Vertical shaft excavation ground surface settlement monitoring device and monitoring method

Abstract

The invention relates to the technical field of hydraulic engineering construction, and discloses a shaft excavation ground surface settlement monitoring device which comprises a base, and a lifting mechanism is installed at the top of the base and used for lifting the position of a top monitoring structure; the rotating mechanism is mounted at the top of the lifting mechanism and is used for adjusting the direction of the top monitoring structure; and the monitoring mechanism is mounted at the top of the rotating mechanism and is used for monitoring ground surface settlement. The method comprises the following steps: step S1, a measuring point laying step; step S2, a data acquisition step; step S3, a data transmission step; s4, a data analysis and early warning step; and S5, a feedback and control step. According to the invention, through the combined application of the static force level gauge and the micro-differential pressure liquid level sensor and the precise positioning of the lifting mechanism and the rotating mechanism, continuous and high-resolution relative elevation measurement can be carried out on the local area around the vertical shaft.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of water conservancy engineering construction technology, specifically to a device and method for monitoring surface settlement during vertical shaft excavation. Background Technology

[0002] Shaft excavation is a common construction technique in reservoir construction for water conservancy projects, often used for structures such as spillway tunnels, water diversion systems, and gate wells. During shaft excavation, due to soil unloading, groundwater changes, and complex stress on the support structure, surface settlement and deformation of the surrounding soil and rock can easily occur, potentially endangering the safety of the reservoir dam, auxiliary buildings, and underground pipelines. Therefore, real-time and accurate monitoring of surface settlement during shaft excavation is crucial.

[0003] Existing technical solutions propose wide-area deformation monitoring schemes based on satellite positioning, which are suitable for macroscopic displacement sensing of large engineering surfaces. However, their spatial resolution is limited, and there are blind spots in the millimeter-level high-precision settlement monitoring of local areas around shafts. Furthermore, they do not consider the synergistic influence of groundwater and support internal forces on settlement. On the other hand, traditional sensor layouts and algorithm models have not been optimized for the "seepage-stress-deformation" process in hydraulic shaft construction, especially lacking dynamic feedback capabilities under conditions such as dewatering and grouting in water-rich strata. Based on this, the present invention designs a surface settlement monitoring device and method for shaft excavation to solve the above problems. Summary of the Invention

[0004] The purpose of this invention is to provide a monitoring device and method for monitoring surface settlement during vertical shaft excavation, which solves the problems of insufficient resolution and inadequate feedback capability in the prior art.

[0005] To solve the above-mentioned technical problems, the present invention provides the following technical solution: A surface settlement monitoring device for shaft excavation includes: The base has a lifting mechanism installed on its top for raising and lowering the position of the top monitoring structure.

[0006] A rotating mechanism is mounted on top of the lifting mechanism and is used for directional adjustment of the top monitoring structure.

[0007] The monitoring mechanism is installed on top of the rotating mechanism and is used for monitoring surface subsidence. The monitoring mechanism includes a fixing component, a working component, and a control component. The fixing component is installed on top of the rotating mechanism and is used to clamp and fix the working component. The working component includes a hydrostatic level and a micro-differential pressure level sensor for continuously measuring the relative elevation changes of each measuring point. The control component is installed at the bottom of the rotating mechanism and is responsible for the synchronous acquisition, analog-to-digital conversion, and remote transmission of subsidence, water level, stress, and convergence data.

[0008] Preferably, the fixing component includes a clamping ring mounted on the top of the rotating mechanism, a clamping frame fixedly connected to one side of the clamping ring, a bidirectional lead screw rotatably connected to the inner cavity of the clamping frame, the bidirectional lead screw passing through the inner cavity of the clamping frame and extending to the outer side of the clamping frame, a knob installed on the outer ring of the bidirectional lead screw for rotating the bidirectional lead screw, and a clamping block threadedly connected to the outer ring of the bidirectional lead screw for clamping and fixing the working component.

[0009] Preferably, there are two sets of fixing components, which are vertically distributed and used to fix the static level and the micro-differential pressure level sensor respectively. The static level and the micro-differential pressure level sensor are arranged at the surface monitoring point along the vertical shaft excavation influence area and are parallel to the well wall.

[0010] Preferably, the working assembly further includes telescopic rods installed on both sides of the base, with a connecting plate fixedly connected to one side of each telescopic rod. A placement plate is hinged to the top of the connecting plate, an electrical level gauge is installed at the bottom of the placement plate, and a stress gauge is installed at the top of the placement plate. The electrical level gauge and the stress gauge are distributed in multiple matrix arrays.

