Plateau ambulance group comprehensive training anthropomorphic dummy
By designing a comprehensive training manikin for high-altitude ambulance crews, and combining blood circulation and lung simulation components, the process of pulmonary edema in high-altitude environments is simulated, solving the problem of low accuracy in existing models and achieving accurate simulation and rapid diagnosis training for high-altitude emergencies.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- CN202610015862.4
- Authority / Receiving Office
- CN · China
- Patent Type
- Applications(China)
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2026-01-07
- Publication Date
- 2026-02-10
AI Technical Summary
Existing simulated pulmonary edema models cannot reproduce the formation process of pulmonary edema in actual high-altitude environments, resulting in low accuracy of animal models and an inability to effectively train the ability to quickly diagnose high-altitude emergencies.
A comprehensive training manikin for high-altitude ambulance crews was designed, comprising a torso, blood circulation simulation components, and lung simulation components. By simulating blood circulation and lung pressure changes in a high-altitude environment, it accurately simulates the formation process of high-altitude pulmonary edema. Combined with cough and sound simulation components, it simulates the typical signs and symptoms of high-altitude pulmonary edema.
It can accurately simulate the formation process of high-altitude pulmonary edema, enhance trainees' ability to quickly judge high-altitude emergencies, avoid confusion with ordinary pneumonia or heart failure, intuitively observe the pathological evolution, become familiar with the manifestation characteristics of high-altitude pulmonary edema patients, and understand the importance of emergency measures.
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Figure CN121505974A_ABST
Abstract
Description
TECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] The present application relates to the technical field of training simulation mannequins, in particular to a high-altitude ambulance team comprehensive training simulation mannequin. BACKGROUND
[0002] Pulmonary edema refers to a pathological state caused by the accumulation of body fluids in the lung interstitium or alveoli, which increases the amount of lung vascular fluid, and is mostly caused by increased permeability of lung capillary walls or elevated intracapillary pressure. The clinical manifestations of acute pulmonary edema are sudden onset, dyspnea, cyanosis, cough, and coughing of colorless or pink foam. Diffuse moist rales are heard in the lungs, and severe cases may die due to respiratory failure. It is one of the clinical emergencies. Many factors can cause pulmonary edema, but the mechanism of its occurrence is not clear, so some animal models are often used for experimental research on pathogenesis and related treatment. However, the existing model for simulating pulmonary edema is caused by simulating left heart failure or right heart failure, such as pulmonary congestion and pulmonary edema caused by obstruction of left atrial inflow into left ventricular blood flow, accumulation of blood flow in the left atrium, and obstruction of pulmonary venous return. This model cannot reproduce the actual process of pulmonary edema formation under high-altitude environment. SUMMARY
[0003] The purpose of the present application is to provide a high-altitude ambulance team comprehensive training simulation mannequin to solve the problem of low accuracy of the animal model obtained due to the inability to reproduce the actual changes in the high-altitude environment in the background art.
[0004] To achieve the above-mentioned purpose, the technical solution adopted by the present application is: a high-altitude ambulance team comprehensive training simulation mannequin, comprising a torso, a blood circulation simulation assembly and a lung simulation assembly are arranged in the torso, the lung simulation assembly and the blood circulation simulation assembly are connected through, the blood circulation simulation assembly is used for simulating blood circulation under high-altitude environment, and the lung simulation assembly is used for controlling pressure change at the connection between the blood circulation simulation assembly and the lung simulation assembly to simulate the formation process of high-altitude pulmonary edema.
[0005] Beneficial effects: 1) The lung simulation assembly controls the pressure change at the connection between the blood circulation simulation assembly and the lung simulation assembly to simulate the hypoxic contraction of pulmonary arterioles under high-altitude environment, observes the penetration direction and process of blood in the blood circulation simulation assembly in the lung simulation assembly, and can accurately simulate the formation process and typical signs of high-altitude pulmonary edema, avoiding confusion with ordinary pneumonia, heart failure and other diseases on the plain; 2) The blood circulation simulation assembly can simulate the circulatory compensatory response caused by high-altitude hypoxia synchronously: the trainer combines the simulation values with the observation of signs to form a complete logical chain from symptoms to diagnosis, and strengthens the rapid judgment ability for high-altitude emergencies.
[0006] As a preferred embodiment of the present application, the lung simulation assembly comprises a body fluid simulation assembly, a cough simulation assembly and a sound simulation assembly, the body fluid simulation assembly is used to simulate the formation process of high altitude pulmonary edema, the cough simulation assembly is used to simulate the specific performance of the patient in the early stage of high altitude pulmonary edema, and the sound simulation assembly is used to simulate the sound emitted from the lungs of the patient with high altitude pulmonary edema.
