Small dissolving cavity three-dimensional visualization and grouting treatment method and system based on comprehensive geophysical prospecting
By combining geophysical exploration and real-time model updates, the inaccuracy of small cavities in traditional tunnel construction has been solved, enabling precise treatment and safe construction of small cavities.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- CN202511687646.6
- Authority / Receiving Office
- CN · China
- Patent Type
- Applications(China)
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2025-11-18
- Publication Date
- 2026-02-17
AI Technical Summary
In traditional karst tunnel exploration and construction, it is difficult to accurately assess the distribution and morphology of small cavities, leading to construction risks and safety hazards. There is a lack of reliable engineering survey data to support the understanding of the morphological characteristics and hydrogeological conditions of small cavities, as well as a lack of real-time deformation monitoring and quality control.
A three-dimensional visualization and grouting treatment method for small cavities based on comprehensive geophysical exploration was adopted. Real-time detection was carried out using ground-penetrating radar and cross-hole electromagnetic wave methods to build an initial model and update it dynamically. The model was optimized by combining construction feedback data to generate a targeted grouting treatment plan, and the grouting process was monitored and controlled in real time.
It has achieved a precise understanding of the morphology and hydrogeological conditions of small cavities, optimized grouting materials and methods, reduced construction risks, ensured the safety and quality of tunnel construction, and realized closed-loop intelligent management.
Smart Images
Figure CN121544799A_ABST
Abstract
Description
TECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] The present application relates to the technical field of tunnel engineering construction, in particular to a small cavity three-dimensional visualization and grouting treatment method and system based on comprehensive geophysical prospecting. BACKGROUND
[0002] With the vigorous development of tunnel construction, the number of tunnels crossing karst geological areas increases year by year. There are some defects in the survey, design and construction of small cavity tunnels. The traditional karst tunnel survey usually adopts a single drilling or geophysical prospecting method. Due to the complex water flow distribution and variable shape and position of small cavities, it is difficult to control the distribution and shape of small cavities through advanced survey, which may easily ignore or misjudge the distribution and shape of small cavities, making it difficult to accurately assess the stability of small cavities and their impact on the project, thus bringing uncertainty and construction risks to the later construction. When designing a tunnel, due to the lack of small cavity geological survey data, the design of small cavity grouting treatment is usually based on experience and intuition, lacking reliable engineering survey data support, and unable to accurately understand the shape characteristics and hydrogeological conditions of small cavities, making it difficult to select appropriate treatment programs and grouting materials, so that the small cavity treatment measures of the entire tunnel cannot achieve good engineering effect, affecting the construction quality. At the same time, in the traditional small cavity tunnel construction process, real-time deformation monitoring, defect monitoring and quality control cannot be performed, potential risks in the construction process cannot be found in time, and certain safety hazards may be brought to the construction personnel, which may lead to accidents. Therefore, it is necessary to introduce a more optimal small cavity comprehensive geophysical prospecting technology to improve the understanding of the shape, size, position distribution and hydrogeological conditions of small cavities, and accordingly design a more targeted treatment program to ensure the safe operation of the tunnel construction. SUMMARY
[0003] The present application aims to overcome the inherent problems of disconnection between survey, design and construction, and static lag of the model in the prior art, and provides a small cavity closed-loop intelligent treatment method and system based on real-time geological feedback and dynamic model updating.
[0004] The present application adopts the following technical solution: a small cavity three-dimensional visualization and grouting treatment method based on comprehensive geophysical prospecting, comprising the following sequentially executed steps: S100: model construction and dynamic updating step, comprising: S101: before tunnel excavation, based on surface geophysical prospecting data, constructing a three-dimensional visualization initial model of small cavities; S102: after tunnel excavation, obtaining the geological sketch of the tunnel face and the in-cave geophysical prospecting data as construction feedback data, and using the feedback data to revise the three-dimensional visualization initial model for the first time to generate a first revised model; S103: As the tunnel continues to excavate, S102 is repeatedly executed, and the first revised model is continuously and dynamically updated using subsequent construction feedback data, forming a dynamic three-dimensional model that advances synchronously with the excavation face; S200: Geological condition determination step: based on the current latest version of the dynamic three-dimensional model generated by step S100, determine the spatial distribution of small cavities, water enrichment and its influence on construction; S300: Grouting treatment and feedback step: S301: According to the determination result of step S200, generate a grouting treatment scheme and execute it; S302: Collect construction parameters during grouting and feed the parameters back to the data processing system for evaluating grouting effect and updating and marking the filling state of the cavity in the dynamic three-dimensional model.
