the piston 1420 is interposed between the pressure distribution plate 1414 and the battery cell 1402. Similarly, the battery module 1400 has a piston 1422 that interfaces with the pressure distribution plate 1416, and a piston 1424 that interfaces with the pressure distribution plate 1418. Figure 14 ​In the example embodiment shown, piston 1420 is interposed between pressure distribution plate 1414 and battery holder 1408 (i.e., the side of battery holder 1408 opposite the side that interfaces with battery pack cell 1402). Similarly, in some example embodiments, piston 1422 is interposed between battery holder 1410 and pressure distribution plate 1416, and piston 1424 is interposed between battery holder 1412 and pressure distribution plate 1418.

[0136] Battery pack module 1400 can also include fluid lines that provide fluid to pistons 1420-1424 from respective PCUs (e.g., one of PCUs 1008-1012). In particular, in some example embodiments, fluid line 1426 provides fluid to piston 1420 through battery holder 1408, fluid line 1428 provides fluid to piston 1422 through battery holder 1410, and fluid line 1430 provides fluid to piston 1424 through battery holder 1412. Thus, once pressurized fluid is provided from the respective PCU through fluid lines 1426-1430, the fluid exerts pressure on pistons 1420-1424, and this pressure is transferred to pressure distribution plates 1414-1418, which in turn evenly distributes the pressure to the respective battery pack cells.

[0137] For example, if the target pressure level to be applied to battery pack cell 1402 is Pi, and the surface area of pressure distribution plate 1414 is Ai, then the desired force F to be applied to battery pack cell 1402 can be determined as If the surface area of piston 1420 on which the fluid from fluid line 1426 acts is A2, then the target fluid pressure of the fluid from fluid line 1426 to achieve the desired force F can be determined as Thus, the PCU determines the target fluid pressure of the fluid to be provided by fluid line 1426 as P2, and provides fluid having fluid pressure P2 so that the target pressure Pi is applied to battery pack cell 1402.

[0138] In this manner, battery pack cell 1402 is clamped or squeezed by the desired pressure Pi, which can be set by pressure management control module 1014 and controlled by the respective PCU. Target pressures can be applied to battery pack cells 1404-1406 in a similar manner.

[0139] In Figure 14In example embodiments, the fluid lines 1426-1430 are independent of each other such that different pressure levels of fluid can be supplied through the fluid lines 1426-1430. Such a configuration can allow for independent application of different pressure levels to each battery pack cell. For example, the PCU of the battery pack module 1400 can have three pressure control valves (similar to the pressure control valve 1302), each valve controlling the pressure level of fluid supplied to a respective one of the fluid lines 1426-1430. In another example, the PCU can have one pressure control valve, and the fluid lines 1426-1430 can each have an additional valve (e.g., a respective pressure reduction valve) that adjusts the individual pressure level of fluid supplied to the respective piston. Thus, the pressure level applied to each battery pack cell can be independently controlled. However, in other example embodiments, the pressure level of fluid supplied to all of the cells of a battery pack module can be the same.

[0140] Figure 15 A pressure mechanism configuration for applying the same pressure to the battery pack cells of a battery pack module 1500 is shown in accordance with example embodiments of the present application. In particular, Figure 15 A cross-sectional side view of the battery pack module 1500 is depicted, for example, which can represent any battery pack module of the battery pack 148. Common components between the battery pack module 1400 and the battery pack module 1500 are designated with the same reference numerals.

[0141] The configuration of the battery pack module 1500 differs from that of the battery pack module 1400 in that the battery pack module 1500 has an inlet fluid line 1502 that receives fluid from a respective PCU and a common fluid line 1504 that provides fluid to all of the pistons 1420-1424 via branch 1506, branch 1508, and branch 1510, respectively, rather than having three independent fluid lines that provide fluid to respective pistons. Thus, in this example embodiment, the battery pack module 1500 can have only one fluid inlet connection to supply fluid to the battery pack cells 1402-1406, and the pressure applied to all of the battery pack cells 1402-1406 is the same.

[0142] Figure 16 Another pressure mechanism configuration for applying pressure to the battery pack cells of a battery pack module 1600 is shown in accordance with example embodiments of the present application. In particular, Figure 16 A cross-sectional side view of the battery pack module 1600 is depicted, for example, which can represent any battery pack module of the battery pack 148. Common components between the battery pack module 1400, 1500, and the battery pack module 1600 are designated with the same reference numerals.