[0007] Beneficial effects: 1) The lung simulation assembly can simulate the gradual accumulation of fluid in the patient with high altitude pulmonary edema: the trainer can directly observe the pathological evolution of pulmonary edema from the early stage to the late stage, avoiding the static cognition of the disease; 2) The cough simulation assembly and the sound simulation assembly can simulate the specific characteristics of the early cough of the patient with high altitude pulmonary edema; the trainer can be familiar with the performance characteristics of the patient with high altitude pulmonary edema by capturing these atypical early signals.
[0008] As a preferred embodiment of the present application, the body fluid simulation assembly comprises a capillary simulation cavity and an alveolus simulation cavity, an interstitial simulation cavity is arranged between the capillary simulation cavity and the alveolus simulation cavity, and the capillary simulation cavity is connected with the blood circulation simulation assembly in a penetrating manner. When the formation process of high altitude pulmonary edema is not simulated, the interstitial simulation cavity is in a negative pressure state, the capillary simulation cavity and the alveolus simulation cavity are both in a negative pressure state, and the pressure in the capillary simulation cavity is greater than the pressure in the alveolus simulation cavity, When the formation process of high altitude pulmonary edema is simulated, the pressure in the capillary simulation cavity rises, the interstitial simulation cavity changes from a negative pressure state to a positive pressure state, and the liquid in the capillary simulation cavity seeps into the alveolus simulation cavity after entering the interstitial simulation cavity.
[0009] Beneficial effects: When the formation process of high altitude pulmonary edema is simulated, the pressure in the capillary simulation cavity rises, the pressure of the capillary blood vessels caused by pulmonary arterial hypertension increases suddenly, the negative pressure of the interstitial simulation cavity disappears and changes to a positive pressure, and the pressure gradient is reversed: the liquid naturally leaks from the capillary simulation cavity into the interstitial simulation cavity due to the pressure difference, and then seeps into the alveolus simulation cavity due to the positive pressure of the interstitial simulation cavity. The trainer can directly understand that the breaking of pressure balance is the initial factor of pulmonary edema by observing this process.
[0010] As a preferred embodiment of the present application, a first barrier is arranged between the capillary simulation cavity and the interstitial simulation cavity, a second barrier is arranged between the interstitial simulation cavity and the alveolus simulation cavity, a nitrocellulose membrane for simulating vascular endothelium is arranged in the first barrier, a polycarbonate membrane for simulating alveolar epithelium is arranged in the second barrier, and the pore size of the nitrocellulose membrane is greater than the pore size of the polycarbonate membrane.
[0011] Beneficial effects: Through the difference in resistance of the membranes with different pore sizes to the leakage of liquid, the logic of clinical intervention can be directly related, and the trainer can understand why it is more important to reduce the pressure of capillary blood vessels than to directly extract liquid when performing first aid on the patient with high altitude pulmonary edema through the simulation process.
[0012] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, a lung capillary simulation tube is provided between the capillary simulation cavity and the blood circulation simulation component. A micro-pump for pressurizing the liquid in the capillary simulation cavity is installed at the connection between the capillary simulation cavity and the lung capillary simulation tube. A polyurethane sponge for simulating the absorption capacity of the lung interstitium is provided inside the lung capillary simulation tube.
[0013] Beneficial effects: The micro-infusion pump can precisely control the rate of fluid input, simulating the process of capillary pressure increasing from normal to pathological levels. The pressure changes can be displayed in real time by sensors, allowing trainees to intuitively see that after the pressure reaches a certain threshold, the fluid begins to break through the first barrier. Compared with simple manual injection, it better reflects the positive correlation between pressure and exudate, helping trainees understand why high-altitude hypoxia can induce pulmonary edema by increasing pulmonary circulation pressure.
[0014] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the cough simulation component includes an annular air bladder and an electromagnetic switch valve sleeved outside the alveolar simulation cavity. The electromagnetic switch valve is installed between the interstitial simulation cavity and the alveolar simulation cavity. A collecting tube is provided on one side of the alveolar simulation cavity, and the alveolar simulation cavity and the collecting tube are connected through a connecting tube.
[0015] Beneficial effects: 1) When the ring-shaped airbag is inflated, it will exert a uniform outward compression on the alveolar simulation cavity (similar to the compression of the alveoli by the contraction of the chest muscles), forcing the gas or fluid in the alveolar simulation cavity to enter the collection tube through the connecting tube, thus accurately simulating the physical process of alveolar contraction and airflow impacting the respiratory tract during coughing, rather than simple mechanical vibration to produce sound. 2) The inflation force and frequency of the ring-shaped airbag are adjustable, which can simulate the dry cough in the early stage and the wet cough in the later stage of patients with early-stage high-grade pulmonary edema, allowing trainees to judge the progression of the disease by observing the strength of the coughing action.
