Efficient and safe comprehensive mining method

Abstract

An efficient and safe comprehensive mining method comprises the steps that S1, before mining, mined strip-shaped ore blocks drive a mining access to serve as a cutting project, and the mining access is not completely through; s2, during mining, shallow hole blasting is carried out on the temporary anti-blocking wall, so that a mining access is communicated; s3, rock drilling is conducted in the strip-shaped ore bodies on the two sides of the access road, blast holes are symmetrical and inclined fishbone-shaped blast holes, and explosive charging retreats from the air return side to the air inlet side for blasting; s4, ventilation and dust fall are conducted, wherein fresh air flow goes uphill from the air inlet side panel, enters the mining block mining access road, washes the mining working face, then enters the air return side panel, goes uphill, then enters the air return roadway and is exhausted; and S5, when the carry-scraper shovels out the ore till ore removal, the ore with 20% of the total blasting ore amount after single blasting is reserved to press and cover the unblasted ore body to serve as an ore pressing and covering pile, extrusion blasting during subsequent ore body mining is facilitated, and the steps from S1 to S5 are repeated to complete mining of other ore blocks. According to the method, the resource recovery amount is increased by adopting the triangular column, and the utilization rate of explosive blasting energy is increased by obliquely arranging the fishbone-shaped blast holes.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to full-scale mining methods, and more particularly to an efficient and safe full-scale mining method. Background Technology

[0002] Currently, when mining horizontal or gently dipping thin ore bodies, and when the surrounding rock of the roof and floor is sufficiently stable, the full-face mining method, which has a larger production capacity, is often used. In the full-face method, long, rectangular permanent pillars are typically left as supports, which cannot be extracted.

[0003] Full-scale mining often involves widespread blasting and caving, resulting in significant ore spillage and energy waste. Furthermore, extraction operations typically take place directly beneath the roof of the blasted area, leading to poor safety conditions. Overall, traditional full-scale mining methods suffer from numerous drawbacks, including substantial resource waste, low blasting energy utilization, and poor operational safety. Summary of the Invention

[0004] The technical problem to be solved by this invention is to overcome the shortcomings of existing technologies, such as excessive resource waste, low utilization of blasting energy, and poor safety of production operations, and to provide a highly efficient and safe comprehensive mining method.

[0005] The technical solution adopted by this invention to solve its technical problem is a highly efficient and safe full-scale mining method. The ore body is divided into stages along its dip, and each stage has a stage transport roadway at its bottom. Each stage is divided into panels perpendicular to the strike of the ore body, and the panels are separated by panel uphill sections. Each panel is further divided into multiple strip-shaped ore blocks along the dip of the ore body. Mining within each panel proceeds from the return air side to the intake air side. The method includes the following steps:

[0006] S1. Before mining, a mining route is excavated along the middle of the long axis of the mining strip-shaped blocks as a cutting project. At this time, the mining route is not fully connected. When it is about to be connected, a temporary blocking wall with a thickness of 1 to 2 meters is left on the hillside near the return air side.

[0007] S2. During mining, the temporary blocking wall will be blasted in shallow holes to make the mining route pass through.

[0008] S3. Charged blasting: Drilling is carried out on both sides of the mining approach, and the ore is demined from the return air side to the intake air side; the direction of the blast holes is inclined and drilled in the ore body on both sides of the mining approach from the intake air side to the return air side to form fishbone-shaped blast holes, and then charged blasting is carried out to demineralize the ore.

[0009] S4. Ventilation and dust reduction: Fresh air enters the mining block mining roadway from the intake side panel and washes the mining face. Then, the polluted air enters the return air side panel and enters the return air roadway before being discharged.

[0010] S5. Loading and unloading ore: The loader enters the mining face of the mining route and loads the collapsed ore to the panel uphill, where the transport equipment transports the ore to the surface.

[0011] Furthermore, the ore body is divided into stages according to the horizontal or gently dipping direction of the thinner ore body, with a length of 80-120m. The panel is divided into stages every 50-60m according to the vertical strike of the ore body within each stage.

[0012] Furthermore, the axial direction of the strip-shaped ore block is parallel to the strike of the ore body, with a length of 50m and a width of 10~15m. The strip-shaped ore block includes triangular intercolumnar columns and strip-shaped stops.

