Method for recovering vegetation in karst mountainous region by taking nitrogen-fixing precious tree species as driving species

Abstract

The invention provides a karst mountain vegetation restoration method with nitrogen fixation precious tree species as driving species, and belongs to the technical field of vegetation restoration. According to the method, the precious nitrogen-fixing tree species are selected as pioneer tree species for vegetation recovery, the soil environment of the karst mountain land is effectively improved, the soil becomes more fertile, and the trees have good economic benefits; after the canopy density of the forest stand reaches 0.6, complementary planting is carried out, tree species adopted for complementary planting are precious tree species with good economic benefits, vegetation of the karst mountain land can be recovered, economic benefits can be generated to benefit local people, and the enthusiasm of people for recovering the vegetation of the mountain land is improved; meanwhile, the karst mountainous region with large-area exposed rocks is transformed through the vine plants, the rock region is covered, the method is low in cost, a protective net does not need to be built, operation is convenient, and manpower and material resources are saved.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] The present application relates to the technical field of vegetation restoration, and particularly relates to a method for karst mountain vegetation restoration driven by nitrogen-fixing precious tree species. BACKGROUND

[0002] Karst mountain is a general term for surface and underground forms formed by the dissolution of soluble rocks (mostly limestone) by water with dissolution power, also known as karst landform. There are three types of soluble rocks, namely carbonate rocks, sulfate rocks and halite rocks. The total area of soluble rocks accounts for 10% of the total area of the earth. Karst landforms are developed from the tropics to the frigid zone, from the continent to the island. Due to the different environments and degrees of desertification in different regions, the types of vegetation and biological systems are different, so different restoration schemes need to be implemented for different regions.

[0003] Karst mountain desertification refers to the phenomenon of soil loss on the ground surface, bare rock, loss of agricultural value of land and degradation of ecological environment caused by soil erosion. In limestone areas, the soil layer is thin (mostly less than 10 cm), and the surface presents a desert-like landscape of gradually exposed rock. From the cause, the main factor leading to desertification is human activity. Due to the continuous destruction of natural vegetation for a long time, large areas of steep slopes are cultivated, causing the ground surface to be exposed, and in addition to the thin soil layer and exposed bedrock in karst rocky mountainous areas, the strong rainstorm erosion leads to a large amount of soil loss, and the rock gradually appears exposed, thus presenting the phenomenon of desertification. Therefore, it is necessary to restore the vegetation of karst mountain.

[0004] Nowadays, with the development of society and the progress of science and technology, especially in the background of the increasing attention to ecological construction, more and more scholars have studied and discussed the problems of desertification, fragile ecological environment and land subsidence caused by karst mountain. Therefore, it is necessary to provide a method for restoring vegetation in karst mountain that can solve the above problems. SUMMARY

[0005] The present application relates to the technical field of vegetation restoration, and particularly relates to a method for karst mountain vegetation restoration driven by nitrogen-fixing precious tree species.

[0006] In order to achieve the above-mentioned application purpose, the present application provides the following technical scheme: The present application provides a method for karst mountain vegetation restoration, comprising the following steps: (1) divide the karst mountain to be repaired into thick soil area, thin soil area and stone gap area, plant container seedlings of fast-growing tree species in the thick soil area and thin soil area from January to March, and sow seeds of fast-growing tree species in the stone gap area, and close the mountain for forestation; (2) when the coverage of fast-growing tree species reaches 0.6, supplement container seedlings of slow-growing tree species in the gaps of fast-growing tree species to construct a mixed forest of different ages and layers; (3) after 8-10 years of supplement, thin the fast-growing tree species, sow seeds of vine plants, prune the vine plants every 1-2 months to construct a near-natural forest system, and obtain the repaired karst mountain; The seedling age of the fast-growing tree species is 6-12 months, and the seedling age of the slow-growing tree species is 18-24 months.

[0007] Preferably, in step (1), the soil layer thickness of the thick soil area is >10 cm, the soil layer thickness of the thin soil area is 5-10 cm, and the length and width of the stone gap area are both <20 cm.

[0008] Preferably, in step (1), the fast-growing tree species include one or more of top fruit wood, mimosas and silver wattle.

[0009] Preferably, in step (1), the container seedlings are covered with weeds, branches or small stones after planting; and the closing of the mountain for forestation includes tending the fast-growing tree species 3 times in the first year after planting, 2 times in the second year, and 1 time in the third year.

