Integrated neutral atom regulation and control device and method

Abstract

The invention provides an integrated neutral atom regulation and control device and method.The integrated neutral atom regulation and control device comprises a vacuum cavity, a metasurface module and an optical processing module, the metasurface module is arranged on the inner side wall of the vacuum cavity, and the optical processing module is arranged at the lower end of the vacuum cavity; the light processing module is used for splitting and reflecting the incident cooling light to obtain conical reflected light, and providing a stepped magnetic field to generate a cold atomic group; the metasurface module is located at the same vertical height as the conical point of the conical reflected light, dipole trap light vertically incident from the outer side of the vacuum cavity is converted into an optical array after passing through the metasurface module, cold atomic groups are captured through the optical array to obtain a captured atom array, and the positions of atoms in the captured atom array are regulated and controlled; the optical processing module and the metasurface module are both integrated on the cavity wall of the vacuum cavity, so that the integration level of the device is improved, the situation of position drift caused by long-term use between devices is reduced, and the accuracy of the device is improved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the field of quantum computer technology, and more specifically, relates to an integrated neutral atom control device and method. Background Technology

[0002] Existing cold atom experimental devices still face significant integration bottlenecks in their system configuration. Traditional approaches typically employ large vacuum cavities, independent external optical platforms, and bulky magnetic field coil systems. These components require separate installation and precise alignment, resulting in large space requirements, complex structures, and extreme sensitivity to temperature and mechanical disturbances. Especially in atom trapping experiments demanding high stability, even slight deviations in the relative positions of the cavity, magnetic field, and optical field can lead to a significant decrease in trapping efficiency. Such macroscopic systems are not only difficult to maintain but also challenging to integrate into portable or on-chip quantum systems. Traditional cold atom experimental devices are often constructed using discrete component stacking, with optics, magnetism, and vacuum environment belonging to different modules. This lack of a unified structural benchmark results in large system size and high costs for repeated assembly and adjustment. Furthermore, due to the discrete component composition, drift and other issues are more likely to occur between different discrete devices during long-term operation.

[0003] Therefore, overcoming the shortcomings of the existing technology is an urgent problem to be solved in this technical field. Summary of the Invention

[0004] The problem this invention aims to solve is how to improve the integration of cold atom experimental devices and reduce positional drift between different periods during long-term use, thereby improving the accuracy of the devices.

[0005] In a first aspect, an integrated neutral atom control device is provided, comprising: a vacuum cavity 1, a metasurface module 2, and a light processing module 3, wherein: The metasurface module 2 is disposed on the inner wall of the vacuum cavity 1, and the light processing module 3 is disposed at the lower end of the vacuum cavity 1. The light processing module 3 is used to receive the cooling light 5 incident vertically from the upper end of the vacuum cavity 1, and to split and reflect the cooling light 5 to obtain conical reflected light. The light processing module 3 is also used to provide a stepped magnetic field in the vacuum cavity, and the conical reflected light generates cold atom clusters under the action of the stepped magnetic field. The metasurface module 2 is located at the same vertical height as the cone point of the cone-shaped reflected light. The dipole trap light 6 incident vertically outside the vacuum cavity 1 is converted into an optical array after passing through the metasurface module 2. The cold atom cluster is captured by the optical array to obtain a captured atom array, and the position of the atoms in the captured atom array is controlled.

[0006] Preferably, the metasurface module 2 includes: a static module 21 and a dynamic module 22, wherein: The static module 21 is located on one side of the metasurface module 2, and the dynamic module 22 is located on the other side of the metasurface module 2; When the dipole trap light 6 enters the vacuum cavity 1 from the outside of the vacuum cavity 1 through the static module 21, the static module 21 is used to convert the dipole trap light 6 into an optical tweezers array, and the optical tweezers array is used to capture the cold atom cluster to obtain a captured atom array. When the dipole trap light 6 enters the vacuum cavity 1 from the outside of the vacuum cavity 1 through the dynamic module 22, the dipole trap light 6 is converted into a tunable optical tweezers array through the dynamic module 22. The tunable optical tweezers array is used to control the position of the atoms in the captured atom array.

[0007] Preferably, the static module 21 includes an array of nanostructures; When the dipole trap light 6 passes through the static module 21, each of the nanostructures converts the dipole trap light 6 that has passed through into a trapping optical tweezer. All the trapping optical tweezers corresponding to the nanostructures together form the optical tweezer array. Each trapping optical tweezer is used to trap a single atom in a cold atom cluster. All the trapped atoms together form the trapping atom array.

[0008] Preferably, the dynamic module 22 includes: a fine-tuning substrate and an array adjustable unit, wherein: The fine-tuning substrate is disposed on the inner wall of the vacuum cavity 1, and the array adjustable unit is disposed on the side of the fine-tuning substrate facing away from the vacuum cavity 1. The array tunable unit includes multiple array-arranged tunable nanostructures, and the fine-tuning substrate is used to adjust the position of each tunable nanostructure. When the dipole trap light 6 passes through the dynamic module 22, each of the tunable nanostructures converts the passing dipole trap light 6 into an adjustment optical tweezer. Each adjustment optical tweezer is used to capture the corresponding atom. The position of the corresponding tunable nanostructure is adjusted by the fine-tuning substrate, thereby driving the corresponding adjustment optical tweezer to control the atom to the designated position.

[0009] Preferably, the light processing module 3 includes: an on-chip solenoid 31 and a grating chip 32, wherein: The on-chip solenoid 31 and the grating chip 32 are both disposed at the lower end of the vacuum cavity 1, with the grating chip 32 located above the on-chip solenoid 31; The grating chip 32 is used to receive the cooling light 5 incident vertically from the upper end of the vacuum cavity 1, and to split and reflect the cooling light 5 inside the vacuum cavity 1 to obtain conical reflected light. The on-chip solenoid 31 is used to provide a stepped magnetic field in the vacuum cavity, and the conical reflected light generates cold atomic clusters under the action of the stepped magnetic field.

