Hydraulic sand washing device and testing system thereof

Abstract

The invention discloses a hydraulic sand washing device and a testing system thereof, and relates to the technical field of oil gas well sand washing equipment, the hydraulic sand washing device comprises a bridge type channel assembly, a connecting joint connected to the outlet end of the bridge type channel assembly and a spray head arranged on one side of the connecting joint; the bridge type channel assembly comprises a central pipe body and a sleeve, an annular cavity in the central pipe body is divided into a first cavity and a second cavity through a partition plate, the annular cavity between the central pipe body and the sleeve is divided into at least two channels through a plurality of supporting plates, at least one channel is communicated with the first cavity to form a sand washing flow channel, and at least one channel is communicated with the second cavity to form a sand washing flow channel. At least one channel is communicated with the first cavity to form a sand-carrying flow channel, the lower end of each channel is closed through a ring block, at least one channel is communicated with the second cavity to form a sand-carrying flow channel, and the lower end of each channel is closed through a ring block. And continuous operation is simultaneously carried out in a positive and negative circulation mode, and the sand washing efficiency and the sand washing effect are improved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of sand flushing equipment for oil, gas and water wells, and specifically to a hydraulic sand flushing device and its testing system. Background Technology

[0002] During well testing and workover, if the fluid flow in the well cannot carry all the sand to the surface, the sand will gradually settle, the sand column will increase, and it will block the oil production channel. In severe cases, this can lead to reduced oil production or even shutdown. Therefore, measures must be taken to remove the accumulated sand, usually through hydraulic flushing and mechanical sand removal. Hydraulic flushing uses high-speed flowing fluid to disperse the sand blockage at the bottom of the well, and then uses the carrying capacity of the circulating fluid to bring the dispersed sand to the surface, thereby removing the accumulated sand at the bottom of the well.

[0003] Common hydraulic sand flushing methods mainly include forward circulation and reverse circulation. Forward circulation sand flushing, due to the large annular space, results in a slow fluid return velocity, leading to weak sand-carrying capacity, and the sand-slurry mixture also has a certain erosive effect on the casing. Reverse circulation sand flushing, due to the weak fluid force on the well bottom, has a slow sand-flushing velocity and low efficiency. Furthermore, because of the small tubing inner diameter, it is prone to sand blockage inside the tubing, making it difficult to thoroughly flush away the sand settled in the annulus at the bottom of the well.

[0004] For example, in Chinese patent literature, publication number CN106522863B, publication date June 11, 2019, entitled "Reverse Circulation Sand Flushing Device and Sand Flushing Process Column," the reverse circulation sand flushing device includes: a combined pipe body, comprising a central pipe and an outer pipe sleeved outside the central pipe, the outer pipe being fixedly connected to the central pipe, forming a first annular cavity between the outer pipe and the central pipe, and a flow hole provided on the wall of the outer pipe, the flow hole communicating with the first annular cavity; an ejector, detachably connected to the combined pipe body; a second annular cavity formed between the ejector and the combined pipe body, the second annular cavity communicating with the first annular cavity, and a spray hole communicating with the second annular cavity on the wall of the ejector; a sealing member, sleeved on the outer pipe and slidingly engaged with the outer pipe, the sealing member being located between the flow hole and the ejector; lifting the reverse circulation sand flushing device separates the ejector from the combined pipe body and the sealing member from the outer pipe. The existing technology disclosed in CN106522863B can only perform reverse circulation sand flushing. Due to the weak flushing force of the liquid on the bottom of the well, the sand flushing speed is slow and the sand flushing efficiency is low. At the same time, due to the small inner diameter of the tubing, sand blockage is easily caused in the tubing, making it difficult to clean the sand in the annulus at the bottom of the well. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a tool that can improve the sand flushing efficiency and effect. Summary of the Invention

[0005] To address the shortcomings of the prior art, the present invention provides a hydraulic sand flushing device and its testing system, the purpose of which is to improve sand flushing efficiency and effect.

