Solar cell, preparation method thereof and electric equipment

Abstract

The invention provides a solar cell, a preparation method thereof and electric equipment. The solar cell comprises a substrate; the functional layer is positioned on one side of the substrate; the battery assembly is located on the side, away from the substrate, of the functional layer; the transparent cover plate is located on the side, away from the substrate, of the battery assembly, and the transparent cover plate is a light incident face. According to the technical scheme, the type selection difficulty of the substrate can be reduced, the cost is reduced, and the packaging effect can be improved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This application relates to the field of solar cell technology, specifically to a solar cell and its preparation method, as well as an electrical device thereof. Background Technology

[0002] With the rapid development of the new energy field, solar cells have been widely used in military, aerospace, industrial, commercial, agricultural, and communication fields. Perovskite solar cells are photoelectric conversion devices that directly convert light energy into electrical energy. They possess excellent photoelectric properties and are clean and environmentally friendly, gradually becoming a research hotspot. Furthermore, the light-absorbing layer prepared from perovskite materials, due to its good bending properties, can be used to fabricate flexible perovskite solar cells.

[0003] However, flexible perovskite solar cells still have some problems that limit their widespread application. Summary of the Invention

[0004] To address the aforementioned issues, this application provides a solar cell, its fabrication method, and an electrical device thereof.

[0005] In a first aspect, embodiments of this application provide a solar cell, comprising: a substrate; a functional layer located on one side of the substrate; a battery module located on the side of the functional layer opposite to the substrate; and a transparent cover plate located on the side of the battery module opposite to the substrate, wherein the transparent cover plate is a light incident surface.

[0006] In conjunction with the first aspect, in some embodiments, the substrate includes a polyimide film layer, or the substrate includes at least two polyimide film layers and a barrier layer disposed between adjacent polyimide film layers; preferably, the thickness of the polyimide film layer is greater than or equal to 5 micrometers and less than or equal to 10 micrometers; preferably, the thicknesses of the different polyimide film layers are the same or different; preferably, the material of the barrier layer includes an inorganic material; preferably, the material of the barrier layer includes silicon nitride, silicon oxide, or silicon oxynitride, and the thickness of the barrier layer is greater than or equal to 300 nanometers and less than or equal to 1 micrometer; or, the material of the barrier layer includes aluminum oxide, and the thickness of the barrier layer is greater than or equal to 30 nanometers and less than or equal to 100 nanometers; preferably, the material of the functional layer is the same as the material of the barrier layer.

[0007] In conjunction with the first aspect, in some embodiments, the substrate includes an aluminum-plastic film; preferably, the thickness of the aluminum-plastic film is greater than or equal to 50 micrometers and less than or equal to 150 micrometers.

[0008] In conjunction with the first aspect, in some embodiments, the transparent cover is made of glass with a thickness greater than or equal to 500 micrometers and less than or equal to 1500 micrometers.

[0009] In conjunction with the first aspect, in some embodiments, the material of the transparent cover includes ultrathin glass; preferably, the thickness of the ultrathin glass is greater than or equal to 50 micrometers and less than or equal to 100 micrometers.

[0010] In conjunction with the first aspect, in some embodiments, the material of the functional layer includes inorganic materials; preferably, the material of the functional layer includes silicon nitride, silicon oxide, or silicon oxynitride, and the thickness of the functional layer is greater than or equal to 300 nanometers and less than or equal to 1 micrometer; or, the material of the functional layer includes aluminum oxide, and the thickness of the functional layer is greater than or equal to 30 nanometers and less than or equal to 100 nanometers; preferably, the solar cell further includes a protective layer located on the side of the substrate opposite to the transparent cover plate.

[0011] In conjunction with the first aspect, in some embodiments, the solar cell further includes: a first encapsulation portion located between the battery assembly and a transparent cover plate; preferably, the material of the first encapsulation portion includes at least one selected from polyolefin elastomer, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, and epoxy resin; preferably, the orthographic projection of the first encapsulation portion on the substrate covers the orthographic projection of the battery assembly on the substrate; preferably, the solar cell further includes a planarization layer located between the first encapsulation portion and the transparent cover plate; preferably, the orthographic projection of the first encapsulation portion on the substrate is located within the orthographic projection of the planarization layer on the substrate; or, the orthographic projection of the first encapsulation portion on the substrate overlaps with the orthographic projection of the planarization layer on the substrate; preferably, the material of the planarization layer includes at least one selected from polyolefin elastomer, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, and epoxy resin; preferably, the material of the planarization layer is the same as the material of the first encapsulation portion.

[0012] In conjunction with the first aspect, in some embodiments, the solar cell further includes a second encapsulation portion located between the functional layer and the transparent cover plate, the second encapsulation portion surrounding the battery module and the first encapsulation portion; preferably, the orthographic projection of the second encapsulation portion and the battery module on the substrate overlaps with the orthographic projection of the functional layer on the substrate; preferably, the material of the second encapsulation portion includes butyl rubber or polyisobutylene; preferably, the solar cell further includes a busbar and an electrode lead-out structure located on the side of the battery module opposite to the substrate, the busbar being electrically connected to the battery module, and the electrode lead-out structure being electrically connected to the busbar and extending out of the solar cell through the first encapsulation portion and the second encapsulation portion.

[0013] In conjunction with the first aspect, in some embodiments, the battery assembly includes a plurality of battery cells connected in series. Each battery cell includes a first electrode layer, a first transport layer, a light-absorbing layer, a second transport layer, and a second electrode layer sequentially stacked along a direction away from the substrate. Preferably, the material of the second electrode layer includes a transparent conductive material. Preferably, the material of the second electrode layer includes at least one of indium tin oxide, indium zinc oxide, indium tungsten oxide, zinc gallium oxide, indium cerium oxide, fluorine-doped tin oxide, zinc aluminum oxide, or boron-doped zinc oxide. Preferably, the material of the first electrode layer includes a transparent conductive material or a non-transparent conductive material. Preferably, the non-transparent conductive material includes a metallic material, and the metallic material includes at least one of gold, copper, silver, titanium, nickel, or aluminum. Alternatively, the transparent conductive material includes at least one of indium tin oxide, indium zinc oxide, indium tungsten oxide, zinc gallium oxide, indium cerium oxide, fluorine-doped tin oxide, zinc aluminum oxide, or boron-doped zinc oxide.

[0014] In conjunction with the first aspect, in some embodiments, the first transport layer is a hole transport layer and the second transport layer is an electron transport layer; preferably, the material of the electron transport layer includes at least one of fullerene, fullerene derivatives and tin oxide; preferably, the electron transport layer includes a stack of a fullerene layer and a tin oxide layer; preferably, the thickness of the fullerene layer is greater than or equal to 20 nanometers and less than or equal to 30 nanometers; the thickness of the tin oxide layer is greater than or equal to 20 nanometers and less than or equal to 40 nanometers.

[0015] In conjunction with the first aspect, in some embodiments, the light-absorbing layer includes a perovskite absorber layer; wherein the battery cell further includes an interface modification layer located on at least one side of the light-absorbing layer.

[0016] Secondly, embodiments of this application also provide a solar cell, comprising: an aluminum-plastic film substrate; a functional layer located on one side of the aluminum-plastic film substrate; a battery module located on the side of the functional layer opposite to the aluminum-plastic film substrate; and a transparent cover plate located on the side of the battery module opposite to the aluminum-plastic film substrate.

