Method for identifying and evaluating lodging resistance of feeding oats

Abstract

The invention relates to the technical field of agriculture, and discloses a feed oat lodging resistance identification and evaluation method which comprises preparation work before identification, key identification steps and lodging resistance evaluation standards. The method is characterized in that the preparation work before identification comprises test material selection, test material screening and processing, field design, environment control, test field planning and planting, and instrument and tool preparation. According to the identification and evaluation method for the lodging resistance of the feeding oat, through systematic design of interference reduction in a preparation stage, full dimension in an identification stage and scientific quantification in an evaluation stage, the accuracy and comprehensiveness of an identification result are ensured, and extremely high industrial application guidance is achieved; the method can effectively support breeding of lodging-resistant varieties of the feeding oats, optimization of planting layout and upgrading of a cultivation technology, and has important practical value for promoting high-quality development of the oat industry.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] The present application relates to the field of agricultural technology, in particular to a method for identifying and evaluating the lodging resistance of forage oats. BACKGROUND

[0002] Lodging refers to the phenomenon that oat plants tilt or crawl in the late growth period (heading stage to maturity) due to insufficient stem support or weak root anchoring ability. Lodging can be divided into "root lodging" and "stem lodging" according to the causes. Both of them can cause multi-dimensional harm to oat production. Lodging can cause a significant reduction in yield. After lodging, the photosynthetic area of plants overlaps, the light intensity received by leaves decreases, and the photosynthetic efficiency decreases by 30%-50%, resulting in insufficient grain filling and an increase in shriveled grain rate. At the same time, the lodged plants are prone to entanglement, which increases the loss of mechanical harvesting by 10%-20%. In addition, the mold rate of forage oats increases during silage, which reduces the available biomass by 15%-25%. According to research, severe lodging can reduce the yield of oats by more than 40%, even causing absolute loss, and seriously affecting the quality of oats. After lodging, the grains of edible oats are prone to contact with the soil, increasing the risk of mold and mycotoxin (e.g., ochratoxin) contamination, which can reduce the processing value of the grains. After lodging, the stem of forage oats becomes more fibrous, the crude protein content decreases by 2-3 percentage points, the crude fiber content increases, and the palatability of the forage oats decreases, which reduces the intake of livestock and damages the breeding efficiency, thereby increasing the production cost. Lodging requires manual assistance for harvesting, which increases the labor cost by 150-200 yuan per mu. In addition, if it rains after lodging, additional fungicides need to be used to control diseases, which further increases the planting cost and reduces the profit of farmers. Therefore, a method for identifying and evaluating the lodging resistance of forage oats is proposed. SUMMARY

[0003] (I) Technical problems solved In view of the deficiencies of the prior art, the present application provides a method for identifying and evaluating the lodging resistance of forage oats, which ensures the accuracy and comprehensiveness of the identification results and has strong industrial application guidance.

[0004] (II) Technical solutions To achieve the above-mentioned object, the present application provides the following technical solutions: a method for identifying and evaluating the lodging resistance of forage oats, which comprises preparation before identification, key identification steps, and evaluation criteria for lodging resistance. The preparation before identification includes selection of test materials, screening and treatment of test materials, field design, environmental control, test field planning and planting, and preparation of instruments and tools. The key identification steps include growth period observation, post-lodging investigation, indoor stem mechanical property determination, determination period determination, field morphological index determination, and investigation of lodging occurrence. The evaluation criteria for lodging resistance include index weight setting, calculation of comprehensive index by membership function method, division of lodging resistance grades, and verification of evaluation results.

[0005] Preferably, in the preparatory work before the identification: Selection of experimental materials: Select the feed oat varieties to be identified, and set up at least 3 replicate plots for each variety to ensure that the samples are representative; Field design: A randomized block design was adopted, with a recommended plot size of 10-20㎡. Row spacing and plant spacing were set according to the conventional planting density of this variety. At the same time, varieties with known lodging resistance were planted as controls. Environmental control: Ensure that the conditions for water, fertilizer, light and pest control are consistent in each plot to avoid the impact of environmental differences on the assessment of lodging resistance. Nitrogen fertilizer can be applied appropriately during the jointing stage to simulate a field environment prone to lodging.