[0010] Preferably, both the fast-growing tree species container seedlings and the slow-growing tree species container seedlings are seedlings treated by hardening, and the cultivation method of the fast-growing tree species container seedlings and the slow-growing tree species container seedlings is to cultivate the seeds of the tree species to a seedling age of about 8 months at 25-30°C to obtain the container seedlings.

[0011] Further preferably, the method for hardening is to ventilate and cool down 5-7 days before planting, and to reduce the number and amount of watering 2-3 days before planting.

[0012] Preferably, in step (2), the slow-growing tree species include one or more of Dalbergia odorifera, Artocarpus heterophyllus, Prunus serrulata and Xylaria sp.

[0013] Preferably, in step (3), the vine plants include one or more of Parthenocissus tricuspidata, Millettia pinnata, Aucklandia lappa, Smilax china, Bougainvillea spectabilis, Lonicera japonica, Euonymus fortunei, Hedera helix and Lonicera japonica.

[0014] Preferably, in step (3), animal manure, nutrient mud, weeds, branches and small stones are sequentially laid on the seeds after sowing.

[0015] Preferably, in step (3), the pruning time is 3-4 years.

[0016] The beneficial effects of the present application compared with the prior art are: The present application selects valuable nitrogen-fixing tree species as pioneer tree species for vegetation restoration, adopts drought-tolerant trees with developed root systems, can effectively improve the soil environment of karst mountainous areas, make the soil more fertile, and the trees have good economic benefits; before planting, through the means of seedling raising, the soil area is divided for vegetation restoration, and after the canopy density of the stand reaches 0.6, the supplement planting is carried out, and the tree species used for supplement planting are all valuable and have good economic benefits, which can not only restore the vegetation of karst mountainous areas, but also produce economic benefits to benefit the local people and improve the enthusiasm of people to restore mountain vegetation; at the same time, the present application uses vine plants to transform the large area of bare karst mountainous areas, cover the rock area, which has low cost, does not need to build protective nets, is convenient to operate and saves manpower and material resources.

[0017] The method provided by the present application can reduce soil erosion in karst areas, restore mountain vegetation, and is simple to operate, at a suitable period, only uses nitrogen-fixing tree species for soil improvement, and does not need to build fertilizer warehouses and to carry out land preparation; on the other hand, by supplementing planting of high economic value tree species in the later period, the economic benefits of karst mountainous areas are improved, which is easy to be accepted and supported by local people. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0018] The various illustrative embodiments of the present application will now be described in detail in connection with the following figures. This description is not to be taken in a limiting sense but is made merely for the purpose of providing a full and enabling disclosure of the application. The detailed description set forth below in connection with the appended drawings describes exemplary embodiments and does not represent the only embodiments in which the present application can be practiced.

[0019] It should be understood that the terms used herein are merely for describing particular embodiments and are not intended to limit the present application. In addition, for numerical ranges in the present application, it should be understood that every intermediate value between the upper limit and the lower limit of the range is specifically disclosed. Each intermediate value between any stated value or stated range, as well as any other stated value or intermediate value in the stated range, is also included in the present application. The upper limit and the lower limit of these smaller ranges can be included or excluded independently.

[0020] Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this application belongs. Although methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present application, preferred methods and materials are described. All documents mentioned herein are incorporated by reference to disclose and describe in full the methods and / or materials which are described therein. In the case of conflict, the present specification will control.

[0021] Various modifications and variations can be made to the specific embodiments described in this specification without departing from the scope or spirit of the invention, as will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Other embodiments derived from this specification will also be apparent to those skilled in the art. This specification and embodiments are merely exemplary.

[0022] The terms “include,” “including,” “have,” “contain,” etc., used in this article are all open-ended terms, meaning that they include but are not limited to.

[0023] This invention provides a method for vegetation restoration in karst mountains, comprising the following steps: (1) Divide the karst mountain to be restored into thick soil area, thin soil area and rock crevice area. From January to March, plant fast-growing tree seedlings in container in the thick soil area and thin soil area, and sow seeds of fast-growing tree species in the rock crevice area. Close the mountain for afforestation. (2) When the canopy closure of fast-growing tree species reaches 0.6, container seedlings of slow-growing tree species are planted in the gaps between fast-growing tree species to construct a mixed forest of different ages and layers. (3) After replanting for 8-10 years, thin out fast-growing tree species, sow seeds of vine plants, prune vine plants every 1-2 months, construct a near-natural forest system, and obtain restored karst mountains; The seedling age of the fast-growing tree species is 6-12 months, and the seedling age of the slow-growing tree species is 18-24 months.