[0017] In conjunction with the second aspect, in some embodiments, the thickness of the aluminum-plastic film substrate is greater than or equal to 50 micrometers and less than or equal to 150 micrometers; preferably, the material of the functional layer is silicon nitride, silicon oxide, or silicon oxynitride, and the thickness of the functional layer is greater than or equal to 300 nanometers and less than or equal to 1 micrometer; or, the material of the functional layer includes aluminum oxide, and the thickness of the functional layer is greater than or equal to 30 nanometers and less than or equal to 100 nanometers.

[0018] In conjunction with the second aspect, in some embodiments, the transparent cover is made of glass with a thickness greater than or equal to 500 micrometers and less than or equal to 1500 micrometers; or, the transparent cover is made of ultra-thin glass with a thickness greater than or equal to 50 micrometers and less than or equal to 100 micrometers.

[0019] Thirdly, embodiments of this application also provide a solar cell, comprising: a polyimide substrate; a functional layer located on one side of the polyimide substrate; a battery module located on the side of the functional layer opposite to the polyimide substrate; and a transparent cover plate located on the side of the battery module opposite to the polyimide substrate.

[0020] In conjunction with the third aspect, in some embodiments, the polyimide substrate includes a polyimide film layer, or the polyimide substrate includes at least two polyimide film layers and a barrier layer disposed between adjacent polyimide film layers; preferably, the thickness of the polyimide film layer is greater than or equal to 5 micrometers and less than or equal to 10 micrometers; preferably, the material of the barrier layer includes silicon nitride, silicon oxide, or silicon oxynitride, and the thickness of the barrier layer is greater than or equal to 300 nanometers and less than or equal to 1 micrometer; or, the material of the barrier layer includes aluminum oxide, and the thickness of the barrier layer is greater than or equal to 30 nanometers and less than or equal to 100 nanometers; preferably, the material of the barrier layer is the same as the material of the functional layer.

[0021] In conjunction with the third aspect, in some embodiments, the transparent cover is made of glass with a thickness greater than or equal to 500 micrometers and less than or equal to 1500 micrometers; or, the transparent cover is made of ultra-thin glass with a thickness greater than or equal to 50 micrometers and less than or equal to 100 micrometers.

[0022] Fourthly, embodiments of this application also provide a method for fabricating a solar cell, comprising: fabricating a substrate on a substrate; fabricating a functional layer on the side of the substrate away from the substrate; fabricating a cell module on the side of the functional layer away from the substrate; and disposing a transparent cover plate on the side of the cell module away from the substrate, wherein the transparent cover plate is a light incident surface.

[0023] In conjunction with the fourth aspect, in some embodiments, before the step of setting a transparent cover on the side of the battery assembly away from the substrate, the preparation method further includes: setting a first encapsulation portion on the side of the battery assembly away from the substrate, wherein the orthographic projection of the first encapsulation portion on the substrate covers the battery assembly; preferably, after the step of setting the first encapsulation portion on the side of the battery assembly away from the substrate, the preparation method further includes: setting a planarization layer on the side of the first encapsulation portion away from the substrate.

[0024] Fifthly, embodiments of this application also provide an electrical device, including the solar cell described above, or a solar cell prepared according to the solar cell preparation method described above.

[0025] The above technical solution utilizes a transparent cover plate and adopts a top-light-incident (also known as back-light-incident) working mode. Since the transparent cover plate is installed after the battery module is fabricated, it is not affected by the high-temperature processes during battery module fabrication. The transparent cover plate only needs to consider light transmittance, not temperature resistance, thus reducing the difficulty of selecting a suitable cover plate. Furthermore, when selecting a substrate, light transmittance is not a primary consideration; the main factors to consider are temperature resistance, water and oxygen barrier properties, and bending performance (for flexible solar cells). This reduces the difficulty of substrate selection and helps lower substrate costs. Additionally, placing a functional layer between the substrate and the battery module serves two purposes: firstly, it promotes planarization, improving the battery module fabrication process; secondly, when a barrier-resistant functional layer is selected, it enhances water and oxygen barrier effects, further improving the encapsulation effect. Attached Figure Description

[0026] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a solar cell provided in an embodiment of this application.

[0027] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a solar cell provided in another embodiment of this application.

[0028] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a solar cell provided in another embodiment of this application.

[0029] Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a solar cell provided in another embodiment of this application.

[0030] Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a solar cell provided in another embodiment of this application.

[0031] Figure 6 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a solar cell provided in another embodiment of this application.

[0032] Figure 7 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a solar cell provided in another embodiment of this application.

[0033] Figure 8 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a solar cell provided in another embodiment of this application.

[0034] Figure 9 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a method for preparing a solar cell according to an embodiment of this application.

[0035] Explanation of reference numerals in the attached figures: 10. Substrate; 110. Polyimide film layer; 120. Barrier layer; 20. Functional layer; 30. Battery assembly; 300. Battery cell; 310. First electrode layer; 320. First transport layer; 330. Light absorption layer; 340. Second transport layer; 350. Second electrode layer; 360. First interface modification layer; 370. Second interface modification layer; 40. Transparent cover plate; 510. First encapsulation part; 520. Second encapsulation part; 610. Planarization layer; 620. Protective layer; 710. Busbar; 720. Electrode lead-out structure. Detailed Implementation

[0036] The technical solutions of the embodiments of this application will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of this application, and not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of this application, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of this application.

[0037] Perovskite solar cells have attracted much attention due to their potential high efficiency and low cost. The light-absorbing layer of a perovskite solar cell consists of crystalline perovskite material, which possesses excellent bending properties. Combined with flexible substrates and flexible encapsulation, it can be used to fabricate flexible perovskite solar cells. Since perovskite materials are sensitive to water and oxygen (i.e., water vapor and oxygen), the flexible substrate needs to be waterproof and oxygen-resistant. Furthermore, perovskite solar cells are typically used outdoors, placing high demands on the flexible substrate's resistance to UV aging and weathering.

[0038] Currently, perovskite solar cells typically operate in a bottom-light-incident mode, requiring substrates with high light transmittance. In flexible perovskite solar cells, transparent organic films such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) are commonly chosen as substrates, and barrier films are added to enhance resistance to water and oxygen. However, the large thickness of the barrier film results in poor bending performance of the solar cell; moreover, the use of barrier films increases costs, hindering large-scale commercial applications. Furthermore, due to the low glass transition temperature (Tg) of PET and PEN, subsequent high-temperature fabrication of functional layers (e.g., light-absorbing layers) can easily lead to substrate deformation and failure.

[0039] To address the aforementioned technical problems, in a first aspect, this disclosure provides a solar cell, comprising: a substrate, a functional layer, a battery module, and a transparent cover plate; the functional layer is located on one side of the substrate; the battery module is located on the side of the functional layer facing away from the substrate; the transparent cover plate is located on the side of the battery module facing away from the substrate, and the transparent cover plate serves as the light incident surface. In this disclosure, a transparent cover plate is used, employing a top-light-incident (also known as back-light-incident) working mode. Since the transparent cover plate is installed after the battery module is fabricated, it is not affected by the high-temperature process during battery module fabrication. The transparent cover plate only needs to consider light transmittance, not temperature resistance, thus reducing the difficulty of selecting a transparent cover plate. Furthermore, when selecting a substrate, light transmittance does not need to be considered; the main considerations are temperature resistance, water and oxygen barrier properties, and bending performance (for flexible solar cells), thus reducing the difficulty of substrate selection and helping to reduce substrate costs. In addition, setting a functional layer between the substrate and the battery module can, on the one hand, achieve planarization and improve the battery module fabrication process; on the other hand, when a barrier-resistant functional layer is selected, the water and oxygen barrier effect can be improved, further enhancing the encapsulation effect.