[0016] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, a rapid pressure pump and liquid flow sensors installed on both sides of the polycarbonate membrane are connected to the alveolar simulation chamber, and a manual flow valve is provided between the rapid pressure pump and the alveolar simulation chamber; a gas flow sensor is provided between the manual flow valve and the alveolar simulation chamber.
[0017] Beneficial effects: The valve opening and closing degree can be manually adjusted to control the gas flow rate into the alveolar simulation chamber to simulate oxygen therapy. This allows trainees to understand how intervention measures affect alveolar function and to intuitively understand the changes in fluid during oxygen therapy by using data collected by the fluid flow sensor.
[0018] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the sound simulation component includes a storage bottle and a micro air pump. An air blowing tube is connected through the micro air pump. The storage bottle contains liquid. The end of the air blowing tube is inserted into the storage bottle and adjacent to the liquid in the storage bottle. The air blowing tube is provided with a flat section.
[0019] Beneficial effects: When air is delivered into the air blowing tube by the miniature air pump, bubbles are generated when the air flows out from the lower end of the air blowing tube and impacts the water surface. When the bubbles burst, wet rales are produced. At the same time, the air generates turbulent vibrations when passing through the flat area, thus producing wheezing. When the trainee places a stethoscope against the outer surface of the mannequin, they can hear the superposition of wet rales and wheezing, making the sound heard by the trainee more closely resemble the auscultation manifestations of severe high-altitude pulmonary edema.
[0020] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the blood circulation simulation component includes a storage tank and a dynamic fluid pipe and a static fluid pipe that are connected in communication with the storage tank. A peristaltic pump is connected in series on the dynamic fluid pipe. An external barrier is provided between the dynamic fluid pipe and the static fluid pipe. A needle-type throttle valve is installed on the external barrier and between it and the dynamic fluid pipe.
[0021] Beneficial effects: The liquid in the storage tank passes through the dynamic liquid pipe, the external barrier, and the static liquid pipe in sequence and finally returns to the storage tank, ensuring continuous liquid circulation and avoiding pressure imbalance caused by unidirectional flow.
[0022] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the liquid storage tank includes an outer cavity and an elastic liquid storage bladder. The lower top of the liquid storage bladder is connected to the static liquid pipeline interface. The bottom of the liquid storage bladder is connected to the dynamic liquid pipeline. A gas cavity is reserved between the outer cavity and the liquid storage bladder, and a precision pressure regulating valve for controlling the gas pressure in the gas cavity is provided on the sealing cover.
[0023] Beneficial effects: The gas chamber between the outer cavity and the reservoir serves as a pressure medium, which not only isolates the external control device from the liquid in the reservoir, but also allows for indirect regulation of the liquid pressure in the reservoir through a precision pressure regulating valve. In addition to the technical problems solved by the present invention, the technical features constituting the technical solutions, and the advantages brought about by the technical features of these technical solutions as described above, other technical problems that the present invention can solve, other technical features contained in the technical solutions, and the advantages brought about by these technical features will be further described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. Attached Figure Description
[0024] Figure 1 This is a planar distribution diagram of the simulated human for the comprehensive training of the plateau ambulance crew of this invention.
[0025] Figure 2 This is a cross-sectional view of the liquid storage tank in the simulated human body for comprehensive training of high-altitude ambulance crews according to the present invention.
[0026] Figure 3 This is a cross-sectional view of the lung simulation component in the comprehensive training simulator for plateau ambulance crews of the present invention.
[0027] Figure 4 This is a diagram of a mannequin for comprehensive training of high-altitude ambulance crews, as described in this invention. Reference numerals: 01. Torso, 02. Blood circulation simulation component, 201. Reservoir, 202. Dynamic fluid line, 203. Static fluid line, 204. External cavity, 205. Reservoir sac, 206. Sealing cap, 207. Through tube, 208. Gas chamber, 209. Pressure regulating valve, 210. Quick connector, 211. Peristaltic pump, 212. Peripheral isolator, 213. Needle valve, 214. Adjustable flow restrictor, 215. Exhaust chamber, 216. Manual exhaust valve, 217. Outer shell, 218. Transition tube, 219. Porous media membrane. 03. Lung Simulation Components, 301. Capillary Simulation Chamber, 302. Alveolar Simulation Chamber, 303. Interstitial Simulation Chamber, 304. Lung Capillary Simulation Tube, 305. First Barrier Component, 306. Second Barrier Component, 307. Nitrocellulose Membrane, 308. Polycarbonate Membrane, 309. Anterior Ring, 310. Rear Ring, 311. Anterior Connecting Tube, 312. Rear Connecting Tube, 313. Fixing Hole, 314. Mounting Hole, 315. Micropump, 316. Polyurethane Sponge, 317. Circular Inflator, 318. Manifold, 319. Connecting Tube, 320. Rapid Pressure Pump, 321. Manual Flow Valve, 322. Storage Bottle, 323. Inflation Tube, 324. Flat Section, 4. Miniature air pump, 5. Diaphragm check valve, 6. Electromagnetic switch valve, 7. Pressure sensor, 8. Liquid flow sensor, 9. Gas flow sensor. Detailed Implementation
[0028] The technical solution of the present invention will now be clearly and completely described with reference to the accompanying drawings.
