Small watershed water and soil conservation monitoring and dynamic regulation and control system

Abstract

The invention is applied to the technical field of hydraulic engineering, and discloses a small watershed water and soil conservation monitoring and dynamic regulation and control system, which comprises a data acquisition module; a data transmission module; a data processing and analyzing module; a dynamic regulation and control execution module; and a man-machine interaction module. According to the small watershed water and soil conservation monitoring and dynamic regulation and control system, a complete technical chain from water and soil loss monitoring to precise regulation and control execution is broken through by highly integrating data acquisition, transmission, processing analysis, dynamic regulation and control, man-machine interaction, feedback verification and other modules; the defects that in a traditional method, monitoring, analysis, decision making and execution links are mutually disjointed, and response lags are effectively overcome, and air, sky and ground integrated three-dimensional monitoring of key factors influencing water and soil loss is achieved by integrating a plurality of monitoring units such as meteorological hydrology, soil landform, vegetation coverage, engineering measures and image acquisition. And the obtained multi-source heterogeneous data is more comprehensive and continuous.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] The present application relates to the technical field of hydraulic engineering, in particular to a small watershed water and soil conservation monitoring and dynamic regulation system. BACKGROUND

[0002] The small watershed is the basic unit of water and soil loss occurrence, development and control, and its water and soil conservation effect is directly related to regional ecological safety, agricultural production and sustainable utilization of water resources. Timely and accurate monitoring of water and soil loss conditions and implementing effective engineering, biological or management measures for regulation according to the monitoring results are the core links to improve the comprehensive control level of small watershed and realize dynamic and accurate management and control of water and soil resources. Traditional small watershed water and soil conservation monitoring mainly relies on artificial periodic patrol, setting up simple observation facilities (such as measuring pegs, runoff plots) and periodic topographic survey and remote sensing interpretation. These methods generally have poor real-time performance, limited spatial coverage, insufficient data continuity and high labor cost. The monitoring data are often summarized and analyzed in months, quarters or even years, which seriously lags behind the occurrence process of water and soil loss events (such as rainstorm erosion), so that the management department cannot respond in the key window period and can only make post-repair, resulting in low prevention and control efficiency. With the development of information technology, some monitoring systems for water and soil conservation have appeared in the prior art, for example, wireless sensor networks are used to automatically collect and transmit a single or a few parameters (such as rainfall, soil moisture content), or video monitoring devices are deployed to visually monitor specific points (such as dam body, slope surface). However, these technical solutions usually have the following limitations: 1. Single monitoring element: Most focus on a few indicators such as weather or soil moisture, and fail to systematically and multidimensionally integrate meteorological, hydrological, soil topography, vegetation condition and engineering structure safety and other multi-source information, making it difficult to comprehensively and comprehensively evaluate watershed water and soil loss risk and governance measure benefit, 2. Serious disconnection between "monitoring" and "control": Most existing systems stop at the "data collection and display" level, lacking deep intelligent analysis and model-driven decision support capability. Even if data analysis is performed, the generated report or warning information also needs to be manually analyzed and then issued through traditional management processes, and the control facilities are operated manually, which is a serial mode of "monitoring-manual decision-manual execution". The response speed is slow and greatly affected by human factors, and it is impossible to realize adaptive, dynamic and closed-loop regulation of water and soil loss process and water and soil conservation measures, 3. Insufficient model application and real-time data fusion: Although there are many mature hydrological and soil erosion mechanism models, existing systems often fail to deeply couple these models with real-time and high-frequency monitoring data to realize dynamic calibration and prediction and warning of the models, resulting in that the value of the models in guiding practice cannot be fully utilized. In summary, the main technical bottlenecks in the field of current small watershed soil and water conservation are: fragmented monitoring means, low level of data analysis and decision support intelligence, passive and lagging response of regulation and control, and each link is isolated, and an intelligent closed-loop system of "perception-analysis-decision-execution-feedback" cannot be formed, therefore, an integrated system capable of realizing integrated three-dimensional monitoring of sky, space and land, deep fusion and intelligent analysis of multi-source data, and directly driving engineering facilities for adaptive regulation and control is urgently needed to significantly improve the real-time, accuracy, automation and intelligence level of small watershed soil and water conservation work. SUMMARY

[0003] The purpose of the present application is to provide a small watershed soil and water conservation monitoring and dynamic regulation system to solve the problems of fragmented monitoring means, lack of intelligent analysis and model-driven decision support capability, and serious disconnection between "monitoring" and "control" in the background art, and the inability to form an adaptive closed-loop regulation.