[0143] The battery module 1600 can have a battery seat 1602 for all of the battery cells 1402-1406 and a piston 1604 for applying pressure to all of the battery cells 1402-1406, rather than having a battery seat and a piston for each battery cell. In particular, in some example embodiments, the battery cell 1402 is interposed between a first side 1606 of the battery seat 1602 and the pressure distribution plate 1414, while the battery cell 1404 is interposed between the pressure distribution plate 1414 and the pressure distribution plate 1416, and the battery cell 1406 is interposed between the pressure distribution plate 1416 and the pressure distribution plate 1418. The piston 1604 is interposed between the pressure distribution plate 1418 and a second side 1608 (opposite the first side 1606) of the battery seat 1602.

[0144] The battery module 1600 can have a fluid line 1610 that receives fluid from a corresponding PCU. The fluid flows through the second side 1608 of the battery seat 1602 and applies pressure to the piston 1604, which in turn applies pressure to the pressure distribution plate 1418. As a result, the battery cell 1406 is squeezed against the pressure distribution plate 1416, the battery cell 1404 is squeezed against the pressure distribution plate 1414, and the battery cell 1402 is squeezed against the first side 1606 of the battery seat 1602. In this way, uniform pressure can be applied to all of the battery cells 1402-1406.

[0145] In example embodiments, the battery module 1600 can have only the pressure distribution plate 1418, and not the pressure distribution plates 1414, 1416. Thus, the battery module 1600 can include at least one pressure distribution plate that interfaces with the piston 1604 to apply pressure to the battery cells 1402-1406.

[0146] Figures 14 to 16 The pressure mechanisms described in the middle are not intended to be limiting examples. Other mechanisms can be used. For example, the battery module can include other types of actuators (e.g., hydraulic cylinder actuators or pneumatic cylinder actuators) that are configured to receive fluid and apply pressure to the battery cells. In another example embodiment, the battery module can include an inflatable plug or bladder that expands when fluid is received therein and, upon expansion, applies pressure to the surface of the battery cells.

[0147] Regardless of the pressure mechanism used, a particular desired pressure is applied to the battery cells to maintain their thickness, mitigate swelling, increase the life and capacity of the battery cells, and reduce their internal ohmic resistance, thereby enhancing the performance of the battery pack 148.

[0148] In example embodiments, the thermal control system 400 and the pressure control system 1000 can also function as a fire suppression system in the event of a fire occurring as a result of a strong exothermic reaction (e.g., in a thermal runaway event). Thermal runaway can indicate a condition in which an electrochemical battery cell overheats and is damaged as a result of internal heating. This can be caused by overcharging or high current discharging and other abusive conditions.

[0149] In example embodiments, a piston (e.g., any of the pistons described above with respect to Figures 14 to 16 If a temperature sensor within a battery module indicates that the temperature rises above a threshold temperature associated with a thermal runaway event or a fire, the pressure control system 1000 can actuate the valve coupled to the piston to allow fluid to flow out of the piston and suppress any fire in the battery module, while other battery modules remain unaffected. In another example embodiment, additionally or alternatively, a membrane can be disposed on the piston to retain fluid within the piston, and the membrane is configured to dissolve when the temperature exceeds the threshold temperature associated with a thermal runaway event or a fire, thereby allowing fluid to flow out of the piston to suppress the fire.

[0150] In another example embodiment, a material, such as a polymer material, can cover a component of a battery module (e.g., a pressure distribution plate). In this example embodiment, this material can be configured to melt and suppress any fire within the battery module if the temperature exceeds a threshold temperature.

[0151] The above detailed description describes various features and operations of the disclosed systems with reference to the accompanying figures. The illustrative implementations described herein are not intended to be limiting. Certain aspects of the disclosed systems can be arranged and combined in a variety of different configurations, all of which are contemplated in this document.

[0152] Furthermore, the features shown in each of the figures can be used in combination with each other, unless the context excludes such a combination. The figures should therefore be seen as constituting aspects of one or more overall implementations, with the understanding that not all the shown features are necessary for each implementation.

[0153] Furthermore, any enumeration of elements, blocks, or steps in the specification or claims should not be construed as requiring or implying that these elements, blocks, or steps are in any specific order or executed in any specific order.

[0154] Furthermore, a device or system can be used or configured to perform the functions presented in the accompanying drawings. In some cases, components of the device and / or system can be configured to perform functions such that the components are actually configured and constructed (with hardware and / or software) to implement such performance. In other examples, components of the device and / or system can be arranged to adapt, be capable of, or be suitable for performing functions, e.g., when operated in a particular manner.

