Ecological restoration method and system for high and steep slope of surface mine

Abstract

The invention relates to the technical field of surface mine slope ecological restoration, and discloses a surface mine high and steep slope ecological restoration method and system. The method comprises the following steps: acquiring slope crack data, establishing a network model, marking high-risk points, calculating positions and depths of anchoring points through a Voronoi diagram algorithm, arranging anchor rods, then spraying a concrete base layer to improve a soil dressing layer and a planting substrate layer to form a layered structure, arranging a water storage drip irrigation system, burying a slow-release water bag and a sensor to control irrigation, and sowing pioneer grass seeds to plant shrubs and arbors to form multi-layer vegetation. According to the method, accurate intelligent laying of the anchoring points is achieved by establishing the fracture network model and based on the Voronoi graph algorithm, and the problems that in the prior art, design of an anchoring system lacks scientific basis and the anchoring efficiency is low are solved.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] The present application relates to the technical field of ecological restoration of open-pit mine slopes, in particular to an ecological restoration method and system for high and steep slopes of open-pit mines. BACKGROUND

[0002] Open-pit mining activities play an important role in the development of mining economy in western Henan Province, but the high and steep slopes formed by long-term mining have a serious impact on the geological environment. In the prior art, the ecological restoration of high and steep slopes of open-pit mines mainly draws on the re-greening technology of highway and railway slopes, including guest soil spraying and seeding technology, vegetation bag technology, three-dimensional vegetation net spraying and seeding technology, concrete spraying and floating platform method, vegetation concrete ecological protection technology and geocell method, etc. These technologies achieve rapid vegetation coverage by constructing a planting substrate layer on the surface of the slope and sowing seeds, and at the same time, engineering measures such as net anchoring are used to enhance the stability of the slope. Some technologies also combine counter-pressure slope feet and dangerous rock body removal for slope reinforcement.

[0003] However, the existing technology has many shortcomings. The anchoring point layout mainly relies on the fixed grid spacing specified in the specification or the experience of engineers, and cannot be accurately designed according to the actual spatial distribution of the slope fissures, resulting in some anchor rods being located in the complete rock mass, causing waste, and some fissure-dense areas being insufficiently anchored. The guest soil layer is mostly single or simply double-layered and has a single ratio, and the poor water retention makes it difficult for plants to survive for a long time. The existing technology excessively pursues short-term greening speed and ignores long-term ecological stability. The greening effect is good at the initial stage of project completion, but the vegetation is difficult to maintain in a natural state. The re-greening plant species is single and cannot form a stable plant community. The post-maintenance relies on frequent artificial watering and fertilization, which is costly and lacks systematic long-term evaluation standards. SUMMARY

[0004] The present application provides an ecological restoration method and system for high and steep slopes of open-pit mines, which establishes a fissure network model and realizes accurate and intelligent layout of anchoring points based on the Voronoi diagram algorithm, solves the problems of lack of scientific basis in the design of the anchoring system and low anchoring efficiency in the prior art, and solves the problems of easy detachment of the guest soil layer, difficulty of plants to survive for a long time, and high cost of post-maintenance in the prior art by constructing a three-layer progressive guest soil structure of bottom bearing, middle nutrition, and surface establishment, and cooperating with an intelligent irrigation system of water storage and slow release and a three-stage adaptive succession planting mode of pioneer, transition, and target.

[0005] In a first aspect, the present application provides an ecological restoration method for high and steep slopes of open-pit mines, which comprises: Step S1: obtaining spatial distribution data of slope fissures, establishing a fissure network model, and marking the center of mass of the fissure-dense area as a high-risk point; Step S2: Using the high-risk point as a constraint, calculate the anchorage point location using the Voronoi diagram algorithm, and determine the anchorage depth based on the crack extension depth around the anchorage point; Step S3: After installing anchor rods at the anchoring points, spray concrete base layer, improved topsoil layer and planting substrate layer in sequence, and fix them through with anchor nails to form a layered topsoil structure; Step S4: Set up a water storage system at the top of the slope, lay a drip irrigation network to the layered topsoil structure, bury a slow-release water bag and a soil moisture sensor in the improved topsoil layer, and control the start and stop of the drip irrigation system according to the monitoring value of the soil moisture sensor. Step S5: Spread Pioneer grass seeds in the planting substrate layer to form a lawn, plant shrubs on the lawn, and plant trees in the shrub growth area to form a multi-layered vegetation structure.

[0006] Secondly, this application provides an ecological restoration system for steep slopes in open-pit mines, the ecological restoration system for steep slopes in open-pit mines comprising: The acquisition module is used to acquire spatial distribution data of slope cracks, establish a crack network model, and mark the centroid of densely cracked areas as high-risk points. The calculation module is used to calculate the anchorage point position using the high-risk point as a constraint condition and the Voronoi diagram algorithm, and to determine the anchorage depth based on the crack extension depth around the anchorage point. The spraying module is used to sequentially spray concrete base layer, improved topsoil layer and planting substrate layer after the anchor rod is installed at the anchoring point, and form a layered topsoil structure by anchor nails. The control module is used to set up a water storage system at the top of the slope, lay a drip irrigation network to the layered topsoil structure, bury a slow-release water bag and a soil moisture sensor in the improved topsoil layer, and control the start and stop of the drip irrigation system according to the monitoring value of the soil moisture sensor. The seeding module is used to seed pioneer grass seeds in the planting substrate layer to form a lawn, plant shrubs on the lawn, and plant trees in the shrub growth area to form a multi-layered vegetation structure.

[0007] The technical solution provided in this application overcomes the limitations of existing technologies that rely solely on manual reconnaissance and borehole sampling, which cannot fully grasp the three-dimensional spatial distribution of fractures, by acquiring spatial distribution data of slope fractures and establishing a fracture network model, marking the centroid of densely fractured areas as high-risk points. It combines visible fracture information obtained from UAV oblique photogrammetry with hidden fracture information obtained from ground-penetrating radar detection to construct a complete three-dimensional network model containing surface and shallow fractures. By dividing the slope into grids and calculating the fracture density of each grid unit, it accurately identifies weak areas with dense fracture development, laying a data foundation for the subsequent scientific design of the anchoring system. Using high-risk points as constraints, the Voronoi diagram algorithm is used to calculate the anchoring point location, innovatively introducing spatial partitioning algorithms from computational geometry into the field of mine slope engineering. The algorithm uses the high-risk points as constraints to calculate the anchoring point location. Risk points are used as generation points for three-dimensional spatial division. Candidate anchoring points are set at the geometric center of each Voronoi polyhedron, and the number of main cracks around the candidate points is counted to ensure that each anchoring point can cross at least a preset number of main cracks. This achieves a precise match between the anchoring point location and the actual distribution of cracks. Compared with the traditional fixed grid layout method, the intelligent layout method of this application reduces the number of anchoring points while enhancing the overall stability of the slope. The anchoring depth is determined based on the extension depth of cracks around the anchoring point. By identifying the main cracks crossed by each anchoring point and reading their dip angle and extension depth data, the anchoring depth is dynamically calculated based on the extension depth of the deepest crack. This overcomes the crude approach of using a fixed anchoring depth in the existing technology, enabling the anchor rod to penetrate the deepest crack and enter the stable rock layer to a sufficient depth, truly realizing the personalized design of the anchoring system.

[0008] After anchoring at the anchor points, a layer of improved topsoil and a layer of planting substrate are sequentially sprayed with concrete base layer and fixed with anchor nails to form a layered topsoil structure. This innovative three-layer progressive structure with clearly defined functions is achieved. The concrete base layer, through its integral connection with the anchors and steel mesh, provides structural bearing capacity and prevents the topsoil layer from slipping and falling off. The improved topsoil layer uses a precise ratio of six components: local topsoil, humus, perlite, water-retaining agent, slow-release fertilizer, and microbial inoculant. The water-retaining agent absorbs water during the rainy season and releases it during the dry season; perlite improves aeration and prevents compaction; and the microbial inoculant quickly establishes a soil micro-ecosystem. This multi-component synergistic ratio is a feature of existing technologies. This previously unused technique utilizes a planting substrate layer containing a mixture of grass seeds and short-fiber materials to achieve rapid turf formation. Anchor nails connect the three layers, securing them as a whole and significantly improving the shear and slip resistance of the topsoil layer. A water storage system is installed at the top of the slope, with a drip irrigation network laid to the layered topsoil structure. Slow-release water bladders and soil moisture sensors are embedded in the improved topsoil layer. The drip irrigation system is controlled based on the soil moisture sensor readings, creating a dual-protection irrigation system combining active drip irrigation and passive slow-release. The active drip irrigation system automatically determines whether to start or stop based on real-time monitoring data from the soil moisture sensor, stopping when the soil volumetric moisture content is low. Irrigation automatically starts when the preset lower threshold is reached and automatically shuts off when the threshold is exceeded, achieving on-demand water supply. The superabsorbent polymer (SAP) filling the passive slow-release water sacs absorbs water and expands during the rainy season, slowly releasing water into the surrounding soil through osmosis during the dry season. This passive water regulation mechanism requires no energy or human intervention and is particularly suitable for climates with distinct seasonal rainfall. A three-stage configuration model, simulating natural vegetation succession, is employed: sowing Pioneer grass seeds in the planting substrate layer to form a lawn, planting shrubs on the lawn, and planting trees in the shrub growth area to form a multi-layered vegetation structure. The Pioneer grass seed mixture includes warm-season and cool-season varieties. Four types of grasses—fast-growing, nitrogen-fixing, and semi-fast-growing—are used to achieve rapid coverage and soil improvement through niche complementarity. After the lawn stabilizes, shrubs are planted to form a shrub-grass mosaic structure. At the same time, perennial herbaceous plants are added to increase species diversity. After the shrubs grow well, tree species are selected according to slope aspect differences: drought-resistant Chinese arborvitae are planted on sunny slopes, and shade-tolerant black locust is planted on shady slopes. Ultimately, a multi-layered structure is formed with trees on the top, shrubs in the middle, and herbaceous plants at the bottom. This three-dimensional configuration strategy, which combines temporal gradient, spatial hierarchy, and species diversity, improves the soil with pioneer species and creates a suitable environment for target species, ensuring the long-term stability and self-sustaining capacity of the vegetation community. Attached Figure Description

[0009] To more clearly illustrate the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention, the drawings used in the description of the embodiments will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are some embodiments of the present invention. For those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without creative effort.