[0010] Preferably, the on-chip solenoid 31 includes a silicon substrate, an insulating oxide film, a first helical coil 311, and a second helical coil 312, wherein: The insulating oxide film is disposed on the silicon substrate, and the first spiral coil 311 and the second spiral coil 312 are both disposed on the insulating oxide film and located on the same plane; The first helical coil 311 is wound in the inner circle position, and the second helical coil 312 is wound in the outer circle position of the first helical coil 311, wherein the winding directions of the first helical coil 311 and the second helical coil 312 are opposite.

[0011] Preferably, a getter film is provided on the non-light area of ​​the inner wall of the vacuum cavity 1.

[0012] Preferably, the integrated neutral atom control device further includes a polarizing film 4, which is disposed at the upper end of the vacuum cavity 1; The polarizing film 4 is used to allow light signals input from the outer side of the upper end of the vacuum cavity 1 to pass through, and is used to adjust the light signals from linear polarization to circular polarization.

[0013] Secondly, an integrated neutral atom control method is provided for using the aforementioned integrated neutral atom control device, comprising: Cooling light 5 is incident vertically from the top of vacuum cavity 1 to the bottom of vacuum cavity 1. The light processing module 3 splits and reflects the cooling light 5 to obtain conical reflected light. The light processing module 3 provides a stepped magnetic field in vacuum cavity 1. The conical reflected light generates cold atom clusters under the action of the stepped magnetic field. The dipole trap light 6 is emitted from the outside of the vacuum cavity 1, passes through the metasurface module 2 and enters the vacuum cavity 1. The metasurface module 2 processes the dipole trap light 6 into an optical array. The optical array captures the cold atom cluster to obtain a captured atom array, and the position of the atoms in the captured atom array is controlled.

[0014] Preferably, the metasurface module 2 includes a static module 21 and a dynamic module 22. The static module 21 includes an array of nanostructures, and the dynamic module 22 includes a fine-tuning substrate and an array of tunable units. The array of tunable units includes a plurality of arrayed tunable nanostructures, and each tunable nanostructure corresponds to the fine-tuning substrate. The dipole trap light 6 is emitted from the outside of the vacuum cavity 1, passes through the static module 21 and enters the vacuum cavity 1. Each nanostructure converts the dipole trap light 6 that it passes through into a trapping optical tweezer. All the trapping optical tweezers corresponding to the nanostructures together form the optical tweezer array. Each trapping optical tweezer traps a single atom in the cold atom cluster. All the trapped atoms together form the trapping atom array. The dipole trap light 6 is emitted from the outside of the vacuum cavity 1, passes through the dynamic module 22 and enters the vacuum cavity 1. Each of the tunable nanostructures converts the dipole trap light 6 that has passed through into an adjustment optical tweezer. Each adjustment optical tweezer is used to capture the corresponding atom. The position of the corresponding tunable nanostructure is adjusted by the fine-tuning substrate, thereby driving the corresponding adjustment optical tweezer to control the atom to the designated position.

[0015] Unlike existing technologies, the present invention has at least the following beneficial effects: By integrating both the light processing module 3 and the metasurface module 2 onto the cavity wall of the vacuum chamber 1, the integration of the device is improved, and the positional drift between devices due to long-term use is reduced, thereby improving the accuracy of the device. Attached Figure Description

[0016] To more clearly illustrate the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention, the accompanying drawings used in the embodiments of the present invention will be briefly described below. Obviously, the drawings described below are merely some embodiments of the present invention. For those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without any creative effort.

[0017] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of an integrated neutral atom control device provided in this embodiment; Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of a metasurface module in an integrated neutral atom control device provided in this embodiment; Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of another integrated neutral atom control device provided in this embodiment; Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of another integrated neutral atom control device provided in this embodiment; Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram of a grating chip in an integrated neutral atom control device provided in this embodiment; Figure 6 This is a schematic diagram of the first and second helical coils in an integrated neutral atom control device provided in this embodiment; Figure 7 This is a schematic diagram of another integrated neutral atom control device provided in this embodiment; Figure 8 This is a flowchart of an integrated neutral atom control method provided in this embodiment; The attached figures are numbered as follows: Vacuum cavity 1; metasurface module 2; static module 21; dynamic module 22; light processing module 3; on-chip helical coil 31; first helical coil 311; second helical coil 312; grating chip 32; polarizing film 4; cooling light 5; dipole trap light 6. Detailed Implementation

[0018] To make the objectives, technical solutions, and advantages of this invention clearer, the invention will be further described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative and not intended to limit the invention.

[0019] Unless the context otherwise requires, throughout the specification and claims, the term "comprising" is interpreted as openly inclusive, meaning "including, but not limited to." In the description of the specification, terms such as "one embodiment," "some embodiments," "exemplary embodiment," "example," "specific example," or "some examples" are intended to indicate that a particular feature, structure, material, or characteristic associated with that embodiment or example is included in at least one embodiment or example of this disclosure. The illustrative representations of the above terms do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment or example. Furthermore, the specific features, structures, materials, or characteristics mentioned may be included in any suitable manner in any one or more embodiments or examples; that is, although they may be incorporated into embodiments or examples using the above terms for reasons such as order and position, it does not limit them to be incorporated in combination by a single embodiment or example.

[0020] In the description of this invention, the terms "first" and "second" are used for descriptive purposes only and should not be construed as indicating or implying relative importance or implicitly specifying the number of indicated technical features. Thus, a feature defined with "first" or "second" may explicitly or implicitly include one or more of that feature. In the description of embodiments of this disclosure, unless otherwise stated, "a plurality of" means two or more. Furthermore, for example, the description may use the prefix "A" or "B" to describe the same type of nouns as two independent entities. In this case, the corresponding features defined with "A" and "B" are used only to distinguish between similar entities and should not be construed as indicating or implying relative importance or implicitly specifying the number of indicated technical features.

[0021] In the description of this invention, the terms "A and / or B" are used to represent specific features, and the corresponding expressions include the following three combinations: only A, only B, and a combination of A and B.