[0155] By the term "substantially" or "about", it is meant that the recited characteristic, parameter, or value need not be achieved exactly, but that deviations or variations, including for example, tolerances, measurement error, measurement accuracy limitations and other factors known to those of skill in the art, can occur. In addition, a specific range of values or amounts that will satisfy this definition is a range of values or amounts that will provide an effect that is substantially the same as the effect provided by the value or amount recited.

[0156] The arrangements described herein are for exemplary purposes only. As those skilled in the art will appreciate, other arrangements and other elements (e.g., machines, interfaces, operations, order of operations, grouping of operations, etc.) can be used instead, and some elements may, in fact, be omitted altogether according to the particular implementation. Further, many of the elements described are functional entities that can be implemented as discrete or distributed components or in conjunction with other components, and in any suitable combination and location.

[0157] While various aspects and implementations have been disclosed herein, other aspects and implementations will be apparent to those skilled in the art. The various aspects and implementations disclosed herein are for purposes of illustration and are not intended to be limiting, with the true scope being indicated by the following claims, along with the full scope of equivalents to such claims. Additionally, the terminology in this document is for the purpose of describing particular implementations only and is not intended to be limiting.

[0158] Accordingly, implementations of the disclosure can involve one of the enumerated example implementations (EEEs) listed below.

[0159] EEE 1 is a thermal control system for a battery pack having a plurality of battery pack modules, the thermal control system comprising: a coolant supply system configured to supply hot coolant and cold coolant; a thermal management control module configured to set a target temperature for each battery pack module of the battery pack; and a plurality of temperature control units, each temperature control unit configured to control a temperature of a respective battery pack module independently of other battery pack modules of the battery pack, wherein a temperature control unit of the plurality of temperature control units comprises: (i) one or more valves; and (ii) a valve control unit configured to control actuation of the one or more valves based on an actual temperature and the target temperature of the respective battery pack module, wherein the one or more valves are configured to control a flow of the hot coolant and the cold coolant received from the coolant supply system, and wherein the temperature control unit is configured to supply a mixture of the hot coolant and the cold coolant to the respective battery pack module to achieve the target temperature.

[0160] EEE 2 is the thermal control system of EEE 1, wherein the coolant supply system comprises: a coolant reservoir configured to store coolant therein; a heating element configured to heat the coolant and provide hot coolant; a cooling element configured to reduce a temperature of the coolant and provide cold coolant; and at least one pump configured to draw the coolant from the coolant reservoir and provide the coolant to the heating element and the cooling element.

[0161] EEE 3 is the thermal control system of EEE 2, wherein the at least one pump comprises: a first pump configured to draw the coolant from the coolant reservoir and provide the coolant to the heating element; and a second pump configured to draw the coolant from the coolant reservoir and provide the coolant to the cooling element.

[0162] EEE 4 is the thermal control system of EEE 3, wherein the coolant supply system further comprises: a bypass valve disposed in a reservoir return line configured to receive coolant expelled from the respective battery pack module, wherein the bypass valve is configured to provide coolant from the reservoir return line to the first pump such that at least a portion of the coolant in the reservoir return line is provided to the heating element.

[0163] EEE 5 is the thermal control system of any one of EEEs 1-4, wherein the one or more valves of the temperature control unit comprise: a hot coolant control valve configured to control a flow of the hot coolant received from the coolant supply system; and a cold coolant control valve configured to control a flow of the cold coolant received from the coolant supply system, wherein the hot coolant control valve and the cold coolant control valve are actuatable by the valve control unit based on a difference between a target temperature and an actual temperature of the respective battery pack module.

[0164] EEE 6 is the thermal control system of EEE 5, wherein the temperature control unit further comprises: a bypass valve configured to release coolant provided to the hot coolant control valve or coolant provided to the cold coolant control valve to a return line when a pressure level of the coolant exceeds a threshold pressure value.

[0165] EEE 7 is the thermal control system of any one of EEEs 5-6, wherein the temperature control unit further comprises: a mixing reservoir configured to receive hot coolant from the hot coolant control valve and cold coolant from the cold coolant control valve, thereby allowing the hot coolant and the cold coolant to mix in the mixing reservoir before providing a mixture of the hot coolant and the cold coolant to the respective battery pack module.

[0166] EEE 8 is the thermal control system of any one of EEEs 1-7, further comprising: a diagnostic module disposed between the temperature control unit and the respective battery pack module, wherein the diagnostic module comprises a plurality of sensors configured to measure one or more properties of a mixture provided to the respective battery pack module and coolant expelled from the respective battery pack module, wherein the one or more properties comprise: coolant pressure, coolant flow, or coolant temperature.