[0010] Figure 1This is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of the ecological restoration method for steep slopes in open-pit mines in this application. Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of one embodiment of the ecological restoration system for steep slopes in open-pit mines in this application. Detailed Implementation

[0011] This application provides a method and system for ecological restoration of steep slopes in open-pit mines. The terms "first," "second," "third," "fourth," etc. (if present)," in the specification, claims, and accompanying drawings are used to distinguish similar objects and are not necessarily used to describe a specific order or sequence. It should be understood that such data can be interchanged where appropriate so that the embodiments described herein can be implemented in a sequence other than that illustrated or described herein. Furthermore, the terms "comprising" or "having," and any variations thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion; for example, a process, method, system, product, or apparatus that comprises a series of steps or units is not necessarily limited to those steps or units explicitly listed, but may include other steps or units not explicitly listed or inherent to such processes, methods, products, or apparatus.

[0012] For ease of understanding, the specific process of the embodiments of this application is described below. Please refer to [link / reference]. Figure 1 One embodiment of the ecological restoration method for steep slopes in open-pit mines in this application includes: Step S1: Obtain spatial distribution data of slope cracks, establish a crack network model, and mark the centroid of densely cracked areas as high-risk points; Step S2: Using high-risk points as constraints, calculate the anchorage point location using the Voronoi diagram algorithm, and determine the anchorage depth based on the crack extension depth around the anchorage point. Step S3: After installing anchor rods at the anchor points, spray concrete base layer, improved topsoil layer and planting substrate layer in sequence, and fix them through with anchor nails to form a layered topsoil structure; Step S4: Set up a water storage system at the top of the slope, lay a drip irrigation network to the layered topsoil structure, bury slow-release water bags and soil moisture sensors in the improved topsoil layer, and control the start and stop of the drip irrigation system according to the monitoring value of the soil moisture sensor. Step S5: Sow Pioneer grass seeds in the planting substrate layer to form a lawn, plant shrubs on the lawn, and plant trees in the shrub growth area to form a multi-layered vegetation structure.

[0013] Specifically, a drone equipped with a high-resolution camera is used to perform oblique photogrammetry on the slope surface. According to the set forward and lateral overlap, image data of the slope surface is acquired. The images are processed by photogrammetry software to generate a three-dimensional model of the slope. The spatial location, orientation angle, dip angle, and opening value of all visible cracks are marked on the three-dimensional model. At the same time, ground-penetrating radar is used to lay survey lines along the transverse and longitudinal directions of the slope to detect and acquire shallow rock mass structure data. The spatial distribution of hidden cracks is identified by radar wave reflection signals. The visible and hidden crack data are integrated to construct a three-dimensional spatial model of the crack network. Then, the slope is divided into several grid units. The number of cracks in each grid unit is counted, the crack density value is calculated, and the orientation of the main crack is identified. Grid units with crack density exceeding a preset threshold are extracted. The centroid coordinates of these grid units are marked as high-risk points, forming a set of high-risk points.

[0014] Next, the set of high-risk points is used as the set of generated points and input into the Voronoi diagram algorithm for spatial partitioning. The algorithm traverses all points in the space, calculates the Euclidean distance from each spatial point to each generated point, and assigns each spatial point to the nearest generated point, thus constructing multiple Voronoi polyhedra in 3D space. Each polyhedron contains all spatial points closest to its corresponding generated point. Then, the coordinates of all vertices of each Voronoi polyhedron are extracted. The average coordinate value is obtained by summing the coordinates of all vertices of the same polyhedron and dividing by the number of vertices. This average coordinate value is the geometric center coordinate of the Voronoi polyhedron. The geometric center coordinate is set as the candidate anchorage point coordinate, and the candidate anchorage is used in the 3D spatial model of the fracture network. Extract all crack data within a preset radius centered on a point. Select cracks whose length exceeds a preset length threshold and whose opening exceeds a preset opening threshold as main cracks. Count the number of main cracks around each candidate anchoring point and determine whether the number of main cracks meets a preset number threshold. Mark the candidate anchoring points that meet the conditions as valid anchoring points and include them in the final anchoring point set. For candidate anchoring points that do not meet the conditions, adjust their positions along the direction of the main cracks and re-determine. Identify all main cracks crossed by each final anchoring point, read the dip angle and extension depth values ​​of these main cracks, find the crack with the largest extension depth, multiply the extension depth of the deepest crack by a preset coefficient, and add the base anchoring depth to obtain the anchoring depth of the anchoring point.

[0015] Then, at the final anchoring point, drill holes and insert anchor rods. Weld transverse and longitudinal connecting steel bars at preset intervals to the outside of the anchor rods to form a steel mesh structure. Use a concrete spraying machine to spray pre-mixed concrete onto the surface of the steel mesh, controlling the spraying distance and angle, spraying twice to the preset thickness to form a concrete base layer. After the concrete has initially set, roughen the surface to increase its roughness. When preparing the improved topsoil material, weigh the local topsoil, humus, perlite, water-retaining agent, slow-release fertilizer, and microbial agent according to the preset weight ratio. Dry mix each component in a mixer to ensure uniform dispersion, then add water to the preset moisture content for wet mixing. Check if the bulk density of the mixed improved topsoil is within the preset range before using the topsoil. The hydroseeding machine sprays the improved topsoil material onto the concrete base surface using a multi-stage spraying method. After each spray, a preset time interval is allowed for the soil layer to initially solidify before the next spray is performed. The spraying continues until a preset thickness is reached to form an improved topsoil layer. Anchors are then driven into the surface of the improved topsoil layer at preset intervals. The length of the anchors is determined by the sum of the thickness of the concrete base and the thickness of the improved topsoil layer, plus the depth into which they are anchored in the concrete. This ensures that the anchors penetrate both the concrete base and the improved topsoil layer, fixing the two layers into a unified structure. When preparing the planting substrate, peat moss, coconut coir, perlite, slow-release fertilizer, and grass seed are mixed in a preset ratio, and short fiber materials are added. Water is added to the preset moisture content and stirred evenly. The planting substrate is then sprayed onto the surface of the improved topsoil layer using the hydroseeding machine to form a planting substrate layer of the preset thickness.

[0016] Next, a water storage tank is installed on the platform at the top of the slope. The volume of the water storage tank is determined according to the slope area in a preset ratio. A collection ditch is set on top of the water storage tank to collect rainwater runoff. A water outlet pipe is connected to the bottom of the water storage tank. A drip irrigation main pipe is laid longitudinally along the slope and connected to the water outlet pipe. The main pipe uses PE pipe of a preset diameter. Horizontal drip irrigation branch pipes are led out from the main pipe at preset intervals. The branch pipes use PE pipe of a smaller diameter. Pressure-compensating drippers are installed on the branch pipes at preset intervals, and the dripper flow rate is set to a preset value. Slow-release water bags are buried in the improved topsoil layer at preset horizontal and vertical intervals. The water bags are made of non-woven fabric in preset sizes and filled with a preset mass of superabsorbent resin material. The resin absorbs water. When the multiplier reaches the preset multiplier and the burial depth is located in the middle of the improved topsoil layer, a soil moisture sensor is buried in the improved topsoil layer at a depth in the lower middle part of the improved topsoil layer. The sensor transmits the monitored soil volumetric moisture content value to the controller in real time through a wireless data transmission module. After receiving the moisture content value, the controller compares it with the preset lower threshold. When the moisture content value is lower than the lower threshold, the controller issues a start command to open the solenoid valve on the water outlet pipe of the water storage tank. The water flows through the main pipe and branch pipes to each dripper for drip irrigation. After the irrigation continues for a preset time, the controller reads the moisture content value again. When the moisture content value is higher than the preset upper threshold, the controller issues a stop command to close the solenoid valve and stop drip irrigation.

[0017] Finally, a mixture of four grass seeds—bermite, tall fescue, ryegrass, and alfalfa—is sown in the planting substrate layer. These seeds are mixed according to a predetermined weight ratio and evenly sown onto the substrate surface at the predetermined seeding rate. Immediately after sowing, a non-woven fabric is used to cover the seeds to prevent rainwater washing. Once the germination rate reaches the predetermined percentage, the fabric is removed. After the lawn reaches the predetermined coverage, shrubs are planted in holes at the predetermined spacing. The shrubs include three species: Lespedeza, Amorpha fruticosa, and Hippophae rhamnoides, mixed according to a predetermined ratio. A predetermined amount of well-rotted organic fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer are applied as base fertilizer to the planting holes. The shrub seedlings are removed from their containers, keeping their root balls intact, and placed into the planting holes. Planting soil is then backfilled until level with the lawn surface. After compacting the soil, water each shrub with the predetermined amount of water to help it establish roots. At the same time, plant two perennial herbaceous plants, dandelion and plantain, in furrows on the lawn. Mix the seeds of the two herbaceous plants according to the predetermined seed quantity ratio, sow them in the furrows according to the predetermined sowing amount, and cover them with soil. After the shrubs grow to the predetermined height and crown width, plant trees in the areas where the shrubs are growing well according to the predetermined spacing. Determine whether it is a sunny or shady slope according to the slope aspect. Select arborvitae as the tree species for sunny slopes and locust as the tree species for shady slopes. Dig planting holes of predetermined size, apply the predetermined amount of organic fertilizer, superphosphate, and potassium sulfate as base fertilizer in the holes, plant the tree seedlings of predetermined size, and water them with the predetermined amount of water to help them establish roots, forming a multi-layered vegetation structure with trees in the upper layer, shrubs in the middle layer, and herbs in the lower layer.