[0013] Furthermore, the triangular intercolumns are arranged on both wings of the strip-shaped stope, and the strip-shaped stope is arrow-shaped.

[0014] Furthermore, mining will proceed in stages from bottom to top within each phase, with each panel being mined from the return air side to the intake air side within each phase, and each ore block within the panel being mined one by one from bottom to top.

[0015] Furthermore, in step S1, the width of the tunneling mining access road is 3-4m, and the thickness of the temporary blocking wall is 1-2m.

[0016] Furthermore, in step S2, shallow hole blasting is carried out on the temporary blocking wall of the mining block in the panel area near the return air side.

[0017] Furthermore, in step S5, when shoveling out the ore, 20% of the total blasted ore volume after a single blast is left to cover the unblasted ore body as an ore covering pile. During subsequent mining, a compression blast is formed under the ore covering pile.

[0018] Furthermore, in step S1, during the excavation of the mining route, in order to form a temporary blocking wall in the mining route, a trench 2-3m deeper than before is excavated in the center as an exploration hole for the remaining thickness of the ore body in the mining route. During the excavation, the mining route is not completely connected, and a 1-2m thick ore body is left as a temporary blocking wall.

[0019] Furthermore, the cutting direction of the fishbone-shaped blast holes on the plane is inclined towards the return air side, with a plane inclination angle of 45°~60°; the arrangement of the fishbone-shaped blast holes in the vertical direction is also inclined towards the return air side.

[0020] In summary, the present invention has the following beneficial technical effects:

[0021] 1. The pillars of this invention are triangular pillars, which save about 50% of the ore pillar resources compared with the traditional rectangular pillars, and allow for the extraction of more resources.

[0022] 2. In the mining process, this invention designs symmetrical, fishbone-shaped blast holes that are inclined in both the horizontal and vertical directions on both sides of the mining route for blasting and ore breaking. After the previous ore breaking and release, about 20% of the ore is left on the inclined surface of the current blasting and ore breaking to form an ore overburden pile, so as to form a compression blasting effect and make full use of the blasting energy to crush the ore.

[0023] 3. This invention first excavates a mining route as a cutting process, and then symmetrically arranges fishbone-shaped blast holes in the mining route for mining. This ensures that, for most of the time, the mining operation is carried out under the protection of the concave ore body on both sides of the mining route, making production operations safer. At the same time, in locally unstable sections of the roof, the fishbone-shaped blast holes facilitate the placement of frustum-shaped pillars, making the roof support more stable and effective. Attached Figure Description

[0024] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the stages, panels, and ore blocks during the mining process of an embodiment of an efficient and safe comprehensive mining method of the present invention.

[0025] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram illustrating the formation process of a temporary blocking wall in a strip-shaped stope, according to an embodiment of an efficient and safe comprehensive mining method of the present invention.

[0026] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the process of mining the ore bodies on both sides of the mining approach of a strip-shaped stope using fishbone-shaped blast holes, according to an embodiment of the efficient and safe comprehensive mining method of the present invention.

[0027] Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the vertical arrangement of fishbone-shaped blast holes in an embodiment of an efficient and safe comprehensive mining method of the present invention;

[0028] Figure 5 This is the front view of the frustum-shaped pillar in the three-view diagram of an embodiment of an efficient and safe comprehensive mining method of the present invention;

[0029] Figure 6 This is the left view of the three views of the frustum-shaped pillar in an embodiment of an efficient and safe comprehensive mining method of the present invention;

[0030] Figure 7 This is the top view of the frustum-shaped pillar in the three-view diagram of an embodiment of an efficient and safe comprehensive mining method of the present invention.

[0031] Explanation of reference numerals in the attached figures:

[0032] 1. Stage transport level roadway; 2. Panel uphill; 3. Panel; 4. Strip-shaped ore block; 5. Strip-shaped stope; 6. Triangular intercolumnar pillar; 7. Mining access road; 8. Temporary blocking wall; 9. Fishbone-shaped blast hole; 10. Pre-splitting hole; 11. Probing hole; 12. Ore overburden pile; 13. Frustum-shaped pillar. Detailed Implementation

[0033] The present invention will be further described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments.

