Wireless parallel control system based on modular extensible energy storage converter

Abstract

The invention relates to the technical field of power electronics, and provides a wireless parallel control system based on a modular extensible energy storage converter, and the system comprises a modular PCS power unit which carries out the communication interaction through an integrated millimeter wave communication module disposed in the modular PCS power unit; the distributed phase synchronization module is used for realizing timestamp exchange among modularized PCS power units through a distributed clock synchronization protocol, compensating communication delay and achieving sub-millisecond-level synchronization; the dynamic impedance matching network module is used for connecting a dynamic impedance matching network between the output end of each modular PCS power unit and the bus in series, limiting the output current peak value of each modular PCS power unit and adjusting the output impedance of each modular PCS power unit; and the hot plug pre-charging control module is used for enabling each modular PCS power unit to be plugged when the system runs in an electrified manner by utilizing the charging characteristic of the RC series circuit. According to the invention, the problems of difficulty in PCS capacity expansion and complexity in maintenance in the traditional scheme are solved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of power electronics technology, and in particular to a wireless parallel control system based on a modular and scalable energy storage converter. Background Technology

[0002] In the field of power-related equipment (industrial power modules, distributed power supply units), traditional R&D logic is based on the "precise matching for a single scenario" mindset: Hardware Dimension: In the early stages of product development, the company selected a single power specification (5kW, 10kW, etc.) for the most typical application scenarios in the target market (power supply for fixed equipment in a certain type of factory, stable load in a data center). To achieve this power, the power circuit topology (turns ratio of DC-DC converter, voltage / current rating of power transistors) was completely "customized and rigidly designed," and the heat dissipation system (heat sink size, fan speed) was only adapted to the heat generated under this power, and the hardware had no power adjustment redundancy (no switchable power device group, no extended heat dissipation interface).

[0003] Software dimension: The control logic is "one-dimensional adaptation", and the closed-loop algorithm is only written around the preset power (the PID regulation of constant power output is only for fixed values). It lacks a software architecture for dynamic power regulation (no program logic for power level switching and flexible expansion).

[0004] The aforementioned "scenario pre-locking + rigid hardware and software binding" model completely "freezes" the product's power parameters. When users have dynamic expansion needs (such as adding production lines in factories or expanding servers in data centers), traditional equipment cannot increase power through hardware modifications (circuit topology and power devices do not support flexible adjustments), nor can it expand capacity through software upgrades (control logic only adapts to fixed power). Ultimately, it can only replace old equipment, thus exposing the defect of "fixed power, unable to meet users' dynamic expansion needs".

[0005] In multi-device parallel and collaborative scenarios (multiple photovoltaic inverters generating power in parallel, multiple industrial controllers redundantly connected in parallel), traditional technologies rely on "strongly coupled topologies dominated by wired communication": Hardware link layer: Taking CAN bus as an example, each parallel device needs to be configured with an independent CAN transceiver and signal isolation module, and a dedicated channel (cable tray, conduit) must be laid for CAN_H and CAN_L cables; the topology must strictly follow the "bus" or "star" rule, and the physical connection between devices must meet the electrical characteristics (branch length ≤ 0.3m, terminating resistor precisely matched 120Ω).

[0006] Protocol Application Layer: Develop device synchronization logic (such as parallel phase alignment and power distribution command transmission) based on the CAN communication protocol. Adding / replacing devices requires re-organizing the existing cable topology and disconnecting original connections for debugging; troubleshooting requires segment-by-segment testing of cable continuity and signal attenuation, making the process cumbersome.

[0007] The aforementioned "wired communication + centralized cabling" design is essentially a "strongly coupled physical link" model: Cabling phase: The procurement, laying, and testing of a large number of cables drive up labor and time costs; During the operation and maintenance phase: loose or aging cables can easily cause communication interruptions, and troubleshooting requires locating the fault segment by segment in a dense network of cables, which is extremely inefficient. Expansion phase: Existing cable networks are almost unusable, and new equipment requires rewiring, further increasing costs. Therefore, traditional solutions inevitably suffer from the drawback of "parallel systems relying on wired communication (CAN bus), resulting in cumbersome wiring and high maintenance costs." Summary of the Invention

[0008] The purpose of this invention is to solve at least one technical problem in the background art and to provide a wireless parallel control system based on a modular and scalable energy storage converter.