[0011] Preferably, the control component includes a multi-channel data acquisition unit installed at the bottom of the rotating mechanism, a wireless transmission unit installed on the top of the multi-channel data acquisition unit, and an anti-interference shielding layer installed on the outside of the multi-channel data acquisition unit and the wireless transmission unit to adapt to the high humidity and vibration environment of the reservoir area.

[0012] Preferably, the lifting mechanism includes a lifting seat mounted on the top of the base, with a bidirectional threaded rod rotatably connected between the lifting seats. A dual-axis motor is installed in the inner cavity of the lifting seat, and the output shaft of the dual-axis motor is fixedly connected to the bidirectional threaded rod via a coupling. A synchronous pulley is fixedly connected to one side of the output shaft of the dual-axis motor and one side of the bidirectional threaded rod, and the synchronous pulleys are connected via a belt. A first moving block is threadedly connected to the outer ring of the bidirectional threaded rod. A rotating plate is hinged to the top of the first moving block, and a second moving block is hinged to the top of the rotating plate. A lifting frame is slidably connected to the top of the second moving block. The control component is installed in the inner cavity of the lifting frame. A sliding groove is provided at the bottom of the lifting frame. A slider is installed on the top of the second moving block and slidably connected to the inner cavity of the sliding groove. Limiting rods are also installed between the base and the lifting frame, and the limiting rods are distributed in a matrix array.

[0013] Preferably, the rotating mechanism includes a rotating shaft mounted on the top of the lifting frame, with a driven bevel gear mounted on the outer ring of the rotating shaft. The rotating mechanism also includes a motor frame mounted on the top of the lifting frame, with a rotary motor installed in the inner cavity of the motor frame. A drive shaft is fixedly connected to one side of the output shaft of the rotary motor, and a drive bevel gear is mounted on the outer ring of the drive shaft. The drive bevel gear meshes with the driven bevel gear.

[0014] A method for monitoring surface settlement during shaft excavation, the method comprising the following steps: Step S1, the measurement point layout step: within the influence range of the vertical shaft excavation, surface settlement monitoring points are laid out at a distance of 2m parallel to the shaft wall, and are arranged in coordination with groundwater level monitoring points and support structure stress monitoring points.

[0015] Step S2, data acquisition step, uses a hydrostatic level and a micro-differential pressure level sensor to continuously or periodically acquire settlement data, and simultaneously acquires groundwater level, support stress and well convergence data.

[0016] Step S3, data transmission step, the data is sent to the monitoring center in real time through the wireless transmission module.

[0017] Step S4, data analysis and early warning step: plot settlement versus time scatter plot and perform regression analysis to predict the maximum settlement; when the settlement rate is abnormal or close to the control value, issue an early warning signal.

[0018] Step S5, Feedback and Control Step: Adjust construction parameters based on monitoring results, strengthen support or suspend excavation, and feed the monitoring data back to the construction and design units.

[0019] In step S2, during the initial stage of shaft excavation and the stage of significant data changes, the monitoring frequency shall not be less than once per day; when the deformation rate slows down and tends to stabilize, the monitoring frequency can be gradually reduced to 1-2 times per week; if data abnormalities occur or an early warning is triggered, the monitoring frequency shall be increased immediately.

[0020] In step S4, the comparison control standard is that the maximum surface settlement does not exceed 30mm and the uplift does not exceed 10mm. When the settlement rate is greater than 1mm / day or the predicted value exceeds the limit, an early warning is automatically issued, and the construction system is linked to adjust the dewatering, grouting and support parameters. The regression analysis process can adaptively select the best-fitting regression function model according to the data distribution pattern of the scatter plot, and verify the goodness of fit of the model by calculating the sum of squared residuals or the correlation coefficient.

[0021] The method also includes monitoring of horizontal convergence of the shaft and monitoring of bottom heave: using a convergence meter or total station in conjunction with an observation prism to monitor the horizontal convergence deformation of the shaft at a cross-section every 5 meters; using a precision level and indium steel ruler to monitor the heave deformation of the bottom of the shaft; and incorporating the horizontal convergence and bottom heave data into the data analysis and early warning system to achieve comprehensive deformation monitoring of the shaft structure.