[0040] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a solar cell provided in one embodiment of this application. Figure 1 As shown, the solar cell includes a substrate 10, a functional layer 20, a battery assembly 30, and a transparent cover plate 40.

[0041] In this embodiment, since the transparent cover 40 is the light incident surface, light does not need to pass through the substrate 10 to enter the battery assembly 30. Therefore, the substrate 10 can be made of a non-transparent material, which simplifies material selection and reduces costs. For example, the substrate 10 can be made of traditional polyimide (PI), which significantly reduces costs compared to colorless polyimide (CPI). Alternatively, the substrate 10 can be made of a lower-cost aluminum-plastic film.

[0042] The functional layer 20 is located on one side of the substrate 10. In some embodiments, since the surface of the substrate 10 is relatively rough, it is not conducive to the direct fabrication of the electrodes of the battery assembly 30. By setting the functional layer 20, a planarization effect can be achieved, which is beneficial to the fabrication of subsequent film layers (e.g., the first electrode layer 310 of the battery assembly 30). In addition, in some embodiments, the functional layer 20 can be selected from a dense inorganic material, which can also have the effect of blocking water and oxygen.

[0043] Exemplarily, the material of the functional layer 20 includes inorganic materials. For example, the material of the functional layer 20 includes at least one of silicon nitride, silicon oxide, silicon oxynitride, and aluminum oxide. Thus, the functional layer 20 can effectively block water and oxygen and has a planarization effect. In some embodiments, if the material of the functional layer 20 includes silicon nitride, silicon oxide, or silicon oxynitride, the thickness of the functional layer 20 can be greater than or equal to 300 nanometers and less than or equal to 1 micrometer, for example, 300 nanometers, 400 nanometers, 500 nanometers, 700 nanometers, 900 nanometers, 1 micrometer, etc. Within this thickness range, the functional layer 20 can effectively block water and oxygen. In this case, the functional layer 20 can be prepared by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) or plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD). If the material of the functional layer 20 includes alumina, the thickness of the functional layer 20 can be greater than or equal to 30 nanometers and less than or equal to 100 nanometers, for example, 30 nanometers, 50 nanometers, 70 nanometers, 80 nanometers, 100 nanometers, etc. Within this thickness range, the functional layer 20 can effectively block water and oxygen. In this case, the functional layer 20 can be prepared by atomic layer deposition (ALD).

[0044] The battery module 30 is located on the side of the functional layer 20 opposite to the substrate 10. (Further details to be added later.) Figure 6 and Figure 7 The structure of battery assembly 30 is described in detail.

[0045] The transparent cover plate 40 is located on the side of the battery assembly 30 away from the substrate 10, and the transparent cover plate 40 is the light incident surface.

[0046] In this embodiment, a transparent cover is used, employing a top-light-incident (also known as back-light-incident) working mode. Since the transparent cover is installed after the battery module is fabricated, it is not affected by the high-temperature processes involved in battery module fabrication. The transparent cover only needs to consider light transmittance, not temperature resistance, thus reducing the difficulty of selecting the appropriate cover. Furthermore, when selecting a substrate, light transmittance is not a primary consideration; the main factors to consider are temperature resistance, water and oxygen barrier properties, and bending performance (for flexible solar cells). This reduces the difficulty of substrate selection and helps lower substrate costs. Additionally, setting a functional layer between the substrate and the battery module serves two purposes: firstly, it promotes planarization, improving the battery module fabrication process; secondly, when a barrier-resistant functional layer is selected, it enhances water and oxygen barrier effects, further improving the encapsulation effect.

[0047] In some embodiments, the substrate 10 may include an aluminum-plastic film. The aluminum-plastic film comprises a multilayer composite film, for example, including an outer protective layer, an adhesive layer, an aluminum foil barrier layer, an inner heat-sealing layer, etc. The outer protective layer may be made of nylon or PET, the adhesive layer may be made of polyurethane adhesives, the aluminum foil barrier layer may be made of aluminum, and the inner heat-sealing layer may be made of modified polypropylene, polyethylene, etc. The aluminum-plastic film can withstand temperatures above 200°C, thus adapting to the processing temperatures of subsequent film layers (e.g., light-absorbing layers). Simultaneously, the aluminum-plastic film offers advantages such as high sealing performance, good flexibility, and low cost. Optionally, the thickness of the aluminum-plastic film is greater than or equal to 50 micrometers and less than or equal to 150 micrometers, for example, 50 micrometers, 70 micrometers, 100 micrometers, 130 micrometers, 150 micrometers, etc. Within this thickness range, the aluminum-plastic film can exhibit good bending performance, making it suitable for fabricating flexible solar cells.

[0048] In this embodiment, since the aluminum-plastic film has good water and oxygen barrier properties, the functional layer 20 does not need to have water and oxygen barrier properties. That is, the functional layer 20 only needs to be made of a material with a planarization effect, which can further reduce the difficulty of material selection. This application does not limit the specific materials.

[0049] In some embodiments, to further reduce the thickness of the solar cell and further improve its bendability, the substrate 10 may be made of polyimide. The glass transition temperature of polyimide is greater than or equal to 260°C and less than or equal to 450°C, which can adapt to the temperature requirements of the fabrication process of subsequent functional layers (e.g., light-absorbing layers); and the film layer prepared using polyimide has good bendability and can be used to prepare flexible perovskite solar cells.

[0050] In some embodiments, the substrate 10 includes at least one polyimide film layer 110. For example... Figure 1 As shown, the substrate 10 includes a polyimide film layer 110. In this embodiment, the thickness of the polyimide film layer 110 is greater than or equal to 5 micrometers and less than or equal to 10 micrometers. For example, the thickness of the polyimide film layer 110 is 5 micrometers, 6 micrometers, 7 micrometers, 8 micrometers, 9 micrometers, 10 micrometers, etc. Because the water and oxygen barrier properties of the polyimide film layer 110 are poor, the functional layer 20 must have water and oxygen barrier properties.

[0051] In some embodiments, the polyimide film layer 110 can be configured as multiple layers. The substrate 10 may include at least two polyimide film layers 110 and a barrier layer 120 disposed between adjacent polyimide film layers 110. For example, in Figure 2In this embodiment, the substrate 10 includes two polyimide film layers 110 and a barrier layer 120 disposed between the two polyimide film layers 110. In other embodiments, the substrate 10 may include three polyimide film layers 110 and two barrier layers 120 disposed therein, or four polyimide film layers 110 and three barrier layers 120 disposed therein, etc. By configuring the polyimide film layers 110 and the barrier layers 120 alternately, the water and oxygen barrier performance of the substrate can be effectively improved while ensuring that the substrate 10 as a whole has good bending performance.

[0052] Optionally, the thickness of the polyimide film 110 is greater than or equal to 5 micrometers and less than or equal to 10 micrometers. For example, the thickness of the polyimide film 110 is 5 micrometers, 6 micrometers, 7 micrometers, 8 micrometers, 9 micrometers, 10 micrometers, etc. The thicknesses of different polyimide film layers 110 can be the same or different.