[0005] In some embodiments, step S200 includes: Using the geological radar method for detection, if it is determined that the small cavity does not contain water, the detection is completed, and the detection data is combined to optimize the initial three-dimensional visualization model of the small cavity; If it is determined that the small cavity is water-rich, use the cross-hole electromagnetic wave method for detection, and combine the detection data with the detection data to optimize the initial three-dimensional visualization model of the small cavity.
[0006] In some embodiments, in step S301, If it is determined that there is no water in the small cavity, generate a water-free grouting scheme and directly perform grouting treatment; If it is determined that the small cavity is water-rich, generate a water-rich grouting scheme, first perform drainage and then execute grouting treatment; Wherein, the grouting scheme includes a grouting method determined according to the size and distribution of the small cavity, and a grouting material selected according to the geological conditions and treatment goals.
[0007] In some embodiments, the water-free grouting scheme includes: Drill holes around the small cavity, and according to the design requirements, control the grouting pressure and grouting time, and inject the selected grouting material through the determined grouting method.
[0008] In some embodiments, the water-rich grouting scheme includes: First, set up a shaft or drainage hole for drainage operation to lower the water level, and after meeting the grouting conditions, drill holes around the small cavity, and according to the design requirements, control the grouting pressure and grouting time, and inject the selected modified grouting material through the determined grouting method.
[0009] In some embodiments, in step S300, the selection of the grouting method is: When the maximum diameter of the small karst cavity is D<2 meters, and the distance between adjacent karst cavities is L<1 meter, it is determined to be densely distributed, and single-hole grouting is adopted; When the maximum diameter of the small karst cavity is 2≤D≤5 meters, or the distribution range thereof exceeds the effective diffusion radius of a single grouting hole, multi-hole grouting is adopted; When the maximum diameter of the small karst cavity is D>5 meters, or the extension length S of the small karst cavity along the tunnel axis is >5 meters, ring grouting is adopted.
[0010] In some embodiments, the selection of the grouting material in step S300 is based on: For anhydrous small karst cavities, ordinary Portland cement grout, high-performance cement grout, fast-setting cement grout, or micro-expansion cement grout is selected; For water-rich small karst cavities, ordinary Portland cement grout, high-performance cement grout, fast-setting cement grout, or micro-expansion cement grout modified by adding an additive is selected; The additive includes a permeability inhibitor, a rapid hardening agent, or a flowability regulator.
[0011] A system for implementing the method comprises: A data acquisition module comprising detection equipment for implementing the various geophysical methods and visual sensing equipment for image acquisition; A data processing and modeling module for processing the data acquired by the data acquisition module and performing construction, revision, and dynamic updating of a three-dimensional visualization model of small karst cavities; An analysis and decision-making module for determining the influence of small karst cavities and water-rich conditions based on the three-dimensional visualization model and generating a grouting treatment plan; A construction control module for executing the grouting treatment plan and controlling the grouting process and parameters.
[0012] Compared with the prior art, the present application has the following beneficial effects: The core of the present application is to break the linear mode of single-line surveying, design, and construction in traditional construction, and to creatively establish a closed-loop intelligent system of "modeling-guiding construction-revising the model based on construction-guiding construction again".
[0013] The initial model established before tunnel excavation is the starting point of the system. Once excavation begins, the construction behavior becomes a direct and accurate geological exploration. This information (geological sketch, in-cave geophysical exploration) is used as "construction feedback data" to input the model. This process, in essence, uses construction practice to test and revise the early theoretical model, making the model iterate from a "prediction version" to a "measured version".