[0022] Compared with the prior art, the beneficial effects achieved by the present invention are: 1. This invention, through the combined application of a hydrostatic level and a micro-differential pressure level sensor, and combined with the precise positioning of the lifting and rotating mechanisms, enables continuous and high-resolution relative elevation measurement of the local area surrounding the shaft. This effectively overcomes the shortcomings of satellite positioning and other technologies in terms of spatial resolution, and meets the needs of millimeter-level settlement monitoring during shaft construction.

[0023] 2. This invention integrates a multi-sensor system, including groundwater level monitoring, support stress monitoring, and well convergence monitoring, to achieve synchronous acquisition and analysis of the coupled process of "seepage-stress-deformation." This allows for a more accurate understanding of the synergistic effect mechanism of groundwater and support internal forces on surface settlement, overcoming the shortcomings of traditional methods that neglect the interaction of multiple factors. For complex conditions such as dewatering and grouting in water-rich strata during hydraulic shaft construction, the invention uses an adaptive regression analysis model and real-time data-driven approach to dynamically adjust monitoring frequency and early warning thresholds, enabling rapid feedback and optimization of construction parameters.

[0024] 3. This invention introduces monitoring of wellbore horizontal convergence and well bottom heave, and incorporates the data into a unified early warning system, forming a three-dimensional monitoring network for the vertical shaft structure. Combined with an automated early warning and construction linkage mechanism, it can adjust parameters such as support and excavation in a timely manner, forming a closed-loop management of monitoring-analysis-feedback, which significantly improves construction safety and reliability. The control components adopt an anti-interference shielding layer design and support remote wireless transmission, which can effectively resist adverse factors such as high humidity and multiple vibrations in reservoir areas, ensuring the stability of data acquisition and transmission, and providing reliable technical support for long-term monitoring. Attached Figure Description

[0025] Figure 1 This is a front-view stereoscopic structural diagram of the present invention; Figure 2 This is a three-dimensional structural side view of the present invention; Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of the working component of the present invention; Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the lifting mechanism of the present invention; Figure 5 This is a side view of the lifting mechanism of the present invention; Figure 6 For the present invention Figure 5 Enlarged view of point A; Figure 7 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of the control component of the present invention; Figure 8 This is a schematic diagram of the clamping ring of the present invention; Figure 9 This is a side view of the clamping ring structure of the present invention; Figure 10 This is a schematic diagram of the rotating mechanism of the present invention; Figure 11 This is a flowchart of the method of the present invention.

[0026] The components include: 1. Lifting mechanism; 2. Rotating mechanism; 3. Fixed component; 4. Working component; 5. Control component; 101. Base; 102. Lifting seat; 103. Bidirectional threaded rod; 104. Dual-axis motor; 105. Synchronous pulley; 106. Belt; 107. First moving block; 108. Rotating plate; 109. Second moving block; 110. Lifting frame; 111. Slide groove; 112. Slider; 113. Limiting rod; 201. Rotating shaft; 202. Driven bevel gear; 203. Motor frame; 204. Rotary motor; 205. Drive shaft; 206. Drive bevel gear; 301. Clamping ring; 302. Clamping frame; 303. Bidirectional lead screw; 304. Knob; 305. Clamping block; 401. Static level; 402. Micro-differential pressure level sensor; 403. Telescopic rod; 404. Connecting plate; 405. Placement plate; 406. Electrically measured water level gauge; 407. Stress gauge; 501. Multi-channel data acquisition unit; 502. Wireless transmission unit. Detailed Implementation

[0027] The technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0028] Example 1

[0029] Please see Figures 1-10 In this embodiment of the invention, a vertical shaft excavation surface settlement monitoring device includes: a base 101, a lifting mechanism 1 installed on the top of the base 101 for raising and lowering the position of the top monitoring structure; and a rotating mechanism 2 installed on the top of the lifting mechanism 1 for adjusting the direction of the top monitoring structure.

[0030] The monitoring mechanism is installed on top of the rotating mechanism 2 and is used for monitoring surface subsidence. The monitoring mechanism includes a fixing component 3, a working component 4, and a control component 5. The fixing component 3 is installed on top of the rotating mechanism 2 and is used to clamp and fix the working component 4. The working component 4 includes a hydrostatic level 401 and a micro-differential pressure level sensor 402, which are used to continuously measure the relative elevation changes of each measuring point. The control component 5 is installed at the bottom of the rotating mechanism 2 and is responsible for the synchronous acquisition, analog-to-digital conversion, and remote transmission of subsidence, water level, stress, and convergence data.