[0053] The barrier layer 120 is made of inorganic materials. For example, the material of the barrier layer 120 may include silicon nitride, silicon oxide, or silicon oxynitride. In this case, the thickness of the barrier layer 120 can be greater than or equal to 300 nanometers and less than or equal to 1 micrometer, for example, 300 nanometers, 500 nanometers, 700 nanometers, 900 nanometers, 1 micrometer, etc. In this case, the barrier layer 120 can be prepared by CVD or PECVD processes. As another example, the material of the barrier layer 120 may include alumina. In this case, the thickness of the barrier layer 120 can be greater than or equal to 30 nanometers and less than or equal to 100 nanometers, for example, 30 nanometers, 50 nanometers, 70 nanometers, 90 nanometers, 100 nanometers, etc. In this case, the barrier layer 120 can be prepared by ALD processes. By selecting inorganic materials with excellent water and oxygen barrier properties, a dense barrier structure can be formed between adjacent polyimide film layers 110, effectively preventing the penetration of water vapor and oxygen.

[0054] In some embodiments, the material of the functional layer 20 and the barrier layer 120 can be the same, thus allowing for preparation using the same equipment and materials, simplifying the preparation process and saving raw materials. In the embodiments of this application, both the functional layer 20 and the barrier layer 120 can effectively block water and oxygen.

[0055] In some embodiments, to ensure the flexibility of the flexible solar cell, the transparent cover 40 may optionally be made of ultra-thin glass (UTG). Ultra-thin glass has advantages such as high transparency, flexibility, and good sealing performance. In some embodiments, the sealing performance of ultra-thin glass is superior to that of barrier films in the prior art, thus it can replace barrier films and further improve the product encapsulation performance.

[0056] Optionally, the thickness of the ultra-thin glass is greater than or equal to 50 micrometers and less than or equal to 100 micrometers. For example, the thickness of the ultra-thin glass is 50 micrometers, 60 micrometers, 70 micrometers, 80 micrometers, 90 micrometers, 100 micrometers, etc. Within this thickness range, the ultra-thin glass can be guaranteed to have good flexibility and sealing performance.

[0057] In some embodiments, when fabricating non-flexible solar cells, the material of the substrate 10 in this application embodiment can also be selected. In this case, the transparent cover 40 can be ordinary glass, which can reduce costs. Exemplarily, the material of the transparent cover 40 may include glass with a thickness greater than or equal to 500 micrometers and less than or equal to 1500 micrometers, for example, 500 micrometers, 800 micrometers, 1000 micrometers, 1200 micrometers, 1500 micrometers, etc. Within this range, the glass is rigid, and the fabricated solar cell no longer possesses flexibility. Since the substrate 10 in this application is made of aluminum-plastic film or polyimide material, its weight can be greatly reduced compared to a glass substrate 10, which is beneficial for achieving the lightweight requirement of solar cells.

[0058] In some embodiments, since the substrate 10 of this application is made of aluminum-plastic film or polyimide material, in order to avoid scratches on the aluminum-plastic film or polyimide material, such as Figure 3 As shown, the solar cell also includes a protective layer 620 located on the side of the substrate 10 opposite to the transparent cover plate 40. Optionally, the material of the protective layer 620 may include a polycarbonate (PC) film, a polyamide (PA) film, a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) film, a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) film, etc.

[0059] Continue to refer to Figure 1The solar cell also includes a first encapsulation portion 510, which is located between the cell assembly 30 and the transparent cover plate 40. In some embodiments, the first encapsulation portion 510 serves a dual function of encapsulation and planarization. In some embodiments, the material of the first encapsulation portion 510 includes at least one of polyolefin elastomer (POE), ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA), and epoxy resin. In some embodiments, the thickness of the first encapsulation portion 510 can be greater than or equal to 0.1 mm and less than or equal to 1 mm, for example, 0.1 mm, 0.3 mm, 0.5 mm, 0.7 mm, 0.9 mm, 1 mm, etc. Within this thickness range, good encapsulation effect can be ensured, and unnecessary cost and weight increase due to excessive adhesive layer can be avoided.

[0060] In some embodiments, the orthographic projection of the first encapsulation portion 510 on the substrate 10 overlaps with the orthographic projection of the battery assembly 30 on the substrate 10. For example, the orthographic projection of the first encapsulation portion 510 on the substrate 10 overlaps with the orthographic projection of the battery assembly 30 on the substrate 10. In this way, it can be ensured that the battery assembly is completely covered by the first encapsulation portion, and the first encapsulation portion 510 can fill the gaps in the battery assembly (e.g., the third groove P3), improving the encapsulation effect.

[0061] like Figure 1 As shown, the solar cell also includes a second encapsulation portion 520. The second encapsulation portion 520 is located between the functional layer 20 and the transparent cover plate 40, and surrounds the cell assembly 30 and the first encapsulation portion 510. Optionally, the orthographic projections of the second encapsulation portion 520 and the cell assembly 30 onto the substrate 10 overlap with the orthographic projection of the functional layer 20 onto the substrate 10. That is, the area of ​​the functional layer 20 is larger than the area of ​​the cell assembly 30, which can further improve the water and oxygen barrier effect.

[0062] In some embodiments, the material of the second encapsulation portion 520 includes butyl rubber or polyisobutylene.

[0063] Figure 4 and Figure 5 These are schematic diagrams of the structure of a solar cell provided in yet another embodiment of this application. Figure 4 and Figure 5As shown, the solar cell also includes a planarization layer 610 located between the first encapsulation portion 510 and the transparent cover plate 40. Optionally, the material of the planarization layer 610 may include at least one of a polyolefin elastomer, an ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, and an epoxy resin. In the embodiments of this disclosure, by providing the planarization layer 610 and the first encapsulation portion 510, the bending stress can be adjusted when applied to a flexible solar cell, thereby improving the bendability of the flexible solar cell. Optionally, the material of the planarization layer 610 and the material of the first encapsulation portion 510 may be the same, so that two layers can be prepared using the same material, simplifying the manufacturing process. In some embodiments, the material of the planarization layer 610 and the material of the first encapsulation portion 510 may also be different. For example, the material of the first encapsulation portion 510 may be a polyolefin elastomer, and the material of the planarization layer 610 may be an ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, which can better adjust the bending stress.

[0064] In some embodiments, such as Figure 4 As shown, the orthographic projection of the first package portion 510 on the substrate 10 overlaps with the orthographic projection of the planarization layer 610 on the substrate 10; or, as... Figure 5 As shown, the orthographic projection of the first encapsulation portion 510 on the substrate 10 lies within the orthographic projection of the planarization layer 610 on the substrate 10. That is, the orthographic projection area of ​​the planarization layer 610 on the substrate 10 is greater than or equal to the orthographic projection area of ​​the first encapsulation portion 510 on the substrate 10, thus ensuring the flatness of the transparent cover plate 40.

[0065] Figure 6 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a solar cell provided in another embodiment of this application. Figure 6 As shown, the battery assembly 30 includes a plurality of battery cells 300 connected in series. Each battery cell 300 includes a first electrode layer 310, a first transport layer 320, a light absorption layer 330, a second transport layer 340, and a second electrode layer 350, which are sequentially stacked along a direction away from the substrate 10.