[0009] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention provides a wireless parallel control system based on a modular and scalable energy storage converter, comprising: Multiple modular PCS power units, each communicating with each other through an internally integrated millimeter-wave communication module; The distributed phase synchronization module uses a distributed clock synchronization protocol to enable the exchange of timestamps and compensation for communication delays among the modular PCS power units, achieving sub-millisecond synchronization. The dynamic impedance matching network module connects the dynamic impedance matching network in series between the output terminal of each modular PCS power unit and the bus, limiting the peak output current of each modular PCS power unit and adjusting the output impedance of each modular PCS power unit. The hot-swap pre-charge control module utilizes the charging characteristics of an RC series circuit to enable the insertion and removal of each modular PCS power unit while the system is powered on.

[0010] According to one aspect of the present invention, each of the modular PCS power units includes: a package housing, a three-level anti-misinsertion interface, an AC / DC bidirectional conversion circuit, and the integrated millimeter-wave communication module; The three-level anti-misinsertion interface is disposed on the packaging housing, and includes a mechanical guide groove, a contact structure and an electronic identification module; The mechanical guide groove is disposed inside the encapsulation housing and is used to connect the power board of the socket to which the busbar plug is inserted. The contact structure limits the conduction of the busbar plug; The electronic identification module identifies and monitors whether the external devices plugged into the power board are legitimate. If they are illegitimate, the external devices are prevented from connecting to the power board. The AC / DC bidirectional converter circuit is integrated on the power board for bidirectional AC and DC conversion; The integrated millimeter-wave communication module is integrated on the power board, enabling communication and interaction between power boards and between power boards and external systems.

[0011] According to one aspect of the present invention, the mechanical guide groove is an asymmetric trapezoidal guide groove with an inclination angle of 12°±0.2° and an interference amount >0.5 mm; The contact structure consists of power contacts arranged in an oblique pattern, with a spacing of 1.27 mm between each contact, and arranged in a 30° oblique cross pattern. The electronic identification module monitors and controls the connection of external devices to the power board based on a dynamic challenge-response protocol.

[0012] According to one aspect of the present invention, the method of achieving sub-millisecond synchronization by exchanging timestamps and compensating for communication delays among modular PCS power units through a distributed clock synchronization protocol includes: Timestamp generation and marking: Each modular PCS power unit has a built-in high-precision local clock that generates and records timestamps in real time when critical synchronization events occur, serving as a reference mark for subsequent synchronization calculations; Inter-module timestamp exchange: Through a custom wireless communication link, each modular PCS power unit exchanges timestamps according to master-slave collaboration + peer-to-peer mutual calibration logic; Communication delay calculation: Based on the exchanged timestamps, each modular PCS power unit independently calculates the total round-trip delay and one-way propagation delay. Clock skew compensation: Based on the one-way propagation delay, each modular PCS power unit calculates the offset Δt between its local clock and the reference clock of the initiating modular PCS power unit. If the local clock is faster than the reference clock, it actively slows down Δt; if it is slower than the reference clock, it speeds up Δt until the deviation between the local clock and the reference clock is ≤20μs. Periodic synchronization maintenance: The protocol sets up a periodic calibration mechanism to continuously correct accumulated errors, and finally controls the clock synchronization accuracy of each modular PCS power unit to the sub-millisecond level through closed-loop feedback, achieving phase alignment.

[0013] According to one aspect of the invention, the dynamic impedance matching network adjusts the output impedance of each modular PCS power unit, including: Electrical parameters are collected in real time from the grid-side incoming line, bus-side bus, and modular PCS power unit side using sensors. Based on the collected electrical parameters from the grid-side incoming terminal, bus-side bus, and modular PCS power unit side, the target impedance of each modular PCS power unit under the current operating condition is calculated using a control algorithm. The electrical parameters from the grid-side incoming terminal include: grid voltage amplitude / phase, equivalent impedance, and frequency offset. The electrical parameters from the bus-side bus include: DC bus voltage fluctuation, and amplitude and phase differences of the three-phase AC bus voltage / current. The electrical parameters from the modular PCS power unit side include: unit output voltage / current, and active / reactive power. The current impedance of the dynamic impedance matching network is adjusted to the target impedance using variable elements; The adjusted target impedance matches the output impedance of each modular PCS power unit to the bus-load / grid input impedance.

[0014] According to one aspect of the present invention, the hot-swap precharge control module enables each modular PCS power unit to be plugged in and out during system energization via a capacitor precharge equation. The capacitor pre-charging equation is as follows: ; in, The voltage at any point during the capacitor's charging process; This refers to the system bus voltage; This refers to charging time; For pre-charge resistor; Large-capacity energy storage capacitors are used within the modular PCS power unit. It is the natural index.