[0014] This updated model possesses the following two capabilities: accurate retrospective capability: accurately reflects the true geological conditions of the excavated area for post-construction analysis and record keeping; forward-looking guidance capability: due to the spatial correlation of geological conditions, the updated model greatly improves the reliability of predicting the geological conditions of the unexcavated area, thereby enabling dynamic and adaptive guidance for the next construction decision and risk contingency plan.
[0015] Furthermore, when grouting treatment is performed based on the model, the changes in parameters such as grouting pressure and flow rate actually reflect the flow and filling of grout in the solution cavity and fissures. Feeding this data back into the model to mark the treated areas achieves "visualization" and "quantification" of the treatment process.
[0016] Thus, the five stages of "geological exploration, model building, construction decision-making, treatment execution, and effect feedback" are interconnected, forming a complete intelligent closed loop. The entire tunnel construction process is a continuous operation, iteration, and optimization of this closed-loop system, thereby achieving safe, precise, and efficient treatment of small cavities. Simultaneously, the selection of grouting materials and methods has been optimized, effectively improving the efficiency and effectiveness of grouting treatment, reducing construction risks, and ensuring the safety and quality of the tunnel project. Attached Figure Description
[0017] Figure 1 This is a system framework diagram for three-dimensional visualization and grouting treatment of small cavities based on integrated geophysical exploration. Detailed Implementation
[0018] To make the objectives, technical solutions, and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention clearer, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below. Obviously, the described embodiments are some embodiments of the present invention, but not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention.
[0019] A method for three-dimensional visualization and grouting treatment of small cavities based on integrated geophysical exploration includes the following steps performed in sequence: S100: Model building and dynamic update steps, including: S101: Before tunnel excavation, a three-dimensional visualization initial model of small cavities is constructed based on surface geophysical data; Before tunnel excavation, different geophysical exploration methods were selected for surface geophysical exploration based on the actual tunnel alignment and the burial depth of different sections. For shallower sections, due to the structural characteristics of small cavities and their proximity to the surface, non-invasive, high-resolution ground-penetrating radar was used, providing good resolution and sensitivity. For deeper sections, seismic exploration was employed to detect small cavities. This method utilizes the properties of seismic waves traveling long distances in the underground medium and the reflection and refraction at the medium's boundaries to determine the location and morphology of small cavities. After collecting external geophysical data and combining it with supplementary surface survey data, the location and morphology of small cavities were preliminarily determined, and a three-dimensional visualization initial model was established. S102: After tunnel excavation, geological sketches of the tunnel face and geophysical exploration data inside the tunnel are obtained as construction feedback data, and the feedback data is used to revise the initial three-dimensional visualization model for the first time to generate the first revised model. S103: As the tunnel continues to be excavated, S102 is repeated to continuously and dynamically update the first revised model using the construction feedback data obtained subsequently, forming a dynamic three-dimensional model that advances synchronously with the excavation face. Based on image processing and computer vision technologies, the 3D visualization model of small karst cavities in the tunnel is continuously expanded and updated. This allows the entire 3D visualization model to be continuously updated and expanded as the tunnel excavation progresses, enabling better monitoring of deformation, defects, and quality control of the tunnel structure. By analyzing continuous image data, parameters such as displacement and deformation of the structure are monitored and quantified. Defects such as cracks, voids, and water seepage in the monitored images are analyzed to identify potential problems in advance, thereby evaluating the stability and safety of the structure and ensuring the reliability and safety of the tunnel. If the specific location of the small karst cavity will not affect the construction of the next section of the tunnel, subsequent tunnel construction continues.
[0020] S200: Geological condition determination step: Based on the latest version of the dynamic three-dimensional model generated by step S100, determine the spatial distribution of small cavities, water content, and their impact on construction.