[0167] EEE 9 is a pressure control system comprising: a battery pack having a plurality of battery pack modules, each battery pack module comprising a plurality of battery pack cells; a fluid supply system; a pressure management control module configured to set a target pressure to be applied to respective battery pack cells of each battery pack module of the battery pack via fluid from the fluid supply system; and a plurality of pressure control units, each pressure control unit configured to control pressure applied to respective battery pack cells of a respective battery pack module independently of other battery pack modules of the battery pack, wherein a pressure control unit of the plurality of pressure control units comprises: (i) a pressure control valve, and (ii) a valve control unit configured to control actuation of the pressure control valve to provide fluid having a target fluid pressure that achieves the target pressure to be applied to the respective battery pack cells.

[0168] EEE 10 is the pressure control system of EEE 9, wherein the fluid supply system comprises: a liquid reservoir configured to store fluid therein; a filter; and a pump configured to draw fluid from the liquid reservoir through the filter and provide the fluid to the pressure control units.

[0169] EEE 11 is the pressure control system of EEE 9, wherein the fluid supply system comprises: an air reservoir configured to store air therein; a filter; and an air compressor configured to draw fluid from the air reservoir through the filter, compress the air, and provide pressurized air to the pressure control units.

[0170] EEE 12 is the pressure control system of any one of EEEs 9-11, wherein the pressure control unit further comprises: a pressure gauge configured to provide sensor information indicative of an actual pressure of fluid supplied from the pressure control unit to the respective battery pack module, wherein the valve control unit is configured to: determine a target fluid pressure that achieves the target pressure to be applied to the respective battery pack cells; compare the target fluid pressure to the actual pressure of the fluid; and actuate the pressure control valve to achieve the target fluid pressure.

[0171] EEE 13 is the pressure control system of any one of EEEs 9-12, wherein the respective battery pack module comprises: a plurality of pressure distribution plates, each pressure distribution plate interfacing with a respective battery pack cell; a plurality of pistons, each piston configured to apply pressure to a respective pressure distribution plate of the plurality of pressure distribution plates; and a respective fluid line providing fluid received from the pressure control unit to a respective piston of the plurality of pistons such that the respective piston applies pressure to the respective pressure distribution plate, which in turn applies pressure to the respective battery pack cell.

[0172] EEE 14 is the pressure control system of EEE 13, wherein each of the respective fluid lines has fluid at a pressure level different from a respective pressure level of fluid in the other fluid lines.

[0173] EEE 15 is the pressure control system of any one of EEEs 9-14, wherein the respective battery pack module comprises: a battery seat configured to hold the respective battery pack cell within the respective battery pack module; at least one pressure distribution plate interfacing with a battery pack cell of the respective battery pack cells such that the respective battery pack cell is interposed between a side of the battery seat and the at least one pressure distribution plate; a piston configured to apply pressure to the at least one pressure distribution plate; and a fluid line providing fluid received from the pressure control unit to the piston such that the piston applies pressure to the at least one pressure distribution plate, which in turn applies pressure to the respective battery pack cell against the side of the battery seat.

[0174] EEE 16 is the pressure control system of EEE 15, wherein the at least one pressure distribution plate comprises a respective pressure distribution plate interposed between the respective battery pack cells.

[0175] EEE 17 is a vehicle comprising the thermal control system of any one of EEEs 1-8 and the pressure control system of any one of EEEs 9-16, wherein the vehicle comprises a fluid supply system providing coolant to the thermal control system and fluid to the pressure control system.

[0176] EEE 18 is the vehicle of EEE 17, wherein the respective battery pack module includes at least one pressure distribution plate interfacing with a respective battery pack cell, at least one piston configured to apply pressure to the at least one pressure distribution plate, and at least one fluid line providing fluid received from the pressure control unit to the at least one piston such that the at least one piston applies pressure to the at least one pressure distribution plate, which in turn applies pressure to the respective battery pack cell, wherein the at least one pressure distribution plate includes at least one channel formed therein, wherein the mixture of the hot coolant and the cold coolant flows through the at least one channel to transfer heat to or from the respective battery pack cell and achieve the target temperature.