[0006] This invention is achieved through the following technical solution: A hydraulic sand flushing device, characterized in that: it includes a bridge-type channel assembly for switching flow channels, a connecting section connected to the outlet end of the bridge-type channel assembly for forming a vortex in the wellbore, and a nozzle disposed on one side of the connecting section; the bridge-type channel assembly includes a central tube body, a sleeve disposed around the central tube body, a partition plate, and a support plate, wherein the partition plate divides the internal annular cavity of the central tube body into a first cavity and a second cavity, and multiple support plates divide the annular cavity between the central tube body and the sleeve into at least two channels, wherein at least one channel communicates with the first cavity to form a sand flushing channel, and the lower end of the channel is closed by an annular block, and at least one channel communicates with the second cavity to form a sand-carrying channel, and the lower end of the channel is closed by an annular block.

[0007] Furthermore, four support plates are provided between the central tube and the sleeve to divide the annular cavity between the central tube and the sleeve into four channels, and the four channels are symmetrically distributed in pairs. Two sets of symmetrical channels are connected to the first cavity to form sand flushing channels, and the lower ends of the two sets of channels are closed by ring blocks. The other two sets of symmetrical channels are connected to the second cavity to form sand carrying channels, and the lower ends of the two sets of channels are closed by ring blocks.

[0008] Furthermore, the connecting section includes a connecting pipe body connected to the outlet end of the central pipe body and having an internal cavity structure, and a jet nozzle arranged on the connecting pipe body. The jet nozzle is arranged circumferentially tangentially along the connecting pipe body and obliquely upward along the axial direction of the connecting pipe body.

[0009] Furthermore, the nozzle includes a nozzle body, a direct-flow nozzle, and a scattering nozzle. The nozzle body is connected to the outlet end of the connecting pipe. The direct-flow nozzle is located in the middle of the nozzle body. The scattering nozzle is located on the outer edge of the nozzle body and is circumferentially distributed. The centerline of the scattering nozzle is offset from the centerline of the nozzle body.

[0010] Furthermore, the angle between the centerline of the scattering nozzle and the centerline of the nozzle body is 8°. Furthermore, a tangential nozzle is also provided on the nozzle body and located on the outer edge of the scattering nozzle. The tangential nozzle is evenly arranged along the circumference of the nozzle body, and the center line of the tangential nozzle is offset from the center line of the nozzle body.

[0011] Furthermore, the angle between the centerline of the tangential nozzle and the centerline of the nozzle body is 30°. Furthermore, the rotation direction of the circumferential arrangement of the tangential nozzle is opposite to the rotation direction of the circumferential arrangement of the jet suction nozzle.

[0012] A hydraulic sand flushing test system includes any of the hydraulic sand flushing devices described in the above technical solutions, characterized in that: it further includes an outer cylinder detachably connected to the outside of the hydraulic sand flushing device, and an inlet and an outlet disposed on the outer cylinder; the outer cylinder includes a steel cylinder located in the upper section of the bridge-type channel assembly and a transparent cylinder located in the lower section of the bridge-type channel assembly and extending to the outside of the nozzle, and the steel cylinder and the transparent cylinder are detachably connected.

[0013] Furthermore, the steel cylinder and the transparent cylinder are sealed together by flanges, gaskets, and bolts.

[0014] The working principle of this invention is as follows: The upper ends of the two sets of symmetrical channels connected to the first cavity are not sealed by the annular blocks, while their lower ends are sealed by the annular blocks. The flushing fluid enters from the inlet into the annular cavity between the central tube and the sleeve, and then flows into the first cavity through the two sets of channels. The flushing fluid flows through the first cavity to the connecting joint and the nozzle to flush the wellbore, achieving positive circulation flushing. Figure 4 As shown, the lower ends of the two sets of symmetrical channels connected to the second cavity are not closed by the ring block, while the upper ends are closed by the ring block. The sand and sand-washing liquid mixed together enter the second cavity through the two sets of symmetrical channels connected to the second cavity, and then enter the central tube from the second cavity. The liquid flows out of the outlet from the central tube, thus realizing reverse circulation sand carrying.