[0006] Preferably, the key identification steps are as follows: The observation of the growth period begins from the jointing stage of oats and ends at maturity. The growth status of the plants is recorded regularly, with a focus on two indicators: plant height and stem traits: plant height, basal internode length (distance from the ground to the second node) and stem thickness are measured, the data are recorded and the coefficient of variation is calculated, and lodging occurrence time: the growth period at which lodging first occurs and the duration of lodging are recorded to identify the variety’s sensitive growth stage to lodging. Post-collapse investigation After natural lodging or artificially induced lodging occurs in the field, three key investigations are conducted: Lodging rate statistics: Within each plot, the percentage of lodged plants out of the total number of plants is calculated using the formula "Lodging rate = (Number of lodged plants / Total number of plants) × 100%".

[0007] Lodging severity grading: Classified into 5 levels according to the angle of stem inclination: Level 1 (upright, tilted 0°-15°), Level 2 (slightly lodged, 16°-30°), Level 3 (moderately lodged, 31°-45°), Level 4 (severely lodged, 46°-60°), and Level 5 (prostrate, >60°). The percentage of plants in each level was recorded.

[0008] Lodging type identification: Distinguish between "root lodging" (roots pulled out of the soil, stem intact) and "stem lodging" (stem base broken, roots not pulled out), and count the proportion of each type of lodging.

[0009] Indoor stem mechanical testing During the grouting period, 10 lodging-free plants were randomly selected from each plot and brought back indoors to measure two mechanical properties: Stem compressive strength: The maximum compressive load of the stem was measured at the second node from the base using a plant stem strength tester; Stem cellulose content: The stem cellulose content was determined by the sulfuric acid-anthrone colorimetric method. The higher the cellulose content, the stronger the stem toughness and the better the lodging resistance.

[0010] Preferably, the lodging resistance evaluation criteria specifically include the following steps: Step one: based on the results of structural equation model analysis, select 5 core indicators to construct the evaluation system; Step two: standardize each indicator using the improved membership function method; Step three: divide the lodging resistance into three levels according to the comprehensive index; Step four: combine the dynamic observation results during the growth period.

[0011] Preferably, the identification and evaluation method includes the following steps: Step one: test material selection and screening treatment; Step two: test field planning and field design; Step three: develop and implement an environmental control plan; Step four: prepare instruments and tools; Step five: determine the observation and measurement period during the growth period; Step six: measure field morphological indicators; Step seven: investigate lodging occurrence; Step eight: conduct indoor stem mechanics measurement; Step nine: divide the lodging resistance grade.

[0012] Compared with the prior art, the present application provides a method for identifying and evaluating the lodging resistance of forage oats, which has the following advantages: 1. The method for identifying and evaluating the lodging resistance of forage oats, through the systematic design of preparation stage interference reduction, identification stage full dimension, and evaluation stage scientific quantification, ensures the accuracy and comprehensiveness of the identification results, has strong industrial application guidance, can effectively support forage oat lodging resistance variety breeding, planting layout optimization and cultivation technology upgrading, and has important practical value for promoting high-quality development of the oat industry. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0013] Fig. 1 The figure is a schematic diagram of the lodging resistance evaluation standard process of the present application; Fig. 2 The figure is a schematic diagram of the identification and evaluation method steps of the present application. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0014] The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present application will be described clearly and completely below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present application. Obviously, the described embodiments are only part of the embodiments of the present application, not all. Based on the embodiments in the present application, all other embodiments obtained by those of ordinary skill in the art without creative labor fall within the scope of the present application.

[0015] Please refer toFigs. 1-2 A method for identifying and evaluating lodging resistance of forage oats, comprising preparation before identification, key identification steps, and evaluation criteria for lodging resistance, wherein the preparation before identification comprises selection of test materials, screening and treatment of test materials, field design, environmental control, test field planning and planting, and preparation of instruments and tools; the key identification steps comprise growth period observation, post-lodging investigation, indoor stem mechanics determination, determination period determination, field morphology index determination, and investigation of lodging occurrence; and the evaluation criteria for lodging resistance comprise index weight setting, calculation of comprehensive index by membership function method, classification of lodging resistance grades, and verification of evaluation results.