[0018] In one specific embodiment, step S1 includes: By using a drone equipped with a camera to perform oblique photogrammetry on the slope surface, the image data of the slope surface is obtained, a three-dimensional model of the slope is generated, and the location, direction, dip angle and opening of visible cracks are marked on the three-dimensional model of the slope. By using ground-penetrating radar to detect along the slope survey line, shallow rock mass structure data can be obtained, the spatial distribution of hidden fissures can be identified, and a three-dimensional spatial model of the fissure network can be constructed by combining visible fissures. The slope is divided into grid cells. The number of fractures, fracture density and main fracture orientation in each grid cell are counted. The angle between the rock layer dip angle and the slope dip angle is calculated to determine the slope type. Extract mesh cells with fracture density exceeding a preset threshold, mark the centroid coordinates of the mesh cells as high-risk points, and obtain a set of high-risk points.

[0019] Specifically, the high-resolution camera on the UAV performs oblique photogrammetry of the slope surface according to a pre-planned flight path. The flight altitude is controlled at a certain distance from the slope, and parameters for forward and lateral overlap are set to ensure sufficient overlap between images. After the raw image data collected by the UAV is transmitted to the ground workstation, the images are processed using photogrammetry software. The software first performs distortion correction to eliminate the effects of lens distortion, and then uses a feature point matching algorithm to find corresponding points in adjacent images. Based on the pixel coordinates of the corresponding points and camera parameters, the three-dimensional spatial coordinates are calculated, and a large amount of three-dimensional point cloud data is generated. A 3D model of the slope is generated by triangulation. Operators observe the slope surface on the 3D model and identify the location of all visible cracks. Using the software's annotation tool, line segments are drawn at the crack locations. The 3D coordinates of the start and end points of the line segments record the spatial location of the cracks. The strike angle of the cracks, i.e., the angle between the crack extension direction and due north, is calculated using measurement tools. The dip angle is obtained by measuring the angle between the crack surface and the horizontal plane. The opening value is obtained by measuring the distance between the rock surfaces on both sides of the crack. The location coordinates, strike angle, dip angle, and opening value of all cracks are stored in the crack database as visible crack information. Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) is deployed along the slope surface using transverse and longitudinal survey lines. The transverse lines are laid horizontally along the slope, while the longitudinal lines are laid vertically. The spacing between the survey lines is set according to the required detection accuracy. The GPR emits electromagnetic wave signals into the rock mass. When the electromagnetic waves encounter the fracture interfaces within the rock mass, reflection occurs due to differences in dielectric constant. The reflected wave signals are received by the radar receiving antenna, which records the propagation time and amplitude information of the reflected waves. The burial depth of the fractures is calculated based on the propagation speed of the electromagnetic waves in the rock mass and the propagation time of the reflected waves. The degree of fracture opening is determined by analyzing the amplitude and waveform characteristics of the reflected waves. Spatial interpolation is performed on the radar profile data obtained from different survey lines to identify continuous reflection anomaly areas as the spatial distribution locations of hidden fractures. The three-dimensional coordinates, extension direction, and burial depth information of the hidden fractures are extracted. The visible and hidden fracture data are merged, and the spatial location and extension morphology of all fractures are plotted in three-dimensional space. The intersection and connectivity relationships between fractures constitute a three-dimensional spatial model of the fracture network.On the established 3D slope model, the slope is divided into regular grid cells according to a set grid size. Each grid cell corresponds to a rectangular area on the slope surface. All fractures falling within the area of ​​each grid cell are extracted from the fracture network 3D spatial model. The number of fractures in each grid cell is counted, and the fracture density is calculated by dividing the number of fractures by the area of ​​the grid cell. The longest fracture in each grid cell is identified as the main fracture, and the strike angle of the main fracture is measured as the main fracture strike of that grid cell. The rock strata attitude at the location of the grid cell is extracted from the 3D slope model. The information includes the rock strata dip angle. The slope attitude information, including the slope dip angle, is extracted from the 3D slope model at the location of the grid cell. The absolute value of the angle between the rock strata dip angle and the slope dip angle is calculated. When the absolute value of the angle is less than a preset angle threshold, the area where the grid cell is located is determined to be a dip slope. The rock strata dip and the slope dip are basically consistent in the dip of a dip slope, resulting in poor stability. When the absolute value of the angle is greater than the preset angle threshold and the rock strata dip and the slope dip are opposite, it is determined to be a reverse slope. The rock strata dip and the slope dip are opposite in the dip of a reverse slope, resulting in better stability. The slope type determination result is stored in the grid cell attribute data. All grid cells are traversed, and the fracture density values ​​are extracted and compared with the preset fracture density threshold. Grid cells with fracture density values ​​greater than or equal to the preset threshold are selected. The areas where these grid cells are located have dense fracture development and belong to the weak areas of the slope. The centroid coordinates of the selected grid cells are calculated. The centroid coordinates are obtained by averaging the coordinates of the four corner points of the grid cell. The x-coordinate of the centroid is equal to the sum of the x-coordinates of the four corner points divided by four. The y-coordinate of the centroid is equal to the sum of the y-coordinates of the four corner points divided by four. The elevation coordinates of the centroid are equal to the sum of the elevation coordinates of the four corner points divided by four. The calculated three-dimensional coordinates of the centroid are marked as high-risk points. The coordinate data of all high-risk points form a high-risk point set.

[0020] In one specific embodiment, step S2 includes: The set of high-risk points is used as the set of generated points. Based on the set of generated points, Voronoi polyhedra are constructed in three-dimensional space, such that each Voronoi polyhedron contains the spatial point that is closest to the corresponding generated point. Calculate the geometric center of each Voronoi polyhedron, use the geometric center as a candidate anchor point, and count the number of main cracks within a preset range around each candidate anchor point. Candidate anchor points whose number of main fractures meets the preset conditions are selected as the final anchor points. For candidate anchor points whose number of main fractures does not meet the preset conditions, their positions are adjusted along the direction of the main fractures and then re-evaluated to obtain the final set of anchor points. Identify the main cracks that each final anchoring point crosses, read the dip angle and extension depth of each main crack, and calculate the anchoring depth of the corresponding anchoring point based on the extension depth of the deepest crack.

[0021] Specifically, all high-risk points in the high-risk point set are used as the input to the Voronoi diagram algorithm's generation point set. The algorithm establishes a spatial point partitioning criterion in a three-dimensional coordinate system, traversing all possible spatial points in the three-dimensional space of the slope. For any given spatial point, the algorithm calculates the Euclidean distance from that spatial point to each generation point. The Euclidean distance is calculated by taking the square root of the sum of the squares of the differences in the horizontal and vertical coordinates and the squares of the differences in elevation between the spatial point and the generation point. The spatial point is then assigned to the generation point with the smallest distance value. Through this assignment rule, the space is divided into several regions, each... Each region corresponds to a generating point. The distance from all spatial points within the region to this generating point is less than the distance to any other generating point. These regions form multiple polyhedral structures in three-dimensional space. Each polyhedron is called a Voronoi polyhedron. The boundary face of two adjacent Voronoi polyhedra is the set of spatial points that are equidistant from the corresponding two generating points. The intersection of the boundary faces of multiple Voronoi polyhedra forms the edges of the Voronoi polyhedron. The intersection of multiple edges forms the vertices of the Voronoi polyhedron. The Voronoi polyhedron completely divides the three-dimensional space, and there is no overlap or gap between adjacent polyhedra. Extract the coordinate data of all vertices for each Voronoi polyhedron. Vertex coordinates include three components: x-coordinate, y-coordinate, and elevation coordinate. Summate the x-coordinates of all vertices for the same Voronoi polyhedron, and divide the sum by the total number of vertices to obtain the average x-coordinate. Summate the y-coordinates of all vertices and divide by the total number of vertices to obtain the average y-coordinate. Summate the elevation coordinates of all vertices and divide by the total number of vertices to obtain the average elevation coordinate. The three-dimensional coordinates formed by the average x-coordinate, average y-coordinate, and average elevation coordinates are the geometric center coordinates of the Voronoi polyhedron. The geometric center is located at the center of the polyhedron. Set the calculated geometric center coordinates as candidate anchors. The spatial coordinates of the anchor points are determined by establishing a spherical search region centered on the candidate anchor point coordinates in the three-dimensional spatial model of the fracture network. The radius of the spherical region is set to a preset radius range. All fracture data are searched within the spherical region, and the length and aperture values ​​of the fractures falling within the spherical region are extracted. The fracture length value is compared with a preset length threshold, and the aperture value is compared with a preset aperture threshold. Fractures with both length and aperture values ​​greater than or equal to the length and aperture thresholds are selected as primary fractures. Primary fractures represent fractures that have a significant impact on slope stability. The number of primary fractures within the spherical region around each candidate anchor point is counted, and the number of primary fractures is recorded in the candidate anchor point attribute data.

[0022] Iterate through all candidate anchor points, read the number of main fractures corresponding to each candidate anchor point, and compare the number of main fractures with a preset threshold. When the number of main fractures is greater than or equal to the preset threshold, it means that the candidate anchor point can cross a sufficient number of main fractures, and the candidate anchor point is marked as a valid anchor point and included in the final anchor point set. When the number of main fractures is less than the preset threshold, it means that the candidate anchor point does not cross enough main fractures, and the candidate anchor point needs to be adjusted. Identify the main fractures in the spherical area around the candidate anchor point, read the direction angle of each main fracture, and select the direction of one of the main fractures as the adjustment direction. The candidate anchor point is moved along the direction of the main fracture, and the moving distance is set to a preset adjustment distance. The coordinates of the new position after the movement are obtained by adding the original coordinates to the unit vector of the direction and multiplying by the adjustment distance. A new spherical search area is established at the new position, and the number of main fractures in the spherical area is recounted. The new number of main fractures is compared with the preset number threshold. If the condition is met, the adjusted position is included as a valid anchor point in the final anchor point set. If the condition is still not met, the position is adjusted along the direction of other main fractures until the condition is met or the maximum number of adjustments is reached. All valid anchor points obtained after screening and adjustment constitute the final anchor point set. For each anchor point in the final set of anchor points, all main fractures within the spherical region surrounding the anchor point are identified in the three-dimensional spatial model of the fracture network. These main fractures are the main fractures spanned by the anchor point. The dip angle of each main fracture is read, representing the angle between the fracture surface and the horizontal plane. The extension depth of each main fracture is also read, representing the maximum depth the fracture extends from the slope surface into the rock mass, obtained through ground-penetrating radar data. The extension depth values ​​of all main fractures spanned by the anchor point are compared, and the main fracture with the largest extension depth value is identified as the deepest fracture. The deepest fissure is multiplied by a preset depth coefficient to obtain the calculated depth. The calculated depth is then added to the preset foundation depth to obtain the anchoring depth value for that anchoring point. The anchoring depth value represents the depth to which the anchor needs to be drilled into the rock mass. The anchoring depth needs to penetrate the deepest fissure and enter a certain distance into the stable rock layer. The preset depth coefficient is usually set to a value greater than one. The preset foundation depth is determined according to the slope type. For anchoring points in the downslope area, the preset foundation depth needs to be increased by an additional depth value to enhance the anchoring effect. The spatial coordinates and corresponding anchoring depth values ​​of each final anchoring point are recorded in the anchoring point database.