[0015] According to the present invention, the high speed and low latency of millimeter wave communication provide a real-time data channel for the distributed synchronization algorithm: the status data of each module (such as voltage, phase, load) can be quickly uploaded to the control center, supporting the millisecond-level convergence of the consistency protocol; Distributed synchronous multi-module consistency provides a stable topology basis for dynamic impedance matching: the output characteristics (voltage, phase) of each power module are consistent, the "reference benchmark" for impedance calculation is more accurate, and the uniformity of power distribution after matching is improved by 20%-30%; Dynamic impedance matching provides reliable power balancing and low loss for long-term system operation: the power module does not overload, generates less heat, and has more stable performance (reducing signal attenuation caused by heat generation). The execution error of the synchronization algorithm will also be further reduced due to the stable electrical characteristics of the module.

[0016] This invention breaks through the limitations of high-speed, low-latency transmission with millimeter-wave communication, solves the problem of multi-module collaboration with distributed synchronization algorithms, and achieves optimal power allocation through dynamic impedance matching. From four dimensions—communication performance, system efficiency, reliability, and maintainability—it provides a full-link technology upgrade for wireless parallel systems (especially power / communication parallel systems in the millimeter-wave band), adapting to the essential needs of cutting-edge fields such as 5G / 6G and smart grids for high-speed, low-latency, and highly reliable parallel control.

[0017] This invention solves the problems of difficult expansion and complex maintenance of traditional user PCS, and has the advantages of plug-and-play, high security and compatibility, making it suitable for home photovoltaic energy storage systems. Attached Figure Description

[0018] Figure 1 The diagram illustrates the structural block diagram of a wireless parallel control system based on a modular and scalable energy storage converter according to one embodiment of the present invention. Detailed Implementation

[0019] The invention will now be discussed with reference to exemplary embodiments. It should be understood that the described embodiments are merely intended to enable those skilled in the art to better understand and thus implement the invention, and are not intended to imply any limitation on the scope of the invention.

[0020] As used herein, the term "comprising" and its variations are to be interpreted as open-ended terms meaning "including but not limited to". The term "based on" is to be interpreted as "at least partially based on". The terms "one embodiment" and "an embodiment" are to be interpreted as "at least one embodiment".

[0021] Figure 1 This schematic diagram illustrates the structural block diagram of a wireless parallel control system based on a modular and scalable energy storage converter according to one embodiment of the present invention. Figure 1 As shown, in this embodiment, the wireless parallel control system based on a modular and scalable energy storage converter includes: Multiple modular PCS power units, each communicating with each other through an internally integrated millimeter-wave communication module; The distributed phase synchronization module uses a distributed clock synchronization protocol to enable the exchange of timestamps and compensation for communication delays among the modular PCS power units, achieving sub-millisecond synchronization. The dynamic impedance matching network module connects the dynamic impedance matching network in series between the output terminal of each modular PCS power unit and the bus, limiting the peak output current of each modular PCS power unit and adjusting the output impedance of each modular PCS power unit. The hot-swap pre-charge control module utilizes the charging characteristics of an RC series circuit to enable the insertion and removal of each modular PCS power unit while the system is powered on.

[0022] Furthermore, according to one embodiment of the present invention, each modular PCS power unit includes: a package housing, a three-level anti-misinsertion interface, an AC / DC bidirectional conversion circuit, and the integrated millimeter-wave communication module; The three-level anti-misinsertion interface is set on the package housing, which includes a mechanical guide groove, a contact structure and an electronic identification module; Mechanical guide grooves are set inside the encapsulation housing for connecting the power board to the socket with the busbar plug; The contact structure limits the conduction of the busbar plug; The electronic identification module identifies and monitors whether the external devices plugged into the power board are legitimate. If they are illegitimate, the external devices are prevented from connecting to the power board. The AC / DC bidirectional converter circuit is integrated on the power board for bidirectional AC and DC conversion. An integrated millimeter-wave communication module is integrated on the power board, enabling communication and interaction between power boards and between power boards and external systems.

[0023] In this embodiment, the enclosure serves as the physical framework and standardized interface foundation for the entire modular PCS power unit, fulfilling three functions: Space constraints: Interchangeability and compatibility between modules (modular PCS power units) are achieved through fixed dimensions (220×150×80 mm, tolerance ±0.5 mm), allowing different power units to be precisely assembled into the system architecture; Structural support: Provides mounting carrier and mechanical protection for the "three-level anti-misinsertion interface", "AC / DC conversion circuit" and "integrated millimeter-wave communication module"; Standardized anchor points: With a unified shape, mounting hole positions, and other designs, the adaptation costs during system integration are reduced, which is the core premise of modular design.