[0015] The beneficial effects of this invention are as follows: 1. This invention integrates positive circulation sand flushing and reverse circulation sand carrying into a composite sand flushing structure. The bridge-type channel assembly enables the conversion between different circulation modes in the upper and lower parts of the composite tool, and allows for simultaneous and continuous operation in both positive and reverse circulation modes. This ensures that the entire sand flushing and sand carrying process is continuous and reliable, and the structure is reliable with good performance. It can continuously carry out hydraulic sand flushing operations and effectively avoid the risk of sand settling. 2. In this invention, the arrangement of direct jet nozzles and scattering nozzles achieves full coverage of the sand-laden surface at the bottom of the well. By using tangential nozzles, a tangential velocity is applied to the fluid at the bottom of the well, which creates a forced vortex at the bottom of the well, causing the fluid at the bottom of the well to rotate. This avoids the generation of local vortices and completely and uniformly mixes the sand and flushing fluid dispersed at the bottom of the well. The overall combination of direct jet nozzles, scattering nozzles, and tangential nozzles forms three sets of nozzles, which effectively achieves full coverage swirling flushing of the bottom of the well in a non-rotating state. The structure is simple and the operation is reliable. 3. In this invention, the upward suction of the nozzle of the connecting joint reduces the well fluid pressure around the nozzle, increasing the pressure difference between the bottom of the well (high pressure) and the return flow port of the bridge channel assembly. This is beneficial for the backflow of flushing fluid from the bottom of the well and helps to reduce the pressure of the flushing fluid on the bottom of the well. In addition, the liquid from the nozzle is ejected along the circumferential tangential direction, which applies a forced rotational speed to the fluid in the well, forming a forced vortex. This causes the fluid near the return flow port of the bridge channel assembly to rotate as well, preventing sand accumulation near the return flow port of the bridge channel assembly and improving the flushing effect. Attached Figure Description

[0016] Figure 1 This is an external schematic diagram of the hydraulic sand flushing device of the present invention; Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the internal structure of the hydraulic sand flushing device of the present invention; Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the bridge-type channel assembly structure in this invention; Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the bridge-type channel assembly in the AA direction of the present invention; Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram of the bridge-type channel assembly in the BB direction of the present invention; Figure 6 for Figure 2 Enlarged schematic diagram of point A (connecting joint structure schematic diagram); Figure 7 for Figure 6 Schematic diagram of the AA-direction arrangement of the central jet suction nozzle; Figure 8 for Figure 2 Enlarged schematic diagram of point B (sprayer structure schematic diagram); Figure 9 for Figure 8 Schematic diagram of the BB-direction arrangement of the central nozzle; Figure 10 This is a schematic diagram of the external structure of the experimental system in this invention; Figure 11 This is a schematic diagram of the internal structure of the experimental system in this invention.

[0017] Attachment markings: 1-Bridge-type channel assembly, 10-Central tube body, 11-Sleeve, 12-Baffle, 13-Sand flushing channel, 14-Sand carrying channel, 15-Support plate, 16-Channel, 17-Ring block, 100-First cavity, 101-Second cavity, 2-Connecting joint, 20-Connecting tube body, 21-Jet suction nozzle, 3-Nozzle, 30-Nozzle body, 31-Straight nozzle, 32-Diffusing nozzle, 33-Tangential nozzle, 4-Outer cylinder, 40-Steel cylinder body, 41-Transparent cylinder body, 42-Flange, 43-Sealing gasket, 44-Bolt, 5-Outlet, 6-Inlet. Detailed Implementation

[0018] The technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0019] Example 1 like Figures 1-5 As shown, a hydraulic sand flushing device includes a bridge-type channel assembly 1 for switching flow channels, a connecting section 2 connected to the outlet end of the bridge-type channel assembly 1 for forming a vortex in the wellbore, and a nozzle 3 disposed on one side of the connecting section 2. The bridge-type channel assembly 1 includes a central tube 10, a sleeve 11 disposed around the central tube 10, a partition 12, and a support plate 15. The partition 12 divides the internal annular cavity of the central tube 10 into a first cavity 100 and a second cavity 101. Multiple support plates 15 divide the annular cavity between the central tube 10 and the sleeve 11 into at least two channels 16. At least one channel 16 communicates with the first cavity 100 to form a sand flushing flow channel 13, and the lower end of the channel 16 is closed by a ring block 17. At least one channel 16 communicates with the second cavity 101 to form a sand-carrying flow channel 14, and the lower end of the channel 16 is closed by a ring block 17.