[0029] Please see Figure 1 As shown, the high-altitude ambulance crew comprehensive training manikin of this embodiment includes a torso 01 and a blood circulation simulation component 02 and a lung simulation component 03 disposed in the torso 01.
[0030] Please see Figure 2 The blood circulation simulation component 02 shown includes a reservoir 201 and a dynamic fluid pipe 202 and a static fluid pipe 203 connected to the reservoir 201. The reservoir 201 includes an outer cavity 204 and an elastic reservoir 205. The top of the outer cavity 204 is provided with a sealing cap 206. The top of the reservoir 205 is connected to the sealing cap 206 on the top of the outer cavity 204 via a flange. The bottom of the reservoir 205 is connected to the interface of the static fluid pipe 203. A through pipe 207 is provided at the bottom of the reservoir 205, which passes through the outer cavity 204 and the dynamic fluid pipe 202.
[0031] A gas chamber 208 is reserved between the outer cavity 204 and the liquid storage bladder 205. A precision pressure regulating valve 209 is provided on the sealing cover 206 to control the gas pressure in the gas chamber 208. The liquid pressure in the liquid storage bladder 205 is indirectly regulated through the precision pressure regulating valve 209. The top of the sealing cap 206 is provided with a quick interface 210 for connecting a miniature air pump 4. The miniature air pump 4 draws air to reduce the pressure in the gas chamber 208, simulating the suction effect of negative pressure in the thoracic cavity on venous return.
[0032] A peristaltic pump 211 is connected in series on the moving fluid pipe 202. The flow rate is controlled by adjusting the pump speed of the peristaltic pump 211. An external peripheral isolator 212 is installed between the moving fluid pipe 202 and the static fluid pipe 203. A needle-type throttle valve 213 is installed between the external peripheral isolator 212 and the moving fluid pipe 202. The flow rate of each external peripheral isolator 212 is controlled by rotating the valve core. An adjustable flow-limiting valve 214 is connected in series on the static fluid tubing 203. When the flow rate of the peristaltic pump 211 remains constant, the pressure in the static fluid tubing 203 can be increased or decreased by finely adjusting the opening of the adjustable flow-limiting valve 214, enhancing system flexibility. Pressure changes in the static fluid tubing 203 can replicate the "feel" of a real puncture. For example, under normal venous pressure, a successful puncture will result in slight blood return; if simulating venous hypertension (such as venous congestion in heart failure patients), the blood return will be faster and more abundant; if simulating venous hypotension, the blood return will be slow or even nonexistent, requiring adjustment of the puncture angle or searching for other vessels. This pressure feedback helps trainees determine whether the procedure was successful, avoiding misjudgments due to abnormal pressure in real patients.
[0033] Trainees can master the operating techniques under different pressures by repeatedly practicing in the static tubing 203, which simulates pressure changes (such as slowly injecting drugs under high pressure and avoiding excessive negative pressure to draw back blood under low pressure).
[0034] A transparent venting chamber 215 is connected in series on the static fluid pipe 203 near the liquid storage tank 201. A manual venting valve 216 is provided at the top of the venting chamber 215. The venting chamber 215 is connected to the static fluid pipe 203. After the liquid enters the venting chamber 215, the flow rate decreases and the bubbles rise to the top due to buoyancy. The manual venting valve 216 is opened periodically to release the gas, which is used to simulate the function of pulmonary circulation to expel air bubbles from blood vessels.
[0035] The peripheral isolator 212 includes a hollow outer shell 217. Transition pipes 218 are connected to both sides of the outer shell 217. The diameter of the transition pipes 218 is smaller than the diameters of the dynamic fluid pipe 202 and the static fluid pipe 203. A diaphragm-type check valve 5 is installed on each of the two transition pipes 218. The diaphragm-type check valve 5 includes a valve body: the inner diameter of the valve body matches the pipeline. A diaphragm, made of silicone, is installed on the valve seat inside the valve body. In its natural state, the diaphragm adheres to the valve seat. When the upstream pressure increases above the downstream pressure, the diaphragm is pushed open to form a passage. When the pressure difference disappears, it automatically closes to prevent backflow. A porous media membrane 219 is installed inside the outer shell 217 to simulate capillary resistance.