[0016] Further, in the preparation before identification: Selection of test materials: select forage oat varieties to be identified, and set at least 3 repeated plots for each variety to ensure representativeness of samples; Field design: adopt random block design, and the plot area is recommended to be 10-20 m2, the row spacing and plant spacing are set according to the conventional planting density of the variety, and a variety with known lodging resistance is planted as a control; Environmental control: ensure that the water, fertilizer, light, and pest control conditions of each plot are consistent, avoid environmental differences affecting the judgment of lodging resistance, and appropriately increase nitrogen fertilizer at the jointing stage to simulate an easy-lodging field environment.

[0017] Further, the key identification steps: Growth period observation starts from the jointing stage of oats and ends at the maturity stage, and the plant growth state is recorded regularly, with focus on two indicators: plant height and stem properties: measure plant height, basal internode length (distance from the ground to the second node), and stem thickness, record the data and calculate the coefficient of variation, record the growth period of the first occurrence of lodging and the duration of lodging, and determine the sensitive growth stage of the variety to lodging; Post-lodging investigation After natural lodging or artificial induced lodging occurs in the field, three key investigations are carried out: Lodging rate statistics: in each plot, the number of lodged plants accounts for a percentage of the total number of plants, and the formula is "lodging rate = (number of lodged plants / total number of plants) x 100%".

[0018] Lodging degree classification: according to the stem inclination angle, it is classified into 5 levels, level 1 (straight, inclination 0°-15°), level 2 (slightly lodging, 16°-30°), level 3 (moderate lodging, 31°-45°), level 4 (severe lodging, 46°-60°), and level 5 (creeping, >60°), and the proportion of plants in each level is recorded.

[0019] Lodging type judgment: distinguish "root lodging" (root system pulled out of soil, stem intact) and "stem lodging" (stem base broken, root system not pulled out), and respectively count the proportion of the two types of lodging.

[0020] Indoor stem mechanical determination During the grain-filling stage, 10 non-lodging plants were randomly selected from each plot, and two mechanical indicators were determined in the laboratory: Stem compressive strength: using a plant stem strength tester, the maximum compressive load of the stem at the second node at the base was determined; Stem cellulose content: using the sulfuric acid-anthrone colorimetric method to determine the stem cellulose content, the higher the cellulose content, the stronger the stem toughness and the better the lodging resistance.

[0021] Further, the lodging resistance evaluation standard specifically comprises the following steps: Step one: based on the results of structural equation model analysis, select 5 core indicators to build an evaluation system; Step two: standardize each indicator using the improved membership function method; Step three: divide the lodging resistance into three levels according to the comprehensive index; Step four: combine the results of dynamic observation during the growth period.

[0022] Further, the identification and evaluation method comprises the following steps: Step one: test material selection and screening treatment; Step two: test field planning and field design; Step three: develop and implement an environmental control plan; Step four: prepare instruments and tools; Step five: determine the observation and determination period during the growth period; Step six: measure field morphological indicators; Step seven: investigate lodging occurrence; Step eight: indoor stem mechanical determination; Step nine: divide the lodging resistance into three levels.

[0023] Example one: In the preparation work before identification: Test material selection: select the forage oat varieties to be identified, and set at least 3 replicate plots for each variety to ensure representativeness; Field design: use random block design, plot area is recommended to be 10-20㎡, row spacing and plant spacing are set according to the conventional planting density of the variety, and a known lodging-resistant variety is planted as a control; Environmental control: Ensure that the water, fertilizer, light, and pest control conditions of each plot are consistent to avoid environmental differences affecting the determination of lodging resistance. Appropriate nitrogen fertilizer can be applied during the jointing stage to simulate an easy-lodging field environment. Preparation before identification Test material selection and treatment Material selection: Select the oat varieties to be identified for feeding. Each variety must meet the quality standards of seed purity ≥98% and germination rate ≥85%. At the same time, set up control varieties, recommend "Heimeike" with strong resistance to lodging and "Hawei" as sensitive type as reference.

[0024] Seed pretreatment: Dry the seeds for 2-3 days before sowing, remove diseased and shriveled seeds to ensure that the seeds are free of bacteria and reduce the interference of seedling diseases on growth traits.

[0025] Test field planning and planting Plot selection: Select a flat, fertile, and uniform plot with irrigation facilities to avoid low-lying areas that affect root development assessment. The previous crop is not a grass family plant to reduce the risk of continuous cropping diseases.