[0031] The fixing component 3 includes a clamping ring 301 mounted on the top of the rotating mechanism 2. A clamping frame 302 is fixedly connected to one side of the clamping ring 301. A bidirectional lead screw 303 is rotatably connected in the inner cavity of the clamping frame 302. The bidirectional lead screw 303 passes through the inner cavity of the clamping frame 302 and extends to the outer side of the clamping frame 302. A knob 304 is installed on the outer ring of the bidirectional lead screw 303 for rotating the bidirectional lead screw 303. A clamping block 305 is threadedly connected to the outer ring of the bidirectional lead screw 303 for clamping and fixing the working component 4.

[0032] There are two sets of fixed components 3, which are vertically distributed and used to fix the static level 401 and the micro differential pressure level sensor 402 respectively. The static level 401 and the micro differential pressure level sensor 402 are laid out at the surface monitoring point along the vertical shaft excavation influence area and are parallel to the well wall.

[0033] The working component 4 also includes telescopic rods 403 installed on both sides of the base 101. A connecting plate 404 is fixedly connected to one side of each telescopic rod 403. A placement plate 405 is hinged to the top of the connecting plate 404. An electrical water level gauge 406 is installed at the bottom of the placement plate 405. A stress gauge 407 is also installed at the top of the placement plate 405. The electrical water level gauge 406 and the stress gauge 407 are distributed in multiple matrix arrays.

[0034] The control component 5 includes a multi-channel data acquisition unit 501 installed at the bottom of the rotating mechanism 2. A wireless transmission unit 502 is installed on the top of the multi-channel data acquisition unit 501. An anti-interference shielding layer is also installed on the outside of the multi-channel data acquisition unit 501 and the wireless transmission unit 502 to adapt to the high humidity and vibration environment of the reservoir area.

[0035] The lifting mechanism 1 includes a lifting seat 102 mounted on top of the base 101. A bidirectional threaded rod 103 is rotatably connected between the lifting seats 102. A dual-axis motor 104 is installed in the inner cavity of the lifting seat 102. The output shaft of the dual-axis motor 104 is fixedly connected to the bidirectional threaded rod 103 via a coupling. Synchronous pulleys 105 are fixedly connected to one side of the output shaft of the dual-axis motor 104 and one side of the bidirectional threaded rod 103. The synchronous pulleys 105 are connected to each other via a belt 106. A first moving block 107 is threadedly connected to the outer ring of the bidirectional threaded rod 103. A rotating plate 108 is hinged to the top of a movable block 107, and a second movable block 109 is hinged to the top of the rotating plate 108. A lifting frame 110 is slidably connected to the top of the second movable block 109. A control component 5 is installed in the inner cavity of the lifting frame 110. A slide groove 111 is provided at the bottom of the lifting frame 110. A slider 112 is installed on the top of the second movable block 109. The slider 112 is slidably connected in the inner cavity of the slide groove 111. A limit rod 113 is also installed between the base 101 and the lifting frame 110. The limit rod 113 is distributed in multiple matrix arrays.

[0036] The rotating mechanism 2 includes a rotating shaft 201 mounted on the top of the lifting frame 110. A driven bevel gear 202 is mounted on the outer ring of the rotating shaft 201. The rotating mechanism 2 also includes a motor frame 203 mounted on the top of the lifting frame 110. A rotary motor 204 is mounted in the inner cavity of the motor frame 203. A drive shaft 205 is fixedly connected to one side of the output shaft of the rotary motor 204. A drive bevel gear 206 is mounted on the outer ring of the drive shaft 205. The drive bevel gear 206 meshes with the driven bevel gear 202.

[0037] The working principle of this invention is as follows: When the device is started, the base 101 is fixed to the ground surface of the vertical shaft excavation area by anchoring or counterweighting to ensure stability. The lifting mechanism 1 drives the bidirectional threaded rod 103 to rotate through the dual-axis motor 104. Due to the linkage between the synchronous pulley 105 and the belt 106, the bidirectional threaded rod 103 rotates synchronously, causing the first moving block 107 to move along the thread direction. The first moving block 107 pushes the second moving block 109 through the hinged rotating plate 108. The slider 112 at the top of the second moving block 109 slides in the groove 111 of the lifting frame 110, thereby driving the lifting frame 110 to rise and fall vertically along the limiting rod 113, adjusting the height of the monitoring mechanism to adapt to vertical shaft excavation conditions of different depths. The multiple matrix array distribution of the limiting rod 113 ensures the stability and accuracy of the lifting process and avoids deviation.