[0036] When the blood circulation simulation component 02 is working, it first uses a micro air pump 4 to evacuate the air chamber 208, causing the pressure inside the air chamber 208 to drop. This is used to simulate the suction effect of negative pressure in the thoracic cavity on venous return. Then, a peristaltic pump 211 pushes the liquid to move in the moving fluid tube 202. As the amount of liquid in the moving fluid tube 202 increases, a pressure difference is formed on both sides of the porous media membrane 219, causing the liquid to pass through the porous media membrane 219 and enter the static fluid tube 203. Since the pressure inside the air chamber 208 is negative, the liquid in the static fluid tube 203 is drawn into the reservoir bladder 205, completing the phenomenon of liquid flowing in the simulated human body.
[0037] Please see Figures 3-4 The lung simulation component 03 shown includes a body fluid simulation component, a cough simulation component, and a sound simulation component.
[0038] The body fluid simulation component includes a capillary simulation chamber 301, an alveolar simulation chamber 302, and an interstitial simulation chamber 303. The interstitial simulation chamber 303 is located between the capillary simulation chamber 301 and the alveolar simulation chamber 302, which is made of rubber. The capillary simulation chamber 301 and the moving fluid tube 202 within the blood circulation simulation component 02 are connected via a pulmonary capillary simulation tube 304. An electromagnetic switch valve 6 is installed at the connection between the pulmonary capillary simulation tube 304 and the moving fluid tube 202. When the electromagnetic switch valve 6 is closed, the blood circulation simulation component 02 can be used independently. When the electromagnetic switch valve 6 is open, the pulmonary simulation component 03 and the blood circulation simulation component 02 are used synchronously. A diaphragm-type check valve 5 is installed at the connection between the pulmonary capillary simulation tube 304 and the capillary simulation chamber 301 to prevent the backflow of fluid from the capillary simulation chamber 301 into the pulmonary capillary simulation tube 304.
[0039] A first barrier 305 is provided between the capillary simulation cavity 301 and the interstitial simulation cavity 303, and a second barrier 306 is provided between the interstitial simulation cavity 303 and the alveolar simulation cavity 302. A nitrocellulose membrane 307 for simulating vascular endothelium is installed in the first barrier 305. When the nitrocellulose membrane 307 simulates the "binding force" of colloidal osmotic pressure in blood vessels, the pore size of the nitrocellulose membrane 307 is 8-12μm. A polycarbonate membrane 308 for simulating alveolar epithelium is installed in the second barrier 306. The pore size of the polycarbonate membrane 308 is 5-8μm.
[0040] The first barrier 305 includes a front ring 309 and a rear ring 310. A front connecting pipe 311 is connected between the front ring 309 and the capillary simulation cavity 301, and a rear connecting pipe 312 is connected between the rear ring 310 and the interstitial simulation cavity 303. The front ring 309 is provided with a fixing hole 313 and a mounting hole 314. The diameter of the fixing hole 313 is larger than the diameter of the mounting hole 314, so that the fixing hole 313 and the mounting hole 314 are stepped. The rear ring 310 is provided with a mounting post that matches the mounting hole 314 and a fixing post that matches the fixing hole 313. In use, the nitrocellulose membrane 307 is placed in the mounting hole 314, and then the mounting post is inserted into the mounting hole 314. The fixing hole 313 is located in the fixing hole 313. Finally, the fixing post and the front ring 309 are fixedly connected with fasteners, thereby fixing the nitrocellulose membrane 307.
[0041] A micro-pump 315 is installed at the connection between the capillary simulation chamber 301 and the pulmonary capillary simulation tube 304. Since the core characteristic of high altitude is low oxygen partial pressure (insufficient oxygen content), this hypoxia directly stimulates the smooth muscle of pulmonary blood vessels, causing hypoxic vasoconstriction. However, if hypoxia persists or is severe, it can lead to widespread pulmonary arteriolar constriction, thereby increasing pulmonary artery pressure. Pulmonary hypertension directly increases the hydrostatic pressure within the pulmonary capillaries. Therefore, the micro-pump 315 applies pressure to the fluid in the capillary simulation chamber 301 to simulate pulmonary hypertension. Under pressure, the fluid passes through the nitrocellulose membrane 307 and enters the interstitial simulation chamber 303, where it first permeates the pulmonary interstitium.