[0022] As used in this invention, “about,” “approximately,” or “approximately” includes the stated value and the average value within an acceptable range of deviation from a particular value, wherein the acceptable range of deviation is determined by a person skilled in the art taking into account the measurement under discussion and the error associated with the measurement of the particular quantity, i.e., the limitations of the measurement system.

[0023] Furthermore, the technical features involved in the various embodiments of the present invention described below can be combined with each other as long as they do not conflict with each other.

[0024] Example 1: The application scenario of existing technologies is the capture and control of cold atom clusters. In traditional technologies, the various devices used to generate cold atom clusters and capture atoms are mostly set up separately, and each device occupies a large volume, resulting in a large space occupied by the entire system, which is difficult to miniaturize. At the same time, under long-term operation, the separately set devices are more prone to optical axis deviation due to interference from factors such as temperature drift and vibration, which leads to a decrease in atom capture efficiency and affects the control accuracy.

[0025] Furthermore, in terms of optical paths, conventional magneto-optical traps and optical tweezers typically rely on multiple independently collimated laser beams to form a three-dimensional interference optical field, achieving cold atom trapping through spatial crossover and polarization configuration. This design requires strict spatial and polarization matching for each beam, while also relying on complex beam splitters, mirrors, and lens arrays. Due to the large number and dispersed distribution of optical components, the alignment tolerance is extremely low, resulting in cumbersome experimental setup and high maintenance costs. During long-term operation, temperature drift and vibration can cause slight offsets in the optical axis, leading to positional shifts in the cold atom trapping region or a decrease in trapping efficiency. In addition, traditional external focusing lens groups are large in size and have long optical path lengths, making it difficult to achieve high stability and miniaturization.

[0026] Based on the above problems, this embodiment provides an integrated neutral atom control device, such as... Figure 1 As shown, it includes: a vacuum cavity 1, a metasurface module 2, and a light processing module 3, wherein: the metasurface module 2 is disposed on the inner side wall of the vacuum cavity 1, and the light processing module 3 is disposed at the lower end of the vacuum cavity 1.

[0027] The light processing module 3 is used to receive the cooling light 5 incident vertically from the upper end of the vacuum cavity 1, and to split and reflect the cooling light 5 to obtain conical reflected light. The light processing module 3 is also used to provide a stepped magnetic field in the vacuum cavity, and the conical reflected light generates cold atom clusters under the action of the stepped magnetic field.

[0028] In this embodiment, the vacuum cavity 1 is square and is used to provide a vacuum environment for cold atom manipulation. The vacuum cavity 1 can be a glass cavity, and external light signals can be incident from the outside of the vacuum cavity 1 into the vacuum cavity 1. A cooling return pump fiber is provided above the vacuum cavity 1 for incident cooling light 5 from above the vacuum cavity 1 toward the inside of the vacuum cavity 1.

[0029] In this embodiment, the light processing module 3 is disposed at the bottom of the vacuum cavity 1, corresponding to the cooling light 5. When the cooling light 5 is incident vertically from above the vacuum cavity 1, it is received by the light processing module 3. The light processing module 3 has a grating function, used to split the vertically incident cooling light 5 into three reflected beams. The three reflected beams are triangular pyramidal in shape, i.e., the cone-shaped reflected beams, such as... Figure 1 As shown, three beams of reflected light are reflected from different positions on the light processing module 3 at different angles and converge above the light processing module 3, which is also the middle of the vacuum cavity 1. The light processing module 3 also has the function of providing a stepped magnetic field. Under the action of the convergence of the three beams of reflected light and the action of the stepped magnetic field, the atoms are cooled in the first stage, thereby preparing cold atomic clusters.

[0030] The metasurface module 2 is located at the same vertical height as the cone point of the cone-shaped reflected light. The dipole trap light 6 incident vertically outside the vacuum cavity 1 is converted into an optical array after passing through the metasurface module 2. The cold atom cluster is captured by the optical array to obtain a captured atom array, and the position of the atoms in the captured atom array is controlled.

[0031] In this embodiment, the metasurface module 2 is disposed on the inner sidewall of the vacuum cavity 1. A dipole trap light emitter 6 is disposed on the outer sidewall of the vacuum cavity 1, and the dipole trap light emitter 6 is positioned directly opposite the metasurface module 2 for vertically emitting dipole trap light 6 towards the sidewall of the vacuum cavity 1. After passing through the metasurface module 2, the dipole trap light 6 is converted into an optical array, which is composed of multiple optical tweezers arrays. The optical tweezers are used to capture atoms in cold atom clusters, so that the atoms are arranged according to the arrangement of the optical array. At the same time, the metasurface module 2 also has the function of adjusting the position of each array of optical tweezers. By adjusting the position of the optical tweezers in the array arrangement, the captured atoms are synchronously adjusted, thereby realizing the tunable function of the atomic array.

[0032] In this embodiment, by integrating both the light processing module 3 and the metasurface module 2 onto the vacuum cavity 1, unlike the prior art where the corresponding optical devices are set separately, the overall size of the device is reduced, and the optical path is simplified, with most of the optical path concentrated inside the vacuum cavity 1. This makes the optimization and adjustment of the device simpler and more efficient. Furthermore, since the optical devices are all integrated onto the vacuum cavity 1, compared to discrete devices, external vibrations and temperature differences are less likely to affect the device, reducing errors caused by external influences.

[0033] In this embodiment, since the metasurface module 2 needs to simultaneously possess the functions of capturing atoms and controlling the position of atoms, the following design is also involved for the metasurface module 2: ... Figure 2 As shown, the metasurface module 2 includes a static module 21 and a dynamic module 22, wherein the static module 21 is located on one side of the metasurface module 2, and the dynamic module 22 is located on the other side of the metasurface module 2.

[0034] When the dipole trap light 6 enters the vacuum cavity 1 from the outside of the vacuum cavity 1 through the static module 21, the static module 21 is used to convert the dipole trap light 6 into an optical tweezers array, which is used to capture the cold atom cluster to obtain a captured atom array.