[0177] EEE 19 is the vehicle of any one of EEEs 17-18, wherein the pressure control unit further includes a pressure gauge configured to provide sensor information indicative of an actual pressure of fluid supplied from the pressure control unit to the respective battery pack module, wherein the first valve control unit is configured to determine the target fluid pressure to achieve the target pressure to be applied to the respective battery pack cell, compare the target fluid pressure to the actual pressure of the fluid, and actuate the pressure control valve to achieve the target fluid pressure.

[0178] EEE 20 is the vehicle of any one of EEEs 17-19, wherein the one or more valves of the temperature control unit include a hot coolant control valve configured to control a flow of the hot coolant received from the fluid supply system and a cold coolant control valve configured to control a flow of the cold coolant received from the fluid supply system, wherein the second valve control unit is configured to compare the target temperature and the actual temperature of the respective battery pack module and, based on a difference between the target temperature and the actual temperature, actuate the hot coolant control valve and the cold coolant control valve to provide a mixture of the hot coolant and the cold coolant to the respective battery pack module to reduce the difference.

Claims

1. A thermal control system for a battery pack having a plurality of battery pack modules, the thermal control system comprising: a coolant supply system configured to supply hot coolant and cold coolant; a thermal management control module configured to set a target temperature for each battery pack module of the battery pack; and a plurality of temperature control units each configured to control a temperature of a respective battery pack module independently of other battery pack modules of the battery pack, wherein a temperature control unit of the plurality of temperature control units comprises: (i) one or more valves; and (ii) a valve control unit configured to control actuation of the one or more valves based on an actual temperature and a target temperature of the respective battery pack module, wherein the one or more valves are configured to control a flow of the hot coolant and the cold coolant received from the coolant supply system, and wherein the temperature control unit is configured to supply a mixture of the hot coolant and the cold coolant to the respective battery pack module to achieve the target temperature. the coolant supply system comprises:

2. The thermal control system of claim 1, wherein, a coolant reservoir configured to store coolant therein; a heating element configured to heat the coolant and provide hot coolant; a cooling element configured to reduce a temperature of the coolant and provide cold coolant; and at least one pump configured to draw the coolant from the coolant reservoir and provide the coolant to the heating element and the cooling element. the at least one pump comprises:

3. The thermal control system of claim 2, wherein, a first pump configured to draw the coolant from the coolant reservoir and provide the coolant to the heating element; and a second pump configured to draw the coolant from the coolant reservoir and provide the coolant to the cooling element. the coolant supply system further comprises:

4. The thermal control system of claim 3, wherein, a bypass valve disposed in a reservoir return line configured to receive coolant expelled from the respective battery pack module, wherein the bypass valve is configured to provide coolant from the reservoir return line to the first pump such that at least a portion of the coolant in the reservoir return line is provided to the heating element. the one or more valves of the temperature control unit comprise:

5. The thermal control system of claim 1, wherein, a hot coolant control valve configured to control a flow of the hot coolant received from the coolant supply system; and a cold coolant control valve configured to control a flow of the cold coolant received from the coolant supply system, wherein the hot coolant control valve and the cold coolant control valve are actuatable by the valve control unit based on a difference between the target temperature and the actual temperature of the respective battery pack module. the temperature control unit further comprises:

6. The thermal control system of claim 5, wherein, a bypass valve configured to release coolant provided to the hot coolant control valve or coolant provided to the cold coolant control valve to a return line when a pressure level of the coolant exceeds a threshold pressure value. the temperature control unit further comprises:

7. The thermal control system of claim 5, wherein, ​ a mixing reservoir configured to receive the hot coolant from the hot coolant control valve and the cold coolant from the cold coolant control valve, thereby allowing the hot coolant and the cold coolant to mix in the mixing reservoir before providing a mixture of the hot coolant and the cold coolant to the respective battery pack module.

8. The thermal control system of claim 1, further comprising: a diagnostic module disposed between the temperature control unit and the respective battery pack module, wherein the diagnostic module comprises a plurality of sensors configured to measure one or more properties of the mixture provided to the respective battery pack module and coolant expelled from the respective battery pack module, wherein the one or more properties comprise: coolant pressure, coolant flow, or coolant temperature.

9. A pressure control system, comprising: a battery pack having a plurality of battery pack modules, each battery pack module comprising a plurality of battery pack cells; a fluid supply system; a pressure management control module configured to set a target pressure to be applied to respective battery pack cells of each battery pack module of the battery pack via fluid from the fluid supply system; and a plurality of pressure control units, each pressure control unit configured to control pressure applied to respective battery pack cells of a respective battery pack module independently of other battery pack modules of the battery pack, wherein a pressure control unit of the plurality of pressure control units comprises: (i) a pressure control valve, and (ii) a valve control unit configured to control actuation of the pressure control valve to provide fluid having a target fluid pressure that achieves the target pressure to be applied to the respective battery pack cells.