[0034] Reference Figure 1 This embodiment describes a highly efficient and safe full mining method. The method divides the thin horizontal or gently dipping ore body into stages along the dip of the ore body at intervals of 80-120m. Each stage has a stage transport roadway 1 evenly distributed along the strike of the ore body at the bottom. Each stage is divided into panels 3 every 50-60m perpendicular to the strike of the ore body, and each panel 3 is separated by a panel uphill 2.

[0035] Each panel 3 is divided into several strip-shaped ore blocks 4 along the dip of the ore body. The long axis of the strip-shaped ore blocks 4 is parallel to the strike of the ore body. The length of the strip-shaped ore blocks 4 is basically the same as the strike length of panel 3, about 50m, and the width is 10~15m. The strip-shaped ore blocks 4 are composed of triangular pillars 6 and strip-shaped stops 5. The strip-shaped ore blocks 4 are rectangular in shape. The triangular pillars 6 are located on the left and right sides of the strip-shaped ore blocks 4. The strip-shaped stops 5 are approximately arrow-shaped. This makes the triangular pillars 6 on the left and right sides not mirror images of each other. The triangular pillars 6 on the left are located at the corner, that is, the right angle of the triangle coincides with the right angle of the rectangle. The hypotenuse of the triangular pillars 6 on the right is symmetrical to that of the triangular pillars 6 on the left. The two right-angled sides of the triangular pillars 6 are generally 4~6m.

[0036] During mining, to ensure safety and ventilation, mining is carried out in stages from bottom to top. Within each stage, each panel 3 is mined from the return air side to the intake air side, and each strip-shaped ore block 4 within panel 3 is mined one by one from bottom to top. When mining strip-shaped ore blocks 4, only the strip-shaped stops 5 are mined, not the triangular inter-pillars 6. Multiple panels 3 and multiple strip-shaped ore blocks 4 can be mined simultaneously within a stage, but for safety, it is advisable to mine only one strip-shaped ore block 4 in a single panel 3 at a time.

[0037] In this embodiment, refer to Figure 1 The return air side is the polluted airflow, located on the return air side of the mining body, while the intake air side is the fresh airflow, located on the intake air side of the mining body. Within each stage, each panel 3 is mined from the return air side to the intake air side, that is, mined from the right side of the ore body. Each strip-shaped ore block 4 within panel 3 is mined one by one from bottom to top, that is, mined from the bottom of the ore body. The entire ore body is mined from the lower right.

[0038] An embodiment of the present invention provides an efficient and safe comprehensive mining method, comprising the following steps:

[0039] S1. Before formal mining, in several strip-shaped ore blocks 4 that are planned to be mined in the near future, a mining access road 7 with a width of 3-4m is excavated along the middle of the long axis of the strip-shaped ore block 4 as a cutting project. At this time, the mining access road 7 is not completely connected. When it is about to be connected, a temporary blocking wall 8 with a thickness of 1-2m is left on the upper part of the panel near the return air side.

[0040] S2. During mining, shallow-hole blasting is carried out on the temporary blocking wall 8 of the strip-shaped ore block 4 from the panel area 2 near the return air side to break through the temporary blocking wall 8 so that the mining access road 7 can be opened.

[0041] S3. Charged blasting: Drilling is carried out in the strip-shaped ore body on the upper and lower sides of mining access 7, and the ore is excavated from the return air side to the intake air side, that is, the ore is withdrawn from mining access 7 from right to left; the direction of the blast holes is to be drilled in the ore body on the upper and lower sides of mining access 7 in an inclined direction from the intake air side to the return air side, so that the lower blast holes face northwest or southeast based on the upper side as north, and the corresponding upper blast holes face southwest or northeast, thus forming fishbone-shaped blast holes 9, and then charged blasting to excavate the ore.

[0042] S4. Ventilation and dust reduction: Fresh air enters the panel uphill 2 from the left side of the ore body, and then enters the mining access road 7 for mining strip-shaped ore blocks 4 through the stage transport roadway 1. After washing the mining face, the polluted air enters the return air panel uphill 2 and then enters the return air roadway after the mining access roadway 7 has been penetrated.

[0043] S5. Loading and unloading ore: The loader enters the mining face of the mining approach 7. Under the protection of the concave ore body formed after the blasting of the fishbone-shaped blast holes 9 on both sides, the collapsed ore is loaded to the panel uphill 2. The transport equipment in the panel uphill 2 transports the ore to the surface. When loading and unloading ore, about 20% of the total blasted ore volume after a single blast is left to cover the unblasted ore body as ore overlay pile 12. During subsequent mining, compression blasting is formed under the ore overlay pile 12 to improve the rock breaking efficiency.