[0042] The interstitial simulation chamber 303 is equipped with a polyurethane sponge 316. The saturated water absorption capacity of the polyurethane sponge 316 corresponds to the maximum capacity of the lung interstitium, thus simulating the absorption capacity of the lung interstitium. A miniature air pump 4 is connected to the interstitial simulation chamber 303. Pressure sensors 7 are installed in the capillary simulation chamber 301, the interstitial simulation chamber 303, and the alveolar simulation chamber 302. A weighing sensor is installed in the alveolar simulation chamber 302.
[0043] Therefore, during use, the micro air pump 4 on the interstitial simulation chamber 303 is first activated to create a negative pressure environment within the chamber. The initial pressure within the interstitial simulation chamber 303 is read by the pressure sensor 7, and the initial pressure within the alveolar simulation chamber 302 is read by the pressure sensor 7. For example, the initial pressure of the interstitial simulation chamber 303 is -5 mmHg, and the initial pressure of the alveolar simulation chamber 302 is 0 mmHg. Then, the blood circulation simulation component 02 is activated, allowing the liquid in the pulmonary capillary simulation tube 304 to enter the capillary simulation chamber 301. The micro pump 315 pressurizes the liquid in the capillary simulation chamber 301, making the pressure in the capillary simulation chamber 301 greater than the pressure in the alveolar simulation chamber 302. The initial pressure of the capillary simulation chamber 301 is recorded by the pressure sensor 7, for example, the initial pressure in the capillary simulation chamber 301 is 15 mmHg.
[0044] At this time, the liquid in the capillary simulation chamber 301 slowly passes through the nitrocellulose membrane 307 and enters the interstitial simulation chamber 303. When the amount of liquid injected into the polyurethane sponge 316 does not exceed the saturated water absorption capacity, the liquid is absorbed by the sponge and can be promptly removed to simulate normal lymphatic reflux.
[0045] The capillary simulation chamber 301 is continuously pressurized by a micro-pump 315 to simulate pulmonary vasoconstriction caused by hypoxia at high altitudes. As the pressure within the capillary simulation chamber 301 increases, the rate at which liquid passes through the nitrocellulose membrane 307 into the interstitial simulation chamber 303 accelerates. If the amount of liquid injected into the polyurethane sponge 316 exceeds its saturation absorption capacity, liquid will seep out from the edges of the polyurethane sponge 316 and accumulate within the interstitial simulation chamber 303. The increase in liquid within the interstitial simulation chamber 303 leads to an increase in air pressure within the chamber, causing the air pressure within the interstitial simulation chamber 303 to shift from negative to positive. Through the pressure sensor 7 within the interstitial simulated cavity 303, trainees can visually observe pressure changes within the cavity. When the air pressure within the cavity is positive, a pressure difference exists between the cavity and the alveolar simulated cavity 302. As this pressure difference increases, fluid passes through the polycarbonate membrane 308 and enters the alveolar simulated cavity 302. When the fluid level in the alveolar simulated cavity 302 reaches the first threshold set by the weighing sensor, it indicates that fluid has accumulated in the cavity. This allows trainees to intuitively understand the formation process of high-altitude pulmonary edema.
[0046] The cough simulation component is used to intermittently expel fluid from the alveolar simulation chamber 302. When fluid accumulates in the alveolar simulation chamber 302, the cough simulation component simulates the initial coughing symptoms of a patient with high-altitude pulmonary edema.
[0047] The cough simulation component includes an annular airbag 317 and an electromagnetic switch valve 6 fitted outside the alveolar simulation cavity 302. The electromagnetic switch valve 6 is installed at the connection between the second barrier 306 and the alveolar simulation cavity 302. A manifold 318 is provided on one side of the alveolar simulation cavity 302, and the alveolar simulation cavity 302 and the manifold 318 are connected by a connecting pipe 319. A miniature air pump 4 is provided at the bottom of the annular airbag 317, the connecting pipe 319, and the manifold 318. The miniature air pump 4 and the connecting pipe 318 are connected by a connecting pipe 319. A diaphragm-type check valve 5 is installed at the connection of the pipe 319 and at the connection between the pipe 319 and the manifold 318. The diaphragm-type check valve 5 at the connection between the micro air pump 4 and the pipe 319 ensures that gas can only enter the alveolar simulation chamber 302 from the micro air pump 4. The diaphragm-type check valve 5 at the connection between the pipe 319 and the manifold 318 ensures that the liquid in the alveolar simulation chamber 302 can only enter the manifold 318 from the pipe 319. An elastic valve is provided at the outlet of the manifold 318.