10. The pressure control system of claim 9, wherein, the fluid supply system comprises: a liquid reservoir configured to store fluid therein; a filter; and a pump configured to draw fluid from the liquid reservoir through the filter and provide the fluid to the pressure control unit.

11. The pressure control system of claim 9, wherein, the fluid supply system comprises: a gas reservoir configured to store gas therein; a filter; and an air compressor configured to draw fluid from the gas reservoir through the filter, compress the gas, and provide pressurized gas to the pressure control unit.

12. The pressure control system of claim 9, wherein, the pressure control unit further comprises: a pressure gauge configured to provide sensor information indicative of an actual pressure of fluid supplied from the pressure control unit to the respective battery pack module, wherein the valve control unit is configured to: determine a target fluid pressure that achieves the target pressure to be applied to the respective battery pack cells; compare the target fluid pressure to an actual pressure of the fluid; and actuate the pressure control valve to achieve the target fluid pressure.

13. The pressure control system of claim 9, wherein, the respective battery pack module comprises: a plurality of pressure distribution plates, each pressure distribution plate interfacing with a respective battery pack cell; a plurality of pistons, each piston configured to apply pressure to a respective pressure distribution plate of the plurality of pressure distribution plates; and a plurality of pressure distribution plates, each pressure distribution plate interfacing with a respective battery pack cell; a plurality of pistons, each piston configured to apply pressure to a respective pressure distribution plate of the plurality of pressure distribution plates; and a plurality of pressure distribution plates, each pressure distribution plate interfacing with a respective battery pack cell; a plurality of pistons, each piston configured to apply pressure to a respective pressure distribution plate of the plurality of pressure distribution plates; and a plurality of pressure distribution plates, each pressure distribution plate interfacing with a respective battery pack cell; a plurality of pistons, each piston configured to apply pressure to a respective pressure distribution plate of the plurality of pressure distribution plates; and a plurality of pressure distribution plates, each pressure distribution plate interfacing with a respective battery pack cell; a plurality of pistons, each piston configured to apply pressure to a respective pressure distribution plate of the plurality of pressure distribution plates; and a plurality of pressure distribution plates, each pressure distribution plate interfacing with a respective battery pack cell; a plurality of pistons, each piston configured to apply pressure to a respective pressure distribution plate of the plurality of pressure distribution plates; and a plurality of pressure distribution plates, each pressure distribution plate interfacing with a respective battery pack cell; a plurality of pistons, each piston configured to apply pressure to a respective pressure distribution plate of the plurality of pressure distribution plates; and a plurality of pressure distribution plates, each pressure distribution plate interfacing with a respective battery pack cell; a plurality of pistons, each piston configured to apply pressure to a respective pressure distribution plate of the plurality of pressure distribution plates; and a plurality of pressure distribution plates, each pressure distribution plate interfacing with a respective battery pack cell; a plurality of pistons, each piston configured to apply pressure to a respective pressure distribution plate of the plurality of pressure distribution plates; and a plurality of pressure distribution plates, each pressure distribution plate interfacing with a respective battery pack cell; a plurality of pistons, each piston configured to apply pressure to a respective pressure distribution plate of the plurality of pressure distribution plates; and a plurality of pressure distribution plates, each pressure distribution plate interfacing with a respective battery pack cell; a plurality of pistons, each piston configured to apply pressure to a respective pressure distribution plate of the plurality of pressure distribution plates; and a plurality of pressure distribution plates, each pressure distribution plate interfacing with a respective battery pack cell; a plurality of pistons, each piston configured to apply pressure to a respective pressure distribution plate of the plurality of pressure distribution plates; and a plurality of pressure distribution plates, each pressure distribution plate interfacing with a respective battery pack cell; a plurality of pistons, each piston configured to apply pressure to a respective pressure distribution plate of the plurality of pressure distribution plates; and a plurality of pressure distribution plates, each pressure distribution plate interfacing with a respective battery pack cell; a plurality of pistons, each piston configured to apply pressure to a respective pressure distribution plate of the plurality of pressure distribution plates; and a plurality of pressure distribution plates, each pressure distribution plate interfacing with a respective battery pack cell; a plurality of pistons, each piston configured to apply pressure to a respective pressure distribution plate of the plurality of pressure distribution plates; and a plurality of pressure distribution plates, each pressure distribution plate interfacing with a respective battery pack cell; a plurality of pistons, each piston configured to apply pressure to a respective pressure distribution plate of the plurality of pressure distribution plates; and a plurality