[0024] In this invention, in step (1), the karst mountain to be restored preferably retains its original vegetation; the soil layer thickness in the thick soil area is preferably >10cm, further preferably >12cm, and even more preferably >15cm; the soil layer thickness in the thin soil area is preferably 5-10cm, further preferably 6-8cm, and even more preferably 7cm; the length and width of the rock crevice area are preferably both <20cm, further preferably <18cm, and even more preferably <15cm; the fast-growing tree species preferably include one or more of Aristolochia debilis, Aristolochia henryi, and Leucaena leucocephala, further preferably Aristolochia debilis; after planting, it is preferred to cover with weeds, dead branches, or small stones; the planting spacing is preferably 0.8-1.2m, further preferably 1m; the planting row spacing is preferably 4.5-5.5m, further preferably 5m; the covering thickness is preferably 12-18cm. The preferred length is 14-16cm, and even more preferably 15cm. The preferred method of closing the mountain for afforestation includes tending the fast-growing tree species three times in the first year, twice in the second year, and once in the third year. Tending includes clearing weeds around the saplings to prevent them from robbing nutrients and ensuring sufficient nutrition for growth; cutting vines that twine around the saplings to ensure they grow as tall as possible and receive ample sunlight. Tending allows for timely monitoring of the saplings' growth status, remedial measures for dying saplings, and timely replacement of dead saplings to ensure the progress of vegetation restoration in karst mountains. The preferred method of closing the mountain for afforestation also includes strictly prohibiting grazing, firewood gathering, land reclamation, quarrying, and other activities within the afforestation area, except for normal sapling management activities. The planted fast-growing tree species can quickly form a closed forest.

[0025] In this invention, the container seedlings of fast-growing and slow-growing tree species are preferably hardened-out seedlings; the preferred cultivation method for these seedlings involves culturing the seeds at 25-30℃ until the seedlings are about 8 months old to obtain the container seedlings; the cultivation is preferably carried out in a glass greenhouse; during hardening-out, the heating of the glass greenhouse is preferably stopped first, all the vents of the glass greenhouse are opened, the upper and lower vents of the plastic greenhouse arch are opened, and then, under frost-free conditions, all coverings are removed, all vents are opened, and watering is reduced. Minimize watering if the seedlings do not wilt. The preferred method for hardening off seedlings is to ventilate and cool them 5-7 days before planting, and reduce the frequency and amount of watering 2-3 days before planting. More preferably, ventilate and cool them 6 days before planting, and reduce the frequency and amount of watering 2.5 days before planting. The purpose of hardening off seedlings is to improve the drought resistance and adaptability of the tree species to harsh environments, and to increase the survival rate of the tree species. The method of planting fast-growing tree species first and then slow-growing tree species can improve the survival rate of slow-growing tree species in mountainous areas and prevent unnecessary economic losses due to excessively high mortality rates of slow-growing tree seedlings.

[0026] In this invention, in step (2), the slow-growing tree species preferably include one or more of Dalbergia odorifera, Gynostemma pentaphyllum, Prunus cerasifera var. chinensis and Pterocarya stenoptera, more preferably one or more of Dalbergia odorifera, Gynostemma pentaphyllum and Pterocarya stenoptera, and even more preferably Dalbergia odorifera; after the formation of the heterogeneous multi-layered mixed forest, the soil can be gradually improved and the soil fertility can be significantly enhanced.

[0027] In this invention, in step (3), the replanting of vines 2-3 years later is to prevent the vines from stealing nutrients from the seedlings of fast-growing trees, causing the fast-growing trees to die due to lack of essential nutrients for growth. The preferred vines include one or more of Virginia creeper, chicken blood vine, oak tree, sesame vine, bougainvillea, star jasmine, Euonymus fortunei, ivy, and honeysuckle. More preferably, they include one or more of Virginia creeper, oak tree, star jasmine, and ivy. Even more preferably, they include Virginia creeper and / or star jasmine. After sowing, it is preferred to lay animal manure, nutrient mud, weeds, branches, and small stones on top of the seeds in sequence. The pruning time is preferably 3-4 years, more preferably 3.5 years. The purpose of pruning is to allow the vines to grow on the ground, prevent them from growing around the pioneer tree (fast-growing tree), and allow the vines to cover the rocky crevices. The near-natural forest system is close to the original forest of the rocky mountains. This invention uses the characteristics of vines directly for soil and water conservation without the need for metal protective nets, which is not only convenient to operate but also saves manpower and resources.