[0020] Example 2 This embodiment is a further detailed description and supplement to the implementation of the present invention based on Embodiment 1.

[0021] like Figures 1-5 As shown, four support plates 15 are provided between the central tube 10 and the sleeve 11 to divide the annular cavity between the central tube 10 and the sleeve 11 into four channels 16. The four channels 16 are symmetrically distributed in pairs. Two sets of symmetrical channels 16 are respectively connected to the first cavity 100 to form sand flushing channels 13, and the lower ends of the two sets of channels 16 are closed by ring blocks 17. The other two sets of symmetrical channels 16 are respectively connected to the second cavity 101 to form sand carrying channels 14, and the lower ends of the two sets of channels 16 are closed by ring blocks 17.

[0022] In implementation, four support plates 15 are set between the central tube 10 and the sleeve 11 to divide the annular cavity between the central tube 10 and the sleeve 11 into four channels 16, and the four channels 16 are symmetrically distributed in pairs. Two sets of symmetrical channels 16 are connected to the first cavity 100. The connection method is to set two openings on the first cavity 100, and the two openings correspond to the two sets of symmetrical channels 16. The lower ends of the two sets of channels 16 are closed by the ring block 17. The other two sets of symmetrical channels 16 are connected to the second cavity 101 to form sand-carrying channels 14. The connection method is also to set two openings on the second cavity 101, and the two openings correspond to the two sets of symmetrical channels 16. The lower ends of the two sets of channels 16 are closed by the ring block 17.

[0023] like Figure 3 As shown, the upper ends of the two sets of symmetrical channels 16, which are respectively connected to the first cavity 100, are not sealed by the annular block 17. The flushing fluid enters the annular cavity of the central tube 10 and the sleeve 11 from the upper channel 16 (here, the upper channel 16 is the flushing fluid inlet), and then enters the first cavity 100 through the two sets of channels 16. The flushing fluid flows through the first cavity 100 to the connecting joint 2 and the nozzle 3 to flush the sand in the wellbore, achieving positive circulation flushing. Figure 4 As shown, the upper ends of the two sets of symmetrical channels 16 connected to the second cavity 101 are not closed by the ring block 17. The dispersed sand and the flushing fluid mix and enter the two sets of channels 16 along the upper channel 16 (the upper channel 16 here is the reverse discharge port). They then enter the second cavity 101 through the two sets of channels 16 to achieve reverse circulation sand carrying. The composite flushing with positive circulation sand flushing and reverse circulation sand carrying is integrated into a single structure. The bridge channel assembly 1 enables the conversion between the upper and lower circulation modes of the composite tool, and the positive and negative circulation modes can be operated continuously at the same time. This makes the entire flushing and sand carrying operation continuous and reliable, and the hydraulic flushing operation can be carried out continuously, effectively avoiding the risk of sand settling.

[0024] Example 3 This embodiment further elaborates and supplements the implementation of the present invention based on Embodiment 1 or Embodiment 2.

[0025] like Figure 2 , Figures 6-7 As shown, the connecting section 2 includes a connecting pipe body 20 connected to the outlet end of the central pipe body 10 and having an internal cavity structure, and a jet nozzle 21 arranged on the connecting pipe body 20. The jet nozzle 21 is arranged circumferentially tangentially along the connecting pipe body 20 and obliquely upward along the axial direction of the connecting pipe body 20.

[0026] During implementation, the upward suction through the jet nozzle 21 of the connecting section 2 reduces the well fluid pressure around the jet nozzle 21, increasing the pressure difference between the bottom of the well (high pressure) and the backflow outlet of the bridge channel assembly 1. This is beneficial for the backflow of flushing fluid from the bottom of the well and helps reduce the pressure of the flushing fluid on the bottom of the well. In addition, the liquid from the jet nozzle 21 is ejected along the circumferential tangential direction, which applies a forced rotational speed to the fluid in the well, forming a forced vortex. This causes the fluid near the backflow outlet of the bridge channel assembly 1 to rotate as well, preventing sand accumulation near the backflow outlet of the bridge channel assembly 1 and improving the flushing effect.

[0027] Example 4 This embodiment further elaborates and supplements the implementation of the present invention based on Embodiment 1, Embodiment 2 or Embodiment 3.

