Method for dynamically adding copper-containing cold charge to regulate and control copper smelting heat balance and grade

Abstract

The invention relates to the field of patent application, and particularly discloses a method for dynamically adding copper-containing cold charge to regulate and control copper smelting heat balance and grade, a double-layer control strategy is adopted to carry out heat balance and grade regulation on a smelting furnace, and the method is implemented on the premise that secondary fuel is not used for immediate heat compensation. Primary coal blending reference mass flow is determined; s2, the cold charge reference rate is determined; step S3, grade control; and S4, temperature control. According to the method, through the single adjustment means of dynamically adding the copper-containing cold charge, rapid adjustment of the heat balance of the smelting furnace is achieved, meanwhile, the stable criterion of the copper matte grade is achieved through the single index of the oxygen supply coefficient, and therefore the control system is simplified, and the control precision and the reaction stability are improved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of non-ferrous metal smelting process control technology, specifically a method for dynamically adding copper-containing cold materials to regulate the thermal balance and grade of copper smelting. Background Technology

[0002] Pyrometallurgical copper smelting is the mainstream process in modern copper smelting, with flash smelting, ISA furnace smelting, bottom blowing, and side blowing molten pool smelting technologies being particularly widely used. The core of these processes is to smelt copper-containing raw materials such as copper concentrate at high temperatures to produce matte and slag, thereby separating copper from impurities. Maintaining thermal balance within the smelting furnace and a stable matte grade are crucial for ensuring smooth production and improving technical and economic indicators. Uncontrolled thermal balance leading to overheating of the molten pool will exacerbate furnace lining erosion and increase dust levels; while insufficient heat will result in incomplete melting of the furnace charge and a decrease in the reaction rate.

[0003] To regulate heat balance, existing traditional molten pool smelting processes generally employ a "primary coal + secondary coal" supplementary heating mode. Primary coal is fed into the furnace after being granulated from the concentrate, serving as the basic heat source. However, its proportion adjustment has an hourly lag, making it difficult to cope with real-time fluctuations in operating conditions. When a momentary heat shortage occurs in the furnace, it is necessary to rely on secondary coal for immediate replenishment. However, secondary coal is mostly in fine powder form, and during its addition from the furnace top to its entry into the molten pool, it is easily pre-burned or drawn away by the negative pressure in the flue, resulting in an effective heat utilization rate in the pool typically below 30%. This not only causes significant energy waste and increased production costs but also leads to unnecessary carbon emissions.

[0004] Meanwhile, maintaining stable matte grade also faces challenges. Low grades increase the load and energy consumption of subsequent blowing processes, while excessively high grades can lead to operational instability and accelerated refractory material consumption. Currently, grade control largely relies on manual sampling and testing or soft sensing techniques, resulting in significant delays in information updates. Furthermore, the refining section of the smelting furnace exhibits significant material residence and distribution delays, causing any change in operating parameters to have a hysteretic effect on grade response. Existing control methods typically rely on operator experience, combining adjustments to multiple variables such as blast volume, oxygen concentration, and feed ratio. This highly coupled, multi-variable manual or semi-automatic control mode struggles to quickly and coordinately achieve both thermal balance and grade stability when the incoming material composition fluctuates, easily leading to increased system volatility. Control accuracy and repeatability both require improvement.

[0005] Therefore, it is necessary to propose an automated control method that can break free from dependence on inefficient secondary fuels, respond quickly, and coordinate and stabilize thermal balance and matte grade, so as to fundamentally overcome the shortcomings of existing technologies. Summary of the Invention

[0006] To address the aforementioned problems, this invention provides a method for dynamically adding copper-containing cold material to regulate the thermal balance and grade of copper smelting. By using the single adjustment method of dynamically adding copper-containing cold material, the thermal balance of the smelting furnace can be rapidly adjusted. At the same time, the grade of copper matte can be stably determined by the single indicator of the oxygen supply coefficient, thereby simplifying the control system and improving control accuracy and reaction stability.