[0028] Example 1 A method for vegetation restoration in karst mountains includes the following steps: (1) In a 25℃ glass greenhouse, the seeds of 6-12 month old *Dalbergia odorifera* and *Pterocarya stenoptera* and 18-24 month old *Dalbergia odorifera* and *Pterocarya stenoptera* were cultivated to about 8 months old. Six days before planting, the heating treatment of the glass greenhouse was stopped, and ventilation was carried out to cool it down. All the vents of the glass greenhouse were opened, and the upper and lower vents of the plastic greenhouse arch were opened. Two days before planting, under frost-free conditions, all coverings were removed, all vents were opened, and the amount of watering was reduced. Watering was reduced as much as possible without wilting, and the corresponding container seedlings were obtained. On the basis of preserving the original vegetation, the karst mountain to be restored was divided into a soil thick area of ​​>10cm, a soil thin area of ​​5-10cm, and a rock crevice area with a length and width of <20cm. In January, container seedlings of *Terminalia catappa* and *Aristolochia debilis* are planted in both thick and thin soil areas, and seeds of *Terminalia catappa* and *Aristolochia debilis* are sown in rocky crevices. The mountain surface is covered with a 15cm layer of weeds, dead branches, or small stones. After afforestation, the mountain should be closed off as soon as possible. After the closure, except for normal young forest management activities, grazing, firewood gathering, reclamation, quarrying, and other activities are strictly prohibited in the afforestation area. In the first year after planting, fast-growing tree species are tended three times, in the second year, twice, and in the third year, once. The tending method is to clear weeds around the young trees to prevent the young trees from being deprived of nutrients by the weeds, ensuring the nutrients needed for the growth of the young trees, cutting off vines that are wrapped around the young trees to ensure that the young trees can grow as tall as possible and to ensure sufficient sunlight. (2) When the canopy closure of the fast-growing tree species reaches 0.6, container seedlings of Dalbergia odorifera and Dalbergia odorifera are planted in the gaps between the fast-growing tree species to construct a mixed forest of different ages and layers. (3) After 8 years of replanting, fast-growing tree species were thinned out, and seeds of tamarisk, bougainvillea and star jasmine were sown in the open space between the seedlings. Animal manure, nutrient mud, weeds, branches and small stones were laid on top of the seeds in sequence. Tamarisk, bougainvillea and star jasmine were pruned every 1-2 months for a total of 3 years to build a near-natural forest system and obtain the restored karst mountain.

[0029] Example 2 A method for vegetation restoration in karst mountains includes the following steps: (1) In a 28℃ glass greenhouse, the seeds of 6-12 month old *Dalbergia odorifera* and *Leucaena leucocephala* and 18-24 month old *Dalbergia odorifera* and *Prunus cerasifera* were cultivated to about 8 months old. Five days before planting, the heating treatment of the glass greenhouse was stopped, and ventilation was carried out to cool it down. All the vents of the glass greenhouse were opened, and the upper and lower vents of the plastic greenhouse arch were opened. Two days before planting, under frost-free conditions, all coverings were removed, all vents were opened, and the amount of watering was reduced. Watering was reduced as much as possible without wilting, so as to obtain the corresponding container seedlings. On the basis of preserving the original vegetation, the karst mountain to be restored was divided into a soil thick area of ​​>10cm, a soil thin area of ​​5-10cm, and a rock crevice area with a length and width of <20cm. In March, container seedlings of *Terminalia catappa* and *Leucaena leucocephala* are planted in both thick and thin soil areas, and seeds of *Terminalia catappa* and *Leucaena leucocephala* are sown in rocky crevices. The mountain surface is covered with a 12cm layer of weeds, dead branches, or small stones. After afforestation, the mountain should be closed off as soon as possible. After the closure, except for normal young forest management activities, grazing, firewood gathering, reclamation, quarrying, and other activities are strictly prohibited in the afforestation area. In the first year after planting, fast-growing tree species are tended three times, in the second year, twice, and in the third year, once. The tending method is to clear weeds around the young trees to prevent the young trees from being deprived of nutrients by the weeds, ensuring the nutrients needed for the growth of the young trees, cutting off the vines that are wrapped around the young trees to ensure that the young trees can grow as tall as possible and to ensure sufficient sunlight. (2) When the canopy closure of the fast-growing tree species reaches 0.6, container seedlings of Dalbergia odorifera and Prunus cerasifera are planted in the gaps between the fast-growing tree species to construct a mixed forest of different ages. (3) After replanting for 10 years, thin out fast-growing tree species, sow seeds of Virginia creeper, chicken blood vine and oak in the open space between the seedlings, and lay animal manure, nutrient mud, weeds, branches and small stones on top of the seeds in sequence. Prune Virginia creeper, chicken blood vine and oak in a total of 4 years to build a near-natural forest system and obtain the restored karst mountain.