[0024] In this embodiment, the three-level anti-misfit interface (mechanical guide groove + contact interlocking + dynamic authentication) is a key electrical connection component on the housing, relying on the housing structure to achieve layered protection of "mechanical alignment → electrical locking → identity verification": Mechanical guide groove: Based on the spatial positioning design of the shell, it assists in the quick and accurate insertion between modules, avoiding physical damage or electrical failure caused by misalignment; Contact locking (contact locking after the contact structure is connected): After mechanical alignment, the mechanical stability of the electrical connection is ensured by a physical / electromagnetic locking mechanism to prevent loosening under conditions such as vibration and impact. Dynamic authentication: Combining electronic identification technology (encryption protocol) to verify the legitimacy of the plugged-in object, eliminating the risk of "misplugging or incorrect connection" from the logical layer.

[0025] The three-level anti-misinsertion interface is an extension of the housing function (utilizing the housing space to achieve mechanical / electrical connection). The AC / DC conversion circuit, communication module and external system interaction, power and signal input and output must all be completed through the interface, while the reliability of the interaction is ensured through a safety mechanism.

[0026] In this embodiment, the AC / DC bidirectional converter circuit is the core of the modular PCS power unit for power conversion, realizing power form conversion and energy efficiency optimization. Functional positioning: to realize the bidirectional flow of AC and DC power (power interaction between the grid side and the energy storage side), supporting the core mission of PCS (Power Conversion System); Performance specifications: "Power ≥ 3 kW, efficiency ≥ 94%" reflect its requirements for high power handling and low loss operation, and the functions need to be completed in the housing through circuit topology, component selection and other design. Synergistic relationship: Relying on the electromagnetic shielding and heat dissipation design of the shell (implied in the industrial design of standardized packaging), and connected to the external power network through the anti-misinsertion interface, it is the core carrier of power flow within the module.

[0027] In this embodiment, the integrated millimeter-wave communication module (operating frequency band 57-64GHz) serves as the information interaction and intelligent hub of the power unit, focusing on "high-speed data transmission" and "system-level collaboration": Functional positioning: Utilizing the high bandwidth and low latency characteristics of the 57-64GHz millimeter wave band, it enables real-time data interaction between the power unit (modular PCS power unit) and monitoring systems, other power units, cloud platforms, etc. (such as power status reporting, control command reception, fault early warning, etc.). Collaborative relationship: Relying on the electromagnetic compatibility design of the casing (avoiding electromagnetic interference between communication frequency bands and AC / DC circuits), and connected to external systems through anti-misinsertion interfaces or dedicated communication buses, it is the core carrier of information flow within the module, supporting the intelligent scheduling and cluster management of the PCS system.

[0028] Furthermore, according to one embodiment of the present invention, the mechanical guide groove is an asymmetric trapezoidal guide groove with an inclination angle of 12°±0.2° and an interference amount >0.5 mm; The contact structure consists of power contacts arranged in an oblique pattern, with a spacing of 1.27mm between each contact, arranged in a 30° oblique cross pattern. The electronic identification module monitors and controls the power board connected to external devices based on a dynamic challenge-response protocol.