[0044] S6. After one strip-shaped ore chamber 5 has been mined, repeat steps S1 to S5 to complete the mining of other strip-shaped ore chambers 5.

[0045] Reference Figure 2In step S2, during the excavation of the mining access road 7, prior to formal mining, the mining access road 7 needs to be excavated in the strip-shaped stope 5 as a cutting process. To form a temporary blocking wall 8 of a certain thickness within the mining access road 7 and ensure ventilation in the mining area, during the blasting and excavation of the mining access road 7, when it is almost completely penetrated, a deeper slot is dug in the center, 2-3 meters deeper than the previous slot, to serve as a probe hole 11 for the remaining thickness of the ore body in the mining access road 7. When the probe hole 11 penetrates the remaining ore body of the mining access road 7 to the uphill section 2 of the return air side panel, the depth of the blasting holes needs to be controlled to prevent the mining access road 7 from being completely penetrated, thus ensuring that a 1-2 meter thick ore body is left as a temporary blocking wall 8.

[0046] Reference Figure 3 and Figure 4 During the mining of the ore bodies on both sides of the mining approach 7, the rock drilling and blasting employs fishbone-shaped blast holes 9 arranged at an incline on both sides, as mentioned in step S3. The fishbone-shaped blast holes 9 are drilled at an incline towards the return air side on the horizontal plane, with a plane inclination angle of approximately 45°~60°; vertically, the fishbone-shaped blast holes 9 are also arranged at an incline towards the return air side, with an inclination angle as close as possible to the natural angle of repose of the ore, generally 30°~50°.

[0047] After the blasting of the mining face of the strip-shaped stope 5, the unblasted ore bodies on both sides of the mining access road 7 form a concave working face to protect personnel and equipment during ore extraction. At the same time, the vertically arranged fishbone-shaped blast holes 9 are also inclined to facilitate the formation of a uniform 1-2m overburden thickness in the vertical direction with the ore overburden pile 12 at a natural angle of repose, ensuring a balanced squeezing blasting effect.

[0048] Reference Figure 3 When the fishbone-shaped blast hole 9 is close to the triangular intercolumnar pillar 6 on both sides of the strip-shaped ore block 4, the blast hole closest to the triangular intercolumnar pillar 6 is a pre-splitting hole 10, which uses pre-splitting blasting technology to ensure the regular formation of the triangular intercolumnar pillar 6 on both sides of the strip-shaped ore block 4.

[0049] Reference Figure 1 and Figure 5 This embodiment describes a highly efficient and safe comprehensive mining method. When a local ore body is unstable, the method utilizes the fishbone-shaped blast holes 9 to form a frustum-shaped ore pillar 13 with a small upper area and a large lower area, providing more stable support for the unstable roof of the mining area.

[0050] Traditional full-body mining methods suffer from drawbacks such as relatively large unrecoverable resources in permanent pillars, low energy utilization of explosives during drilling and blasting, lack of protection during ore extraction, and poor safety conditions. This invention addresses these shortcomings by employing triangular pillars to improve resource recovery, and using a fishbone-shaped borehole design with inclined holes to facilitate ore overburden formation and compression blasting, thereby increasing the energy utilization of explosives. The fishbone-shaped borehole design also facilitates the safer operation of personnel and vehicles during ore extraction, protected by the ore bodies on both sides. This full-body mining method, when mining horizontal or gently dipping thin ore bodies, offers higher resource recovery rates, more economical explosive utilization, and safer production operations.

[0051] The above are all preferred embodiments of the present invention and are not intended to limit the scope of protection of the present invention. Identical components are represented by the same reference numerals. It should be noted that the terms "front," "rear," "left," "right," "up," and "down" used in the following description refer to directions in the accompanying drawings, while the terms "inner" and "outer" refer to directions toward or away from the geometric center of a specific component. Therefore, all equivalent changes made to the structure, shape, and principle of the present invention should be covered within the scope of protection of the present invention.