[0023] In one specific embodiment, the geometric center of each Voronoi polyhedron is calculated, and the geometric center is used as a candidate anchor point. The number of principal cracks within a preset range around each candidate anchor point is counted, including: Extract the vertex coordinates of each Voronoi polyhedron, and sum and average the vertex coordinates of each Voronoi polyhedron to obtain the geometric center coordinates of each Voronoi polyhedron. Set the coordinates of each geometric center as the coordinates of the candidate anchor points, and extract the crack data within a preset radius around each candidate anchor point in the three-dimensional spatial model of the crack network. Cracks with a length exceeding a preset length threshold and an opening exceeding a preset opening threshold are selected from the crack data as main cracks, and the number of main cracks corresponding to each candidate anchor point is counted. Determine whether the number of main cracks corresponding to each candidate anchor point meets the preset number threshold, and mark the candidate anchor points whose number of main cracks meets the preset number threshold as valid anchor points.

[0024] Specifically, extracting the vertex coordinates of each Voronoi polyhedron refers to reading the position information of all vertices of each Voronoi polyhedron from the 3D spatial partitioning result. Each vertex is represented by three values: x-coordinate, y-coordinate, and elevation coordinate. The summation and averaging of the vertex coordinates of each Voronoi polyhedron involves adding the x-coordinates of all vertices of the same polyhedron and dividing by the total number of vertices to obtain the average x-coordinate; adding the y-coordinates of all vertices and dividing by the total number of vertices to obtain the average y-coordinate; and adding the elevation coordinates of all vertices and dividing by the total number of vertices to obtain the average elevation coordinate. The 3D coordinates formed by these three averages are... The coordinates of the geometric center of the Voronoi polyhedron are given. The geometric center is located at the spatial center of the polyhedron. Setting the coordinates of each geometric center as the coordinates of the candidate anchor points means directly using the calculated three-dimensional coordinates of the geometric center as the spatial position of the candidate anchor points. Extracting the crack data within a preset radius around each candidate anchor point in the three-dimensional spatial model of the crack network means establishing a spherical search area with the coordinates of the candidate anchor points as the center and setting the radius of the sphere to a preset radius value. Searching for all cracks falling within the spherical area in the crack network model and extracting the location coordinates, length values, opening values, and other attribute information of these cracks.

[0025] Selecting cracks from the crack data whose length and opening exceed a preset threshold as primary cracks involves filtering the extracted crack data based on conditions. This involves comparing the length and opening values ​​of each crack with the preset thresholds. Only cracks that simultaneously meet both the length and opening thresholds are designated as primary cracks. Primary cracks represent important cracks that significantly impact slope stability. Counting the number of primary cracks corresponding to each candidate anchorage point involves calculating the number of primary cracks within the spherical region surrounding each candidate anchorage point. The determination of whether the number of main cracks corresponding to each candidate anchoring point meets the preset number threshold means comparing the statistically obtained number of main cracks with the preset number threshold. When the number of main cracks is greater than or equal to the preset number threshold, it means that the candidate anchoring point can cross a sufficient number of important cracks and has a good anchoring effect. Marking the candidate anchoring points whose number of main cracks meets the preset number threshold as valid anchoring points means assigning valid labels to the candidate anchoring points that meet the conditions and including them in the final anchoring point set. The positions of these valid anchoring points, after algorithm optimization and condition screening, can achieve accurate anchoring in areas with dense cracks.

[0026] In one specific embodiment, step S3 includes: Drill holes at the anchor points and insert anchor rods. Weld transverse and longitudinal connecting steel bars to the outside of the anchor rods to form a steel mesh. Spray concrete onto the surface of the steel mesh to form a concrete base layer. To prepare the improved topsoil material, mix local topsoil, humus, perlite, water-retaining agent, slow-release fertilizer and microbial agent according to the preset weight ratio and add water to stir, controlling the bulk density and moisture content of the improved topsoil. The improved topsoil material is sprayed onto the concrete base surface using a topsoil spraying machine. The spraying is done in multiple sessions with a preset time interval between each spraying to form an improved topsoil layer of a preset thickness. Anchors are driven into the surface of the improved topsoil layer at preset intervals, so that the anchors penetrate the concrete base layer and the improved topsoil layer. Planting substrate containing grass seeds is then sprayed onto the surface of the improved topsoil layer to form a planting substrate layer.

[0027] Specifically, at each anchorage point location determined by the final anchorage point set, a drilling rig is used to drill holes at the anchorage point location. The drill bit diameter is selected based on the anchor rod diameter, and the drilling depth is set to the previously calculated anchorage depth value. The drilling rig drills at an angle perpendicular to the slope surface or slightly inclined inwards. Rock cuttings discharged during drilling are discharged from the hole through a channel inside the drill rod. After drilling is completed, residual rock cuttings and dust in the hole are cleaned. The pre-prepared anchor rods, made of high-strength steel, are inserted into the hole. The anchor rod length is slightly less than the drilling depth to ensure that the anchor rod can be fully inserted into the hole. Injection is then injected into the hole. Anchoring mortar or cement grout is injected, filling the annular gap between the anchor rod and the borehole wall. After the grout solidifies, it firmly bonds the anchor rod to the surrounding rock mass. The exposed end of the anchor rod extends a certain length beyond the slope surface. Transverse connecting steel bars are welded between the exposed ends of adjacent anchor rods. These transverse connecting steel bars are laid out horizontally along the slope, with the welding points located at the intersection of the transverse steel bars and the exposed ends of the anchor rods. Arc welding is used, and the weld length meets design requirements to ensure connection strength. Longitudinal connecting steel bars are welded between the transverse connecting steel bars. These longitudinal connecting steel bars are laid out vertically along the slope, with the longitudinal steel bars intersecting the transverse steel bars. The joints are also connected by arc welding. Transverse and longitudinal reinforcing bars interweave to form a grid-like steel mesh structure, covering the entire slope surface. The mesh is connected to the rock mass via anchor bolts to form a stable framework. A concrete spraying machine is used to spray concrete onto the mesh surface. The concrete mix is ​​prepared according to the design strength grade, with cement, sand, gravel, and water mixed in a preset mass ratio. The spraying machine uses compressed air to spray the concrete onto the mesh surface at high speed, controlling the spraying distance within a preset range and keeping the spraying angle as perpendicular as possible to the slope. The spraying process is performed in two stages. The first spray covers the mesh and fills the gaps, achieving the preset first thickness. After initial setting, a second spray is performed, bringing the total concrete thickness to the preset base layer thickness. After spraying, a vibrator is used to compact the concrete surface and remove air bubbles. After initial setting, the surface is roughened to create a rough texture, increasing the adhesion of subsequent topsoil layers. During curing, the concrete is regularly watered to maintain moisture. After the preset curing time, the concrete reaches its design strength, forming the concrete base layer that serves as the load-bearing layer for the entire layered topsoil structure.

[0028] The various components of the improved topsoil materials are prepared. Local topsoil is collected from a certain area around the slope, and after collection, it is sieved to remove large stones and plant debris. Fully decomposed organic soil with an organic matter content reaching a preset percentage is selected. Expanded perlite granules with a particle size within a preset range are used. A highly absorbent resin material with a water-retaining agent reaching a preset water absorption ratio is selected. A coated controlled-release fertilizer with nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium content ratios and release cycles meeting design requirements is selected. Microbial agents containing specific beneficial bacteria are selected, with an effective viable bacteria count reaching a preset order of magnitude. Each component is accurately weighed using an electronic scale according to preset weight ratios. The weight of the local topsoil accounts for the first preset percentage of the total weight, the humus the second preset percentage, the perlite the third preset percentage, the water-retaining agent the fourth preset percentage, the slow-release fertilizer the fifth preset percentage, and the microbial agent the sixth preset percentage. The sixth preset percentage, the sum of the six percentages equals 100%. The weighed components are then added to a mixer for dry mixing. The mixer speed is set to a preset speed, and the dry mixing time is set to a preset duration to ensure uniform dispersion of the components. Water is added to the mixer, the amount calculated based on the target moisture content, which is set within a preset moisture content range. After adding water, mixing continues for wet mixing for a preset duration to allow the water to evenly penetrate into the soil particles. After mixing, a sample is taken to determine the bulk density of the improved soil. The bulk density is determined by weighing a certain volume of the improved soil sample and dividing the mass by the volume. The bulk density value is checked to ensure it is within the preset range. A sample is then taken to determine the moisture content. The moisture content is determined by drying a certain mass of wet soil sample to constant weight. The difference in mass before and after drying is divided by the mass after drying and multiplied by 100% to obtain the moisture content percentage. The moisture content is checked to ensure it is within the preset range. Once both bulk density and moisture content meet the requirements, the improved soil material preparation is complete.