[0029] In this embodiment, the asymmetrical trapezoidal guide groove breaks the two-way reversibility defect of the traditional symmetrical guide groove. Through the design of the long / short base and the angle of the bevel, the plug is forced to be aligned and inserted in only one direction (when reversed or offset, the trapezoidal contour will jam and block). Tilt angle 12°±0.2°: The angle accuracy is controlled within ±0.2°, which ensures smooth guidance (too large an angle will cause slippage, and too small an angle will make the guidance insensitive) and ensures the structural consistency of mass production through angle tolerance; Interference > 0.5mm: Interference refers to the amount of interference between the guide groove and the plug during mating (exceeding 0.5mm). This design strengthens the connection's tightness through mechanical interference force, while further preventing forced insertion in non-target directions (in reverse insertion, the interference force will cause a sharp increase in mating resistance, making it impossible to complete the connection); In this embodiment, the oblique arrangement of the power contacts with a 30° crossing angle breaks through the conventional design of parallel / perpendicular arrangement. The 30° oblique crossing contact layout ensures that the male and female contacts can only be fully aligned and connected under specific rotation angles and axial positions. If the orientation is incorrect, the contacts will misalign, leading to an electrical break (no power) or a short circuit (potential risk), thus logically preventing the possibility of incorrect insertion. 1.27mm pitch: Adopting the industry-standard high-density connector contact pitch (the standard pitch for power module connectors), it ensures both miniaturized and highly integrated contacts, while also being compatible with existing production line processes and supporting components (relays, wire terminals, etc.), balancing reliability and compatibility; In this implementation, the dynamic challenge-response protocol (SHA-256 encryption + ECDSA signature) is an authentication framework in cryptography. The master device (such as a power unit controller) sends a random challenge code to the slave device (such as the module to be plugged in) (randomly generated for each connection to avoid replay attacks); the slave device encrypts the challenge code with its own private key and returns a response code; the master device verifies the response code with a pre-stored slave device public key, and if they match, the connection is allowed. This mechanism logically prevents unauthorized devices from impersonating legitimate modules to access the network. SHA-256 encryption: The message digest of the challenge code / response code is generated using the SHA-256 hash algorithm to ensure the integrity of data transmission (if it is tampered with during transmission, the hash value will change abruptly, and the verification will fail). ECDSA signature: An elliptic curve digital signature algorithm that uses a private key for signing and a public key for verification. Compared to algorithms such as RSA, it has a shorter key length but comparable security. It can efficiently achieve identity authentication and anti-counterfeiting in embedded devices (power units are often compact hardware) and reduce hardware resource consumption.

[0030] As can be seen from the above, in this embodiment, the three-level anti-misinsertion interface is not a single technical improvement, but a three-layer collaborative design of mechanical structure (physical anti-misinsertion), electrical layout (logical anti-misinsertion), and cryptographic protocol (security anti-misinsertion). The mechanical layer solves the physical errors of not being able to insert, inserting backwards, or inserting crookedly by using asymmetric trapezoids and interference. The electrical layer uses oblique contacts and standard spacing to solve the problem of incorrect electrical connections where the device is inserted but there is no electrical connection or the connection is haphazard. The logic layer addresses the information security risk of unauthorized devices masquerading as legitimate modules by using dynamic challenge-response, SHA-256, and ECDSA.

[0031] By setting up a three-level anti-misinsertion interface, it can accurately match the modular PCS power unit and other power electronic equipment scenarios with extremely high requirements for reliability (avoiding short circuits / equipment damage) and security (preventing unauthorized intrusion / malicious control), providing a systematic solution for high-value, high-risk electrical connections.

[0032] Furthermore, according to one embodiment of the present invention, a distributed clock synchronization protocol is used to achieve sub-millisecond synchronization by exchanging timestamps and compensating for communication delays among the modular PCS power units, including: Timestamp generation and marking: Each module (modular PCS power unit) has a built-in high-precision local clock (accuracy up to microsecond level). When a key synchronization event (synchronization pulse trigger, data packet transmission start / end) occurs, it generates and records a timestamp (including the absolute time value of the event) in real time, which serves as the reference mark for subsequent synchronization calculations. Inter-module timestamp exchange: Modules exchange timestamps via a custom wireless communication link (proprietary frequency band, low-latency frame format) according to a "master-slave collaboration + peer-to-peer mutual calibration" logic. A typical interaction is as follows: 1. Synchronization Initiation: A certain module (temporary main module) broadcasts a synchronization message to the other 31 modules, with the message carrying the timestamp T1 of its own sending time; 2. Receipt confirmation: After receiving the synchronization message, each module immediately records the local reception time timestamp T2 and sends a response message back to the initiating module. The message contains T2 and its own identifier. 3. Delayed feedback: After the initiating module receives all responses, it records the final reception time timestamp T3, summarizes T3 and broadcasts it to all modules, completing a full exchange of timestamps.

[0033] Communication delay calculation: Based on the exchange timestamps (T1, T2, T3), each module independently calculates the total round-trip delay (RTT = T3 - T1) and the one-way propagation delay. Since the bidirectional delay of the wireless link is approximately symmetrical, the default one-way delay is ≈ RTT / 2; if significant asymmetry exists (such as channel interference), the estimation accuracy is optimized by averaging multiple rounds of exchanges. Clock skew compensation: Based on the one-way delay, the module calculates the offset Δt between the local clock and the reference clock (initiating module clock). If the local clock is faster than the reference clock, Δt is actively slowed down (e.g., fine-tuning the crystal oscillator frequency); if it is slower than the reference clock, Δt is accelerated until the deviation between the local clock and the reference clock is ≤20μs (meeting the phase difference requirement of 32 modules). Periodic synchronization maintenance: Due to the dynamic fluctuations caused by congestion and interference, the wireless channel delay is set up with a periodic calibration mechanism (such as performing a round of switching-calculation-compensation every 100ms) to continuously correct the accumulated error. Finally, through closed-loop feedback, the clock synchronization accuracy of the multi-module is stably controlled at the sub-millisecond level (≤20μs) to achieve phase alignment.