[0028] As one implementation method of this embodiment, such as Figure 1 , Figures 8-9 As shown, the nozzle 3 includes a nozzle body 30, a direct jet nozzle 31, and a scattering nozzle 32. The nozzle body 30 is connected to the outlet end of the connecting pipe 20. The direct jet nozzle 31 is located in the middle of the nozzle body 30, and the scattering nozzle 32 is located on the outer edge of the nozzle body 30 and is circumferentially distributed. The center line of the scattering nozzle 32 is offset from the center line of the nozzle body 30. The angle between the center line of the scattering nozzle 32 and the center line of the nozzle body 30 is 8°. The direct jet nozzle 31 flushes sand downwards to the bottom of the well, and the scattering nozzle 32 flushes sand around the bottom of the well. The arrangement of the direct jet nozzle 31 and the scattering nozzle 32 achieves full coverage of the sand surface at the bottom of the well.

[0029] As another implementation method of this embodiment, such as Figure 9 As shown, a tangential nozzle 33 is also provided on the nozzle body 30 and located on the outer edge of the scattering nozzle 32. The tangential nozzle 33 is evenly arranged along the circumference of the nozzle body 30, and the center line of the tangential nozzle 33 is offset from the center line of the nozzle body 30. The angle between the center line of the tangential nozzle 33 and the center line of the nozzle body 30 is 30°. By applying a tangential velocity to the fluid at the bottom of the well through the tangential nozzle 33, a forced vortex can be created at the bottom of the well, causing the fluid at the bottom of the well to rotate, thereby avoiding the generation of local vortices and completely and uniformly mixing the sand and flushing fluid dispersed at the bottom of the well. The overall combination of the direct jet nozzle 31, the scattering nozzle 32 and the tangential nozzle 33 forms a combination of three sets of nozzles 3, which has a simple structure, reliable operation, and effectively realizes full coverage swirling flushing of the bottom of the well in a non-rotating state.

[0030] In another embodiment of this invention, the rotation direction of the circumferentially arranged tangential nozzle 33 is opposite to the rotation direction of the circumferentially arranged jet nozzle 21.

[0031] Example 5 This embodiment further elaborates and supplements the implementation of the present invention based on Embodiment 1, Embodiment 2, Embodiment 3 or Embodiment 4.

[0032] As one implementation method of this embodiment, such as Figures 10-11 As shown, a hydraulic sand flushing test system includes a hydraulic sand flushing device as described in any of the above embodiments, and further includes an outer cylinder 4 detachably connected to the outside of the hydraulic sand flushing device, and an inlet 6 and an outlet 5 disposed on the outer cylinder 4; the outer cylinder 4 includes a steel cylinder 40 located in the upper section of the bridge-type channel assembly 1 and a transparent cylinder 41 located in the lower section of the bridge-type channel assembly 1 and extending to the outside of the nozzle 3. The steel cylinder 40 is used to bear the load, and the transparent cylinder 41 allows for real-time observation of the working status of the hydraulic sand flushing device, which is convenient and quick, and the steel cylinder 40 and the transparent cylinder 41 are detachably connected.

[0033] like Figures 1-11 As shown, during implementation, the upper ends of the two sets of symmetrical channels 16 connected to the first cavity 100 are not closed by the annular block 17, while the lower ends are closed by the annular block 17. The flushing fluid enters the annular cavity of the central tube 10 and the sleeve 11 from the inlet 6, and enters the first cavity 100 along the two sets of channels 16. The flushing fluid flows through the first cavity 100 to the connecting section 2 and the nozzle 3. The nozzle 3 flushes the sand in the wellbore to achieve positive circulation flushing. The lower ends of the two sets of symmetrical channels 16 connected to the second cavity 101 are not closed by the annular block 17, while the upper ends are closed by the annular block 17. The dispersed sand mixes with the flushing fluid and enters the second cavity 101 along the two sets of symmetrical channels 16 connected to the second cavity 101. It then enters the central tube 10 from the second cavity 101 and flows out of the outlet 5 from the central tube 10, thus achieving reverse circulation sand carrying.

[0034] In another embodiment of this invention, the steel cylinder 40 and the transparent cylinder 41 are sealed together by a flange 42, a gasket 43 and bolts 44, thus using a detachable structure for easy assembly.