[0048] Therefore, when the weighing sensor in the alveolar simulation chamber 302 detects liquid within it, the electromagnetic switch valve 6 first cuts off the flow of liquid into the chamber. Then, the micro-pump 4 inflates the annular airbag 317, compressing the airbag and forcing the liquid from the chamber through the connecting tube 319 into the collecting tube 318. The micro-pump 4 at the bottom of the collecting tube 318 then pushes the liquid out through the elastic valve. This simulates the coughing up of sputum in patients with early-stage high-altitude pulmonary edema. After a single drainage, the electromagnetic switch valve 6 opens, allowing liquid to continue seeping into the alveolar simulation chamber 302. Simultaneously, the micro-pump 4 on the connecting tube 319 pumps air into the chamber, ensuring the pressure before and after drainage is the same. This simulates the coughing up of sputum in patients with early-stage high-altitude pulmonary edema.
[0049] As the amount of fluid flowing into the alveolar simulation cavity 302 exceeds the amount of fluid being expelled, the fluid in the alveolar simulation cavity 302 continues to increase. When the weight of the fluid in the alveolar simulation cavity 302 reaches the second threshold set by the weighing sensor, this is used to simulate the phenomenon of severe hypoxemia and respiratory failure in patients, requiring medical staff to perform invasive respiratory assistance for emergency treatment.
[0050] A rapid pressure pump 320 and liquid flow sensors 8 installed on both sides of a polycarbonate membrane 308 are connected to the alveolar simulation chamber 302. A manual flow valve 321 is provided between the rapid pressure pump 320 and the alveolar simulation chamber 302. A gas flow sensor 9 is provided between the manual flow valve 321 and the alveolar simulation chamber 302 to simulate the tidal volume of the patient inhaled during ventilator support.
[0051] The gas entering the alveolar simulation chamber 302 is adjusted by manually controlling the flow rate valve 321, thereby increasing the pressure within the alveolar simulation chamber 302. When the pressure within the alveolar simulation chamber 302 equals the pressure within the capillary simulation chamber 301, the fluid in the interstitial simulation chamber 303 no longer seeps into the alveolar simulation chamber 302, indicating that the emergency measures are appropriate. If the gas entering the alveolar simulation chamber 302 too quickly, the pressure within the alveolar simulation chamber 302 suddenly increases, causing the pressure gradient across the polycarbonate membrane 308 to reverse. Faced with this sudden pressure change, the pore size of the polycarbonate membrane 308 increases, ultimately making the permeability of the fluid flow dominant over the effect of the reversed pressure gradient, resulting in a faster flow rate from the interstitial simulation chamber 303 into the alveolar simulation chamber 302. Therefore, by installing liquid flow sensors 8 on both sides of the polycarbonate membrane 308, the data collected by the liquid flow sensors 8 provides a direct understanding of whether the rate at which gas is delivered into the alveolar simulation chamber 302 is appropriate.
[0052] The sound simulation component includes a storage bottle 322 and a miniature air pump 4. An air blowing tube 323 is connected through the miniature air pump 4. The storage bottle 322 contains liquid. The end of the air blowing tube 323 is inserted into the storage bottle 322 and is adjacent to the liquid in the storage bottle 322. The air blowing tube 323 is provided with a flat section 324, the diameter of which is smaller than the diameter of the air blowing tube 323.
[0053] When the fluid in the simulated alveolar cavity 302 reaches the first threshold set by the weighing sensor, the miniature air pump 4 delivers air into the air blowing tube 323. As the air flows out from the lower end of the air blowing tube 323 and impacts the water surface, it generates bubbles. The bursting of these bubbles produces wet rales. Simultaneously, the air experiences turbulent vibrations as it passes through the flat section 324, producing wheezing. When the trainee places a stethoscope against the outer surface of the simulated person, they can hear the superposition of wet rales and wheezing, making the sounds heard more closely resemble the auscultatory manifestations of severe high-altitude pulmonary edema.
[0054] It should be noted that the preferred liquid flow sensor is the Sixiang Microelectromechanical LF3000 series liquid flow sensor, the preferred gas flow sensor is the Dichuan Instrument MF5712 gas flow sensor, and the preferred pressure sensor is the Zhengkai Instrument MCY-W series pressure sensor.
[0055] If the embodiments of the present invention involve directional indications (such as up, down, left, right, front, back, etc.), the directional indications are only used to explain the relative positional relationship and movement of the components in a certain specific posture (as shown in the figure). If the specific posture changes, the directional indications will also change accordingly.
[0056] The above embodiments are merely descriptions of preferred embodiments of the present invention and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention. Various modifications and improvements made by those skilled in the art to the technical solutions of the present invention without departing from the spirit of the present invention should fall within the protection scope defined by the claims of the present invention.
Claims
1. A comprehensive training mannequin for high-altitude ambulance crews, comprising a torso, characterized in that, The torso contains a blood circulation simulation component and a lung simulation component, which are connected to each other. The blood circulation simulation component is used to simulate blood circulation in a high-altitude environment, while the lung simulation component is used to control the pressure changes at the connection between the blood circulation simulation component and the lung simulation component to simulate the formation process of high-altitude pulmonary edema.