of pressure distribution plates, each pressure distribution plate interfacing with a respective battery pack cell; a plurality of pistons, each piston configured to apply pressure to a respective pressure distribution plate of the plurality of pressure distribution plates; and a plurality of pressure distribution plates, each pressure distribution plate interfacing with a respective battery pack cell; a plurality of pistons, each piston configured to apply pressure to a respective pressure distribution plate of the plurality of pressure distribution plates; and a plurality of pressure distribution plates, each pressure distribution plate interfacing with a respective battery pack cell; a plurality of pistons, each piston configured to apply pressure to a respective pressure distribution plate of the plurality of pressure distribution plates; and a plurality of pressure distribution plates, each pressure distribution plate interfacing with a respective battery pack cell; a plurality of pistons, each piston configured to apply pressure to a respective pressure distribution plate of the plurality of pressure distribution plates; and a plurality of pressure distribution plates, each pressure distribution plate interfacing with a respective battery pack cell; a plurality of pistons, each piston configured to apply pressure to a respective pressure distribution plate of the plurality of pressure distribution plates; and a plurality of pressure distribution plates, each pressure distribution plate interfacing with a respective battery pack cell; a plurality of pistons, each piston configured to apply pressure to a respective pressure distribution plate of the plurality of pressure distribution plates; and a plurality of pressure distribution plates, each pressure distribution plate interfacing with a respective battery pack cell; a plurality of pistons, each piston configured to apply pressure to a respective pressure distribution plate of the plurality of pressure distribution plates; and a plurality of pressure distribution plates, each pressure distribution plate interfacing with a respective battery pack cell; a plurality of pistons, each piston configured to apply pressure to a respective pressure distribution plate of the plurality of pressure distribution plates; and a plurality of pressure distribution plates, each pressure distribution plate interfacing with a respective battery pack cell; a plurality of pistons, each piston configured to apply pressure to a respective pressure distribution plate of the plurality of pressure distribution plates; and a plurality of pressure distribution plates, each pressure distribution plate interfacing with a respective battery pack cell; a plurality of pistons, each piston configured to apply pressure to a respective pressure distribution plate of the plurality of pressure distribution plates; and a plurality of pressure distribution plates, each pressure distribution plate interfacing with a respective battery pack cell; a plurality of pistons, each piston configured to apply pressure to a respective pressure distribution plate of the plurality of pressure distribution plates; and a plurality of pressure distribution plates, each pressure distribution plate interfacing with a respective battery pack cell; a plurality of pistons, each piston configured to apply pressure to a respective pressure distribution plate of the plurality of pressure distribution plates; and a plurality of pressure distribution plates, each pressure distribution plate interfacing with a respective battery pack cell; a plurality of pistons, each piston configured to apply pressure to a respective pressure distribution plate of the plurality of pressure distribution plates; and a plurality of pressure distribution plates, each pressure distribution plate interfacing with a respective battery pack cell; a plurality of pistons, each piston configured to apply pressure to a respective pressure distribution plate of the plurality of pressure distribution plates; and a plurality of pressure distribution plates, each pressure distribution plate interfacing with a respective battery pack cell; a plurality of pistons, each piston configured to apply pressure to a respective pressure distribution plate of the plurality of pressure distribution plates; and a plurality of pressure distribution plates, each pressure distribution plate interfacing with a respective battery pack cell; a plurality of pistons, each piston configured to apply pressure to a respective pressure distribution plate of the plurality of pressure distribution plates; A corresponding fluid line provides fluid received from the pressure control unit to a corresponding one of the plurality of pistons, causing the corresponding piston to apply pressure to a corresponding pressure distribution plate, which in turn applies pressure to the corresponding battery cell.

14. The pressure control system of claim 13, wherein, Each of the corresponding fluid lines has fluid at a pressure level different from the corresponding pressure level of fluid in the other fluid lines.

15. The pressure control system of claim 9, wherein, The corresponding battery module includes: a battery seat configured to hold the corresponding battery cell within the corresponding battery module; at least one pressure distribution plate interfacing with a battery cell of the corresponding battery cells, such that the corresponding battery cell is interposed between a side of the battery seat and the at least one pressure distribution plate; a piston configured to apply pressure to the at least one pressure distribution plate; and a fluid line providing fluid received from the pressure control unit to the piston, causing the piston to apply pressure to the at least one pressure distribution plate, which in turn applies pressure to the corresponding battery cell against a side of the battery seat.