[0038] The rotating mechanism 2 is used to adjust the direction of the monitoring mechanism to cover the area surrounding the shaft. When the lifting frame 110 rises to the predetermined height, the rotating motor 204 starts, and the drive shaft 205 drives the drive bevel gear 206 to rotate, meshing with the driven bevel gear 202, causing the rotating shaft 201 to rotate, thereby driving the top monitoring mechanism to rotate horizontally. This design allows the monitoring mechanism to adjust its direction 360°, ensuring that the hydrostatic level 401 and the micro-differential pressure level sensor 402 are aligned with the monitoring point, reducing blind spots. In the monitoring mechanism, the fixing component 3 fixes the working component 4 through the clamping ring 301 and the clamping frame 302; the operator rotates the knob 304, causing the bidirectional lead screw 303 to rotate, driving the clamping block 305 to move, thereby clamping the hydrostatic level 401 and the micro-differential pressure level sensor 402. The two sets of vertically distributed designs of the fixing component 3 can fix the two types of sensors separately, achieving parallel monitoring. The working component 4 also includes telescopic rods 403 installed on both sides of the base 101. The telescopic rods 403 can be extended to adjust the position of the connecting plate 404. The placement plate 405 is adapted to the uneven ground surface by hinge. The electrical water level gauge 406 installed at its bottom and the stress gauge 407 at its top are distributed in multiple matrix arrays to synchronously collect groundwater level and support structure stress data.

[0039] Control component 5 is responsible for data integration and transmission: the multi-channel data acquisition unit 501 collects analog signals from the hydrostatic level 401, micro-differential pressure level sensor 402, electrical level gauge 406, and stress gauge 407, performs analog-to-digital conversion, and then transmits them to the monitoring center via the wireless transmission unit 502. The anti-interference shielding layer on the outside of the multi-channel data acquisition unit 501 and the wireless transmission unit 502 adapts to the high humidity and vibration environment of the reservoir area, ensuring data reliability. The entire device emphasizes automation and real-time operation, adjusting the monitoring point position through lifting and rotation, combined with synchronous acquisition by multiple sensors, to achieve millimeter-level settlement monitoring.

[0040] Example 2

[0041] Please see Figures 1-11 A method for monitoring surface settlement during shaft excavation, comprising the following steps: Step S1, the measurement point layout step: within the influence range of the vertical shaft excavation, surface settlement monitoring points are laid out at a distance of 2m parallel to the shaft wall, and are arranged in coordination with groundwater level monitoring points and support structure stress monitoring points. Step S2, data acquisition step, uses a hydrostatic level 401 and a micro-differential pressure level sensor 402 to continuously or periodically acquire settlement data, and simultaneously acquires groundwater level, support stress and well convergence data. Step S3, data transmission step, the data is sent to the monitoring center in real time through the wireless transmission module; Step S4, data analysis and early warning step: plot settlement versus time scatter plot and perform regression analysis to predict the maximum settlement; issue an early warning signal when the settlement rate is abnormal or close to the control value. Step S5, Feedback and Control Step: Adjust construction parameters based on monitoring results, strengthen support or suspend excavation, and feed the monitoring data back to the construction and design units.

[0042] In step S2, during the initial stage of shaft excavation and the stage of significant data changes, the monitoring frequency shall not be less than once per day; when the deformation rate slows down and tends to stabilize, the monitoring frequency can be gradually reduced to 1-2 times per week; if data abnormalities occur or an early warning is triggered, the monitoring frequency shall be increased immediately. In step S4, the comparison control standard is that the maximum surface settlement does not exceed 30mm and the uplift does not exceed 10mm. When the settlement rate is greater than 1mm / day or the predicted value exceeds the limit, an early warning is automatically issued, and the construction system is linked to adjust the dewatering, grouting and support parameters. The regression analysis process can adaptively select the best-fitting regression function model according to the data distribution pattern of the scatter plot, and verify the goodness of fit of the model by calculating the sum of squared residuals or the correlation coefficient.