[0029] The prepared improved topsoil material is loaded into the hopper of the hydroseeding machine. The machine's internal mixing device maintains the material's uniformity. The machine uses a high-pressure airflow generated by an air compressor to deliver the material to the spray gun. The operator holds the spray gun or uses a robotic arm to aim it at the concrete base surface, maintaining a preset spraying distance and a near-vertical angle between the gun and the slope. After starting the machine, the topsoil material is sprayed from the gun under pressure, adhering to the rough surface of the concrete base. The spraying process uses a reciprocating spraying method, moving the gun horizontally once and then vertically to ensure uniform spraying across the slope. After the first spray, the topsoil layer reaches the preset first thickness, and the process is stopped. After the initial spraying, wait for a preset time interval. During this interval, some of the moisture in the topsoil layer evaporates, and initial bonding occurs between the topsoil particles, causing the topsoil layer to enter a preliminary consolidation state. After the interval ends, perform a second spraying, increasing the thickness of the topsoil layer to the preset second cumulative thickness. Wait for another preset time interval to allow the second layer of topsoil to initially consolidate. Then, perform a third spraying to bring the topsoil layer to the preset final thickness. The preset final thickness is determined based on the slope gradient; a larger thickness value is set for a steeper slope, and a smaller thickness value is set for a gentler slope. After the three sprayings, the resulting improved topsoil layer has a uniform thickness. The surface of the topsoil layer is then gently compacted with a wooden board. The compaction process does not damage the soil's pore structure, ensuring a tight bond between the topsoil layer and the concrete base layer.

[0030] Prepare stainless steel anchor bolts. The anchor bolt diameter is selected based on the required fixing strength. A circular pressure plate is installed at the head of the anchor bolt, with a diameter larger than the anchor bolt diameter. The surface of the pressure plate is machined with radial raised patterns to increase the friction between the pressure plate and the soil. The anchor bolt length is calculated based on the thickness of the concrete base layer and the improved topsoil layer. The anchor bolt length equals the concrete base layer thickness plus the improved topsoil layer thickness plus the anchoring depth into the concrete. The anchoring depth is set to a preset value to ensure sufficient anchoring force in the concrete. Anchor bolt points are laid out on the surface of the improved topsoil layer according to the preset transverse and longitudinal spacing. Mark the anchor bolt points using a positioning tool. The operator holds a handheld electric... Drill holes at the marked locations using a drill or pneumatic drill. The drill bit diameter should be slightly smaller than the anchor diameter, and the drilling depth slightly greater than the anchor length. The hole should penetrate both the improved topsoil layer and the concrete base course. Insert the anchor into the hole and strike the tail of the anchor with a hammer. The anchor will gradually enter the hole, with the tip first penetrating the improved topsoil layer and then into the concrete base course. Continue striking until the anchor head pressure plate is firmly against the surface of the improved topsoil layer. The pressure plate applies pressure to the topsoil, and the anchor shank penetrates both the topsoil layer and the concrete base course. The tail of the anchor is anchored inside the concrete base course. Multiple anchors fix the improved topsoil layer and the concrete base course into a unified structure. The distribution of the anchors ensures that the topsoil layer receives a uniform fixing force, preventing it from collapsing due to gravity. To prevent slippage or detachment, prepare the planting substrate by mixing peat moss, coconut coir, perlite, and slow-release fertilizer in a predetermined ratio. Add a grass seed mixture containing four grasses: bermudagrass, tall fescue, ryegrass, and alfalfa, mixed in a predetermined seed quantity ratio. The total amount of grass seeds is calculated based on the predetermined sowing rate, expressed as seed mass per square meter. Add short fiber material, either straw fiber or coconut fiber, with a fiber length within a predetermined range. The fiber usage is expressed as fiber mass per cubic meter of planting substrate. Add water until the planting substrate moisture content reaches the predetermined percentage, stirring to ensure even mixing of all components. Apply the planting substrate... The substrate is loaded into the hydroseeding machine, which sprays the planting substrate onto the surface of the improved topsoil layer. The spraying pressure is lower than that of the topsoil, and the spraying thickness reaches the preset planting substrate thickness. The planting substrate layer covers the surface of the improved topsoil layer. The loose texture of the planting substrate layer is conducive to grass seed germination. Immediately after spraying, non-woven fabric is covered on the surface of the planting substrate layer. The non-woven fabric has a preset weight. The edges of the non-woven fabric are fixed to the slope with U-shaped nails. The spacing of the U-shaped nails is set to the preset spacing. The non-woven fabric cover prevents the planting substrate from being washed away by rainwater and maintains the moisture of the planting substrate. The three-layer structure of planting substrate layer, improved topsoil layer and concrete base layer is fixed together by anchor nails to form an integral layered topsoil structure.

[0031] In one specific embodiment, step S4 includes: A water storage tank is set up at the top of the slope to collect rainwater. A water outlet pipe is connected to the bottom of the water storage tank. A drip irrigation main pipe is laid longitudinally along the slope and connected to the water outlet pipe. A transverse drip irrigation branch pipe is led out from the drip irrigation main pipe to the layered topsoil structure. Pressure-compensating drippers are installed on the drip irrigation branch pipes at preset intervals, and slow-release water bags are buried in the improved topsoil layer at preset intervals, with superabsorbent resin material filled inside the slow-release water bags. Soil moisture sensors are installed in the improved topsoil layer to monitor the soil volumetric water content in real time and transmit the monitoring data to the controller. The controller determines whether to activate the drip irrigation system based on the soil volumetric moisture content. When the soil volumetric moisture content is lower than the preset lower threshold, the controller activates the drip irrigation system for irrigation. When the soil volumetric moisture content is higher than the preset upper threshold, the controller deactivates the drip irrigation system.

[0032] Specifically, a water storage tank is installed at a suitable location on the platform at the top of the slope. The volume of the water storage tank is calculated based on the slope area, obtained by dividing the slope area by a preset area coefficient. The water storage tank is made of PE material, which has good weather resistance and sealing properties. An inlet is installed at the top of the water storage tank, connecting to a collection ditch. The collection ditch is laid along the catchment area at the top of the slope, and its cross-section is trapezoidal, with the bottom and top widths determined according to the water volume. During rainfall, rainwater flows along the collection ditch into the inlet of the water storage tank, and the water level in the tank gradually rises. An overflow outlet is installed at the top of the water storage tank. When the water level reaches the overflow outlet height, excess water is discharged from the overflow outlet to prevent the water storage tank from overfilling. A water outlet pipe is installed at the bottom of the water storage tank. The outlet pipe is made of PE material, and the pipe diameter is selected according to the water flow rate. A solenoid valve is installed on the outlet pipe. The controller controls the switch. The water outlet pipe is led out from the water storage tank and laid along the top of the slope. At the top of the slope, the water outlet pipe is connected to the drip irrigation main pipe. The drip irrigation main pipe is made of PE pipe with a larger diameter. The drip irrigation main pipe is laid along the longitudinal direction of the slope, i.e., vertically. The main pipe is fixed to the aforementioned anchor rods and stainless steel clamps are used to fix the main pipe to prevent slippage. Multiple drip irrigation main pipes are laid in parallel along the transverse direction of the slope at a preset interval. Branch pipe connection ports are opened on each drip irrigation main pipe at a preset longitudinal interval. T-joints are installed at the connection ports. Transverse drip irrigation branch pipes are led out from the t-joints. The drip irrigation branch pipes are made of PE pipe with a smaller diameter. The branch pipes are laid along the transverse direction of the slope, i.e., horizontally. The branch pipes are also fixed to the anchor rods or steel mesh. The ends of the branch pipes are sealed. The entire drip irrigation network covers the layered topsoil structure area on the slope surface.

[0033] Install drippers on each drip irrigation branch pipe at a preset horizontal spacing. The dripper type is pressure-compensated dripper, which has an internal elastic diaphragm. When the pipe pressure increases, the diaphragm compresses, reducing the cross-sectional area of ​​the flow channel; when the pipe pressure decreases, the diaphragm relaxes, increasing the cross-sectional area of ​​the flow channel. This automatic adjustment of the diaphragm maintains a constant water flow rate, overcoming pressure differences at different elevations caused by slope variations and ensuring consistent flow rates across all drippers. The rated flow rate of the dripper is selected based on the vegetation's water requirements. During installation, insert the dripper into a pre-drilled hole on the branch pipe. Seal the dripper and branch pipe with a sealing ring to prevent leakage. The dripper outlet faces the surface of the layered topsoil structure. The number of drippers is calculated based on the slope area and dripper spacing. Prepare slow-release water bladder material. The slow-release water bladder is made of non-woven fabric sewn into a bag-like structure. The non-woven fabric is permeable to water and air but blocks soil particles. The water bladder dimensions are made according to the preset length, width, and height. The volume is calculated by multiplying the length, width, and height. Prepare superabsorbent polymer (SAP) material. SAP is sodium polyacrylate cross-linked polymer granules. When dry, the resin is a white powder or granules; after absorbing water, it swells into a gel. The resin's water absorption ratio indicates the mass of water absorbed per gram of dry resin; a higher ratio indicates stronger absorption capacity. Weigh a predetermined mass of SAP granules and fill them into water bags. Seal the water bag openings. During the construction of the improved topsoil layer, pause spraying when the topsoil layer reaches the predetermined intermediate thickness. Arrange slow-release water bags on the surface of the topsoil layer at predetermined transverse and longitudinal spacings. Place the resin-filled water bags flat on the surface of the topsoil layer, maintaining a predetermined spacing between the water bags. After placement, continue spraying the topsoil material until it covers the water bags. The water bags are buried at the middle depth of the improved topsoil layer. Continue spraying until the improved topsoil layer reaches the predetermined total thickness, at which point the slow-release water bags are completely buried in the topsoil layer.