Claims

1. A hydraulic sand flushing device, characterized in that: The system includes a bridge-type channel assembly (1) for switching flow channels, a connecting section (2) connected to the outlet end of the bridge-type channel assembly (1) for forming a vortex within the wellbore, and a nozzle (3) disposed on one side of the connecting section (2). The bridge-type channel assembly (1) includes a central tube (10), a sleeve (11) disposed around the central tube (10), a partition (12), and a support plate (15). The partition (12) divides the internal annular cavity of the central tube (10) into a first cavity (100) and a second cavity (100). The two cavities (101) are divided into at least two channels (16) by multiple support plates (15) between the central tube (10) and the sleeve (11). At least one channel (16) is connected to the first cavity (100) to form a sand flushing channel (13), and the lower end of the channel (16) is closed by a ring block (17). At least one channel (16) is connected to the second cavity (101) to form a sand carrying channel (14), and the lower end of the channel (16) is closed by a ring block (17).

2. The hydraulic sand flushing device as described in claim 1, characterized in that: Four support plates (15) are provided between the central tube (10) and the sleeve (11) to divide the annular cavity between the central tube (10) and the sleeve (11) into four channels (16). The four channels (16) are symmetrically distributed in pairs. Two sets of symmetrical channels (16) are connected to the first cavity (100) to form sand flushing channels (13), and the lower ends of the two sets of channels (16) are closed by ring blocks (17). The other two sets of symmetrical channels (16) are connected to the second cavity (101) to form sand carrying channels (14), and the lower ends of the two sets of channels (16) are closed by ring blocks (17).

3. A hydraulic sand flushing device as described in claim 1 or 2, characterized in that: The connecting section (2) includes a connecting pipe (20) connected to the outlet end of the central pipe (10) and having an internal cavity structure, and a jet nozzle (21) arranged on the connecting pipe (20). The jet nozzle (21) is arranged circumferentially tangentially along the connecting pipe (20) and obliquely upward along the axial direction of the connecting pipe (20).

4. The hydraulic sand flushing device as described in claim 3, characterized in that: The nozzle (3) includes a nozzle body (30), a direct nozzle (31), and a scattering nozzle (32). The nozzle body (30) is connected to the outlet end of the connecting pipe (20). The direct nozzle (31) is located in the middle of the nozzle body (30). The scattering nozzle (32) is located on the outer edge of the nozzle body (30) and is circumferentially distributed. The center line of the scattering nozzle (32) is offset from the center line of the nozzle body (30).

5. The hydraulic sand flushing device as described in claim 4, characterized in that: The angle between the centerline of the scattering nozzle (32) and the centerline of the nozzle body (30) is 8°.

6. The hydraulic sand flushing device as described in claim 4, characterized in that: A tangential nozzle (33) is also provided on the nozzle body (30) and located on the outer edge of the scattering nozzle (32). The tangential nozzle (33) is evenly arranged along the circumferential direction of the nozzle body (30), and the center line of the tangential nozzle (33) is offset from the center line of the nozzle body (30).

7. A hydraulic sand flushing device as described in claim 6, characterized in that: The angle between the centerline of the tangential nozzle (33) and the centerline of the nozzle body (30) is 30°.

8. The hydraulic sand flushing device as described in claim 7, characterized in that: The circumferentially arranged tangential nozzle (33) rotates in the opposite direction to the circumferentially arranged jet nozzle (21).

9. A hydraulic sand flushing test system, comprising a hydraulic sand flushing device as described in any one of claims 1-8, characterized in that: It also includes an outer cylinder (4) that is detachably connected to the outside of the hydraulic sand flushing device, and an inlet (6) and an outlet (5) provided on the outer cylinder (4); the outer cylinder (4) includes a steel cylinder (40) located in the upper section of the bridge channel assembly (1) and a transparent cylinder (41) located in the lower section of the bridge channel assembly (1) and extending to the outside of the nozzle (3), and the steel cylinder (40) and the transparent cylinder (41) are detachably connected.

10. The hydraulic sand flushing test system as described in claim 9, characterized in that: The steel cylinder (40) and the transparent cylinder (41) are sealed together by a flange (42), a gasket (43) and bolts (44).

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