[0043] The method also includes monitoring of horizontal convergence of the shaft and monitoring of bottom heave: using a convergence meter or total station in conjunction with an observation prism to monitor the horizontal convergence deformation of the shaft at a cross-section every 5 meters; using a precision level and indium steel ruler to monitor the heave deformation of the bottom of the shaft; and incorporating the horizontal convergence and bottom heave data into the data analysis and early warning system to achieve comprehensive deformation monitoring of the shaft structure.

[0044] The working principle of this invention is as follows: Step S1, within the influence range of the vertical shaft excavation, surface settlement monitoring points are set up at a distance of 2m parallel to the shaft wall, and are arranged in coordination with groundwater level monitoring points and support structure stress monitoring points to form a spatial network. The reference requirements for the layout of the monitoring points are that the base points are set outside the influence range of the excavation settlement, and a leveling network is used to improve accuracy and ensure reliable initial readings.

[0045] In step S2, the hydrostatic level 401 and the micro-differential pressure level sensor 402 continuously or periodically collect settlement data, while simultaneously collecting groundwater level, support stress, and well convergence data via the electrical level gauge 406 and stress gauge 407. The monitoring frequency is dynamically adjusted according to the construction stage: in the early stage of shaft excavation and during periods of significant data change, the frequency is no less than once per day; as the deformation rate slows down and stabilizes, the frequency is gradually reduced to 1-2 times per week; if data is abnormal or an early warning is triggered, monitoring is immediately intensified.

[0046] In step S3, the data is sent to the monitoring center in real time through the wireless transmission unit 502 to achieve remote monitoring.

[0047] In step S4, the data is used to create a scatter plot of settlement versus time at the monitoring center, and regression analysis is performed to predict the maximum settlement. The regression analysis adaptively selects a regression function model based on the data distribution pattern of the scatter plot, such as U=Alg(1+t)+B or U=Ae^{-B / t}, and verifies the model's goodness of fit by calculating the sum of squared residuals or correlation coefficients. Control standards are based on the following: the maximum surface settlement should not exceed 30mm, and the uplift should not exceed 10mm. When the settlement rate > 1mm / day or the predicted value exceeds the limit, the system automatically issues an early warning and coordinates with the construction system to adjust dewatering, grouting, and support parameters.

[0048] In step S5, construction parameters are adjusted based on monitoring results, such as strengthening support or suspending excavation, and the data is fed back to the construction and design units to form a closed-loop control. The method also includes monitoring of wellbore horizontal convergence and well bottom heave. A convergence meter or total station is used to monitor horizontal convergence at 5-meter intervals, and a precision level is used to monitor well bottom heave. The data is incorporated into the early warning system to achieve comprehensive deformation monitoring of the vertical shaft. The entire working principle uses real-time data-driven decision-making, addressing the shortcomings of traditional methods in the coordinated optimization of "seepage-stress-deformation".

[0049] Example 3

[0050] Please see Figures 1-11 A specific embodiment is provided, in which surface settlement monitoring points are set up 2 meters parallel to the shaft wall within the influence range of the shaft excavation, with a spacing of 10 meters, and are arranged in coordination with groundwater level monitoring holes and support structure stress measuring points. The benchmark layout adopts leveling network adjustment to improve the accuracy of initial readings. The monitoring frequency is set as follows: in the initial stage of shaft excavation and during the stage of significant data changes, the monitoring frequency is once per day; after the deformation rate slows down, the frequency is reduced to once per week; if the data is abnormal, the frequency is immediately increased to twice per day. The control standards are: the maximum surface settlement does not exceed 30 mm, the uplift does not exceed 10 mm; the groundwater level drop is controlled within 5.0 meters; and the horizontal convergence does not exceed 30 mm.

[0051] Step S1: Measurement Point Layout: A level instrument is used to measure the static water level to ensure accurate orifice elevation. Step S2: Data Acquisition: A static level instrument 401 and a micro-differential pressure level sensor 402 continuously monitor settlement. A synchronous electrical level gauge 406 measures the water level elevation, and a stress gauge 407 collects the internal forces of the support structure. Data acquisition follows a fixed principle: fixed personnel use the same level instrument and leveling rod, observe on fixed dates and routes, and record load and weather conditions. The average of 3-5 observations is taken as the initial value. Step S3: Data Transmission: The wireless transmission unit 502 transmits data to the monitoring center in real time, with a sampling interval of 1 hour, shortened to 5 minutes in case of an early warning. Step S4: Data Analysis: The data is plotted as a settlement-time scatter plot, and predictions are made based on regression functions, such as U=Alg(1+t)+B or U=Ae^{-B / t} models. The sum of squared residuals is calculated to verify the goodness of fit. The system will issue an automatic warning when the settlement rate exceeds 1 mm / day or the predicted value approaches 30 mm. Step S5 Feedback Control: Adjust construction parameters based on monitoring results, such as strengthening support or suspending excavation, and feed the data back to the design unit.