[0034] Prepare a soil moisture sensor, selecting a capacitive soil moisture sensor. After inserting the sensor probe into the soil, the soil moisture content is calculated by measuring the soil's dielectric constant. The higher the soil moisture content, the greater the dielectric constant. The sensor outputs a voltage or digital signal representing the moisture content value. The sensor's measurement accuracy must reach a preset range. Pause spraying when the improved topsoil layer reaches a preset depth. Place sensors on the topsoil surface according to a preset distribution density, inserting the sensor probes into the topsoil layer to a lower-middle position. Lead the sensor data cable to the outside of the slope and connect it to a wireless data transmission module using 4G or LoRa wireless communication. In this method, after the sensors are deployed, topsoil is sprayed to the preset total thickness. The sensors are then embedded in the topsoil layer. Once powered on, the sensors begin to monitor the volumetric moisture content of the soil in real time. Volumetric moisture content represents the percentage of water in a unit volume of soil. The sensors collect moisture content values ​​every preset time interval. The collected moisture content values ​​are transmitted to the controller via a wireless transmission module. The controller receives moisture content data from multiple sensors, averages the received moisture content values, sums the moisture content values ​​from all sensors, and divides the sum by the number of sensors to obtain the average moisture content value. The average moisture content value represents the overall moisture content of the topsoil layer on the slope.

[0035] The controller compares the calculated average moisture content with a preset lower threshold, determined based on the plant's water requirements, representing the minimum allowable soil moisture content. When the average moisture content is below the lower threshold, it indicates insufficient soil moisture and irrigation is needed. The controller issues a start command, outputting an electrical signal to the solenoid valve on the water tank's outlet pipe. Upon receiving the signal, the valve core moves, opening the valve. Water from the tank flows into the drip irrigation main pipe under gravity, then distributes downwards to the horizontal branch pipes. The water is then delivered to the drippers, which slowly drip water onto the surface of the layered topsoil structure. Water seeps from the planting substrate layer into the improved topsoil layer, where soil particles absorb the water. Simultaneously, water permeates into the buried slow-release water bladders. The superabsorbent resin inside the bladders absorbs water and swells, expanding its molecular chains to absorb large amounts of water molecules, increasing its mass and volume. The bladder gradually expands to saturation. After a preset irrigation period, the controller reads the moisture content value monitored by the sensor again, calculates a new average moisture content, and compares the new average moisture content with a preset upper limit threshold. The upper limit threshold represents the maximum allowable value of soil moisture content to prevent over-irrigation and excessive soil moisture. When the average moisture content value is greater than or equal to the upper limit threshold, it indicates that the soil moisture is sufficient. The controller issues a shutdown command, stops outputting electrical signals to the solenoid valve, the solenoid valve core resets, the valve closes, the water flow stops, and the drip irrigation system stops working. During the subsequent dry season, rainfall decreases and the soil moisture content gradually decreases. The soil water potential is lower than the water potential in the slow-release water bladder. According to the principle of osmotic pressure, the water in the water bladder permeates outward through the pores of the non-woven fabric and is released into the surrounding topsoil. The slow-release water bladder releases the stored water at a slow speed, and the release speed is automatically adjusted according to the water potential difference between the soil and the water bladder. The water released by the water bladder is absorbed by the roots of surrounding plants. The slow-release water bladder absorbs water during the rainy season and releases water during the dry season, thus regulating the soil moisture status.

[0036] In one specific embodiment, step S5 includes: A mixture of Pioneer grass seeds is sown in the planting substrate layer. The Pioneer grass seed mixture includes bermudagrass, tall fescue, ryegrass and alfalfa in a preset ratio. After sowing evenly according to the preset seeding amount, it is covered with non-woven fabric. After the grass seeds germinate, the non-woven fabric is removed to form a lawn. Shrubs are planted in holes on the lawn at the preset spacing. The shrubs include Lespedeza, Amorpha fruticosa and Hippophae rhamnoides in the preset ratio. After applying base fertilizer into the planting hole, the shrub seedlings are planted and watered to settle the roots, forming a shrub-grass mosaic structure. Replanting perennial herbaceous plants on the lawn, including dandelion and plantain, can increase vegetation species diversity by sowing in furrows on the lawn. Trees are planted at predetermined spacing in shrub growing areas. Tree species are selected according to slope aspect and altitude. Chinese arborvitae are planted on sunny slopes and black locust trees are planted on shady slopes to form a multi-layered vegetation structure of trees, shrubs and grasses.

[0037] Specifically, a mixture of pioneer grass seeds is prepared, including four species: bermudagrass, tall fescue, ryegrass, and alfalfa. Bermudagrass is a warm-season grass with a well-developed root system, drought-resistant and tolerant of poor soil. Tall fescue is a cool-season grass that is highly cold-resistant and remains green in winter. Ryegrass is a cool-season grass that germinates quickly and grows rapidly. Alfalfa is a leguminous perennial herb with rhizobia that fix atmospheric nitrogen. The four grass seeds are mixed according to a preset seed quantity ratio. The seed mass of each grass seed is weighed separately using an electronic scale. The mass of bermudagrass seeds accounts for a first preset percentage of the total mass of the mixture. The weight of cogongrass seeds accounts for the second preset percentage, ryegrass seeds the third preset percentage, and alfalfa seeds the fourth preset percentage. The sum of these four percentages equals 100%. The weighed seeds are mixed thoroughly. The total amount of the seed mixture is calculated based on the area of ​​the planting substrate layer and the preset sowing rate. The sowing rate represents the weight of seeds sown per square meter of the planting substrate layer surface. The total amount used equals the area multiplied by the sowing rate. Sowing begins immediately after removing the non-woven fabric from the planting substrate layer surface. The operator holds the seed mixture and evenly sows it on the surface of the planting substrate layer using a back-and-forth motion. When sowing, control the height of your hand and the sowing range to ensure even seed distribution. After sowing, prepare non-woven fabric material with a preset weight. Spread the non-woven fabric on the surface of the planting substrate layer where the grass seeds were sown, completely covering the substrate layer. Secure the edges of the non-woven fabric to the slope using U-shaped nails at preset intervals. The non-woven fabric covers the seeds to prevent them from being blown away by the wind or washed away by rain. At the same time, the non-woven fabric is permeable to water and air, keeping the planting substrate moist and promoting seed germination. After absorbing water, the seed coat ruptures and the radicle emerges. The radicle grows downwards and penetrates the planting substrate, while the plumule grows upwards and breaks through the surface of the planting substrate. As the grass seeds germinate, the germination rate reaches the preset percentage. The germination rate represents the percentage of germinated grass seeds out of the total number of seeds sown. The germination rate is calculated by randomly setting up quadrats on the surface of the planting substrate layer and counting the number of germinating seeds and seeds in each quadrat. After removing the non-woven fabric, the lawn continues to grow. Regular watering is used to keep the soil moist. When the average height of the grass layer reaches the preset height, the first mowing is performed. After mowing, the lawn tillers more and the coverage increases. After the lawn stabilizes, the coverage reaches the preset percentage. Coverage represents the percentage of the ground area covered by the lawn from a vertical top-down perspective.

[0038] After the lawn is stably covered, prepare for shrub planting. The shrub species include three types: Lespedeza, Amorpha fruticosa, and Hippophae rhamnoides. Lespedeza is a legume shrub with a well-developed root system, drought-resistant, tolerant of poor soil, and highly adaptable. Amorpha fruticosa is also a legume shrub with a fast growth rate and strong soil-fixing ability. Hippophae rhamnoides is a shrub belonging to the Elaeagnaceae family, which is cold-resistant, drought-resistant, and has nitrogen-fixing rhizobia. The three types of shrubs are planted according to a predetermined ratio. The total number of shrubs planted is calculated as the lawn area divided by the square of the predetermined spacing between shrubs. The number of each type of shrub is calculated based on the ratio. The planting quantity is calculated as follows: for Lespedeza, the total number of plants is multiplied by the first proportional coefficient; for Amorpha fruticosa, the total number of plants is multiplied by the second proportional coefficient; and for Hippophae rhamnoides, the total number of plants is multiplied by the third proportional coefficient. The sum of the three proportional coefficients equals one. Planting points are laid out on the lawn according to the predetermined spacing, arranged in a triangular pattern (half a plant spacing laterally between adjacent rows). Mark the planting points using a positioning tool. Operators then use a hole punch or shovel to drill holes at the marked locations, penetrating the lawn during drilling. The improved topsoil layer is then introduced into the planting substrate layer. The hole diameter is determined based on the diameter of the shrub seedling's root ball, and the hole depth is determined based on the height of the root ball. Base fertilizer materials include well-rotted organic fertilizer and compound fertilizer. Well-rotted organic fertilizer consists of fully decomposed animal manure or plant residues, while compound fertilizer contains nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. A predetermined amount of organic fertilizer and compound fertilizer are applied to the bottom of the planting hole. Shrub seedlings are then prepared; these are container seedlings with complete root systems, growing from containers. The seedlings must meet the predetermined height and diameter at ground level. The seedlings are then removed from the container... Remove the seedling from the container while keeping the root ball intact, place the seedling in the planting hole, and align the top of the root ball with the surface of the lawn. Backfill the hole with planting soil, using improved soil material. During backfilling, compact the soil in layers. After compaction, the seedling should stand upright and stable. Water the planting hole with the pre-set root watering amount. Allow the water to seep into the soil so that the soil and roots are in close contact. Plant the three types of shrub seedlings according to the planting location and species ratio. After planting, the lawn will have a shrub-grass mosaic structure with herbaceous plants as the base and shrubs distributed in a dotted pattern.

[0039] Prepare seeds of perennial herbaceous plants, including dandelion and plantain. Dandelion is a perennial herbaceous plant of the Asteraceae family with deep roots and tolerance to poor soil, while plantain is a perennial herbaceous plant of the Plantaginaceae family with strong adaptability and wide distribution. Mix the seeds of the two herbaceous plants according to the predetermined seed quantity ratio. Select gaps between shrub planting points on the lawn for replanting. The operator uses a shovel or marking tool to draw shallow furrows on the lawn surface, with the predetermined depth, length, and spacing between furrows. Sow the mixed perennial herbaceous plant seeds into the furrows, controlling the sowing rate according to the predetermined sowing amount. Cover the seeds in the furrows with soil. The soil thickness is set to the preset thickness. The soil is gently compacted and watered to keep it moist. Perennial herb seeds germinate and grow. Dandelions and plantains grow together with the original turfgrass species, increasing the number of plant species in the lawn. The increase in the number of plant species improves vegetation species diversity. Species diversity is calculated using the Shannon-Wiener diversity index, which is equal to the sum of the percentage of individuals of each species multiplied by their natural logarithm and then taken as a negative value. The more species there are and the more evenly the individuals are distributed, the higher the diversity index. After replanting perennial herbs, the number of plant species in the lawn increased from four to six, and the diversity index value increased.