[0034] The above process uses a closed-loop logic of timestamp marking → cross-module exchange → delay quantization → clock correction → periodic calibration to transform wireless communication delay into a calculable and compensable deviation, ultimately achieving sub-millisecond synchronization of multiple modules.

[0035] In this implementation, the distributed approach differs from the centralized approach (where a single master control unit coordinates all modules). The distributed approach allows each module to participate autonomously in synchronous decision-making, avoiding single points of failure, and is more suitable for large-scale parallel (multiple modular PCS power units working in parallel) systems (32 modules).

[0036] Necessity of phase synchronization: When multiple modules are connected in parallel, if the output signals (voltage and current waveforms) are not in phase, circulating current (useless circulating current between modules) and uneven power (some modules are overloaded and some are underloaded) will be generated, which will seriously reduce the efficiency and stability of the system. Therefore, the above algorithm is needed to align the phase of the signals of each module.

[0037] Furthermore, according to one embodiment of the present invention, the dynamic impedance matching network adjusts the output impedance of each modular PCS power unit, including: Electrical parameters are collected in real time from the grid-side incoming line, bus-side bus, and modular PCS power unit side using sensors. Based on the collected electrical parameters from the grid-side incoming terminal, bus-side bus, and modular PCS power unit side, the target impedance of each modular PCS power unit under the current operating condition is calculated using a control algorithm. The electrical parameters from the grid-side incoming terminal include: grid voltage amplitude / phase, equivalent impedance, and frequency offset. The electrical parameters from the bus-side bus include: DC bus voltage fluctuation, and amplitude and phase differences of the three-phase AC bus voltage / current. The electrical parameters from the modular PCS power unit side include: unit output voltage / current, and active / reactive power. The current impedance of the dynamic impedance matching network is adjusted to the target impedance using variable elements; The adjusted target impedance matches the output impedance of each modular PCS power unit to the bus-load / grid input impedance.

[0038] In this implementation, the first step, multi-dimensional state detection, uses the network's built-in sensors (voltage / current sampling circuit, power meter) to collect three key parameters in real time: Grid side: Grid power P_load, Grid voltage U_grid, Grid frequency f_grid; Busbar side: Voltage U_bus and current I_bus of the common busbar of the parallel system (DC busbar positive / negative pole, AC busbar phase line) (the busbar is the intermediate hub between the module and the power grid, and its state reflects the overall stability of the system). Modular PCS power unit side: output voltage U_mod, output current I_mod, and phase (θ_mod, which is linked with the distributed phase synchronization algorithm) of a single module.

[0039] Step 2: Target Impedance Calculation. Based on the detected parameters, the target impedance Z_target under the current operating condition is calculated using a control algorithm (such as PID control or model predictive control). The calculation logic must satisfy two core objectives: Bus stability: When the grid power increases and U_bus decreases, the module output impedance Z_mod needs to be reduced to increase the module output current I_mod and compensate for the bus voltage loss. Power current sharing: When the I_mod of a certain module is higher than the average value, its output impedance Z_mod needs to be increased to reduce its current share, so that the output current of the 32 modules tends to be consistent (I_mod1≈I_mod2≈…≈I_mod32). The formula for the target impedance can be simplified to: ( (This is the reference current that the module should output).

[0040] Step 3: Adjusting the variable element: The current impedance Z_current of the dynamic impedance matching network is adjusted to the target impedance Z_target using a variable element. Adjustable capacitor C_var: Adjusts capacitive reactance by changing the capacitance value to adapt to frequency changes (such as fluctuations in the mains frequency). MOSFET switching network: By combining on and off states to simulate different resistances R_var or inductors L_var, the equivalent impedance can be quickly adjusted (e.g., by using PWM to control the MOSFET duty cycle to change the on-resistance). The adjustment method uses small-step iterations (adjusting ±5% of the impedance each time) to avoid sudden changes that could cause system oscillations.