[0007] To achieve the above objectives, the technical solution of the present invention is as follows: A method for dynamically adding copper-containing cold material to regulate the thermal balance and grade of copper smelting, employing a dual-layer control strategy to adjust the thermal balance and grade of the smelting furnace, implemented without using secondary fuel for immediate reheating, comprising the following steps: Step S1, determine the primary coal blending reference mass flow rate: determine the primary coal blending reference mass flow rate based on the heat balance of the smelting system. ,in, , It is the total heat production. It is the total energy requirement. It is heat generation without fuel. It is the calorific value of coal. It is the primary coal utilization rate; Step S2, determine the cold material baseline rate: based on the equivalent heat absorption capacity per ton of copper-containing cold material. Calculate the cold material reference rate ,

[0008]

[0009] ; Step S3, Quality Control: Based on oxygen supply coefficient To characterize the grade of copper matte, a target range is defined. Calculate the nearest Weighted average of oxygen supply coefficient within minutes ,when When the oxygen supply volumetric flow rate deviates from the target range, a small-step correction is performed on the setpoint. Correction amount = , in It is the center value of the target interval. For small-step correction coefficients, This represents the maximum oxygen level that can be adjusted in a single instance. Step S4, Temperature Control: Based on the cold material command rate As the sole immediate execution quantity, thermal balance adjustment is performed based on the molten pool temperature. Compared with the average oxygen supply coefficient The combined criteria are used to identify states of excess or insufficient heat, and the cold material command rate is dynamically adjusted according to the following formula. , in, Based on system thermal sensitivity and Calculated proportionality coefficient, The target temperature for the molten pool set by the system.

[0010] The basic principle of this invention is as follows: Based on the inherent coupling relationship between heat balance and matte grade during pyrometallurgical copper smelting, a two-layer synergistic control strategy is constructed. Its core lies in using copper-containing cold material as a heat buffer for absorbing and releasing heat, and characterizing and regulating the matte grade through the oxygen supply coefficient, a key parameter that can be measured online.

[0011] At the temperature control layer, the system dynamically adjusts the cold material addition rate by monitoring the deviation between the molten pool temperature and the set value in real time. When the molten pool is overheated, the cold material addition is increased, utilizing its melting process to absorb a large amount of sensible and latent heat, quickly offsetting the excess heat; when the molten pool is underheated, the cold material addition is reduced, lowering the system's heat load and allowing the temperature to rise. This adjustment process uses the cold material command rate as the sole instantaneous execution quantity, resulting in a rapid response and forming a fast adjustment loop for the system.

[0012] At the grade control level, the system utilizes the strong correlation between the oxygen supply coefficient (the ratio of oxygen volume flow rate to copper concentrate mass flow rate) and matte grade, using it as a characterizing factor for grade. By applying a time-weighted average to the oxygen supply coefficient, its short-term fluctuations are smoothed, and its true trend is identified. When the average oxygen supply coefficient deviates from the target range, the system does not make drastic adjustments, but rather implements small, gradual corrections to the oxygen supply, allowing the matte grade to slowly and smoothly return to the target range, avoiding system oscillations caused by large-scale adjustments.

[0013] These two control layers are independent yet synergistic: the temperature control layer achieves rapid stabilization of thermal equilibrium through cold feed, creating a stable thermodynamic environment for grade control; the grade control layer, by gradually adjusting the oxygen-to-feed ratio, achieves grade stability while indirectly influencing the system's exothermic reaction, thus complementing the temperature control. Ultimately, by discontinuing inefficient secondary fuels and relying entirely on primary coal-based heating, dynamic temperature regulation of cold feed, and small-step grade adjustment of oxygen, the system achieves overall optimization of energy consumption, stability, and cold feed processing capacity.

[0014] The beneficial effects of the basic scheme are: 1. This method completely eliminates the need for immediate secondary coal reheating, which has low thermal utilization (usually below 30%). By accurately calculating the primary coal blending baseline and utilizing the dynamic absorption of excess heat from the reaction by cold materials, the heat from fuel combustion can be utilized more effectively within the molten pool. As shown in the example, in the application of the Isa furnace, after discontinuing the use of secondary coal, the new method reduces the total daily coal consumption by approximately 2.6 tons compared to the traditional method, achieving significant energy saving, consumption reduction, and carbon dioxide emission reduction.

[0015] 2. Because cold charge responds to temperature changes much faster than adjusting coal blending, this method can quickly and accurately intervene in the thermal state inside the furnace, resulting in a significant reduction in molten pool temperature fluctuations. This effectively reduces the risks of furnace lining erosion and increased dust levels caused by overheating, as well as problems such as charge crusting and decreased fluidity caused by underheating, ensuring the continuity and safety of production.