[0021] S300: Grouting Treatment and Feedback Procedures: S301: Based on the determination result of step S200, generate and execute the grouting treatment plan; Data generated during the grouting process itself (such as changes in grouting pressure and volume) is synchronously fed back to the data processing module for verification and evaluation of the grouting effect, and updates the medium filling status in the model, forming a secondary feedback loop from "treatment" to "model".
[0022] If it is determined to be a small, anhydrous cavity, an anhydrous grouting plan is generated, and grouting treatment is carried out directly. If it is determined to be a small water-rich cavity, a water-rich grouting plan is generated, and drainage is carried out first, followed by grouting treatment. The grouting scheme includes a grouting method determined based on the size and distribution of small cavities, and grouting materials selected based on geological conditions and treatment objectives.
[0023] S302: Collect construction parameters during the grouting process and feed these parameters back to the data processing system to evaluate the grouting effect and update the cavity filling status in the dynamic three-dimensional model.
[0024] Specifically, in step S200, The ground-penetrating radar method was used for detection. If it was determined that the small cavity did not contain water, the detection was completed. The initial three-dimensional visualization model of the small cavity was then optimized based on the detection data. If it is determined that the small cavity is rich in water, the trans-orifice electromagnetic wave method is used for detection, and the detection data is combined with the detection data to optimize the initial three-dimensional visualization model of the small cavity.
[0025] Design of a solution for treating anhydrous small cavities: First, holes are drilled around the small cavity. The diameter and depth of the holes are determined based on the existing equipment at the actual construction site. Then, the prepared grouting material is injected into the holes using single-hole grouting, multi-hole grouting, or circumferential grouting methods. Different types and proportions of grouting material are selected according to the actual situation. The grouting pressure and grouting time are controlled according to the optimized design requirements to ensure that the grouting material is fully diffused and solidified in the small cavity.
[0026] Anhydrous small cavity grouting method: The selection of grouting methods depends on the specific size and density distribution of the small cavities. When geophysical exploration determines that the small cavities are small and densely distributed, single-hole grouting is used. A grouting hole is drilled around the small cavity, and the grouting material is evenly filled into the cavity. When geophysical exploration determines that the small cavities are large or widely distributed, multi-hole grouting is used. Multiple holes are drilled around the small cavity, and the grouting material is injected into the cavity through these holes, thereby expanding the grouting range and improving the uniformity and fullness of the grouting. When geophysical exploration determines that the small cavities are large and far apart, circumferential grouting is used. A continuous grouting band is laid around the small cavity, and the grouting material is evenly injected into the band-shaped space, thus forming a continuous consolidation band and improving the consolidation effect and stability of the entire small cavity.
[0027] Design of grouting materials for anhydrous small cavities: The type of grouting material used in the anhydrous small cavity grouting treatment scheme is comprehensively considered based on specific geological conditions, the characteristics of the small cavity, material availability, and workability. When the treatment of small cavities requires rapid consolidation and low strength, ordinary silicate cement grout is used; when the treatment of small cavities requires higher strength and durability, high-performance cement grout is selected; when the treatment of small cavities requires rapid filling and meets design requirements, fast-setting cement grout is selected to form a consolidated grout body in a short time; when the treatment of small cavities requires both grouting effect and crack resistance, micro-expansion cement grout is selected to fill the small cracks and voids in the small cavity.
[0028] Design of treatment scheme for water-rich small cavities: First, it is necessary to set up wells or drainage holes to lower the water level and ensure that the grouting material is fully injected into the small cavity. During the treatment process, the water level, water pressure and seepage volume should be monitored. After the grouting conditions are met, the prepared grouting material is injected into the hole using single-hole grouting, multi-hole grouting or circumferential grouting methods. Different types and proportions of grouting materials are selected according to the actual situation. The grouting pressure and grouting time are controlled according to the optimized design requirements to ensure that the grouting material is fully diffused and solidified in the small cavity.