[0004] To achieve the above purpose, the present application provides the following technical scheme: a small watershed soil and water conservation monitoring and dynamic regulation system, comprising: A data acquisition module is arranged in the small watershed for real-time acquisition of multi-source monitoring data related to soil and water conservation; A data transmission module is in communication connection with the data acquisition module for transmitting the multi-source monitoring data to a data processing center; A data processing and analysis module is deployed in the data processing center for receiving, storing and processing the multi-source monitoring data, analyzing and calculating through an embedded soil erosion evaluation model and a dynamic early warning model to generate watershed soil and water conservation condition evaluation results and regulation and control decision suggestions; A dynamic regulation and control execution module is in communication connection with the data processing and analysis module for receiving the regulation and control decision suggestions and driving one or more regulation and control execution units deployed in the watershed to perform adaptive actions; A human-computer interaction module is connected with the data processing and analysis module for displaying monitoring data, evaluation results, early warning information and regulation and control status, and receiving user's manual intervention instructions.

[0005] Preferably, the data acquisition module comprises: A meteorological and hydrological monitoring unit for acquiring precipitation, rainfall intensity, wind speed, wind direction, evaporation, water level and flow data; A soil and topography monitoring unit for acquiring soil moisture content, soil compactness, surface roughness, gully erosion development morphology and slope stability data; A vegetation coverage monitoring unit for acquiring vegetation coverage, leaf area index and vegetation type data; An engineering measure monitoring unit is configured to collect data of structural states and sediment deposition amounts of terraces, check dams, check dams and sediment retaining dams. An image acquisition unit is configured to acquire high-resolution remote sensing images, unmanned aerial vehicle aerial images and fixed point video data of a watershed.

[0006] The above technical solution realizes the air, space and ground integrated three-dimensional monitoring of meteorological, hydrological, soil topography, vegetation coverage, engineering measures and image data, provides a comprehensive, continuous and multi-dimensional data basis for the system, and overcomes the limitations of single monitoring elements and insufficient spatial coverage in traditional monitoring.

[0007] Preferably, the data processing and analysis module comprises: A data fusion and standardization unit is configured to perform temporal and spatial registration, denoising, interpolation and standardization processing on the multi-source monitoring data. A model library unit stores the soil erosion assessment model and the dynamic early warning model. The soil erosion assessment model at least includes a distributed hydrological soil erosion model based on physical processes. The dynamic early warning model is based on real-time monitoring data and model prediction results, and combines a preset threshold to perform early warning of soil erosion risk, engineering safety risk and non-point source pollution risk. An intelligent decision unit is configured to call a preset control rule library or use an optimization algorithm based on the assessment results and early warning information to generate control decision suggestions for different watershed units and risk types. The suggestions at least include selection of a control execution unit, control timing and control intensity.

[0008] The above technical solution ensures data quality through data fusion and standardization processing, and deeply couples real-time monitoring data and mechanism models by using the built-in model library and intelligent decision unit, realizes dynamic assessment, risk early warning and intelligent decision suggestion generation of soil erosion, and significantly improves the depth of analysis and the scientificity of decision-making.

[0009] Preferably, the dynamic control execution module comprises: A control strategy analysis unit is configured to analyze the control decision suggestions to generate specific control instructions. An execution driving unit is connected to the control strategy analysis unit and is configured to send the control instructions to the corresponding control execution unit. The control execution unit includes one or more of an adjustable gate system, an intelligent sprinkling / drip irrigation system, an ecological drainage valve and a warning device.

[0010] The above technical solution realizes automatic analysis and issuance of specific control instructions from decision suggestions, can directly drive various engineering and non-engineering measure execution units, changes traditional passive response into automatic and rapid intervention of the system, and ensures the timeliness and accuracy of control.

[0011] Preferably, the system further comprises: a feedback verification module, configured to acquire the state data of the small watershed after the action of the dynamic regulation and control execution module, and feed back the state data to the data processing and analysis module, so as to verify and adaptively correct the effects of the soil erosion evaluation model, the dynamic early warning model and the regulation and control decision suggestion.

[0012] By using the above technical solution, the model and the decision effect are verified and corrected by using the state data after regulation and control through a closed-loop feedback mechanism, so that the system has self-learning and self-adaptive optimization capability, and the accuracy and effectiveness of long-term operation of the system are ensured.