[0016] 3. Using the oxygen supply coefficient as an indirect criterion and combining it with its weighted average for small-step correction overcomes the lag of traditional manual sampling and testing. This "slow stabilization" control strategy aligns with the large inertia characteristics of the smelting process, effectively preventing grade overshoot and drastic fluctuations, allowing the matte grade to remain stable within the target range for a long time, reducing the load on subsequent blowing processes.

[0017] 4. This method transforms cold material from a fixed component to a flexible adjustment mechanism, giving the system greater flexibility in cold material processing. In this embodiment, the daily cold material processing capacity increased from 39.6 tons to 41.7 tons, which not only improved the recycling rate of resources such as scrap copper and recycled materials, but also brought direct economic benefits to the enterprise.

[0018] Preferably, the total heat generation consists of reaction exothermic heat and fuel heat supply, and the total heat demand consists of sensible heat of solid heating, latent heat of melting, liquid phase superheat, slag heat absorption, moisture heat absorption, product carry-out heat, flue gas carry-out heat, and furnace body heat dissipation.

[0019] Preferably, the copper-containing cold material contains water. .

[0020] Preferably, in step S3, the time window for calculating the weighted average of the oxygen supply coefficient is... The sampling period is 10-30 minutes. It lasts 10-30 seconds.

[0021] Preferably, in step S4, the criterion for identifying the combination of excess and insufficient calories is: when and It was determined to be an excess of calories, and the amount was increased. ; when and When prices decline simultaneously, it indicates insufficient heat and a downward adjustment is made. ; It is the temperature difference threshold range.

[0022] Preferably, the temperature difference threshold The temperature is 5-15℃.

[0023] Preferably, when continuous underheating or overheating of the smelting system is detected, the primary coal blending reference mass flow rate is adjusted. Alternatively, the target range for the oxygen supply coefficient can be reset. Among them, the criterion for persistent underheating is and The state lasts for more than ; The criterion for sustained overheating is and The state lasts for more than ; The duration It takes 10-15 minutes.

[0024] Preferably, the copper-containing cold material comprises one or more mixtures of scrap copper, cold matte, copper dust, and residual electrodes.

[0025] Preferably, the equivalent heat absorption capacity The system's thermal sensitivity should be recalculated using a fixed baseline value or when the type of cold material changes significantly. The reaction exothermicity is recalculated when it changes significantly due to abrupt changes in the oxygen composition.

[0026] Preferably, the method is applicable to Isa furnaces, flash furnaces, or bottom-blown melting furnaces.

[0027] The beneficial effects of the above scheme are: 1. By clarifying the scope of heat balance calculation, the accuracy and replicability of control are improved. The total heat production is defined as reaction exothermics and fuel heating, and the total heat demand is refined into eight components from solid heating to furnace heat dissipation, providing a standardized framework for establishing an accurate mathematical model. This allows the method to be quickly calibrated and applied on production lines of different furnace types and scales using a unified model, greatly enhancing the replicability and promotional value of the method.

[0028] 2. Limiting the moisture content of cold materials to ≤2% effectively avoids inaccurate energy calculations and the risk of molten pool splashing caused by rapid moisture evaporation. Setting the average time window for the oxygen supply coefficient to 10-30 minutes and the sampling period to 10-30 seconds smooths out short-term fluctuations and captures trend changes in a timely manner, perfectly matching the characteristics of the large inertia of the process, ensuring stable and timely quality control. Setting a temperature difference threshold of 5-15℃ provides a clear and reasonable boundary for automatic judgment of thermal state, preventing system oscillations caused by frequent switching near the critical point.

[0029] 3. It is clearly stipulated that when the cold feed adjustment capacity reaches its limit (approaching 0 or the upper limit) and continues for 10-15 minutes, the system should adjust the coal blending or oxygen supply coefficient benchmark upwards once. This mechanism enables the control system to sense its own adjustment boundary, enabling it to shift from short-term dynamic adjustment to long-term benchmark optimization, achieving a combination of local and global optimization, and significantly improving the system's robustness in the face of large fluctuations in raw material composition.