[0035] The static module 21 includes an array of nanostructures. When the dipole trap light 6 passes through the static module 21, each nanostructure converts the dipole trap light 6 into a trapping optical tweezer. All the trapping optical tweezers corresponding to the nanostructures together form the optical tweezer array. Each trapping optical tweezer is used to trap a single atom in a cold atom cluster. All the trapped atoms together form the trapping atom array.

[0036] In this embodiment, each nanostructure arranged in the array in the static module 21 is equivalent to a subwavelength optical antenna. The shape of a single nanostructure is cuboid. The transmission phase of the light signal after passing through the nanostructure can be precisely controlled by changing the aggregate size of the nanostructure, so as to achieve the required focused wavefront distribution. The nanostructure controls the phase of the incident dipole trap light 6 and focuses the dipole trap light 6 to form a strong focused light field in the spatial focal plane, thus obtaining the capturing optical tweezers. A fixed Fresnel lens-type phase function or a phase mask generated by an iterative optimization algorithm can be used to make the outgoing light form a regular and uniform optical tweezers array in the focal plane.

[0037] Because the nanostructures are arranged in an array, the perpendicularly incident dipole trap light 6, after passing through the static module 21, is split into arrayed trapping optical tweezers. Each tweezer has a waist of approximately 1 micrometer, and adjacent tweezers are spaced several micrometers apart. Each tweezer provides a sufficiently deep optical potential well, allowing the arrayed trapping optical tweezers to strike the cold atom clusters and trap the atoms within them. By first trapping the atoms in the cold atom clusters, a stable substrate is provided for subsequent dynamic manipulation of individual atoms.

[0038] When the dipole trap light 6 enters the vacuum cavity 1 from the outside of the vacuum cavity 1 through the dynamic module 22, the dipole trap light 6 is converted into a tunable optical tweezers array through the dynamic module 22. The tunable optical tweezers array is used to control the position of the atoms in the captured atom array.

[0039] The dynamic module 22 includes: a fine-tuning substrate and an array of adjustable units, wherein: the fine-tuning substrate is disposed on the inner wall of the vacuum cavity 1, and the array of adjustable units is disposed on the side of the fine-tuning substrate facing away from the vacuum cavity 1; the array of adjustable units includes a plurality of adjustable nanostructures arranged in an array, each of the adjustable nanostructures corresponding to the fine-tuning substrate, and the fine-tuning substrate is used to adjust the position of each adjustable nanostructure.

[0040] When the dipole trap light 6 passes through the dynamic module 22, each of the tunable nanostructures converts the passing dipole trap light 6 into an adjustment optical tweezer. Each adjustment optical tweezer is used to capture the corresponding atom. The position of the corresponding tunable nanostructure is adjusted by the fine-tuning substrate, thereby driving the corresponding adjustment optical tweezer to control the atom to the designated position.

[0041] In this embodiment, it is important to note that the dipole trap light 6 previously incident on the vacuum cavity 1 via the static module 21 should remain unchanged to maintain the original atom trapping state. On this basis, the dipole trap light 6 is incident on the vacuum cavity 1 via the dynamic module 22. The newly incident adjustment optical tweezers recapture some of the trapped atoms, and the position of the atoms is adjusted by controlling the position of the adjustment optical tweezers. The fine-tuning substrate can be a controllable refractive index medium such as liquid crystal or VO2 phase change material or a mechanically microdisplaceable micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) cantilever substrate. The position and local phase of different regions on the fine-tuning substrate can be adjusted by external voltage, temperature or stress to realize the adjustment of each tunable nanostructure on the array tunable unit. The phase gradient can be adjusted in the horizontal or vertical direction, thereby adjusting the specified optical tweezers in the horizontal or vertical direction. For example, in the 4×4 region of the optical tweezers array, an atom is captured at the position of the 1st row and 2nd column. If the atom needs to be adjusted to the position of the 3rd row and 4th column, the atom in the 1st row and 2nd column is captured again by adjusting the optical tweezers. The position of the atom carrying the optical tweezers is adjusted by fine-tuning the substrate. The optical tweezers are moved down 2 rows and then moved to the right 2 columns to adjust the atom to the position of the 3rd row and 4th column.

[0042] Furthermore, when capturing atoms with optical tweezers, it is usually necessary to capture the atoms through the focal position of the optical tweezers to achieve relatively more precise capture. If the axial position of the atom deviates from the focal point, the capture accuracy of the atom by the optical tweezers will decrease. Therefore, it is also necessary to adjust the axial position of the focal point of the optical tweezers corresponding to the tunable nanostructure by adjusting the phase curvature of the tunable nanostructure, so that the tunable optical tweezers can capture atoms more precisely and avoid problems with the position adjustment of atoms due to the low capture accuracy of the optical tweezers.

[0043] It is worth mentioning that in this embodiment, the position of the captured atoms can be displayed in real time through real-time fluorescence imaging feedback, thereby precisely controlling the switching and movement of the optical tweezers to achieve reconstruction and point filling operations of the cold atom array.

[0044] In summary, in this embodiment, during the initial loading stage, the static module 21 generates an array of optical tweezers for capturing atoms, achieving high-density atom capture. During the array rearrangement stage, the dynamic module 22, based on the detected position information of each atom, forms adjustable optical tweezers in a designated area through local phase adjustment, guiding isolated atoms to designated positions, thereby significantly improving the filling efficiency of atom positions. The entire device operates under nanoscale phase control, with a response speed of microseconds to milliseconds and a displacement accuracy better than 0.5 micrometers, enabling the construction of high-fidelity atom arrays required for quantum computing.

[0045] To achieve vacuum compatibility and long-term stable operation, the metasurface module 2 can be made of high-refractive-index and low-thermal-expansion SiN or TiO2 thin films. The bottom layer uses transparent conductive ITO electrodes, and the outer layer is encapsulated in a glass-silicon-glass structure, coplanarly integrated with the sidewall of the vacuum chamber 1. This structure balances optical performance and mechanical strength, ensuring reliable long-term operation of dynamic control in a vacuum environment. The composite phase control of the metasurface module 2 eliminates the need for external large-aperture lens groups and complex optical paths in the light field generation process, achieving on-chip and integrated cold atom trapping, rearrangement, and manipulation.