[0066] like Figure 6 As shown, the battery cell 300 includes an effective region L1 and a dead region L2. Light irradiating the effective region L1 can achieve photoelectric conversion and generate electrical energy; light irradiating the dead region L2 cannot achieve photoelectric conversion. In the dead region L2, the battery cell 300 includes three recesses (P1, P2, and P3). The first recess P1 is used to separate adjacent first electrode layers 310. The second recess P2 penetrates the first transmission layer 320, the light absorption layer 330, and the second transmission layer 340, with the purpose of exposing the first electrode layer 310 so that the second electrode layer 350 can be connected in series with the first electrode layer 310 of the next battery cell 300. The third recess P3 separates adjacent second electrode layers 350. Multiple battery cells 300 can be connected in series through these three recesses. In some embodiments, the first encapsulation portion 510 fills the third recess P3.

[0067] In this embodiment, the solar cell operates in a backlight mode, therefore the second electrode layer 350 needs to be transparent. Optionally, the material of the second electrode layer 350 includes a transparent conductive material. Exemplarily, the material of the second electrode layer 350 may include at least one of the following: indium tin oxide (ITO), indium zinc oxide (IZO), indium tungsten oxide (IWO), gallium zinc oxide (GZO), indium cerium oxide (ICO), fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO), aluminum zinc oxide (AZO), or boron-doped zinc oxide (BZO). This embodiment does not limit the thickness of the second electrode layer 350; it can be selected according to requirements. For example, if the flexible solar cell has a large bending degree, a relatively thinner second electrode layer 350 can be designed. If the bending degree of the flexible solar cell is small, a relatively thick second electrode layer 350 can be selected.

[0068] Optionally, the material of the first electrode layer 310 may include a transparent conductive material or a non-transparent conductive material. For example, the non-transparent conductive material may include a metallic material, which may include at least one of gold (Au), silver (Ag), copper (Cu), titanium (Ti), nickel (Ni), or aluminum (Al). The transparent conductive material may include at least one of indium tin oxide (ITO), indium zinc oxide (IZO), indium tungsten oxide (IWO), zinc gallium oxide (GZO), indium cerium oxide (ICO), fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO), zinc aluminum oxide (AZO), or boron-doped zinc oxide (BZO). Similarly, the thickness of the first electrode layer 310 is not limited in this embodiment and can be selected according to requirements.

[0069] In some embodiments, one of the first transport layer 320 and the second transport layer 340 is a hole transport layer, and the other is an electron transport layer. For example, in Figure 6 In this embodiment, the first transport layer 320 is a hole transport layer, and the second transport layer 340 is an electron transport layer. In other embodiments, the first transport layer 320 is an electron transport layer, and the second transport layer 340 is a hole transport layer.

[0070] In this embodiment, the second transport layer 340 needs to have high light transmittance to ensure that more light enters the light absorption layer 330. The second transport layer 340 includes an electron transport layer, and optionally, the material of the electron transport layer includes fullerene (C... 60 The electron transport layer comprises at least one of a fullerene layer and a tin oxide layer. In some embodiments, the electron transport layer comprises a stack of a fullerene layer and a tin oxide layer. Optionally, the thickness of the fullerene layer is greater than or equal to 20 nanometers and less than or equal to 30 nanometers, for example, 20 nanometers, 24 nanometers, 26 nanometers, 28 nanometers, 30 nanometers, etc. The thickness of the tin oxide layer is greater than or equal to 20 nanometers and less than or equal to 40 nanometers, for example, 20 nanometers, 25 nanometers, 30 nanometers, 35 nanometers, 40 nanometers, etc. In the embodiments of this application, by selecting a tin oxide layer with good light transmittance, the light transmittance of the electron transport layer can be improved while meeting the charge transport requirements of the electron transport layer; in addition, the thickness of the fullerene layer is thinner than that of a conventional fullerene layer, which can also improve the light transmittance of the electron transport layer. This allows more light to enter the light absorption layer 330, improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency.

[0071] In some embodiments, the hole transport layer does not require high light transmittance. Optionally, the material of the hole transport layer may include 2,2',7,7'-tetrakis(N,N-di(4-methoxyphenyl)amino)-9,9'-spirodifluorene (Spiro-OMeTAD), 2,2',7,7'-tetrakis(di-p-tolylamino)spiro-9,9'-difluorene (Spiro-TTB), cuprous iodide (CuI), cuprous thiocyanate (CuSCN), copper oxide (CuO), cuprous oxide (Cu2O), and nickel oxide (NiO). x At least one of the following: copper aluminate (CuAlO2), vanadium pentoxide (V2O5), cadmium sulfide (CdS), cadmium selenide (CdSe), poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(p-styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), tetrafluorotetracyanoquinoline dimethyl ether (F4-TCNQ), 4,4'-cyclohexylbis[N,N-di(4-methylphenyl)aniline] (TAPC), [2-(9H-carbazole-9-yl)ethyl]phosphonic acid (2PACz), or [2-(3,6-dimethoxy-9H-carbazole-9-yl)ethyl]phosphonic acid (MeO-2PACz).

[0072] Optionally, the light-absorbing layer 330 includes a perovskite absorbing layer. The general chemical formula of the perovskite absorbing layer is ABX. m Y 3-mThe perovskite light-absorbing layer 330 has one or more crystal structures, wherein A is CH3NH3, C4H9NH3, NH2=CHNH2, or Cs; B is Pb or Sn; X is Cl, Br, or I; Y is Cl, Br, or I, and X and Y are not the same element at the same time; m = 1, 2, or 3. Optionally, the raw material of the perovskite light-absorbing layer 330 includes lead iodide (PbI2) and at least one of methylamine iodide (MAI), cesium iodide (CsI), and formamidine iodide (FAI).

[0073] In some embodiments, interface defects exist between the perovskite absorber layer and the transport layer, where carrier recombination easily occurs, reducing charge transport efficiency. Therefore, an interface modification layer can be added at this interface to passivate the interface defects and reduce carrier recombination. In some embodiments, the battery cell 300 further includes an interface modification layer located on at least one side of the light absorber layer 330. Figure 7 As shown, the battery cell 300 includes a first interface modification layer 360 and a second interface modification layer 370. The first interface modification layer 360 is located between the first transport layer 320 and the light absorption layer 330, and the second interface modification layer 370 is located between the second transport layer 340 and the light absorption layer 330. The material of the interface modification layer (e.g., the first interface modification layer 360 or the second interface modification layer 370) may include organic small molecule materials, inorganic materials, polymer materials, self-assembled materials (SAM), etc. Optionally, organic small molecule materials include ammonium salts (e.g., phenylethyl ammonium iodide, phenylmethyl ammonium iodide, etc.), phosphonic acids (e.g., bisphosphonate molecules, organic phosphonic acids, etc.), etc. Inorganic materials include metal oxides (e.g., alumina, zirconium oxide, titanium oxide, tin oxide, nickel oxide, etc.), alkali metal salts (e.g., lithium fluoride, sodium bromide, potassium bromide, etc.), graphene, graphene oxide, etc. Polymer materials include conductive polymers (e.g., poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly(p-styrene sulfonate), polytriarylamine, etc.), insulating polymers (e.g., block copolymers, polymethyl methacrylate, etc.), and functional polymers (e.g., polyethyleneimine, polyethylene oxide, etc.). Self-assembled materials include phosphonic acid SAMs, carboxylic acid SAMs, thiol SAMs, siloxane SAMs, etc. It should be noted that, since the second interface modification layer 370 is located on the light-incident side, the second interface modification layer 370 needs to be made of a material with good light transmittance.