[0030] 4. It specifies that the cold material can be a variety of copper-containing materials and their mixtures, and stipulates that when the type of cold material changes significantly or the composition of the oxygen material changes abruptly, the equivalent heat absorption capacity and system thermal sensitivity must be recalculated. This ensures that the core parameters of the control model always match the actual material characteristics and operating conditions, avoiding the attenuation of control performance due to changes in the properties of the incoming material, and enabling the method to maintain high-precision operation over a long period of time.

[0031] 5. The core of this control strategy does not depend on the structure of a specific furnace type. Based on the principles of heat balance and oxygen-material balance, it can be widely applied to various top-blown and side-blown molten pool smelting processes such as ISA furnace, flash furnace, and bottom-blown furnace. It has good cross-platform replicability and provides a general solution for the technological upgrading of the entire pyrometallurgical copper smelting industry. Attached Figure Description

[0032] Figure 1 This is a schematic flowchart of the method for dynamically adding copper-containing cold materials to regulate the thermal balance and grade of copper smelting according to the present invention. Detailed Implementation

[0033] The specific implementation method is described below with reference to the accompanying drawings.

[0034] Example 1 The basics are as follows: Figure 1 As shown: Operation and control based on the cold material feeding command of the Isa furnace.

[0035] 1. Operational Background: The Isa furnace smelting process at a copper smelter employs an oxygen-enriched top-blown smelting process, primarily processing mixed copper concentrate. It processes approximately 1800 tons of feed material daily, with a target matte grade of approximately 58%. The furnace operates on a periodic discharge pattern for matte and slag, with 22 cycles per day.

[0036] Table 1. Composition of mixed copper concentrate fed into the furnace

[0037] 2. Traditional Control Method (Comparative Example): The traditional "secondary coal injection for supplemental heating" control mode is adopted. Specifically, the primary coal blending rate is 2.4%, with a primary coal consumption of approximately 43.2 tons / day. During production, copper-containing cold materials (such as recycled materials, copper matte slag, etc.) are added to the furnace at a constant rate of 1.8 tons / batch, evenly distributed across all batches, resulting in a daily cold material processing volume of approximately 39.6 tons. Due to fluctuations in concentrate composition and operating conditions, insufficient smelting heat and low temperatures occur approximately 16 times per day on average. Whenever the furnace temperature is detected to be below the set value (heat deficit), secondary coal injection is activated for supplemental heating, averaging about 15 minutes per cycle, with a secondary coal feeding rate of approximately 2 tons / hour. Based on this calculation, the secondary coal supplemental heating consumption is approximately 0.5 tons / batch, accumulating to approximately 8 tons / day of secondary coal consumption. Using this traditional method, situations of excessive smelting heat leading to high temperatures are almost nonexistent, thus requiring minimal cooling measures. Statistics show that under traditional secondary coal supplementary heating control, the total daily coal consumption of the Isa furnace is about 51.2 tons (43.2 tons of primary coal + 8 tons of secondary coal), and the cold material processing volume is 39.6 tons.

[0038] 3. Control method of this invention: A control mode that uses flexible cold material feeding to consume excess heat, rather than relying on secondary fuel for supplemental heating. Specifically, the primary coal blending rate is appropriately increased to 2.6% (primary coal consumption approximately 48.6 tons / day), and secondary coal is discontinued. The furnace temperature is maintained at a slightly higher level by increasing the baseline fuel input, so as to generate excess heat during certain periods. Based on this, the amount of cold material added is dynamically adjusted by monitoring the furnace temperature or the thermal state of the molten pool to achieve heat balance control. Under the conditions of this embodiment, the number of times excess smelting heat (furnace temperature too high) occurs per day is approximately 11, and the number of times insufficient heat (furnace temperature too low) occurs is approximately 4; the furnace temperature remains normal during the remaining cycles.

[0039] 4. After implementing the control method of this invention, the daily primary coal consumption of the Isa furnace is 48.6 tons (zero secondary coal consumption), and the daily cold feed processing capacity is increased to 41.7 tons. Compared with the traditional secondary coal supplementary heating method, the new control method reduces daily coal consumption by approximately 2.6 tons while processing approximately 1.1 tons more cold feed.

[0040] The control scheme is implemented as follows: The standard molten pool temperature of the smelting system .

[0041] The equivalent heat absorption capacity per ton of cold material is determined using the formula. In this embodiment, copper-containing cold material is tested as a conventional cold material mainly composed of metallic copper, with the temperature of the copper-containing cold material before entering the furnace as the reference. Equivalent melting point of copper-containing cold materials , , , , , calculate.