[0046] Furthermore, in this embodiment, since the light processing module 3 needs to simultaneously perform the functions of beam splitting and reflection and providing a stepped magnetic field, and also needs to be integrated onto the vacuum cavity 1, this embodiment also involves the following design: Figure 3 and Figure 4 As shown, the light processing module 3 includes an on-chip solenoid 31 and a grating chip 32, wherein: the on-chip solenoid 31 and the grating chip 32 are both disposed at the lower end of the vacuum cavity 1, and the grating chip 32 is located above the on-chip solenoid 31; the grating chip 32 is used to receive cooling light 5 incident vertically from the upper end of the vacuum cavity 1, and to split and reflect the cooling light 5 inside the vacuum cavity 1 to obtain conical reflected light; the on-chip solenoid 31 is used to provide a stepped magnetic field in the vacuum cavity, and the conical reflected light generates cold atomic clusters under the action of the stepped magnetic field.

[0047] like Figure 6 As shown, the on-chip spiral coil 31 includes a silicon substrate, an insulating oxide film, a first spiral coil 311, and a second spiral coil 312, wherein: the insulating oxide film is disposed on the silicon substrate, and the first spiral coil 311 and the second spiral coil 312 are both disposed on the insulating oxide film and located in the same plane; the first spiral coil 311 is wound in the inner circle position, and the second spiral coil 312 is wound in the outer circle position of the first spiral coil 311, wherein the winding directions of the first spiral coil 311 and the second spiral coil 312 are opposite.

[0048] In this embodiment, the on-chip solenoid 31 is used to achieve a stable and controllable gradient magnetic field within a limited space on the chip. The on-chip solenoid 31 can use a high-purity silicon substrate as a carrier, and copper wire spiral coils are arranged on its surface through microfabrication or precision welding to form a planarized anti-Helmholtz coil structure. In this embodiment, the insulating oxide film is used to isolate the conductive layer from the substrate. Copper wires are deposited on the on-chip solenoid 31 by sputtering, photolithography, or microwelding, and arranged in an anti-Helmholtz manner to obtain a first spiral coil 311 and a second spiral coil 312. The first spiral coil 311 and the second spiral coil 312 are wound in opposite directions, and after the central magnetic fields are superimposed, a region with zero magnetic field is formed at the geometric center, and the surrounding magnetic field strength is linearly gradient distributed along the spatial coordinates.

[0049] The planarized anti-Helmholtz coils obtained by the first helical coil 311 and the second helical coil 312 not only significantly reduce the system size and power consumption, but also can be coplanarly integrated with the grating chip 32 to realize an on-chip cold atom platform integrating light, magnetism, and vacuum. This structure has high repeatability, low drift, and strong compatibility, providing key support for the miniaturization and modularization of the device.

[0050] Furthermore, in this embodiment, as Figure 5 As shown, the grating chip 32 utilizes the principle of diffraction to achieve spatial recombination of multiple laser beams on-chip, thereby forming the optical field distribution required for a three-dimensional magneto-optical trap under single-beam incident conditions, i.e., splitting and reflecting the original cooling light 5. Existing devices typically require six laser beams to be precisely aligned in three-dimensional space, while the grating chip 32 decomposes a single incident laser beam into multiple diffracted beams with specific directions, polarizations, and intensity ratios by etching a periodic diffraction grating on a transparent substrate such as quartz or silicon, achieving an equivalent three-dimensional cooling and trapping structure, thus greatly simplifying the optical path.

[0051] The grating chip 32 typically uses silicon or quartz as a substrate, and the nanoscale grating structure is fabricated using electron beam lithography and reactive ion etching processes. The period, depth, and duty cycle of the grating determine the diffraction angle and energy distribution ratio, with a typical period between 400 nm and 900 nm. To ensure the symmetry of the cold atom trapping region, a triangular grating or four-segment grating design is often used, causing the incident laser to diffract into three or four symmetrically reflected beams on the chip surface, thereby forming a three-dimensional optical friction field with a central magnetic field zero point above the chip. By cooperating with the on-chip solenoid 31, a stable magneto-optical trap can be generated to cool hot atoms to the micro-Kelvin level.

[0052] Furthermore, in order to maintain a vacuum state in the rear vacuum chamber 1, it is necessary to set appropriate materials or devices in the vacuum chamber 1 to maintain the vacuum state in the vacuum chamber 1. Therefore, this embodiment also involves the following design: a getter film is set on the non-light area of ​​the inner wall of the vacuum chamber 1.

[0053] In this embodiment, the getter is used as a coating to cover the non-light-transmitting area inside the cavity wall of the vacuum chamber 1. Grooves can be etched into the non-light-transmitting cavity wall to increase the coverage area of ​​the getter film, and finally, it is encapsulated using a gold-tin eutectic bonding process.

[0054] Furthermore, in this embodiment, since the cooling light 5 emitted from the cooling return pump fiber is linearly polarized, while the generation and preparation of cold atom clusters requires circularly polarized light, this embodiment also involves the following design: Figure 7 As shown, the integrated neutral atom control device also includes a polarizing film 4, which is disposed at the upper end of the vacuum cavity 1. The polarizing film 4 is used for light signals input from the outer side of the upper end of the vacuum cavity 1 to pass through, and is used to adjust the light signals from linear polarization to circular polarization.

[0055] In this embodiment, the polarizing film 4 is an optical thin-film element capable of selectively transmitting light waves with specific vibration directions and suppressing polarization components in other directions. It is an important component in the cold atom system for realizing laser polarization control and optical field modulation. In this system, the polarizing film 4 is mainly used to adjust the polarization direction of the incident light from the grating to ensure the polarization distribution required to form the magneto-optical trap, thereby enhancing the atom trapping efficiency and optical pressure symmetry. The polarizing film 4 can be directly processed onto the upper surface of the vacuum cavity 1 using a coating process.