[0040] After planting, shrubs undergo regular maintenance, including watering and pruning. Shrubs are considered to be growing well when they reach a preset height and crown width. Areas with well-grown shrubs are identified on the slope, and tree planting points are placed in these areas at preset spacing, staggered from shrub planting points. Slope aspect data for each planting point is obtained from the slope's 3D model or on-site measurements. Slope aspect represents the angle between the slope's normal and true north. A slope is considered sunny when its aspect angle falls within the preset range for sunny slopes. Long hours of sunshine, high temperatures, and high evaporation rates define a slope as shady when its angle falls within a pre-defined range. Shady slopes have shorter hours of sunshine, lower temperatures, and higher humidity. Based on this slope determination, the tree species are selected. For sunny slopes, Oriental arborvitae (Platycladus orientalis) is chosen as the planting species. Oriental arborvitae is an evergreen tree of the Cupressaceae family, highly drought-tolerant and well-suited to sunny slope environments. For shady slopes, Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) is chosen as the planting species. Black locust is a deciduous tree of the Fabaceae family, well-tolerant of shade and well-suited to shady slope environments. Planting holes are dug at the designated planting sites using shovels. The hole diameter is determined by the diameter of the root ball of the tree seedling. The diameter of the planting hole is determined, and the depth is determined based on the height of the root ball. Apply a predetermined amount of organic fertilizer, superphosphate, and potassium sulfate as base fertilizer to the bottom of the planting hole. Prepare saplings of the desired age (one year old). The height of the arborvitae saplings should be the predetermined arborvitae height, and the height of the black locust saplings should be the predetermined black locust height. The saplings should be either container seedlings or root ball seedlings with a root ball diameter reaching the predetermined diameter. Plant the saplings in the holes, backfill with planting soil in layers and compact it. Water the planting hole with the predetermined amount of water to settle the roots. After planting, place the saplings in the shrub growth area... The area forms a multi-layered vegetation structure with trees in the upper layer, shrubs in the middle layer, and herbs in the lower layer. In this multi-layered structure, trees are the tallest, shrubs are in the middle, and herbs are the shortest. The three layers of vegetation are distributed vertically. The canopy coverage of trees is a preset tree coverage, the canopy coverage of shrubs is a preset shrub coverage, and the canopy coverage of herbs is a preset herbaceous coverage. The total vegetation coverage, calculated from a vertical top-down perspective, is equal to the percentage of the area covered by any one layer of plant canopy.

[0041] The above describes the ecological restoration method for steep slopes in open-pit mines in the embodiments of this application. The following describes the ecological restoration system for steep slopes in open-pit mines in the embodiments of this application. Please refer to [link / reference]. Figure 2 One embodiment of the ecological restoration system for steep slopes in open-pit mines in this application includes: The acquisition module is used to acquire spatial distribution data of slope cracks, establish a crack network model, and mark the centroid of densely cracked areas as high-risk points. The calculation module is used to calculate the anchorage point location using the Voronoi diagram algorithm with high-risk points as constraints, and to determine the anchorage depth based on the crack extension depth around the anchorage point. The spraying module is used to sequentially spray concrete base layer, improved topsoil layer and planting substrate layer after the anchor rod is installed at the anchoring point, and form a layered topsoil structure by anchor nails. The control module is used to set up a water storage system at the top of the slope, lay a drip irrigation network to the layered topsoil structure, bury a slow-release water bag and a soil moisture sensor in the improved topsoil layer, and control the start and stop of the drip irrigation system according to the monitoring value of the soil moisture sensor. The seeding module is used to seed pioneer grass seeds in the planting substrate layer to form a lawn, plant shrubs on the lawn, and plant trees in the shrub growth area to form a multi-layered vegetation structure.

[0042] Specifically, the acquisition module executes an oblique photogrammetry program by calling the camera mounted on the UAV, and collects slope surface image data according to the preset flight path and overlap parameters. After the image data is transmitted to the data processing unit, the acquisition module calls the photogrammetry algorithm to perform distortion correction and feature point matching processing on the image to generate three-dimensional slope model data. The acquisition module marks the spatial coordinates, orientation angle, dip angle value and opening value of visible cracks on the three-dimensional model. At the same time, the acquisition module controls the ground-penetrating radar to detect along the survey line, receives radar reflected wave signal data, and identifies the burial depth and location of hidden cracks by analyzing the propagation time and amplitude of the reflected waves. The acquisition module merges the visible crack data and hidden crack data to construct a three-dimensional spatial model of the crack network. The acquisition module divides the slope into grid cells according to the preset grid size, counts the number of cracks in each grid cell, calculates the crack density value, extracts grid cells with crack density exceeding the preset threshold, calculates the three-dimensional coordinates of the centroid of these grid cells, marks the centroid coordinates as high-risk points, and outputs the set of high-risk point data.

[0043] The calculation module receives the high-risk point set data output by the acquisition module as input, and uses this high-risk point set as the generator point set input to the Voronoi diagram algorithm program. The algorithm program traverses all points in three-dimensional space, calculates the Euclidean distance from each spatial point to each generator point, assigns spatial points to the generator points with the smallest distances, and constructs the Voronoi polyhedron spatial partitioning result. The calculation module extracts the vertex coordinate data of each Voronoi polyhedron, performs a summation and averaging operation on the vertex coordinates to obtain the geometric center coordinates, sets the geometric center coordinates as the candidate anchorage point coordinates, and establishes a sphere in the fracture network model with the candidate anchorage points as the centers. The system searches a spherical region, extracts crack data within that region, filters out main cracks whose length and opening meet preset thresholds, counts the number of main cracks, and calculates whether the number of main cracks meets preset conditions. Candidate anchor points that meet the conditions are marked as final anchor points. Candidate anchor points that do not meet the conditions are repositioned along the direction of the main cracks and re-evaluated. The calculation module identifies the main cracks crossed by each final anchor point, reads the extension depth of each main crack, finds the maximum extension depth, multiplies the maximum extension depth by a preset coefficient, adds the foundation depth to obtain the anchor depth value, and outputs the final anchor point set data and the anchor depth data of each anchor point.

[0044] The spraying module receives the anchor point location and anchor depth data output from the calculation module as input. It controls the drilling rig to drill holes at each anchor point according to the anchor depth values, inserts the anchor rods into the holes, and injects anchoring grout. The spraying module controls the welding equipment to weld transverse and longitudinal reinforcing bars to form a reinforcing mesh at the exposed ends of the anchor rods. The spraying module calls the concrete mix proportion data to prepare concrete materials and controls the spraying machine to spray concrete onto the surface of the reinforcing mesh. Spraying stops once the spray thickness reaches the preset concrete base thickness. The spraying module then calls the improved topsoil mix proportion parameters to prepare improved topsoil materials according to the weight percentages of local topsoil, humus, perlite, water-retaining agent, slow-release fertilizer, and microbial agents, and controls the mixing... The mixer performs dry and wet mixing, and checks whether the bulk density and moisture content meet the preset range. The spraying module controls the topsoil spraying machine to spray the improved topsoil material onto the concrete base surface in multiple times. After each spraying, wait for a preset time interval, and stop spraying when the cumulative thickness reaches the preset improved topsoil layer thickness. The spraying module calculates the anchor placement point coordinates according to the preset spacing, controls the drilling equipment to drill holes at each point, and drives the anchors in to penetrate the improved topsoil layer and the concrete base. The spraying module calls the planting substrate ratio parameters to prepare planting substrate material containing grass seeds, controls the spraying machine to spray the planting substrate onto the surface of the improved topsoil layer to form a planting substrate layer of preset thickness, and outputs a signal that the layered topsoil structure is complete.

[0045] After receiving the layered topsoil structure completion signal from the spraying module, the control module calculates the water tank volume parameters based on the slope area. It then controls the construction equipment to install the water tank at the top of the slope and connect it to the collection ditch and outlet pipe. The control module calculates the drip irrigation network layout plan based on the preset main pipe spacing and branch pipe spacing parameters. It controls the laying equipment to lay the drip irrigation main pipe longitudinally along the slope, and extends transverse drip irrigation branch pipes from the main pipe to the layered topsoil structure coverage area. The control module installs pressure-compensating drippers on the branch pipes according to the preset dripper spacing. When the improved topsoil layer reaches the preset intermediate thickness, the control module pauses spraying, calculates the placement points based on the preset slow-release water bag spacing, and places slow-release water bags filled with superabsorbent resin on the surface of the topsoil layer. Spraying of the topsoil continues until the preset total thickness is reached. The water bladder is buried, and the control module calculates the soil moisture sensor placement points based on the preset sensor distribution density. The sensors are buried in the improved topsoil layer. The sensors transmit the monitored soil volumetric moisture content data to the control module in real time via a wireless module. After receiving the moisture content values ​​from multiple sensors, the control module calculates the average moisture content and compares it with a preset lower threshold. When the average moisture content is less than the lower threshold, the control module sends an open command to the solenoid valve to start the drip irrigation system. After irrigation continues for a preset time, the control module calculates the average moisture content again and compares it with a preset upper threshold. When the average moisture content is greater than or equal to the upper threshold, the control module sends a close command to the solenoid valve to stop drip irrigation and outputs the irrigation system operation status data.