[0042]

[0043]

[0044] The calculation yields:

[0045] In the formula, It is the temperature of the copper-containing cold material before it enters the furnace. It is the equivalent melting point of copper-containing cold materials (mixtures can be weighted by mass fraction or represented by the melting point of the main phase). It is a copper-containing cold material solid phase from Upgraded to Average specific heat, The phase change of the cold material from solid to liquid phase is endothermic. It is the target temperature of the molten pool. Copper-containing cold feed liquid phase from Upgraded to Average specific heat, It is the moisture content of the copper-containing cold material by mass. It is the specific heat of liquid water. It is the latent heat of vaporization of water at 100℃. It is the specific heat of water vapor.

[0046] According to the formula and

[0047]

[0048]

[0049] In the formula, It is the standard molten pool temperature of the smelting system. This represents the increase in the cold material feeding rate required for every 1°C increase in temperature. The lower limit for the cold material feeding equipment is set to 0. This is the upper limit of the load for the cold material feeding equipment. It is the system's sensitivity to temperature changes, that is, the amount of heat power carried away by the products and flue gas per unit time and the amount carried away by the furnace body for every 1°C change in temperature. It is the mass flow rate of copper matte. It's low-quality traffic. It is the dry gas molar flow rate. It is the average specific heat of copper matte. It is the average specific heat of slag. It is the specific heat of the gas phase. It is the equivalent heat transfer coefficient multiplied by the area obtained by linearizing the comprehensive heat dissipation of the furnace shell and furnace top, including radiation and convection.

[0050] Based on thermal equilibrium, the linear temperature-sensitive term (maton, slag) with heat carryover as the main characteristic is selected, with reference to typical physical properties: , (Similar to iron ore slag type) Based on a daily processing capacity of 1800 t in this furnace, conservatively... ≈900 t / d A typical capacity of ≈700 t / d (common industrial range for 58% Cu matte; specific values ​​vary depending on Fe / SiO2 and recycled materials), converted to hours: , Vapor phase heat dissipation and heat dissipation terms are approximately negligible in this example.

[0051] Then calculate ,

[0052] Under the premise that the cold material rate benchmark remains unchanged, for every 1°C deviation in the molten pool temperature, the cold material command should be changed by approximately 0.08 t / h (higher temperature → increase cold material, lower temperature → decrease cold material).

[0053] After applying this patented control method, the cold material processing capacity can be stabilized at [value missing]. Under the current process conditions, .

[0054] and Excess heat, cold material command rate Adjust according to the following formula.

[0055]

[0056]

[0057]

[0058] and Insufficient heat, cold material command rate Adjust according to the following formula.

[0059]

[0060]

[0061] When the furnace temperature is within the normal range of thermal equilibrium... To maintain stability, approximately 1.8 tons of cold feed are added per trip based on the baseline value.

[0062] Example 2 The difference from the above embodiments is that this embodiment is a small-step correction and control operation for the matte grade of the Isa furnace.

[0063] 1. Operational Background: Based on the control logic of step S4 and combined with the operating process of the Isa furnace, the following is set... , =10s, , The maximum amount that can be adjusted in a single instance h, , .

[0064] 2. Control Logic: Based on oxygen supply coefficient To characterize the grade of copper matte, a target range is set. Calculate the nearest equal weighted average of minutes ,when The increase in oxygen supply volumetric flow rate when deviating from its target range. Implement small, incremental adjustments to stabilize the grade of the matte.

[0065]

[0066] ,

[0067] ,

[0068] In the formula It is the volumetric flow rate of oxygen. This is the mass flow rate of mixed copper concentrate, excluding cold feed. It is the number of sampling points. It is the sampling period. It is a small-step correction factor. , It is the maximum amount that can be adjusted in a single instance. It is the center value of the target range for the oxygen supply coefficient.

[0069] In recent Minutes: When Reduce the increase in oxygen supply volumetric flow rate ;when Increase the volumetric flow rate of oxygen supply .

[0070] 3. The specific implementation of the control scheme is as follows: the average value obtained from the most recent 20 minutes is... ,calculate h, lower the oxygen component volume flow rate setting h. If the current actual oxygen level is h, then new setting ,calculate , The target interval midpoint has been reached. A minor correction followed by a decline will be implemented. In the next phase, this control method will continue to be used to assess and gradually approach the oxygen supply coefficient. .