[0056] Example 2: This embodiment provides an integrated neutral atom control method based on Embodiment 1, for application in the integrated neutral atom control device described in Embodiment 1, such as... Figure 8 As shown, the method flow includes: In step 101, cooling light 5 is incident vertically from the top of vacuum cavity 1 to the bottom of vacuum cavity 1. The light processing module 3 splits and reflects the cooling light 5 to obtain conical reflected light. The light processing module 3 provides a stepped magnetic field in the vacuum cavity. The conical reflected light generates cold atom clusters under the action of the stepped magnetic field.

[0057] In step 102, the dipole trap light 6 is emitted from the outside of the vacuum cavity 1, passes through the metasurface module 2 and enters the vacuum cavity 1. The metasurface module 2 processes the dipole trap light 6 into an optical array. The optical array captures the cold atom cluster to obtain a captured atom array, and the position of the atoms in the captured atom array is controlled.

[0058] In this embodiment, the vacuum cavity 1 is square and is used to provide a vacuum environment for cold atom manipulation. The vacuum cavity 1 can be a glass cavity, and external light signals can be incident from the outside of the vacuum cavity 1 into the vacuum cavity 1. A cooling return pump fiber is provided above the vacuum cavity 1 for incident cooling light 5 from above the vacuum cavity 1 toward the inside of the vacuum cavity 1.

[0059] In this embodiment, the light processing module 3 is disposed at the bottom of the vacuum cavity 1, corresponding to the cooling light 5. When the cooling light 5 is incident vertically from above the vacuum cavity 1, it is received by the light processing module 3. The light processing module 3 has a grating function, used to split the vertically incident cooling light 5 into three reflected beams. The three reflected beams are triangular pyramidal in shape, i.e., the cone-shaped reflected beams, such as... Figure 1 As shown, three beams of reflected light are reflected from different positions on the light processing module 3 at different angles and converge above the light processing module 3, which is also the middle of the vacuum cavity 1. The light processing module 3 also has the function of providing a stepped magnetic field. Under the action of the convergence of the three beams of reflected light and the action of the stepped magnetic field, the atoms are cooled in the first stage, thereby preparing cold atomic clusters.

[0060] The metasurface module 2 is located at the same vertical height as the cone point of the cone-shaped reflected light. The dipole trap light 6 incident vertically outside the vacuum cavity 1 is converted into an optical array after passing through the metasurface module 2. The cold atom cluster is captured by the optical array to obtain a captured atom array, and the position of the atoms in the captured atom array is controlled.

[0061] In this embodiment, the metasurface module 2 is disposed on the inner sidewall of the vacuum cavity 1. A dipole trap light emitter 6 is disposed on the outer sidewall of the vacuum cavity 1, and the dipole trap light emitter 6 is positioned directly opposite the metasurface module 2 for vertically emitting dipole trap light 6 towards the sidewall of the vacuum cavity 1. After passing through the metasurface module 2, the dipole trap light 6 is converted into an optical array, which is composed of multiple optical tweezers arrays. The optical tweezers are used to capture atoms in cold atom clusters, so that the atoms are arranged according to the arrangement of the optical array. At the same time, the metasurface module 2 also has the function of adjusting the position of each array of optical tweezers. By adjusting the position of the optical tweezers in the array arrangement, the captured atoms are synchronously adjusted, thereby realizing the tunable function of the atomic array.

[0062] Furthermore, in this embodiment, since the metasurface module 2 needs to simultaneously possess the functions of capturing atoms and controlling the position of atoms, this embodiment also involves the following design for the metasurface module 2: including: the metasurface module 2 includes: a static module 21 and a dynamic module 22, the static module 21 includes an array of nanostructures, the dynamic module 22 includes: a fine-tuning substrate and an array of tunable units, the array of tunable units includes a plurality of arrays of tunable nanostructures, each of the tunable nanostructures corresponding to the fine-tuning substrate; The dipole trap light 6 is emitted from the outside of the vacuum cavity 1, passes through the static module 21 and enters the vacuum cavity 1. Each nanostructure converts the dipole trap light 6 that it passes through into a trapping optical tweezer. All the trapping optical tweezers corresponding to the nanostructures together form the optical tweezer array. Each trapping optical tweezer traps a single atom in the cold atom cluster. All the trapped atoms together form the trapping atom array. The dipole trap light 6 is emitted from the outside of the vacuum cavity 1, passes through the dynamic module 22 and enters the vacuum cavity 1. Each of the tunable nanostructures converts the dipole trap light 6 that has passed through into an adjustment optical tweezer. Each adjustment optical tweezer is used to capture the corresponding atom. The position of the corresponding tunable nanostructure is adjusted by the fine-tuning substrate, thereby driving the corresponding adjustment optical tweezer to control the atom to the designated position.

[0063] In this embodiment, each nanostructure arranged in the array in the static module 21 is equivalent to a subwavelength optical antenna. The shape of a single nanostructure is cuboid. The transmission phase of the light signal after passing through the nanostructure can be precisely controlled by changing the aggregate size of the nanostructure, so as to achieve the required focused wavefront distribution. The nanostructure controls the phase of the incident dipole trap light 6 and focuses the dipole trap light 6 to form a strong focused light field in the spatial focal plane, thus obtaining the capturing optical tweezers. A fixed Fresnel lens-type phase function or a phase mask generated by an iterative optimization algorithm can be used to make the outgoing light form a regular and uniform optical tweezers array in the focal plane.

[0064] Because the nanostructures are arranged in an array, the perpendicularly incident dipole trap light 6, after passing through the static module 21, is split into arrayed trapping optical tweezers. Each tweezer has a waist of approximately 1 micrometer, and adjacent tweezers are spaced several micrometers apart. Each tweezer provides a sufficiently deep optical potential well, allowing the arrayed trapping optical tweezers to strike the cold atom clusters and trap the atoms within them. By first trapping the atoms in the cold atom clusters, a stable substrate is provided for subsequent dynamic manipulation of individual atoms.