Claims

1. A high-efficient and safe comprehensive mining method, wherein the ore body is divided into stages along the ore body dip, and a stage transportation roadway (1) is laid at the bottom of each stage, each stage is divided into panels (3) along the vertical ore body strike, the panels (3) are separated by panel rises (2), and each panel (3) is divided into a plurality of strip-shaped ore blocks (4) along the ore body dip, the axial direction of the strip-shaped ore blocks (4) is parallel to the ore body strike, the length of the strip-shaped ore blocks (4) is 50 m, and the width is 10-15 m, the strip-shaped ore blocks (4) comprise triangular inter-column (6) and strip-shaped ore room (5), and each panel (3) in the stage is mined from the return air side to the air intake side, characterized in that, The method comprises the following steps: S1, before mining, a mining access (7) is excavated in the middle of a plurality of strip-shaped ore blocks (4) along the long axis of the ore blocks as a cutting project, and at this time the mining access (7) is not completely through, and a temporary anti-blocking wall (8) with a thickness of 1-2 m is left on the panel uphole (2) close to the return air side when the through excavation is about to be performed; S2, during mining, the temporary anti-blocking wall (8) is subjected to shallow hole blasting to make the mining access (7) through; S3, charging and blasting, rock drilling is performed on both sides of the mining access (7), and the ore is collapsed and mined from the return air side to the intake air side; the direction of the blast hole is inclined from the intake air side to the return air side in the ore body on both sides of the mining access (7) to form a fishbone-shaped blast hole (9), and then charging and blasting are performed to collapse the ore; S4, ventilation and dust reduction, after fresh air flow enters the mining access (7) of the mined ore block from the intake air side panel uphole (2) and washes the mining working face, the contaminated air enters the return air side panel uphole (2) and then enters the return air roadway and is discharged; S5, shovel loading and ore removal, a shovel loader enters the mining working face of the mining access (7) to load and transport the collapsed ore to the panel uphole (2), and the ore is transported out of the ground by the ore transportation equipment in the panel uphole (2).

2. A highly efficient and safe overall mining method according to claim 1, characterized in that, The stage division of the ore body is performed according to the thin level or gently inclined tendency direction of the entire ore body, and the stages are divided according to a length of 80-120 m, and the panel (3) is divided every 50-60 m according to the vertical ore rock body trend in each stage.

3. A highly efficient and safe overall mining method according to claim 1, characterized in that, The method further comprises the following step S6: after a strip-shaped ore room (5) is mined, the steps S1-S5 are repeated to complete the mining of other strip-shaped ore rooms (5).

4. A highly efficient and safe overall mining method according to claim 1, characterized in that, The triangular inter-column (6) is arranged on both wings of the strip-shaped ore room (5), and the strip-shaped ore room (5) is in an arrowhead shape.

5. A highly efficient and safe overall mining method according to claim 1, characterized in that, The ore is mined from the bottom to the top in each stage, each panel (3) in the stage is mined from the return air side to the intake air side, and each ore block in the panel (3) is mined from the bottom to the top.

6. A highly efficient and safe overall mining method according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step S1, the width of the excavated mining access (7) is 3-4 m, and the thickness of the temporary anti-blocking wall (8) is 1-2 m.

7. A highly efficient and safe overall mining method according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step S2, the shallow hole blasting is performed on the temporary anti-blocking wall (8) of the mined ore block close to the return air side panel uphole (2).

8. A highly efficient and safe overall mining method according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step S5, during the shovel loading and ore removal, 20% of the ore after single blasting and total blasting is left to cover the unblasted ore body as an ore covering pile (12), and the extrusion blasting is formed under the ore covering pile (12) during the subsequent mining.

9. A highly efficient and safe overall mining method according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step S1, during the excavation of the mining access (7), in order to form the temporary anti-blocking wall (8) in the mining access (7), a slot hole with a depth of 2-3 m is dug before the center is dug, which is a probe hole (11) with a thickness of the remaining mining access (7) ore body, and the mining access (7) is not completely through during the excavation, and a 1-2 m thick ore body is left as the temporary anti-blocking wall (8).

10. A highly efficient and safe overall mining method according to claim 1, characterized in that, The fishbone-shaped blast hole (9) is inclined to the return air side in the plane, and the plane inclination angle is 45°-60°; the fishbone-shaped blast hole (9) is also inclined to the return air side in the vertical direction.

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