[0052] Data analysis integrates regression methods: temporal scatter plots are used to estimate the final displacement. For example, when the observation time t is 10 days, regression analysis yields U=Alg(1+t)+B, and coefficients A and B are fitted using the least squares method. Strict control standards are applied: the surface settlement warning value is 21mm (0.7 times the control value of 30mm), the settlement of building pile foundations should not exceed 10mm, and the settlement of natural foundations should not exceed 30mm. After the warning is triggered, the system coordinates construction to adjust dewatering or grouting parameters. Furthermore, this embodiment extends the monitoring of well horizontal convergence, using a convergence meter to measure every 5 meters as required, and monitoring the well bottom heave with a precision level. The data are incorporated into the same early warning system to achieve comprehensive control of vertical shaft structural deformation.

[0053] Although embodiments of the invention have been shown and described, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes, modifications, substitutions and alterations can be made to these embodiments without departing from the principles and spirit, the scope of which is defined by the appended claims and their equivalents.

Claims

1. A device for monitoring surface settlement during shaft excavation, characterized in that, include: A base (101) is provided with a lifting mechanism (1) on its top for raising and lowering the position of the top monitoring structure. A rotating mechanism (2) is mounted on top of the lifting mechanism (1) and is used for directional adjustment of the top monitoring structure; The monitoring mechanism is installed on the top of the rotating mechanism (2) and is used for monitoring surface subsidence. The monitoring mechanism includes a fixing component (3), a working component (4) and a control component (5). The fixing component (3) is installed on the top of the rotating mechanism (2) and is used for clamping and fixing the working component (4). The working component (4) includes a hydrostatic level (401) and a micro-differential pressure level sensor (402) for continuously measuring the relative elevation changes of each measuring point. The control component (5) is installed at the bottom of the rotating mechanism (2) and is responsible for the synchronous acquisition, analog-to-digital conversion and remote transmission of subsidence, water level, stress and convergence data.

2. The surface settlement monitoring device for vertical shaft excavation according to claim 1, characterized in that: The fixing component (3) includes a clamping ring (301) installed on the top of the rotating mechanism (2). A clamping frame (302) is fixedly connected to one side of the clamping ring (301). A bidirectional lead screw (303) is rotatably connected in the inner cavity of the clamping frame (302). The bidirectional lead screw (303) passes through the inner cavity of the clamping frame (302) and extends to the outer side of the clamping frame (302). A knob (304) is installed on the outer ring of the bidirectional lead screw (303) for rotating the bidirectional lead screw (303). A clamping block (305) is threadedly connected to the outer ring of the bidirectional lead screw (303) for clamping and fixing the working component (4).

3. The surface settlement monitoring device for vertical shaft excavation according to claim 1, characterized in that: The fixing components (3) consist of two sets and are vertically distributed, used to fix the static level (401) and the micro differential pressure level sensor (402) respectively. The static level (401) and the micro differential pressure level sensor (402) are set up at the surface monitoring point along the vertical shaft excavation influence area and are parallel to the well wall.

4. The surface settlement monitoring device for vertical shaft excavation according to claim 1, characterized in that: The working component (4) also includes telescopic rods (403) installed on both sides of the base (101). A connecting plate (404) is fixedly connected to one side of each telescopic rod (403). A placement plate (405) is hinged to the top of the connecting plate (404). An electrical water level gauge (406) is installed at the bottom of the placement plate (405). A stress gauge (407) is also installed at the top of the placement plate (405). The electrical water level gauge (406) and the stress gauge (407) are distributed in multiple matrix arrays.

5. The surface settlement monitoring device for vertical shaft excavation according to claim 1, characterized in that: The control component (5) includes a multi-channel data acquisition unit (501) installed at the bottom of the rotating mechanism (2). A wireless transmission unit (502) is installed on the top of the multi-channel data acquisition unit (501). An anti-interference shielding layer is also installed on the outside of the multi-channel data acquisition unit (501) and the wireless transmission unit (502) to adapt to the high humidity and vibration environment of the reservoir area.