[0074] Figure 8 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a solar cell provided in another embodiment of this application. Figure 8As shown, the solar cell also includes a busbar 710 and an electrode lead-out structure 720 located on the side of the cell assembly 30 opposite to the substrate 10. The busbar 710 is electrically connected to the cell assembly 30, and the electrode lead-out structure 720 is electrically connected to the busbar 710 and extends out of the solar cell through the first encapsulation portion 510 and the second encapsulation portion 520.

[0075] It should be noted that the above embodiments can be combined arbitrarily. For example, Figures 1 to 7 The solar cell shown also includes a busbar 710 and an electrode lead-out structure 720. Figure 4 and Figure 5 The planarization layer 610 shown is also applicable to Figures 1 to 3 , Figures 6 to 8 The illustrated embodiment. Figure 3 The protective layer 620 shown is also applicable Figure 1 , Figure 2 , Figures 4 to 8 The illustrated embodiment.

[0076] Secondly, embodiments of this application also provide a solar cell, such as... Figures 1 to 8 As shown in at least part of the accompanying drawings, the solar cell includes: an aluminum-plastic film substrate (e.g., substrate 10), a functional layer 20, a battery module 30, and a transparent cover plate 40; wherein, the functional layer 20 is located on one side of the aluminum-plastic film substrate; the battery module 30 is located on the side of the functional layer 20 facing away from the aluminum-plastic film substrate; and the transparent cover plate 40 is located on the side of the battery module 30 facing away from the aluminum-plastic film substrate. In the embodiments of this application, the aluminum-plastic film has advantages such as high sealing performance, good flexibility, good temperature resistance, and low cost, and can be used as a substrate for flexible solar cells. In addition, the use of an opaque substrate (i.e., aluminum-plastic film substrate) and a transparent cover plate in this application can reduce the difficulty of material selection and help reduce substrate costs. By setting the functional layer, when preparing the electrode layer (e.g., the first electrode layer) of the battery module, the functional layer can play a planarization role, thereby improving the quality of the first electrode layer and thus improving the stability of the battery module.

[0077] Optionally, the thickness of the aluminum-plastic film substrate is greater than or equal to 50 micrometers and less than or equal to 150 micrometers.

[0078] Optionally, the material of the functional layer 20 includes silicon nitride, silicon oxide, or silicon oxynitride, and the thickness of the functional layer 20 is greater than or equal to 300 nanometers and less than or equal to 1 micrometer; or, the material of the functional layer 20 includes aluminum oxide, and the thickness of the functional layer 20 is greater than or equal to 30 nanometers and less than or equal to 100 nanometers.

[0079] Optionally, the transparent cover 40 may be made of glass with a thickness greater than or equal to 500 micrometers and less than or equal to 1500 micrometers; or, the transparent cover 40 may be made of ultra-thin glass with a thickness greater than or equal to 50 micrometers and less than or equal to 100 micrometers.

[0080] The embodiments of this application may be combined with some or all of the features of the above embodiments, which will not be repeated here.

[0081] Thirdly, embodiments of this application also provide a solar cell, such as... Figures 1 to 8 As shown in at least part of the accompanying drawings, the solar cell includes: a polyimide substrate (e.g., substrate 10), a functional layer 20, a cell assembly 30, and a transparent cover plate 40; the functional layer 20 is located on one side of the polyimide substrate; the cell assembly 30 is located on the side of the functional layer 20 facing away from the polyimide substrate; and the transparent cover plate 40 is located on the side of the cell assembly 30 facing away from the polyimide substrate. In the embodiments of this application, the glass transition temperature of the polyimide material is higher than 200°C, which can adapt to the temperature requirements of the subsequent functional film layer (e.g., light-absorbing layer) fabrication process; and the film layer prepared using polyimide has good bending performance and can be used to prepare flexible perovskite solar cells. In addition, the use of an opaque substrate (i.e., a polyimide substrate) and a transparent cover plate in this application can reduce the difficulty of material selection and is beneficial to reducing substrate costs. Since polyimide has poor water and oxygen barrier properties, the functional layer 20 needs to have water and oxygen barrier properties (especially when a polyimide film layer is set); in addition, the functional layer 20 can also play a planarization role when preparing the electrode layer (e.g., the first electrode layer) of the battery module, thereby improving the quality of the first electrode layer and thus improving the stability of the battery module.

[0082] Optionally, the polyimide substrate includes a polyimide film layer 110, or the polyimide substrate includes at least two polyimide film layers 110 and a barrier layer 120 disposed between adjacent polyimide film layers 110.

[0083] Optionally, the thickness of the polyimide film 110 is greater than or equal to 5 micrometers and less than or equal to 10 micrometers.

[0084] Optionally, the material of the barrier layer 120 includes silicon nitride, silicon oxide, or silicon oxynitride, and the thickness of the barrier layer 120 is greater than or equal to 300 nanometers and less than or equal to 1 micrometer; or, the material of the barrier layer 120 includes aluminum oxide, and the thickness of the barrier layer 120 is greater than or equal to 30 nanometers and less than or equal to 100 nanometers.

[0085] Optionally, the material of the barrier layer 120 is the same as that of the functional layer 20.

[0086] Optionally, the transparent cover 40 may be made of glass with a thickness greater than or equal to 500 micrometers and less than or equal to 1500 micrometers; or, the transparent cover 40 may be made of ultra-thin glass with a thickness greater than or equal to 50 micrometers and less than or equal to 100 micrometers.

[0087] The embodiments of this application may be combined with some or all of the features of the above embodiments, which will not be repeated here.

[0088] Fourthly, this application also provides a method for fabricating a solar cell, including: fabricating a substrate on a substrate; fabricating a functional layer on the side of the substrate facing away from the substrate; fabricating a cell module on the side of the functional layer facing away from the substrate; and fabricating a transparent cover on the side of the cell module facing away from the substrate, wherein the transparent cover is a light incident surface. In the embodiments of this application, a transparent cover is used, adopting a top-light incident (also known as back-light incident) working mode. Since the transparent cover is set after the cell module is fabricated, it is not affected by the high-temperature process during cell module fabrication. The transparent cover only needs to consider light transmittance and does not need to consider temperature resistance, thus reducing the difficulty of selecting a transparent cover. In addition, when selecting a substrate, the light transmittance of the substrate does not need to be considered; the main considerations are the substrate's temperature resistance, water and oxygen barrier properties, and bending performance (for flexible solar cells), thus reducing the difficulty of substrate selection and helping to reduce substrate costs. Furthermore, setting a functional layer between the substrate and the cell module can, on the one hand, play a planarization role, improving the cell module fabrication process; on the other hand, when a barrier functional layer is selected, the water and oxygen barrier effect can be improved, further enhancing the encapsulation effect.

[0089] Figure 9 This is a schematic flowchart illustrating a method for fabricating a solar cell according to an embodiment of this application. Figure 9 As shown, the method includes the following steps.

[0090] Step S910: Prepare a substrate on the substrate.

[0091] Since the substrate is a flexible substrate, it needs to be disposed on a rigid substrate or fabricated on a rigid substrate. Optionally, the substrate may include glass.

[0092] In some embodiments, if the substrate includes an aluminum-plastic film, and the aluminum-plastic film is a mature product, it can be directly placed on the substrate. In some embodiments, the aluminum-plastic film can be fixed to prevent it from moving.