[0041] Step 4: Real-time adaptation and effect feedback adjust the impedance to match the power module output impedance with the bus-load / grid input impedance, achieving: Eliminating circulating current: After impedance matching, there is no "useless circulating current" between modules (because the output voltage of each module is in phase and amplitude with the bus voltage). Power sharing: The output current of each module is distributed according to its capacity ratio (32 modules of the same capacity each bear 1 / 32 of the total power). Efficiency improvement: Reduce reflection losses in power transmission (the module output automatically adapts to grid voltage fluctuations to avoid overvoltage / undervoltage losses).

[0042] Furthermore, according to one embodiment of the present invention, the hot-swap pre-charge control module enables each modular PCS power unit to be plugged in and out during system operation by means of a capacitor pre-charge equation. The capacitor pre-charge equation is: ; in, The voltage at any point during the capacitor's charging process; This refers to the system bus voltage; This refers to charging time; For pre-charge resistor; Large-capacity energy storage capacitors are used within the modular PCS power unit. It is the natural index.

[0043] In this embodiment, the capacitor voltage increases exponentially with time, eventually approaching the bus voltage. .in, It is a transient component (decays over time), and in steady state... The transient component disappears. = .

[0044] In engineering, this equation is used to design pre-charge parameters: by selecting and The combination controls the capacitor voltage to charge from 0 to 90%. The pre-charging time (i.e., the pre-charging duration) avoids inrush current while meeting the system's rapid startup requirements.

[0045] In this embodiment, the module can be plugged in and unplugged while the system is powered on (hot-swappable maintenance of data center power modules) without power interruption. However, direct plugging and unplugging will generate surge current (instantaneous ultra-large current) due to "instantaneous capacitor charging," which may damage the circuit or trigger protection. This invention utilizes the charging characteristics of an RC series circuit, through a small resistor ( ) + large capacity capacitor ( The combination of energy storage / filtering capacitors within the module allows the capacitor voltage to rise slowly (avoiding surges).

[0046] According to the above-described scheme of the present invention, the high speed and low latency of millimeter wave communication provide a real-time data channel for the distributed synchronization algorithm: the status data of each module (such as voltage, phase, load) can be quickly uploaded to the control center, supporting the millisecond-level convergence of the consistency protocol; Distributed synchronous multi-module consistency provides a stable topology basis for dynamic impedance matching: the output characteristics (voltage, phase) of each power module are consistent, the "reference benchmark" for impedance calculation is more accurate, and the uniformity of power distribution after matching is improved by 20%-30%; Dynamic impedance matching provides reliable power balancing and low loss for long-term system operation: the power module does not overload, generates less heat, and has more stable performance (reducing signal attenuation caused by heat generation). The execution error of the synchronization algorithm will also be further reduced due to the stable electrical characteristics of the module.

[0047] This invention breaks through the limitations of high-speed, low-latency transmission with millimeter-wave communication, solves the problem of multi-module collaboration with distributed synchronization algorithms, and achieves optimal power allocation through dynamic impedance matching. From four dimensions—communication performance, system efficiency, reliability, and maintainability—it provides a full-link technology upgrade for wireless parallel systems (especially power / communication parallel systems in the millimeter-wave band), adapting to the essential needs of cutting-edge fields such as 5G / 6G and smart grids for high-speed, low-latency, and highly reliable parallel control.

[0048] The above description is merely a preferred embodiment of this application and an explanation of the technical principles employed. Those skilled in the art should understand that the scope of the invention involved in this application is not limited to technical solutions formed by specific combinations of the above-described technical features, but should also cover other technical solutions formed by arbitrary combinations of the above-described technical features or their equivalents without departing from the inventive concept. For example, technical solutions formed by substituting the above-described features with (but not limited to) technical features with similar functions disclosed in this application.

[0049] It should be understood that the sequence number of each step in the invention and its embodiments does not absolutely imply the order of execution. The execution order of each process should be determined by its function and internal logic, and should not constitute any limitation on the implementation process of the embodiments of the present invention.

Claims

1. A wireless parallel control system based on a modular and scalable energy storage converter, characterized in that, include: Multiple modular PCS power units, each communicating with each other through an internally integrated millimeter-wave communication module; The distributed phase synchronization module uses a distributed clock synchronization protocol to enable the exchange of timestamps and compensation for communication delays among the modular PCS power units, achieving sub-millisecond synchronization. The dynamic impedance matching network module connects the dynamic impedance matching network in series between the output terminal of each modular PCS power unit and the bus, limiting the peak output current of each modular PCS power unit and adjusting the output impedance of each modular PCS power unit. The hot-swap pre-charge control module utilizes the charging characteristics of an RC series circuit to enable the insertion and removal of each modular PCS power unit while the system is powered on.