6. The surface settlement monitoring device for shaft excavation according to claim 1, characterized in that: The lifting mechanism (1) includes a lifting seat (102) mounted on the top of the base (101). A bidirectional threaded rod (103) is rotatably connected between the lifting seats (102). A dual-axis motor (104) is installed in the inner cavity of the lifting seat (102). The output shaft of the dual-axis motor (104) is fixedly connected to the bidirectional threaded rod (103) via a coupling. A synchronous pulley (105) is fixedly connected to one side of the output shaft of the dual-axis motor (104) and one side of the bidirectional threaded rod (103). The synchronous pulleys (105) are connected to each other via a belt (106). A first moving block (107) is threadedly connected to the outer ring of the bidirectional threaded rod (103). A rotating plate (108) is hinged to the top of the moving block (107), and a second moving block (109) is hinged to the top of the rotating plate (108). A lifting frame (110) is slidably connected to the top of the second moving block (109). The control component (5) is installed in the inner cavity of the lifting frame (110). A sliding groove (111) is provided at the bottom of the lifting frame (110). A slider (112) is installed on the top of the second moving block (109). The slider (112) is slidably connected in the inner cavity of the sliding groove (111). A limit rod (113) is also installed between the base (101) and the lifting frame (110). The limit rod (113) is distributed in multiple matrix arrays.

7. A surface settlement monitoring device for shaft excavation according to claim 6, characterized in that: The rotating mechanism (2) includes a rotating shaft (201) mounted on the top of the lifting frame (110), and a driven bevel gear (202) mounted on the outer ring of the rotating shaft (201). The rotating mechanism (2) also includes a motor frame (203) mounted on the top of the lifting frame (110). A rotary motor (204) is mounted in the inner cavity of the motor frame (203). A drive shaft (205) is fixedly connected to one side of the output shaft of the rotary motor (204). A drive bevel gear (206) is mounted on the outer ring of the drive shaft (205). The drive bevel gear (206) meshes with the driven bevel gear (202).

8. A method for monitoring surface settlement during shaft excavation, implemented using the surface settlement monitoring device for shaft excavation as described in any one of claims 1-7, characterized in that, The method includes the following steps: Step S1, the measurement point layout step: within the influence range of the vertical shaft excavation, surface settlement monitoring points are laid out at a distance of 2m parallel to the shaft wall, and are arranged in coordination with groundwater level monitoring points and support structure stress monitoring points. Step S2, data acquisition step, uses a hydrostatic level (401) and a micro differential pressure level sensor (402) to continuously or periodically acquire settlement data, and simultaneously acquires groundwater level, support stress and well convergence data; Step S3, data transmission step, the data is sent to the monitoring center in real time through the wireless transmission module; Step S4, data analysis and early warning step: plot settlement versus time scatter plot and perform regression analysis to predict the maximum settlement; issue an early warning signal when the settlement rate is abnormal or close to the control value. Step S5, Feedback and Control Step: Adjust construction parameters based on monitoring results, strengthen support or suspend excavation, and feed the monitoring data back to the construction and design units.

9. A method for monitoring surface settlement during shaft excavation according to claim 8, characterized in that: In step S2, during the initial stage of shaft excavation and the stage of significant data changes, the monitoring frequency shall not be less than once per day; when the deformation rate slows down and tends to stabilize, the monitoring frequency can be gradually reduced to 1-2 times per week; if data abnormalities occur or an early warning is triggered, the monitoring frequency shall be increased immediately. In step S4, the comparison control standard is that the maximum surface settlement does not exceed 30mm and the uplift does not exceed 10mm. When the settlement rate is greater than 1mm / day or the predicted value exceeds the limit, an early warning is automatically issued, and the construction system is linked to adjust the dewatering, grouting and support parameters. The regression analysis process can adaptively select the best-fitting regression function model according to the data distribution pattern of the scatter plot, and verify the goodness of fit of the model by calculating the sum of squared residuals or the correlation coefficient.

10. A method for monitoring surface settlement during shaft excavation according to claim 8, characterized in that: The method also includes monitoring of horizontal convergence of the shaft and monitoring of bottom heave: using a convergence meter or total station in conjunction with an observation prism to monitor the horizontal convergence deformation of the shaft at a cross-section every 5 meters; using a precision level and indium steel ruler to monitor the heave deformation of the bottom of the shaft; and incorporating the horizontal convergence and bottom heave data into the data analysis and early warning system to achieve comprehensive deformation monitoring of the shaft structure.

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