[0013] Preferably, the regulation and control method of the regulation and control system comprises the following steps: S1: acquiring multi-source monitoring data in the small watershed in real time through the data acquisition module; S2: converging the multi-source monitoring data to the data processing center through the data transmission module; S3: processing and analyzing the multi-source monitoring data through the data processing and analysis module, performing present situation evaluation by using the soil erosion evaluation model, and performing risk early warning by using the dynamic early warning model, and then generating regulation and control decision suggestion; S4: receiving and executing the regulation and control decision suggestion through the dynamic regulation and control execution module, and driving the corresponding regulation and control execution unit to act; S5: real-time displaying information of each link of the system through the man-machine interaction module, and receiving external instructions; S6: acquiring the monitoring data after regulation and control through the feedback verification module, and performing feedback verification and optimization of the system.

[0014] By using the above technical solution, the regulation and control decision suggestion can be based on real-time risk evaluation, weather forecast and engineering state, and can be concretized into operable regulation and control parameters and instructions for different risk types and watershed units, so that the pertinence and practicality of the decision are enhanced.

[0015] Preferably, in the step S3, the generation of the regulation and control decision suggestion specifically comprises: determining the engineering measure regulation and control unit to be started and its regulation and control parameters according to the soil erosion risk early warning level; generating a vegetation irrigation or ecological water scheduling scheme according to the rainfall forecast and soil moisture data; generating an engineering maintenance warning and emergency regulation and control instruction according to the abnormal engineering structure monitoring data.

[0016] By adopting the above technical solution, the automatic control of key soil and water conservation facilities (such as gates and irrigation) and the automatic release of risk warnings are realized. Intelligent decision-making is transformed into practical physical actions or management measures, which directly intervene in the soil erosion process and improve the efficiency of governance.

[0017] Preferably, in step S4, driving the corresponding control execution unit to perform an action includes: Based on the regulatory decision-making recommendations, the adjustable gate opening of silt-retention dams or granaries is automatically controlled to regulate the sediment storage and discharge relationship; An automatic start-stop intelligent irrigation system replenishes water to the vegetation restoration area; Automatically opens ecological drainage valves to divert excessive runoff; Trigger the audible and visual warning devices to issue early warnings to personnel and vehicles entering high-risk areas.

[0018] The above technical solution is adopted.

[0019] Preferably, the data transmission module adopts a hybrid wired and wireless networking method, including one or more of optical fiber, 4G / 5G network, LoRa, and NB-IoT.

[0020] By adopting the above technical solution and utilizing a hybrid wired and wireless networking approach, the communication needs of different monitoring points in the complex terrain environment of a small watershed are met, ensuring the reliability, stability and real-time performance of remote transmission of monitoring data.

[0021] Preferably, the human-computer interaction module provides web and mobile applications, supporting functions such as monitoring data visualization, early warning information push, historical data query, report generation, and remote manual control.

[0022] The above technical solution provides managers with an intuitive and convenient multi-terminal access interface, enabling functions such as monitoring data visualization, early warning information push, historical data review, and remote intervention, which greatly improves the flexibility and efficiency of management work.