[0026] Field design: Randomized block design, 3 times repeated, plot area 10-15㎡ (such as 3m×5m or 4m×2.5m), row spacing 25cm, repeat interval 1m. Sowing amount is calculated according to thousand grain weight to ensure seedling density of 300,000 plants per 667m 2 (375 million plants per hm 2 ), sowing depth 4-6cm.

[0027] Planting management: Fertilizer N 3.5-4.5kg / 667m 2 , P2O5 2.5-3.5kg / 667m 2 , K2O 2.5-3.5kg / 667m 2 , synchronously applied with sowing, fertilizer meets NY / T 496 requirements. Irrigation is carried out 2-4 times after sowing, jointing stage, heading stage, and filling stage, with water volume of 15-30m 3 / 667m 2 , water quality meets GB 5084 standards. Disease and pest control refers to DB15 / T 2444, when aphid density reaches 500 per hundred spikes, use 2.5% bromocyclen emulsion for control, pesticide use meets NY / T 1276 requirements.

[0028] Instrument and tool preparation Equipments: tape measure (accuracy 1 cm), vernier caliper (accuracy 0.001 mm), analytical balance (accuracy 0.001 g), YYD-1 stem strength tester, root scanner, etc. are used for morphological index and mechanical property determination. Calibrate instruments in advance to ensure data accuracy Example 2 Key identification steps Growth stage observation starts from the jointing stage of oats and ends at the mature stage. Plant growth status is recorded regularly, focusing on two indicators: plant height and stem properties: measure plant height, basal internode length (distance from the ground to the second node), and stem thickness, record data and calculate the coefficient of variation, time of lodging occurrence: record the growth stage when the first lodging occurs, and the duration of lodging, and determine the sensitive growth stage of varieties to lodging; Post-lodging investigation After natural or artificial lodging occurs in the field, three key investigations are conducted: Lodging rate statistics: In each plot, the number of lodged plants is counted as a percentage of the total number of plants, using the formula "lodging rate = (number of lodged plants / total number of plants) x 100%".

[0029] Lodging degree classification: According to the angle of stem inclination, it is classified into 5 levels: level 1 (straight, inclination 0°-15°), level 2 (slight lodging, 16°-30°), level 3 (moderate lodging, 31°-45°), level 4 (severe lodging, 46°-60°), and level 5 (prostrate, >60°), and the proportion of plants in each level is recorded.

[0030] Lodging type judgment: distinguish between "root lodging" (roots pulled out of the soil, stem intact) and "stem lodging" (stem base broken, roots not pulled out), and count the proportion of each type of lodging.

[0031] Indoor stem mechanical property determination At the grain filling stage, 10 non-lodging plants are randomly selected from each plot for indoor determination of two mechanical properties: Stem compression strength: use the plant stem strength tester to measure the maximum compression load of the stem at the second node at the base; Stem cellulose content: use the sulfuric acid-anthrone colorimetric method to determine the cellulose content of the stem. The higher the cellulose content, the stronger the stem toughness and the better the lodging resistance.

[0032] Key identification steps Determination period determination The core determination period is the milk ripening stage, which is the period of high incidence of forage oat lodging, and can truly reflect the lodging resistance characteristics of varieties. Auxiliary observation starts from the jointing stage and records plant growth dynamics every 10 days until the mature stage.

[0033] Field morphological index determination Sampling method: 10 uniform and non-lodged plants were randomly selected in each plot, and the main stems were labeled for index determination.

[0034] Core index determination: Plant type index: measure plant height (distance from root to top), ear height (distance from ear base to stem base), internode length below ear, and stem gravity center height (distance from stem base to balance point) using a tape measure, in units of cm.

[0035] Stem characteristics: measure stem diameter (take the maximum value) and wall thickness of the first internode at the base using a vernier caliper, and internode length using a tape measure; weigh the fresh weight and dry weight (after removing free water) of the second internode at the base, and calculate stem fullness (dry weight / fresh weight x 100%).

[0036] Root index: measure root volume and root surface area using a root scanner, and analyze root anchoring ability.

[0037] Ear index: measure ear length, weigh single ear fresh weight, and evaluate the impact of ear load on lodging.