[0065] When the dipole trap light 6 emitted from the outside of the vacuum cavity 1 passes through the dynamic module 22 and enters the vacuum cavity 1, the dipole trap light 6 is converted into a tunable optical tweezers array by the dynamic module 22. The tunable optical tweezers array is used to control the position of atoms in the captured atom array.

[0066] The dynamic module 22 includes: a fine-tuning substrate and an array of adjustable units, wherein: the fine-tuning substrate is disposed on the inner wall of the vacuum cavity 1, and the array of adjustable units is disposed on the side of the fine-tuning substrate facing away from the vacuum cavity 1; the array of adjustable units includes a plurality of adjustable nanostructures arranged in an array, each of the adjustable nanostructures corresponding to the fine-tuning substrate, and the fine-tuning substrate is used to adjust the position of each adjustable nanostructure.

[0067] When the dipole trap light 6 passes through the dynamic module 22, each of the tunable nanostructures converts the passing dipole trap light 6 into an adjustment optical tweezer. Each adjustment optical tweezer is used to capture the corresponding atom. The position of the corresponding tunable nanostructure is adjusted by the fine-tuning substrate, thereby driving the corresponding adjustment optical tweezer to control the atom to the designated position.

[0068] In this embodiment, it is important to note that the dipole trap light 6 previously incident on the vacuum cavity 1 via the static module 21 should remain unchanged to maintain the original atom trapping state. On this basis, the dipole trap light 6 is incident on the vacuum cavity 1 via the dynamic module 22. The newly incident adjustment optical tweezers recapture some of the trapped atoms, and the position of the atoms is adjusted by controlling the position of the adjustment optical tweezers. The fine-tuning substrate can be a controllable refractive index medium such as liquid crystal or VO2 phase change material or a mechanically microdisplaceable micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) cantilever substrate. The position and local phase of different regions on the fine-tuning substrate can be adjusted by external voltage, temperature or stress to realize the adjustment of each tunable nanostructure on the array tunable unit. The phase gradient can be adjusted in the horizontal or vertical direction, thereby adjusting the specified optical tweezers in the horizontal or vertical direction. For example, in the 4×4 region of the optical tweezers array, an atom is captured at the position of the 1st row and 2nd column. If the atom needs to be adjusted to the position of the 3rd row and 4th column, the atom in the 1st row and 2nd column is captured again by adjusting the optical tweezers. The position of the atom carrying the optical tweezers is adjusted by fine-tuning the substrate. The optical tweezers are moved down 2 rows and then moved to the right 2 columns to adjust the atom to the position of the 3rd row and 4th column.

[0069] Furthermore, when capturing atoms with optical tweezers, it is usually necessary to capture the atoms through the focal position of the optical tweezers to achieve relatively more precise capture. If the axial position of the atom deviates from the focal point, the capture accuracy of the atom by the optical tweezers will decrease. Therefore, it is also necessary to adjust the axial position of the focal point of the optical tweezers corresponding to the tunable nanostructure by adjusting the phase curvature of the tunable nanostructure, so that the tunable optical tweezers can capture atoms more precisely and avoid problems with the position adjustment of atoms due to the low capture accuracy of the optical tweezers.

[0070] It is worth mentioning that in this embodiment, the position of the captured atoms can be displayed in real time through real-time fluorescence imaging feedback, thereby precisely controlling the switching and movement of the optical tweezers to achieve reconstruction and point filling operations of the cold atom array.

[0071] In summary, in this embodiment, during the initial loading stage, the static module 21 generates an array of optical tweezers for capturing atoms, achieving high-density atom capture. During the array rearrangement stage, the dynamic module 22, based on the detected position information of each atom, forms adjustable optical tweezers in a designated area through local phase adjustment, guiding isolated atoms to designated positions, thereby significantly improving the filling efficiency of atom positions. The entire device operates under nanoscale phase control, with a response speed of microseconds to milliseconds and a displacement accuracy better than 0.5 micrometers, enabling the construction of high-fidelity atom arrays required for quantum computing.

[0072] To achieve vacuum compatibility and long-term stable operation, the metasurface module 2 can be made of high-refractive-index and low-thermal-expansion SiN or TiO2 thin films. The bottom layer uses transparent conductive ITO electrodes, and the outer layer is encapsulated in a glass-silicon-glass structure, coplanarly integrated with the sidewall of the vacuum chamber 1. This structure balances optical performance and mechanical strength, ensuring reliable long-term operation of dynamic control in a vacuum environment. The composite phase control of the metasurface module 2 eliminates the need for external large-aperture lens groups and complex optical paths in the light field generation process, achieving on-chip and integrated cold atom trapping, rearrangement, and manipulation.

[0073] Those skilled in the art will readily understand that the above description is merely a preferred embodiment of the present invention and is not intended to limit the present invention. Any modifications, equivalent substitutions, and improvements made within the spirit and principles of the present invention should be included within the scope of protection of the present invention.

Claims

1. An integrated neutral atom control device, characterized in that, include: Vacuum cavity (1), metasurface module (2), and light processing module (3), wherein: The metasurface module (2) is located on the inner wall of the vacuum cavity (1), and the light processing module (3) is located at the lower end of the vacuum cavity (1). The light processing module (3) is used to receive the cooling light (5) incident vertically from the upper end of the vacuum cavity (1) and to split and reflect the cooling light (5) to obtain conical reflected light. The light processing module (3) is also used to provide a stepped magnetic field in the vacuum cavity, and the conical reflected light generates cold atom clusters under the action of the stepped magnetic field. The metasurface module (2) is located at the same vertical height as the cone point of the cone-shaped reflected light. The dipole trap light (6) incident vertically outside the vacuum cavity (1) is converted into an optical array after passing through the metasurface module (2). The cold atom cluster is captured by the optical array to obtain a captured atom array, and the position of the atoms in the captured atom array is controlled.

