The invention relates to a civil engineering material volume change test instrument and a test method, in particular to a material volume change test device and test method in civil engineering. According to the test instrument, a sealing rubber ring is arranged in an annular groove, a base is covered with an upper cover, an air intake and exhaust hole is formed in the top end of the upper cover, one end of a probe thermometer is arranged in the upper cover, the other end of the probe thermometer is arranged outside the upper cover, a plastic pipe is arranged on the upper end face of the upper cover and communicated with a cavity, and a graduated glass pipe is communicated with the plastic pipe. The test method comprises the steps that first, a civil engineering material test piece is prepared; second, the volume of the civil engineering test piece before a test is calculated; third, the civil engineering test piece is installed; fourth, liquid is injected into the cavity; fifth, the temperature of the civil engineering test piece is measured in an initial temperature environment; sixth, the temperature of the civil engineering test piece is measured in a measuring temperature environment; seventh, the initial temperature and the measuring temperature of the test piece are measured, and the number of division of the test piece is calibrated; eighth, the volume variation theta Vt of the civil engineering test piece is calculated; ninth, the volume expansion coefficient lambda of the civil engineering test piece is calculated. The civil engineering material volume change test instrument and the test method are used for measuring the volume change situation of the civil engineering material.