2. The wireless parallel control system based on a modular and scalable energy storage converter according to claim 1, characterized in that, Each of the modular PCS power units includes: a package housing, a three-level anti-misinsertion interface, an AC / DC bidirectional conversion circuit, and the integrated millimeter-wave communication module; The three-level anti-misinsertion interface is disposed on the packaging housing, and includes a mechanical guide groove, a contact structure and an electronic identification module; The mechanical guide groove is disposed inside the encapsulation housing and is used to connect the power board of the socket to which the busbar plug is inserted. The contact structure limits the conduction of the busbar plug; The electronic identification module identifies and monitors whether the external devices plugged into the power board are legitimate. If they are illegitimate, the external devices are prevented from connecting to the power board. The AC / DC bidirectional converter circuit is integrated on the power board for bidirectional AC and DC conversion; The integrated millimeter-wave communication module is integrated on the power board, enabling communication and interaction between power boards and between power boards and external systems.

3. The wireless parallel control system based on a modular and scalable energy storage converter according to claim 2, characterized in that, The mechanical guide groove is an asymmetric trapezoidal guide groove with an inclination angle of 12°±0.2° and an interference amount >0.5 mm; The contact structure consists of power contacts arranged in an oblique pattern, with a spacing of 1.27 mm between each contact, and arranged in a 30° oblique cross pattern. The electronic identification module monitors and controls the connection of external devices to the power board based on a dynamic challenge-response protocol.

4. The wireless parallel control system based on a modular and scalable energy storage converter according to claim 1, characterized in that, The method of achieving sub-millisecond synchronization by exchanging timestamps and compensating for communication delays among modular PCS power units through a distributed clock synchronization protocol includes: Timestamp generation and marking: Each modular PCS power unit has a built-in high-precision local clock that generates and records timestamps in real time when critical synchronization events occur, serving as a reference mark for subsequent synchronization calculations; Inter-module timestamp exchange: Through a custom wireless communication link, each modular PCS power unit exchanges timestamps according to master-slave collaboration + peer-to-peer mutual calibration logic; Communication delay calculation: Based on the exchanged timestamps, each modular PCS power unit independently calculates the total round-trip delay and one-way propagation delay. Clock skew compensation: Based on the one-way propagation delay, each modular PCS power unit calculates the offset Δt between its local clock and the reference clock of the initiating modular PCS power unit. If the local clock is faster than the reference clock, it actively slows down Δt; if it is slower than the reference clock, it speeds up Δt until the deviation between the local clock and the reference clock is ≤20μs. Periodic synchronization maintenance: The protocol sets up a periodic calibration mechanism to continuously correct accumulated errors, and finally controls the clock synchronization accuracy of each modular PCS power unit to the sub-millisecond level through closed-loop feedback, achieving phase alignment.

5. The wireless parallel control system based on a modular and scalable energy storage converter according to claim 1, characterized in that, The dynamic impedance matching network adjusts the output impedance of each modular PCS power unit, including: Electrical parameters are collected in real time from the grid-side incoming line, bus-side bus, and modular PCS power unit side using sensors. Based on the collected electrical parameters from the grid-side incoming terminal, bus-side bus, and modular PCS power unit side, the target impedance of each modular PCS power unit under the current operating condition is calculated using a control algorithm. The electrical parameters from the grid-side incoming terminal include: grid voltage amplitude / phase, equivalent impedance, and frequency offset. The electrical parameters from the bus-side bus include: DC bus voltage fluctuation, and amplitude and phase differences of the three-phase AC bus voltage / current. The electrical parameters from the modular PCS power unit side include: unit output voltage / current, and active / reactive power. The current impedance of the dynamic impedance matching network is adjusted to the target impedance using variable elements; The adjusted target impedance matches the output impedance of each modular PCS power unit to the bus-load / grid input impedance.

6. The wireless parallel control system based on a modular and scalable energy storage converter according to any one of claims 1-5, characterized in that, The hot-swap pre-charge control module enables each modular PCS power unit to be plugged in or unplugged when the system is powered on, through a capacitor pre-charge equation. The capacitor pre-charging equation is as follows: ； in, The voltage at any point during the capacitor's charging process; This refers to the system bus voltage; This refers to charging time; For pre-charge resistor; Large-capacity energy storage capacitors are used within the modular PCS power unit. It is the natural index.

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