[0029] Determination of grouting method for water-rich small cavities: The choice of grouting method in the treatment of small water-bearing cavities is based on the specific size and density distribution of the cavities. When geophysical exploration determines that the cavities are small and densely distributed, single-hole grouting is used. A single grouting hole is drilled around the cavity, or pre-drilled drainage holes are used for grouting, uniformly filling the cavity with grouting material. When geophysical exploration determines that the cavities are large or widely distributed, multi-hole grouting is used. Multiple holes are drilled around the cavities, and grouting material is injected through these holes, thus expanding the grouting range and improving the uniformity and fullness of the grouting. When geophysical exploration determines that the cavities are large and far apart, circumferential grouting is used. A continuous grouting band is laid around the cavity, uniformly injecting grouting material into the band-shaped space, forming a continuous consolidation band and improving the consolidation effect and stability of the entire cavity.
[0030] Grouting material for water-rich small cavities: The type of grouting material used in the grouting treatment of small water-bearing cavities is comprehensively considered based on specific geological conditions, the characteristics of the small cavities, material availability, and workability. When the treatment of small cavities requires relatively rapid consolidation and low strength, ordinary silicate cement grout is used. To avoid the residual water in the small water-bearing cavities reacting with some of the cement, leading to prolonged consolidation time or reduced consolidation strength, the water-cement ratio needs to be appropriately adjusted, and admixtures such as anti-permeability agents or rapid hardening agents need to be added to modify the cement grout. When the treatment of small cavities requires higher strength, durability, impermeability, and erosion resistance, high-performance cement grout is selected for grouting. Appropriate flowability can be obtained by adding regulators or optimizing the mix proportions. When small cavity treatment requires rapid filling, solidification, and meeting design requirements, fast-setting cement grout is selected for grouting to form a solidified grout body in a short time. To avoid residual water in the small cavity affecting the fluidity of the cement grout, some fluidity modifiers can be added before using fast-setting cement grout to improve the fluidity of the grout, making it easier to flow in a water-bearing environment and fill voids. When small cavity treatment needs to consider both grouting effect and crack resistance, micro-expansion cement grout is selected for treatment to fill the small cracks and voids in the small cavity.
[0031] A system for implementing the methods includes: a data acquisition module, including detection equipment for implementing the various geophysical exploration methods and a visual sensing device for image acquisition; a data processing and modeling module, for processing the data acquired by the data acquisition module and performing the construction, revision, and dynamic updating of a three-dimensional visualization model of small cavities; an analysis and decision-making module, for determining the impact and water abundance of small cavities based on the three-dimensional visualization model and generating a grouting treatment plan; and a construction control module, for executing the grouting treatment plan and controlling the grouting process and parameters.
[0032] The core innovation of this invention lies in transforming the tunnel construction process itself into a continuous and dynamic process of geological data acquisition and model optimization, and using a high-precision model that is updated in real time to adaptively regulate subsequent treatment construction, thereby forming an intelligent closed loop with self-correction and optimization capabilities.
[0033] Finally, it should be noted that the above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solutions of the present invention, and not to limit them; although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, those skilled in the art should understand that modifications can still be made to the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments, or equivalent substitutions can be made to some or all of the technical features; and these modifications or substitutions do not cause the essence of the corresponding technical solutions to deviate from the scope of the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention.
Claims
1. A method for three-dimensional visualization and grouting treatment of small cavities based on comprehensive geophysical exploration, characterized in that, The steps are executed in the following order: S100: Model building and dynamic update steps, including: S101: Before tunnel excavation, a three-dimensional visualization initial model of small cavities is constructed based on surface geophysical data; S102: After tunnel excavation, geological sketches of the tunnel face and geophysical exploration data inside the tunnel are obtained as construction feedback data, and the feedback data is used to revise the initial three-dimensional visualization model for the first time to generate the first revised model. S103: As the tunnel continues to be excavated, S102 is repeated to continuously and dynamically update the first revised model using the construction feedback data obtained subsequently, forming a dynamic three-dimensional model that advances synchronously with the excavation face. S200: Geological condition determination step: Based on the latest version of the dynamic three-dimensional model generated by step S100, determine the spatial distribution of small cavities, water content, and their impact on construction. S300: Grouting Treatment and Feedback Procedures: S301: Based on the determination result of step S200, generate and execute the grouting treatment plan; S302: Collect construction parameters during the grouting process and feed these parameters back to the data processing system to evaluate the grouting effect and update the cavity filling status in the dynamic three-dimensional model.