[0046] After receiving the planting substrate layer completion signal and irrigation system operation status data from the control module, the sowing module calculates the total amount of grass seed mixture based on the planting substrate layer area and the preset sowing amount. It then calls the grass seed ratio parameters and prepares the grass seed mixture according to the preset seed quantity ratios of bermudagrass, tall fescue, ryegrass, and alfalfa. The sowing module controls the sowing equipment to evenly sow the grass seeds on the planting substrate layer surface. After sowing, the sowing module controls the laying equipment to cover and secure the non-woven fabric. The sowing module monitors the germination rate data; when the germination rate reaches the preset percentage, it controls the removal of the non-woven fabric. The sowing module monitors the lawn coverage data; when the coverage reaches the preset coverage percentage, the lawn is considered stable. Based on the lawn area and preset plant spacing, the sowing module calculates the total number of shrubs to be planted, and calls the shrub ratio parameters to calculate the number of various shrubs according to the preset plant quantity ratios of Lespedeza bicolor, Amorpha fruticosa, and Hippophae rhamnoides. The system calculates the planting point coordinates based on the preset plant spacing, controls the hole-drilling equipment to drill holes at each point, controls the planting equipment to apply base fertilizer in the holes, plants the corresponding type of shrub seedlings, and waters them to settle the roots. The sowing module prepares a mixture of dandelion and plantain seeds according to preset herb ratio parameters, controls the furrow-digging equipment to dig furrows on the lawn, controls the sowing equipment to sow the herb seeds into the furrows and cover them with soil, monitors shrub growth data, and identifies areas with good shrub growth when the shrub height and crown width reach preset values. The sowing module obtains the slope aspect data of each tree planting point, determines whether it is a sunny or shady slope based on the slope angle, selects arborvitae species for sunny slope points and locust species for shady slope points, controls the hole-digging equipment to dig planting holes, controls the planting equipment to apply base fertilizer in the holes, plants the corresponding type of tree seedlings, and waters them to settle the roots, and outputs a signal indicating that the multi-layered vegetation structure has been formed.

[0047] The above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solutions of the present invention, and are not intended to limit it. Although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, those skilled in the art should understand that modifications can still be made to the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments, or equivalent substitutions can be made to some of the technical features. Such modifications or substitutions do not cause the essence of the corresponding technical solutions to deviate from the spirit and scope of the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention.

Claims

1. A method for ecological restoration of steep slopes in open-pit mines, characterized in that, The method includes: Step S1: Obtain spatial distribution data of slope cracks, establish a crack network model, and mark the centroid of densely cracked areas as high-risk points; Step S2: Using the high-risk point as a constraint, calculate the anchorage point location using the Voronoi diagram algorithm, and determine the anchorage depth based on the crack extension depth around the anchorage point; Step S3: After installing anchor rods at the anchoring points, spray concrete base layer, improved topsoil layer and planting substrate layer in sequence, and fix them through with anchor nails to form a layered topsoil structure; Step S4: Set up a water storage system at the top of the slope, lay a drip irrigation network to the layered topsoil structure, bury a slow-release water bag and a soil moisture sensor in the improved topsoil layer, and control the start and stop of the drip irrigation system according to the monitoring value of the soil moisture sensor. Step S5: Spread Pioneer grass seeds in the planting substrate layer to form a lawn, plant shrubs on the lawn, and plant trees in the shrub growth area to form a multi-layered vegetation structure.

2. The method for ecological restoration of steep slopes in open-pit mines according to claim 1, characterized in that, Step S1 includes: The slope surface is measured by oblique photogrammetry using a drone equipped with a camera, and the slope surface image data is obtained to generate a three-dimensional model of the slope. The location, direction, dip angle and opening of visible cracks are marked on the three-dimensional model of the slope. By using ground-penetrating radar to detect along the slope survey line, shallow rock mass structure data can be obtained, the spatial distribution of hidden fissures can be identified, and a three-dimensional spatial model of the fissure network can be constructed by combining the visible fissures. The slope is divided into grid cells. The number of fractures, fracture density and main fracture orientation in each grid cell are counted. The angle between the rock layer dip angle and the slope dip angle is calculated to determine the slope type. Grid cells with fracture density exceeding a preset threshold are extracted, and the centroid coordinates of the grid cells are marked as high-risk points to obtain a set of high-risk points.

3. The method for ecological restoration of steep slopes in open-pit mines according to claim 1, characterized in that, Step S2 includes: The set of high-risk points is used as the set of generated points. Based on the set of generated points, Voronoi polyhedra are constructed in three-dimensional space, such that each Voronoi polyhedron contains the spatial point that is closest to the corresponding generated point. Calculate the geometric center of each Voronoi polyhedron, use the geometric center as a candidate anchor point, and count the number of main cracks within a preset range around each candidate anchor point. Candidate anchor points whose number of main fractures meets the preset conditions are selected as the final anchor points. For candidate anchor points whose number of main fractures does not meet the preset conditions, their positions are adjusted along the direction of the main fractures and then re-evaluated to obtain the final set of anchor points. Identify the main cracks spanned by each of the final anchoring points, read the dip angle and extension depth of each main crack, and calculate the anchoring depth of the corresponding anchoring point based on the extension depth of the deepest crack.

4. The method for ecological restoration of steep slopes in open-pit mines according to claim 3, characterized in that, The calculation of the geometric center of each Voronoi polyhedron, using the geometric center as a candidate anchor point, and counting the number of principal cracks within a preset range around each candidate anchor point includes: Extract the vertex coordinates of each Voronoi polyhedron, and perform a summation and averaging operation on the vertex coordinates of each Voronoi polyhedron to obtain the geometric center coordinates of each Voronoi polyhedron. The coordinates of each geometric center are set as the coordinates of the candidate anchor points, and the crack data within a preset radius around each candidate anchor point is extracted from the three-dimensional spatial model of the crack network. Cracks whose length exceeds a preset length threshold and whose opening exceeds a preset opening threshold are selected from the crack data as main cracks, and the number of main cracks corresponding to each candidate anchor point is counted. Determine whether the number of main cracks corresponding to each candidate anchor point meets a preset number threshold, and mark the candidate anchor points whose number of main cracks meets the preset number threshold as valid anchor points.

5. The method for ecological restoration of steep slopes in open-pit mines according to claim 1, characterized in that, Step S3 includes: Drill holes at the anchoring points and insert anchor rods. Weld transverse and longitudinal connecting steel bars to the outside of the anchor rods to form a steel mesh. Spray concrete onto the surface of the steel mesh to form a concrete base layer. To prepare the improved topsoil material, mix local topsoil, humus, perlite, water-retaining agent, slow-release fertilizer and microbial agent according to the preset weight ratio and add water to stir, controlling the bulk density and moisture content of the improved topsoil. The improved topsoil material is sprayed onto the surface of the concrete base layer using a topsoil spraying machine. The spraying is done in multiple sessions with a preset time interval between each spraying, forming an improved topsoil layer of a preset thickness. Anchors are driven into the surface of the improved topsoil layer at preset intervals, so that the anchors penetrate the concrete base layer and the improved topsoil layer. A planting substrate containing grass seeds is then sprayed onto the surface of the improved topsoil layer to form a planting substrate layer.

6. The method for ecological restoration of steep slopes in open-pit mines according to claim 1, characterized in that, Step S4 includes: A water storage tank is set up at the top of the slope to collect rainwater. A water outlet pipe is connected to the bottom of the water storage tank. A drip irrigation main pipe is laid longitudinally along the slope and connected to the water outlet pipe. A transverse drip irrigation branch pipe is led out from the drip irrigation main pipe to the layered topsoil structure. Pressure-compensating drippers are installed on the drip irrigation branch pipe at a preset interval, and slow-release water bags are buried in the improved topsoil layer at a preset interval, with superabsorbent resin material filled inside the slow-release water bags. A soil moisture sensor is embedded in the improved topsoil layer to monitor the soil volumetric water content in real time and transmit the monitoring data to the controller. The controller determines whether to activate the drip irrigation system based on the soil volumetric moisture content. When the soil volumetric moisture content is lower than a preset lower threshold, the controller activates the drip irrigation system for irrigation. When the soil volumetric moisture content is higher than a preset upper threshold, the controller deactivates the drip irrigation system.

7. The method for ecological restoration of steep slopes in open-pit mines according to claim 1, characterized in that, Step S5 includes: A mixture of pioneer grass seeds is sown in the planting substrate layer. The pioneer grass seed mixture includes bermudagrass, tall fescue, ryegrass and alfalfa in a preset ratio. After being sown evenly at a preset seeding amount, it is covered with non-woven fabric. After the grass seeds germinate, the non-woven fabric is removed to form a lawn. Shrubs are planted in holes on the lawn at the preset spacing. The shrubs include Lespedeza, Amorpha fruticosa and Hippophae rhamnoides in the preset ratio. After applying base fertilizer into the planting hole, the shrub seedlings are planted and watered to settle the roots, forming a shrub-grass mosaic structure. Replanting perennial herbaceous plants, including dandelion and plantain, on the lawn by sowing in furrows on the lawn increases vegetation species diversity; Trees are planted at a predetermined spacing in the shrub growth area. The tree species are selected according to the slope aspect and altitude. Chinese arborvitae are planted on the sunny slope and black locust is planted on the shady slope to form a multi-layered vegetation structure of trees, shrubs and grasses.

8. An ecological restoration system for steep slopes in open-pit mines, characterized in that, For implementing the ecological restoration method for steep slopes in open-pit mines as described in any one of claims 1-7, the ecological restoration system for steep slopes in open-pit mines comprises: The acquisition module is used to acquire spatial distribution data of slope cracks, establish a crack network model, and mark the centroid of densely cracked areas as high-risk points. The calculation module is used to calculate the anchorage point position using the high-risk point as a constraint condition and the Voronoi diagram algorithm, and to determine the anchorage depth based on the crack extension depth around the anchorage point. The spraying module is used to sequentially spray concrete base layer, improved topsoil layer and planting substrate layer after the anchor rod is installed at the anchoring point, and form a layered topsoil structure by anchor nails. The control module is used to set up a water storage system at the top of the slope, lay a drip irrigation network to the layered topsoil structure, bury a slow-release water bag and a soil moisture sensor in the improved topsoil layer, and control the start and stop of the drip irrigation system according to the monitoring value of the soil moisture sensor. The seeding module is used to seed pioneer grass seeds in the planting substrate layer to form a lawn, plant shrubs on the lawn, and plant trees in the shrub growth area to form a multi-layered vegetation structure.

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