[0093] In some embodiments, if the substrate includes a polyimide film layer, the polyimide film layer can be directly prepared on the substrate. For example, if the substrate includes a polyimide film layer, such as... Figure 1As shown, a polyimide film layer can be directly prepared on the substrate. For example, a polyimide film layer can be prepared on the substrate using a coating process. If the substrate includes multiple polyimide film layers, for example, as... Figure 2 As shown, the substrate includes two polyimide film layers and a barrier layer disposed between adjacent polyimide film layers. The fabrication method may include: fabricating a polyimide film layer on the substrate, then fabricating a barrier layer, and then fabricating another polyimide film layer to obtain the substrate. Optionally, the polyimide film layers can be fabricated using a coating process. If the barrier layer material includes silicon oxide, silicon nitride, or silicon oxynitride, the barrier layer can be fabricated using a CVD or PECVD process. If the barrier layer material includes aluminum oxide, the barrier layer can be fabricated using an ALD process.

[0094] Step S920: A functional layer is prepared on the side of the substrate away from the substrate.

[0095] After fabricating the substrate, a functional layer can be fabricated on the substrate. Optionally, if the material of the functional layer includes silicon oxide, silicon nitride, or silicon oxynitride, the functional layer can be fabricated using CVD or PECVD processes. If the material of the functional layer includes alumina, the functional layer can be fabricated using an ALD process. In some embodiments, the material of the functional layer is the same as the material of the barrier layer, so that the same equipment and the same material can be used for fabrication.

[0096] Step S930: Fabricate a battery module on the side of the functional layer away from the substrate.

[0097] After fabricating the functional layer, a battery assembly is fabricated on the side of the functional layer facing away from the substrate. Exemplarily, this fabrication method includes: fabricating a first electrode material layer on the side of the functional layer facing away from the substrate; performing a first etching on the first electrode material layer to form a first groove and a first electrode layer; sequentially fabricating a first transport material layer, a light-absorbing material layer, and a second transport material layer on the side of the first electrode layer facing away from the substrate; performing a second etching on the first transport material layer, the light-absorbing material layer, and the second transport material layer to form a first transport layer, a light-absorbing layer, a second transport layer, and a second groove; fabricating a second electrode material layer on the side of the second transport layer facing away from the substrate, the second electrode material layer filling the second groove to contact the first electrode layer; and performing at least a third etching on the second electrode material layer to form a third groove. The third etching of the second electrode material layer can be performed by etching only the second electrode material layer, or simultaneously etching the second electrode material layer, the second transport layer, the light-absorbing layer, and the first transport layer. It should be noted that this is only an exemplary fabrication method; those skilled in the art can also choose other conventional fabrication methods to fabricate the battery assembly.

[0098] Step S940: A transparent cover plate is provided on the side of the battery assembly facing away from the substrate.

[0099] In this embodiment of the application, the transparent cover plate is the light incident surface.

[0100] Optionally, before the step of setting a transparent cover on the side of the battery assembly facing away from the substrate, the fabrication method further includes: setting a first encapsulation portion on the side of the battery assembly facing away from the substrate, wherein the orthographic projection of the first encapsulation portion on the substrate covers the battery assembly. In some embodiments, after setting the transparent cover, the solar cell is thermally laminated such that the material of the first encapsulation portion fills the gaps in the battery assembly (e.g., the third groove P3).

[0101] In some embodiments, after the step of forming a first encapsulation portion on the side of the battery module away from the substrate, the fabrication method further includes forming a planarization layer on the side of the first encapsulation portion away from the substrate. After forming a transparent cover, the solar cell is thermally laminated so that the material of the first encapsulation portion fills the voids in the battery module.

[0102] In some embodiments, after the step of providing a transparent cover on the side of the battery assembly away from the substrate, the preparation method further includes coating (e.g., dotting, scraping, etc.) butyl rubber or polyisobutylene on the periphery of the solar cell to form a second encapsulation portion.

[0103] Fifthly, embodiments of this application also provide an electrical device, which includes the solar cell described above, or a solar cell prepared according to the solar cell preparation method described above.

[0104] The basic principles of this application have been described above with reference to specific embodiments. However, it should be noted that the advantages, benefits, and effects mentioned in this application are merely examples and not limitations, and should not be considered as essential features of each embodiment of this application. Furthermore, the specific details disclosed above are for illustrative and facilitative purposes only, and are not limitations. These details do not limit the application to the necessity of employing the aforementioned specific details for implementation.

[0105] The block diagrams of devices, apparatuses, devices, and systems involved in this application are merely illustrative examples and are not intended to require or imply that they must be connected, arranged, or configured in the manner shown in the block diagrams. As those skilled in the art will recognize, these devices, apparatuses, devices, and systems can be connected, arranged, and configured in any manner. Words such as “comprising,” “including,” “having,” etc., are open-ended terms meaning “including but not limited to,” and are used interchangeably with them. The terms “or” and “and” as used herein refer to the terms “and / or,” and are used interchangeably with them unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. The term “such as” as used herein refers to the phrase “such as but not limited to,” and is used interchangeably with it.

[0106] It should also be noted that in the apparatus, equipment, and methods of this application, the components or steps can be disassembled and / or recombined. These disassemblies and / or recombinations should be considered as equivalent solutions of this application.

[0107] The above description of the disclosed aspects is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to make or use this application. Various modifications to these aspects will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the general principles defined herein can be applied to other aspects without departing from the scope of this application. Therefore, this application is not intended to be limited to the aspects shown herein, but rather to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.

[0108] The above description has been given for purposes of illustration and description. Furthermore, this description is not intended to limit the embodiments of this application to the forms disclosed herein. Although numerous exemplary aspects and embodiments have been discussed above, those skilled in the art will recognize certain variations, modifications, alterations, additions, and sub-combinations thereof.

[0109] The specific embodiments described above do not constitute a limitation on the scope of protection of this invention. Those skilled in the art should understand that various modifications, combinations, sub-combinations, and substitutions can be made according to design requirements and other factors. Any modifications, equivalent substitutions, and improvements made within the spirit and principles of this invention should be included within the scope of protection of this invention.

Claims

1. A solar cell, characterized in that, include: substrate; The functional layer is located on one side of the substrate; The battery assembly is located on the side of the functional layer opposite to the substrate; A transparent cover plate is located on the side of the battery assembly facing away from the substrate, and the transparent cover plate is the light incident surface.

2. The solar cell according to claim 1, characterized in that, The substrate includes a polyimide film layer, or the substrate includes at least two polyimide film layers and a barrier layer disposed between adjacent polyimide film layers. Preferably, the thickness of the polyimide film is greater than or equal to 5 micrometers and less than or equal to 10 micrometers; Preferably, the different polyimide film layers have the same or different thicknesses; Preferably, the material of the barrier layer includes inorganic materials; Preferably, the barrier layer is made of silicon nitride, silicon oxide, or silicon oxynitride, and the thickness of the barrier layer is greater than or equal to 300 nanometers and less than or equal to 1 micrometer; or, the barrier layer is made of aluminum oxide, and the thickness of the barrier layer is greater than or equal to 30 nanometers and less than or equal to 100 nanometers. Preferably, the material of the functional layer is the same as the material of the barrier layer.

3. The solar cell according to claim 1, characterized in that, The substrate includes an aluminum-plastic film; Preferably, the thickness of the aluminum-plastic film is greater than or equal to 50 micrometers and less than or equal to 150 micrometers.

4. The solar cell according to claim 2 or 3, characterized in that, The transparent cover is made of glass, and the thickness of the glass is greater than or equal to 500 micrometers and less than or equal to 1500 micrometers.

5. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that, The transparent cover is made of ultra-thin glass. Preferably, the thickness of the ultrathin glass is greater than or equal to 50 micrometers and less than or equal to 100 micrometers.

6. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that, The material of the functional layer includes inorganic materials; Preferably, the material of the functional layer includes silicon nitride, silicon oxide, or silicon oxynitride, and the thickness of the functional layer is greater than or equal to 300 nanometers and less than or equal to 1 micrometer; or, the material of the functional layer includes aluminum oxide, and the thickness of the functional layer is greater than or equal to 30 nanometers and less than or equal to 100 nanometers. Preferably, the solar cell further includes a protective layer located on the side of the substrate opposite to the transparent cover plate.

7. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that, Also includes: A first encapsulation portion is located between the battery assembly and the transparent cover plate; Preferably, the material of the first encapsulation portion includes at least one of polyolefin elastomer, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, and epoxy resin; Preferably, the orthographic projection of the first encapsulation portion on the substrate covers the orthographic projection of the battery assembly on the substrate; Preferably, the solar cell further includes a planarization layer located between the first encapsulation portion and the transparent cover plate; Preferably, the orthographic projection of the first encapsulation portion on the substrate is located within the orthographic projection of the planarization layer on the substrate; Alternatively, the orthographic projection of the first encapsulation portion on the substrate overlaps with the orthographic projection of the planarization layer on the substrate; Preferably, the material of the planarization layer includes at least one of polyolefin elastomer, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, and epoxy resin; Preferably, the material of the planarization layer is the same as the material of the first encapsulation portion.

8. The solar cell according to claim 7, characterized in that, It also includes a second encapsulation portion, which is located between the functional layer and the transparent cover plate, and surrounds the battery assembly and the first encapsulation portion; Preferably, the orthographic projections of the second encapsulation portion and the battery assembly on the substrate overlap with the orthographic projections of the functional layer on the substrate; Preferably, the material of the second encapsulation portion includes butyl rubber or polyisobutylene; Preferably, the solar cell further includes a busbar and an electrode lead-out structure located on the side of the battery assembly away from the substrate. The busbar is electrically connected to the battery assembly, and the electrode lead-out structure is electrically connected to the busbar and extends out of the solar cell through the first encapsulation portion and the second encapsulation portion.

9. The solar cell according to claim 1, characterized in that, The battery assembly includes multiple battery cells connected in series. Each battery cell includes a first electrode layer, a first transport layer, a light absorption layer, a second transport layer, and a second electrode layer that are sequentially stacked along the direction away from the substrate. Preferably, the material of the second electrode layer includes a transparent conductive material; Preferably, the material of the second electrode layer includes at least one of indium tin oxide, indium zinc oxide, indium tungsten oxide, zinc gallium oxide, indium cerium oxide, fluorine-doped tin oxide, zinc aluminum oxide, or boron-doped zinc oxide; Preferably, the material of the first electrode layer includes a transparent conductive material or a non-transparent conductive material; Preferably, the non-transparent conductive material comprises a metallic material, which includes at least one of gold, copper, silver, titanium, nickel, or aluminum; or, the transparent conductive material comprises at least one of indium tin oxide, indium zinc oxide, indium tungsten oxide, zinc gallium oxide, indium cerium oxide, fluorine-doped tin oxide, zinc aluminum oxide, or boron-doped zinc oxide.

10. The solar cell according to claim 9, characterized in that, The first transport layer is a hole transport layer, and the second transport layer is an electron transport layer; Preferably, the material of the electron transport layer includes at least one of fullerene, fullerene derivatives, and tin oxide; Preferably, the electron transport layer comprises a stack of a fullerene layer and a tin oxide layer; Preferably, the thickness of the fullerene layer is greater than or equal to 20 nanometers and less than or equal to 30 nanometers; the thickness of the tin oxide layer is greater than or equal to 20 nanometers and less than or equal to 40 nanometers.

11. The solar cell according to claim 9 or 10, characterized in that, The light-absorbing layer includes a perovskite absorber layer; The battery cell also includes an interface modification layer, which is located on at least one side of the light absorption layer.

12. A solar cell, characterized in that, include: Aluminum-plastic film substrate; The functional layer is located on one side of the aluminum-plastic film substrate; The battery assembly is located on the side of the functional layer opposite to the aluminum-plastic film substrate; A transparent cover is located on the side of the battery assembly facing away from the aluminum-plastic film substrate.

13. The solar cell according to claim 12, characterized in that, The thickness of the aluminum-plastic film substrate is greater than or equal to 50 micrometers and less than or equal to 150 micrometers; Preferably, the material of the functional layer includes silicon nitride, silicon oxide, or silicon oxynitride, and the thickness of the functional layer is greater than or equal to 300 nanometers and less than or equal to 1 micrometer; or, the material of the functional layer includes aluminum oxide, and the thickness of the functional layer is greater than or equal to 30 nanometers and less than or equal to 100 nanometers.

14. The solar cell according to claim 12 or 13, characterized in that, The transparent cover is made of glass with a thickness greater than or equal to 500 micrometers and less than or equal to 1500 micrometers; or, the transparent cover is made of ultra-thin glass with a thickness greater than or equal to 50 micrometers and less than or equal to 100 micrometers.

15. A solar cell, characterized in that, include: Polyimide substrate; The functional layer is located on one side of the polyimide substrate; The battery assembly is located on the side of the functional layer opposite to the polyimide substrate; A transparent cover is located on the side of the battery assembly facing away from the polyimide substrate.

16. The solar cell according to claim 15, characterized in that, The polyimide substrate includes a polyimide film layer, or the polyimide substrate includes at least two polyimide film layers and a barrier layer disposed between adjacent polyimide film layers. Preferably, the thickness of the polyimide film is greater than or equal to 5 micrometers and less than or equal to 10 micrometers; Preferably, the barrier layer is made of silicon nitride, silicon oxide, or silicon oxynitride, and the thickness of the barrier layer is greater than or equal to 300 nanometers and less than or equal to 1 micrometer; or, the barrier layer is made of aluminum oxide, and the thickness of the barrier layer is greater than or equal to 30 nanometers and less than or equal to 100 nanometers. Preferably, the material of the barrier layer is the same as the material of the functional layer.

17. The solar cell according to claim 15 or 16, characterized in that, The transparent cover is made of glass with a thickness greater than or equal to 500 micrometers and less than or equal to 1500 micrometers; or, the transparent cover is made of ultra-thin glass with a thickness greater than or equal to 50 micrometers and less than or equal to 100 micrometers.

18. A method for preparing a solar cell, characterized in that, include: Fabricating a substrate on a substrate; A functional layer is fabricated on the side of the substrate opposite to the substrate. A battery assembly is fabricated on the side of the functional layer opposite to the substrate; A transparent cover plate is provided on the side of the battery assembly facing away from the substrate, wherein the transparent cover plate is a light incident surface.

19. The method for preparing a solar cell according to claim 18, characterized in that, Prior to the step of setting a transparent cover plate on the side of the battery assembly facing away from the substrate, the fabrication method further includes: A first encapsulation portion is provided on the side of the battery assembly facing away from the substrate, wherein the orthographic projection of the first encapsulation portion on the substrate covers the battery assembly; Preferably, after the step of providing a first encapsulation portion on the side of the battery assembly away from the substrate, the preparation method further includes: providing a planarization layer on the side of the first encapsulation portion away from the substrate.

20. An electrical appliance, characterized in that, This includes the solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 15, or the solar cell prepared by the method of preparing the solar cell according to any one of claims 16 to 19.

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