[0030] Example 3 A method for vegetation restoration in karst mountains includes the following steps: (1) In a glass greenhouse at 30℃, the seeds of *Rhizophora chinensis* and *Leucaena leucocephala* with seedling age of 6-12 months and *Prunus cerasifera* and *Pterocarya stenoptera* with seedling age of 18-24 months were cultivated to about 8 months of age. Seven days before planting, the heating treatment of the glass greenhouse was stopped, ventilation was carried out to lower the temperature, all the vents of the glass greenhouse were opened, and the upper and lower vents of the plastic greenhouse arch were opened. Three days before planting, under frost-free conditions, all coverings were removed, all vents were opened, and the amount of watering was reduced. Watering was reduced as much as possible without wilting, and the corresponding container seedlings were obtained. On the basis of preserving the original vegetation, the karst mountain to be restored was divided into a soil thick area of ​​>10cm, a soil thin area of ​​5-10cm, and a rock crevice area with a length and width of <20cm. From January to March, container seedlings of *Leonurus japonicus* and *Leonurus sibirica* are planted in both thick and thin soil areas, while seeds of *Leonurus japonicus* and *Leonurus sibirica* are sown in rocky crevices. The mountain surface is covered with 18cm of weeds, dead branches, or small stones. After afforestation, the area should be closed off as soon as possible. Once closed off, except for normal young forest management activities, grazing, firewood gathering, land reclamation, quarrying, and other activities are strictly prohibited within the afforestation area. In the first year after planting, fast-growing tree species are tended three times; in the second year, twice; and in the third year, once. The tending method involves clearing weeds around the young trees to prevent them from robbing nutrients and ensuring the necessary nutrients for growth; cutting vines that twine around the young trees to ensure they grow as tall as possible and receive sufficient sunlight. (2) When the canopy closure of the fast-growing tree species reaches 0.6, container seedlings of Prunus cerasifera and Prunus armeniaca are planted in the gaps between the fast-growing tree species to construct a mixed forest of different ages. (3) After replanting for 9 years, thin out fast-growing tree species, sow seeds of Euonymus fortunei, ivy and honeysuckle in the open space between the seedlings, and lay animal manure, nutrient mud, weeds, branches and small stones on top of the seeds in sequence. Prune Euonymus fortunei, ivy and honeysuckle every 1-2 months for a total of 3 years to build a near-natural forest system and obtain the restored karst mountain.

[0031] Experimental Example 1 The experimental site was selected as the Shishan Arboretum of the Tropical Forestry Experimental Center of the Chinese Academy of Forestry in Pingxiang City, Guangxi Province. The plot type was karst mountainous terrain, including gentle slope areas and rock crevice areas. The soil layer thickness in the gentle slope areas was between 5cm and 15cm. Except for the contents described below, the methods in Example 1 were followed. In July 2007, *Acer negundo* and *Acer palmatum* were selected as pioneer species. Their seeds were mixed at a ratio of 2:1. Both *Acer negundo* and *Acer palmatum* are fast-growing species. The mixture was cultivated in a greenhouse at 20℃ to obtain container seedlings, which were approximately 8 months old. In early March 2008, the container seedlings of *Acer negundo* and *Acer palmatum* were hardened off. Then, in mid-March of the same year, the hardened container seedlings were transplanted to the gentle slopes of karst mountains for planting. The seeds of *Acer negundo* and *Acer palmatum* were directly planted in the soil within the rock crevices using an interplanting method. The spacing between each container seedling was 1 meter, and the row spacing was 5 meters. The soil in the planting area was then covered with a layer of soil. A 15cm thick layer of weeds and dead branches was laid on top and weighed down with small stones. Then, the mountain was closed off for afforestation. A fence was erected around the transformed karst mountain area, and warning signs were set up to prevent unauthorized personnel from entering. Except for normal young forest management activities, grazing, firewood gathering, land reclamation, quarrying, and other activities were strictly prohibited in the afforestation area. In 2008, after the mountain was closed off, the forest rangers tended the container seedlings of fast-growing tree species three times, with an interval of three months between each time. In 2009, the container seedlings of fast-growing tree species were tended twice, with an interval of six months between each time. In 2010, the container seedlings of fast-growing tree species were tended once. Each tending work included weeding, loosening the soil, monitoring the growth status of seedlings, and replacing dead seedlings in a timely manner. At the end of 2016, the stand canopy closure was measured at 0.68. In March 2017, container seedlings (18-24 months old) of Dalbergia odorifera and Prunus cerasifera were replanted in a 1:1:1 ratio, filling the gaps between the pioneer species. In 2018, Terminalia chebula and Aristolochia debilis were thinned to ensure the growth of the replanted species and promote the climax succession of the karst mountain community. Seeds of Virginia creeper were planted in the gaps between the seedlings, covered with a layer of animal manure, then nutrient soil, and finally covered with weeds, branches, and small stones. Meanwhile, a control group was established using unrestored original mountain terrain.