2. The integrated neutral atom control device according to claim 1, characterized in that, The metasurface module (2) includes: a static module (21) and a dynamic module (22), wherein: The static module (21) is located on one side of the metasurface module (2), and the dynamic module (22) is located on the other side of the metasurface module (2). When the dipole trap light (6) enters the vacuum cavity (1) from the outside of the vacuum cavity (1) through the static module (21), the static module (21) is used to convert the dipole trap light (6) into an optical tweezers array, and the optical tweezers array is used to capture the cold atom cluster to obtain a captured atom array; When the dipole trap light (6) enters the vacuum cavity (1) from the outside of the vacuum cavity (1) through the dynamic module (22), the dipole trap light (6) is converted into a tunable optical tweezers array through the dynamic module (22), and the tunable optical tweezers array is used to control the position of the atoms in the captured atom array.

3. The integrated neutral atom control device according to claim 2, characterized in that, The static module (21) includes an array of nanostructures; When the dipole trap light (6) passes through the static module (21), each of the nanostructures converts the dipole trap light (6) that has passed through into a trapping optical tweezer. All the trapping optical tweezers corresponding to the nanostructures together form the optical tweezer array. Each trapping optical tweezer is used to trap a single atom in a cold atom cluster. All the trapped atoms together form the trapping atom array.

4. The integrated neutral atom control device according to claim 2, characterized in that, The dynamic module (22) includes: a fine-tuning substrate and an array of adjustable units, wherein: The fine-tuning substrate is disposed on the inner wall of the vacuum cavity (1), and the array adjustable unit is disposed on the side of the fine-tuning substrate facing away from the vacuum cavity (1). The array tunable unit includes multiple array-arranged tunable nanostructures, and the fine-tuning substrate is used to adjust the position of each tunable nanostructure. When the dipole trap light (6) passes through the dynamic module (22), each of the tunable nanostructures converts the dipole trap light (6) into an adjustment optical tweezer. Each adjustment optical tweezer is used to capture the corresponding atom and adjust the position of the corresponding tunable nanostructure through the fine-tuning substrate, thereby driving the corresponding adjustment optical tweezer to control the atom to the specified position.

5. The integrated neutral atom control device according to claim 1, characterized in that, The optical processing module (3) includes: an on-chip solenoid (31) and a grating chip (32), wherein: The on-chip solenoid (31) and the grating chip (32) are both disposed at the lower end of the vacuum cavity (1), and the grating chip (32) is located above the on-chip solenoid (31); The grating chip (32) is used to receive the cooling light (5) incident vertically from the upper end of the vacuum cavity (1), and to split and reflect the cooling light (5) inside the vacuum cavity (1) to obtain conical reflected light; The on-chip solenoid (31) is used to provide a stepped magnetic field in the vacuum cavity, and the conical reflected light generates cold atomic clusters under the action of the stepped magnetic field.

6. The integrated neutral atom control device according to claim 5, characterized in that, The on-chip helical coil (31) includes a silicon substrate, an insulating oxide film, a first helical coil (311), and a second helical coil (312), wherein: The insulating oxide film is disposed on the silicon substrate, and the first spiral coil (311) and the second spiral coil (312) are both disposed on the insulating oxide film and located on the same plane; The first spiral coil (311) is wound in the inner circle position, and the second spiral coil (312) is wound in the outer circle position of the first spiral coil (311), wherein the winding directions of the first spiral coil (311) and the second spiral coil (312) are opposite.

7. The integrated neutral atom control device according to claim 1, characterized in that, A getter film is provided on the non-light area of ​​the inner wall of the vacuum cavity (1).

8. The integrated neutral atom control device according to claim 1, characterized in that, The integrated neutral atom control device also includes a polarizing film (4), which is disposed at the upper end of the vacuum cavity (1); The polarizing film (4) is used for the light signal input from the upper outer side of the vacuum cavity (1) to pass through, and is used to adjust the light signal from linear polarization to circular polarization.

9. An integrated neutral atom control method, used in the integrated neutral atom control device as described in any one of claims 1-8, characterized in that, include: Cooling light (5) is incident vertically from the top of vacuum cavity (1) to the bottom of vacuum cavity (1). The light processing module (3) splits and reflects the cooling light (5) to obtain conical reflected light. The light processing module (3) provides a stepped magnetic field in vacuum cavity (1). The conical reflected light generates cold atom clusters under the action of the stepped magnetic field. The dipole trap light (6) is emitted from the outside of the vacuum cavity (1), passes through the metasurface module (2) and enters the vacuum cavity (1). The metasurface module (2) processes the dipole trap light (6) into an optical array. The optical array captures the cold atom cluster to obtain a captured atom array, and the position of the atoms in the captured atom array is controlled.

10. The integrated neutral atom control method according to claim 9, characterized in that, include: The metasurface module (2) includes a static module (21) and a dynamic module (22). The static module (21) includes an array of nanostructures. The dynamic module (22) includes a fine-tuning substrate and an array of tunable units. The array of tunable units includes multiple arrays of tunable nanostructures, and each tunable nanostructure corresponds to the fine-tuning substrate. The dipole trap light (6) is emitted from the outside of the vacuum cavity (1), passes through the static module (21) and enters the vacuum cavity (1). Each nanostructure converts the dipole trap light (6) that has passed through into a trapping optical tweezer. All the trapping optical tweezers corresponding to the nanostructures together form the optical tweezer array. Each trapping optical tweezer traps a single atom in the cold atom cluster. All the trapped atoms together form the trapping atom array. The dipole trap light (6) is emitted from the outside of the vacuum cavity (1), passes through the dynamic module (22) and enters the vacuum cavity (1). Each of the tunable nanostructures converts the dipole trap light (6) that has passed through into an adjustment optical tweezer. Each adjustment optical tweezer is used to capture the corresponding atom. The position of the corresponding tunable nanostructure is adjusted by the fine-tuning substrate, thereby driving the corresponding adjustment optical tweezer to control the atom to the designated position.

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