[0038] Example Three: The anti-lodging evaluation criteria specifically include the following steps: Step 1: Based on the results of structural equation modeling analysis, select 5 core indexes to construct the evaluation system; Step 2: Standardize each index using the improved membership function method; Step 3: Divide anti-lodging resistance into 3 levels according to the comprehensive index; Step 4: Combine with the results of dynamic observation during the growth period; Anti-lodging grade division Divide anti-lodging resistance into 3 levels according to the comprehensive index: High resistance (HR): SLI ≥ 0.75. Lodging rate ≤ 5%, first internode stem diameter at the base ≥ 4.5 mm, penetration resistance ≥ 12 N, gravity center height ≤ 65 cm, and root surface area ≥ 250 cm 2 / plant. No 4 or above lodging in the field, mainly with straight stems.

[0039] Moderate resistance (MR): 0.50 ≤ SLI < 0.75. Lodging rate 6%-20%, first internode stem diameter at the base 3.0-4.4 mm, penetration resistance 8-11 N, gravity center height 66-80 cm, and root surface area 150-249 cm 2 / plant. The proportion of 3 or below lodging in the field is ≥ 90%.

[0040] Sensitivity (S): SLI < 0.50. Expressed as lodging rate > 20%, base first internode stem diameter < 3.0 mm, resistance to penetration < 8N, center of gravity height > 80 cm, root surface area < 150 cm 2 / plant. The proportion of field lodging of grade 4 and above is ≥ 10%.

[0041] Evaluation result verification Combined with the dynamic observation results of the growth period, if the plant height of the variety grows too fast (daily increment > 2 cm) from the jointing stage to the grain filling stage, and the proportion of the base internode elongation to the plant height is > 30%, the lodging resistance grade needs to be lowered by 1 grade to ensure that the evaluation result is consistent with the actual performance in the field.

[0042] Although embodiments of the present application have been shown and described, it is to be understood that various modifications, substitutions, replacements and changes can be made to these embodiments without departing from the principles and spirit of the present application, and the scope of the present application is defined by the appended claims and their equivalents.

Claims

1. A method for evaluating the lodging resistance of feed oats, comprising preparatory work before evaluation, key evaluation steps, and lodging resistance evaluation standards, characterized in that: The preparatory work before the identification includes the selection of experimental materials, screening and processing of experimental materials, field design, environmental control, planning and planting of experimental fields, and preparation of instruments and tools; the key identification steps include observation during the growth period, investigation after lodging, indoor stem mechanical testing, determination of the testing period, field morphological index testing, and investigation of lodging occurrence; the lodging resistance evaluation criteria include setting index weights, calculating the comprehensive index using the membership function method, classifying lodging resistance levels, and verifying the evaluation results.

2. The method for identifying and evaluating the lodging resistance of feed oats according to claim 1, characterized in that: In the preparatory work before the identification: Selection of experimental materials: Selected feed oat varieties; Field design: Randomized block design was used; Environmental control: Ensure that the conditions for water and fertilizer, light, and pest and disease control are consistent in each community.

3. The method for identifying and evaluating the lodging resistance of feed oats according to claim 1, characterized in that: The key identification steps are as follows: The growth period observation started from the jointing stage of oats and ended at the maturity stage. The growth status of the plants was recorded regularly, with a focus on two indicators: plant height and stem characteristics. Post-lodging investigation: After natural lodging or artificially induced lodging occurs in the field, three key investigations are conducted: Lodging rate statistics, lodging severity classification, and lodging type identification; Indoor stem mechanical testing includes stem compressive strength and stem cellulose content.

4. The method for identifying and evaluating the lodging resistance of feed oats according to claim 1, characterized in that: The lodging resistance evaluation criteria specifically include the following steps: Step 1: Based on the structural equation model analysis results, select 5 core indicators to construct an evaluation system; Step 2: Standardize each index using the modified membership function method; Step 3: Classify lodging resistance into 3 levels based on the comprehensive index; Step 4: Combine the results of dynamic observations during the reproductive period.

5. The method for identifying and evaluating the lodging resistance of feed oats according to claim 1, characterized in that: The identification and evaluation method includes the following steps: Step 1: Selection and screening of experimental materials; Step Two: Experimental Field Planning and Field Design; Step 3: Development and implementation of environmental control plan; Step 4: Preparation of Instruments and Tools; Step 5: Determining the period for observation and measurement of the reproductive period; Step Six: Field Morphological Index Measurement; Step 7: Investigate the occurrence of lodging; Step 8: Indoor stem mechanical testing; Step Nine: Classification of Lodging Resistance Levels.

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