2. The method for three-dimensional visualization and grouting treatment of small cavities based on comprehensive geophysical exploration according to claim 1, characterized in that, Step S200 includes: The ground-penetrating radar method was used for detection. If it was determined that the small cavity did not contain water, the detection was completed. The initial three-dimensional visualization model of the small cavity was then optimized based on the detection data. If it is determined that the small cavity is rich in water, the trans-orifice electromagnetic wave method is used for detection, and the detection data is combined with the detection data to optimize the initial three-dimensional visualization model of the small cavity.
3. The method for three-dimensional visualization and grouting treatment of small cavities based on comprehensive geophysical exploration according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step S301 If it is determined to be a small, anhydrous cavity, an anhydrous grouting plan is generated, and grouting treatment is carried out directly. If it is determined to be a small water-rich cavity, a water-rich grouting plan is generated, and drainage is carried out first, followed by grouting treatment. The grouting scheme includes a grouting method determined based on the size and distribution of small cavities, and grouting materials selected based on geological conditions and treatment objectives.
4. The method for three-dimensional visualization and grouting treatment of small cavities based on comprehensive geophysical exploration according to claim 3, wherein the waterless grouting scheme includes: Drill holes around the small cavity and control the grouting pressure and time according to the design requirements, then inject the selected grouting material using the determined grouting method.
5. The method for three-dimensional visualization and grouting treatment of small cavities based on comprehensive geophysical exploration according to claim 3, characterized in that, The water-rich grouting scheme includes: First, set up a well or drainage hole to drain water and lower the water level. After meeting the grouting conditions, drill holes around the small cavity and control the grouting pressure and time according to the design requirements. Then, inject the selected modified grouting material through the determined grouting method.
6. The method for three-dimensional visualization and grouting treatment of small cavities based on comprehensive geophysical exploration according to claim 3, 4, or 5, is characterized in that, In step S300, the grouting method is selected as follows: When the maximum diameter D of the small cavity is less than 2 meters and the distance between adjacent cavities L is less than 1 meter, it is determined to be a dense distribution and single-hole grouting is adopted. When the maximum diameter of the small grouting cavity is 2≤D≤5 meters, or its distribution range exceeds the effective diffusion radius of a single grouting hole, multi-hole grouting is adopted; When the maximum diameter D of the small cavity is greater than 5 meters, or its extension length S along the tunnel axis is greater than 5 meters, circumferential grouting is adopted.
7. The method for three-dimensional visualization and grouting treatment of small cavities based on comprehensive geophysical exploration according to claim 3, 4, or 5, is characterized in that, The selection criteria for the grouting material in step S300 are as follows: For anhydrous small cavities, choose from ordinary silicate cement grout, high-performance cement grout, fast-setting cement grout or micro-expansion cement grout; For water-rich small cavities, choose from ordinary silicate cement slurry, high-performance cement slurry, fast-setting cement slurry or micro-expansion cement slurry that have been modified with admixtures; The additives include anti-permeability agents, fast-curing agents, or flow modifiers.
8. A system for implementing the method according to any one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that, include: The data acquisition module includes a detection device for implementing the various geophysical exploration methods and a visual sensing device for image acquisition; The data processing and modeling module is used to process the data acquired by the data acquisition module and to construct, revise and dynamically update the three-dimensional visualization model of the small cavity. The analysis and decision-making module is used to determine the impact of small cavities and water-rich conditions based on the three-dimensional visualization model, and to generate a grouting treatment plan. The construction control module is used to execute the grouting treatment plan and control the grouting process and parameters.