2. The comprehensive training simulator for high-altitude ambulance crews according to claim 1, characterized in that: The lung simulation component includes a body fluid simulation component, a cough simulation component, and a sound simulation component. The body fluid simulation component is used to simulate the formation process of pulmonary edema in the high-altitude region, the cough simulation component is used to simulate the specific manifestations of the early stage of pulmonary edema in the high-altitude region, and the sound simulation component is used to simulate the sounds emitted by the lungs when suffering from pulmonary edema in the high-altitude region.
3. The comprehensive training simulator for high-altitude ambulance crews according to claim 2, characterized in that: The body fluid simulation component includes a capillary simulation chamber and an alveolar simulation chamber. An interstitial simulation chamber is provided between the capillary simulation chamber and the alveolar simulation chamber. The capillary simulation chamber and the blood circulation simulation component are connected in a continuous manner. When the formation process of pulmonary edema in a high-altitude region is not simulated, the interstitial simulated cavity is under negative pressure, as are the capillary simulated cavity and the alveolar simulated cavity, with the pressure in the capillary simulated cavity being greater than that in the alveolar simulated cavity. When simulating the formation process of pulmonary edema in the highlands, the pressure inside the capillary simulated cavity increases, the interstitial simulated cavity changes from a negative pressure state to a positive pressure state, and the fluid in the capillary simulated cavity enters the interstitial simulated cavity and then seeps into the alveolar simulated cavity.
4. The comprehensive training simulator for high-altitude ambulance crews according to claim 3, characterized in that: A first barrier is provided between the capillary simulation cavity and the interstitial simulation cavity, and a second barrier is provided between the interstitial simulation cavity and the alveolar simulation cavity. A nitrocellulose membrane for simulating vascular endothelium is installed in the first barrier, and a polycarbonate membrane for simulating alveolar epithelium is installed in the second barrier. The pore size of the nitrocellulose membrane is larger than that of the polycarbonate membrane.
5. The comprehensive training simulator for high-altitude ambulance crews according to claim 2, characterized in that: A lung capillary simulation tube is installed between the capillary simulation chamber and the blood circulation simulation component. A micro-pump is installed at the connection between the capillary simulation chamber and the lung capillary simulation tube to pressurize the liquid in the capillary simulation chamber. A polyurethane sponge is installed inside the lung capillary simulation tube to simulate the absorption capacity of the lung interstitium.
6. The comprehensive training simulator for high-altitude ambulance crews according to claim 2, characterized in that: The cough simulation component includes an annular air bladder and an electromagnetic switch valve fitted outside the alveolar simulation chamber. The electromagnetic switch valve is installed between the interstitial simulation chamber and the alveolar simulation chamber. A manifold is provided on one side of the alveolar simulation chamber, and the alveolar simulation chamber and the manifold are connected by a connecting pipe.
7. The comprehensive training simulator for high-altitude ambulance crews according to claim 2, characterized in that: A rapid pressure pump and liquid flow sensors installed on both sides of the polycarbonate membrane are connected to the alveolar simulation chamber. A manual flow valve is installed between the rapid pressure pump and the alveolar simulation chamber. A gas flow sensor is installed between the manual flow valve and the alveolar simulation chamber.
8. The comprehensive training simulator for high-altitude ambulance crews according to claim 2, characterized in that: The sound simulation component includes a storage bottle and a miniature air pump. An air blowing tube is connected through the miniature air pump. The storage bottle contains liquid. The end of the air blowing tube is inserted into the storage bottle and adjacent to the liquid inside the storage bottle. The air blowing tube has a flat section.
9. The comprehensive training simulator for high-altitude ambulance crews according to claim 1, characterized in that: The blood circulation simulation component includes a reservoir and a dynamic fluid pipe and a static fluid pipe that are connected to the reservoir. A peristaltic pump is connected in series on the dynamic fluid pipe. An external barrier is provided between the dynamic fluid pipe and the static fluid pipe. A needle valve is installed between the external barrier and the dynamic fluid pipe.
10. The comprehensive training simulator for high-altitude ambulance crews according to claim 9, characterized in that: The liquid storage tank includes an outer cavity and an elastic liquid storage bladder. The lower top of the liquid storage bladder is connected to the static liquid pipeline interface. The bottom of the liquid storage bladder is connected to the dynamic liquid pipeline. A gas chamber is reserved between the outer cavity and the liquid storage bladder. A precision pressure regulating valve for controlling the gas pressure in the gas chamber is installed on the sealing cover.