[0032] The comparison clearly shows that soil erosion in the experimental area has been significantly reduced, and the overall water quality has reached Class I-II. In addition, the income of farmers has been increased by reselling the thinned Acer palmatum and Acer buergerianum timber.

[0033] As can be seen from the above embodiments, the present invention provides a method for vegetation restoration in karst mountains using nitrogen-fixing precious tree species as the driving species. The method can not only reduce soil and water loss in karst areas and restore mountain vegetation, but also is simple to operate. At the appropriate time, only nitrogen-fixing tree species are used for soil improvement, without the need to build fertilizer warehouses or prepare the land. At the same time, the high economic value tree species replanted in the later stage of the present invention promote the economic benefits of karst mountain areas and are easily accepted and supported by local people.

[0034] The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention. It should be noted that for those skilled in the art, several improvements and modifications can be made without departing from the principle of the present invention, and these improvements and modifications should also be considered within the scope of protection of the present invention.

Claims

1. A method for vegetation restoration in karst mountains, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: (1) Divide the karst mountain to be restored into thick soil area, thin soil area and rock crevice area. From January to March, plant fast-growing tree seedlings in container in the thick soil area and thin soil area, and sow seeds of fast-growing tree species in the rock crevice area. Close the mountain for afforestation. (2) When the canopy closure of fast-growing tree species reaches 0.6, container seedlings of slow-growing tree species are planted in the gaps between fast-growing tree species to construct a mixed forest of different ages and layers. (3) After replanting for 8-10 years, thin out fast-growing tree species, sow seeds of vine plants, prune vine plants every 1-2 months, construct a near-natural forest system, and obtain restored karst mountains; The seedling age of the fast-growing tree species is 6-12 months, and the seedling age of the slow-growing tree species is 18-24 months.

2. The method for vegetation restoration in karst mountains according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step (1), the soil layer thickness in the thick soil area is >10cm, the soil layer thickness in the thin soil area is 5-10cm, and the length and width of the rock crevice area are both <20cm.

3. The method for vegetation restoration in karst mountains according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step (1), the fast-growing tree species includes one or more of the following: Terminalia chebula, Acacia confusa, and Leucaena leucocephala.

4. The method for vegetation restoration in karst mountains according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step (1), the planting is covered with weeds, dead branches or small stones; the afforestation includes tending fast-growing tree species 3 times in the first year after planting, tending fast-growing tree species 2 times in the second year, and tending fast-growing tree species once in the third year.

5. The method for vegetation restoration in karst mountains according to claim 1, characterized in that, Both the fast-growing and slow-growing tree species container seedlings are container seedlings that have undergone hardening treatment. The cultivation method for the fast-growing and slow-growing tree species container seedlings is to cultivate the seeds of the tree species at 25-30℃ until the seedling age is about 8 months to obtain the container seedlings.

6. The method for vegetation restoration in karst mountains according to claim 5, characterized in that, The method for hardening off seedlings involves ventilating and cooling the plants 5-7 days before planting, and reducing the frequency and amount of watering 2-3 days before planting.

7. The method for vegetation restoration in karst mountains according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step (2), the slow-growing tree species include one or more of Dalbergia odorifera, Pterocarya stenoptera, Prunus cerasifera var. chinensis, and Pterocarya stenoptera.

8. The method for vegetation restoration in karst mountains according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step (3), the vine plants include one or more of the following: Virginia creeper, chicken blood vine, oak tree, sesame vine, bougainvillea, star jasmine, Euonymus fortunei, ivy and honeysuckle.

9. The method for vegetation restoration in karst mountains according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step (3), after sowing, animal manure, nutrient mud, weeds, branches and small stones are laid on top of the seeds in sequence.

10. The method for vegetation restoration in karst mountains according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step (3), the pruning period is 3-4 years.