[0071] The technical solutions described in the above embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. All other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art based on the embodiments of the present invention without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention. Furthermore, the technical solutions of the various embodiments can be combined with each other, but this must be based on the ability of those skilled in the art to implement them. When the combination of technical solutions is contradictory or cannot be implemented, it should be considered that such a combination of technical solutions does not exist and is not within the scope of protection claimed by the present invention.

Claims

1. A method for dynamically adding copper-containing cold material to regulate the heat balance and grade of copper smelting, employing a dual-layer control strategy to adjust the heat balance and grade of the smelting furnace, characterized in that... Implemented without immediate supplemental heating using secondary fuel, including the following steps: Step S1, determine the primary coal blending reference mass flow rate: determine the primary coal blending reference mass flow rate based on the heat balance of the smelting system. ,in, ， It is the total heat production. It is the total energy requirement. It is heat generation without fuel. It is the calorific value of coal. It is the primary coal utilization rate; Step S2, determine the cold material baseline rate: based on the equivalent heat absorption capacity per ton of copper-containing cold material. Calculate the cold material reference rate , ； Step S3, Quality Control: Based on oxygen supply coefficient To characterize the grade of copper matte, a target range is defined. Calculate the nearest Weighted average of oxygen supply coefficient within minutes ,when When the oxygen supply volumetric flow rate deviates from the target range, a small-step correction is performed on the setpoint. Correction amount = , in It is the center value of the target interval. For small-step correction coefficients, This represents the maximum oxygen level that can be adjusted in a single instance. Step S4, Temperature Control: Based on the cold material command rate As the sole immediate execution quantity, thermal balance adjustment is performed based on the molten pool temperature. Compared with the average oxygen supply coefficient The combined criteria are used to identify states of excess or insufficient heat, and the cold material command rate is dynamically adjusted according to the following formula. ， in, Based on system thermal sensitivity and Calculated proportionality coefficient, The target temperature for the molten pool set by the system.

2. The method for regulating the heat balance and grade of copper smelting according to claim 1, characterized in that, The total heat production consists of reaction heat release and fuel heat supply, while the total heat demand consists of sensible heat of solid heating, latent heat of melting, superheat of liquid phase, heat absorption by slag, heat absorption by moisture, heat carried out by products, heat carried out by flue gas, and heat dissipation from the furnace body.

3. The method for regulating the heat balance and grade of copper smelting according to claim 1, characterized in that, The copper-containing cold material contains water. .

4. The method for regulating the heat balance and grade of copper smelting according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step S3, the time window for calculating the weighted average of the oxygen supply coefficient is determined. The sampling period is 10-30 minutes. It lasts 10-30 seconds.

5. The method for regulating the heat balance and grade of copper smelting according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step S4, the combined criterion for identifying excess and insufficient heat is: when and It was determined to be an excess of calories, and the amount was increased. ; when and When prices decline simultaneously, it indicates insufficient heat and a downward adjustment is made. ; It is the temperature difference threshold range.

6. The method for regulating the heat balance and grade of copper smelting according to claim 5, characterized in that, The temperature difference threshold The temperature is 5-15℃.

7. The method for regulating the heat balance and grade of copper smelting according to claim 1, characterized in that, When continuous underheating or overheating of the smelting system is detected, the primary coal blending reference mass flow rate is adjusted. Alternatively, the target range for the oxygen supply coefficient can be reset. Among them, the criterion for persistent underheating is and The state lasts for more than ; The criterion for sustained overheating is and The state lasts for more than ; The duration It takes 10-15 minutes.

8. The method for regulating the heat balance and grade of copper smelting according to claim 1, characterized in that, The copper-containing cold material includes one or more mixtures of scrap copper, cold matte, copper dust, and residual electrodes.

9. The method for regulating the heat balance and grade of copper smelting according to claim 1, characterized in that, The equivalent heat absorption capacity The system's thermal sensitivity should be recalculated using a fixed baseline value or when the type of cold material changes significantly. The reaction exothermicity is recalculated when it changes significantly due to abrupt changes in the oxygen composition.

10. The method for regulating the heat balance and grade of copper smelting according to claim 1, characterized in that, The method is applicable to Isa furnaces, flash furnaces, or bottom-blown melting furnaces.

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