16. The pressure control system of claim 15, wherein, The at least one pressure distribution plate includes a corresponding pressure distribution plate interposed between the corresponding battery cell.

17. A vehicle comprising: a battery pack having a plurality of battery modules, each battery module including a plurality of battery cells; a fluid supply system; a pressure control system including: (i) a pressure management control module configured to set a target pressure to be applied to a corresponding battery cell of each battery module of the battery pack via fluid from the fluid supply system; and (ii) a plurality of pressure control units, each pressure control unit configured to control pressure applied to a corresponding battery cell of a corresponding battery module independently of other battery modules of the battery pack, wherein a pressure control unit of the plurality of pressure control units includes a pressure control valve and a first valve control unit configured to control actuation of the pressure control valve to provide fluid having a target fluid pressure that achieves the target pressure to be applied to the corresponding battery cell; and a battery pack having a plurality of battery modules, each battery module including a plurality of battery cells; a fluid supply system; a pressure control system including: (i) a pressure management control module configured to set a target pressure to be applied to a corresponding battery cell of each battery module of the battery pack via fluid from the fluid supply system; and (ii) a plurality of pressure control units, each pressure control unit configured to control pressure applied to a corresponding battery cell of a corresponding battery module independently of other battery modules of the battery pack, wherein a pressure control unit of the plurality of pressure control units includes a pressure control valve and a first valve control unit configured to control actuation of the pressure control valve to provide fluid having a target fluid pressure that achieves the target pressure to be applied to the corresponding battery cell; and a battery pack having a plurality of battery modules, each battery module including a plurality of battery cells; a fluid supply system; a pressure control system including: (i) a pressure management control module configured to set a target pressure to be applied to a corresponding battery cell of each battery module of the battery pack via fluid from the fluid supply system; and (ii) a plurality of pressure control units, each pressure control unit configured to control pressure applied to a corresponding battery cell of a corresponding battery module independently of other battery modules of the battery pack, wherein a pressure control unit of the plurality of pressure control units includes a pressure control valve and a first valve control unit configured to control actuation of the pressure control valve to provide fluid having a target fluid pressure that achieves the target pressure to be applied to the corresponding battery cell; and A thermal control system comprising: (i) a thermal management control module configured to set a target temperature for each battery module of the battery pack; and (ii) a plurality of temperature control units each configured to control a temperature of a respective battery module independently of other battery modules of the battery pack, wherein a temperature control unit of the plurality of temperature control units comprises one or more valves and a second valve control unit configured to control actuation of the one or more valves based on an actual temperature of the respective battery module and the target temperature, wherein the one or more valves are configured to control a flow of a hot coolant and a cold coolant received from the fluid supply system, and wherein the temperature control unit is configured to supply a mixture of the hot coolant and the cold coolant to the respective battery module to achieve the target temperature.

18. The vehicle of claim 17, wherein, The respective battery module comprises: at least one pressure distribution plate interfacing with a respective battery cell; at least one piston configured to apply pressure to the at least one pressure distribution plate; and at least one fluid line providing fluid received from the pressure control unit to the at least one piston such that the at least one piston applies pressure to the at least one pressure distribution plate, which in turn applies pressure to the respective battery cell, wherein the at least one pressure distribution plate comprises at least one channel formed therein, wherein the mixture of the hot coolant and the cold coolant flows through the at least one channel to transfer heat to or from the respective battery cell and achieve the target temperature.

19. The vehicle of claim 17, wherein, The pressure control unit further comprises: a pressure gauge configured to provide sensor information indicative of an actual pressure of fluid supplied from the pressure control unit to the respective battery module, wherein the first valve control unit is configured to: determine the target fluid pressure to achieve the target pressure to be applied to the respective battery cell; compare the target fluid pressure to the actual pressure of the fluid; and actuate the pressure control valve to achieve the target fluid pressure.

20. The vehicle of claim 17, wherein, The one or more valves of the temperature control unit comprise: a hot coolant control valve configured to control a flow of the hot coolant received from the fluid supply system; and a cold coolant control valve configured to control a flow of the cold coolant received from the fluid supply system, wherein the second valve control unit is configured to: compare the target temperature and the actual temperature of the respective battery module, and based on a difference between the target temperature and the actual temperature, actuate the hot coolant control valve and the cold coolant control valve to provide a mixture of the hot coolant and the cold coolant to the respective battery module to reduce the difference.

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