[0023] Compared with the prior art, the beneficial effects of this invention are: the small watershed soil and water conservation monitoring and dynamic control system: 1. By highly integrating modules such as data acquisition, transmission, processing and analysis, dynamic control, human-computer interaction, and feedback verification, a complete technical chain from soil and water loss monitoring to precise control and execution has been established. This effectively overcomes the shortcomings of traditional methods, such as the disconnect between monitoring, analysis, decision-making, and execution, and the lag in response. It significantly improves the real-time performance, initiative, and automation level of soil and water conservation work in small watersheds. 2. By integrating multiple monitoring units such as meteorological and hydrological data, soil and landform data, vegetation cover data, engineering measures data, and image acquisition data, a three-dimensional integrated monitoring system of air, space, and ground data for key factors affecting soil and water loss has been achieved. The multi-source heterogeneous data obtained is more comprehensive and continuous, providing a solid data foundation for accurate assessment and decision-making, and solving the problems of single monitoring elements and insufficient spatial coverage in traditional monitoring. 3. By using the built-in soil erosion assessment model and dynamic early warning model, and deeply coupling the model with real-time monitoring data stream, dynamic simulation, risk assessment and early warning of soil erosion in the watershed are realized. The intelligent decision-making unit can automatically generate targeted and operable control decision suggestions based on model output and real-time data, which greatly reduces the reliance on human experience and improves the scientificity and efficiency of decision-making. 4. The dynamic control execution module can directly receive and analyze decision suggestions, and automatically drive execution units such as adjustable gates, intelligent irrigation systems, and ecological drainage valves to perform actions. This allows for the automatic adjustment of the operating status of engineering facilities or the implementation of ecological water replenishment and risk warning during critical windows before, during, and after rainstorm erosion. This transforms the traditional passive manual response into the automatic and rapid intervention of the system, significantly enhancing the timeliness and accuracy of soil and water conservation measures. 5. Data transmission adopts a hybrid wired and wireless network to ensure reliable data transmission in various environments. The human-computer interaction module supports multi-terminal access and remote manual intervention, ensuring management flexibility. The feedback verification mechanism enables the system to self-evaluate and correct the model based on the control effect, realizing continuous system optimization. The entire system adopts a modular design, which facilitates the expansion and adjustment of monitoring elements, analysis models and execution units according to specific watershed needs. 6. It provides a user-friendly and intuitive integrated management interface. Through web and mobile applications, managers can obtain panoramic visualization information on the watershed's soil and water conservation status anytime, anywhere, receive real-time early warnings, and perform historical data review, report generation, and necessary remote manual control, greatly improving the convenience and efficiency of management work. Attached Figure Description

[0024] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the system workflow of the present invention. Detailed Implementation

[0025] The technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0026] Please seeFigure 1 The present invention provides a technical solution: a small watershed soil and water conservation monitoring and dynamic control system.

[0027] Example 1: Early warning and adaptive regulation of erosion risk in small mountain watersheds based on multi-source data fusion This embodiment uses a typical small watershed in the hilly and gully region of the Loess Plateau as an application scenario to explain in detail the specific implementation process of this system.

[0028] System Deployment and Initialization: Data acquisition module deployment: Within the watershed, monitoring equipment is deployed along contour lines and key cross sections. Among them, the meteorological and hydrological monitoring unit includes tipping bucket rain gauges, ultrasonic water level gauges, and flow meters; the soil and geomorphology monitoring unit includes a soil moisture / compactness sensor network and a fixed gully morphology monitoring station based on laser scanning; the vegetation cover monitoring unit is a multispectral vegetation index sensor; the engineering measures monitoring unit installs piezometers, displacement gauges, and ultrasonic sediment deposition detectors on key silt-retaining dams and gullies; and the image acquisition unit includes an autonomous cruise drone deployed at the watershed management office and infrared network cameras at several key locations. Data transmission module construction: A LoRa self-organizing network is built within the watershed to collect data from various sensors to the gateway of the watershed sub-center. The sub-center is connected to the county-level data processing center through optical fiber. UAV image and video data are transmitted back in real time or on a timed basis through 4G / 5G network. Model and rule base configuration: In the model library unit of the data processing and analysis module, a WEPP (Water Erosion Prediction Project) model that has been localized and calibrated is pre-set as a soil erosion assessment model. In the rule base of the intelligent decision-making unit, soil erosion risk levels (such as low, medium, high, and extremely high) corresponding to different rainfall intensities and soil moisture content thresholds are preset, and control decision suggestions under different risk levels are associated (such as: when the risk is "high", it is recommended to lower the water level in front of the silt-retaining dam to below the safety line; when the risk is "extremely high", it is recommended to issue a personnel evacuation warning and prepare to start emergency drainage). System operation and control process: Real-time monitoring and early warning: On a certain day, the weather forecast indicated that there would be heavy rainfall in the basin within the next 6 hours. The system's data acquisition module began to collect data at high frequency. After the rainfall began, real-time rainfall intensity and soil moisture content data were continuously transmitted to the data processing and analysis module. After the data fusion and standardization unit processed the data, it was input into the dynamic early warning model. The model combined real-time rainfall data, previous soil moisture conditions, and runoff and erosion sediment yield simulated in real time by the WEPP model to determine that a concentrated area of ​​farmland on a certain slope in the middle reaches of the basin was about to reach an "extremely high" erosion risk level. The intelligent decision-making unit immediately generated two decision recommendations: a) Instruct the adjustable gate system (control execution unit) of the downstream No. 1 backbone silt-removing dam to immediately open to the preset "flood control and sediment discharge" opening; b) Send an activation command to the audible and visual warning device (control execution unit) near the high-risk area; Automatic control execution: After receiving the suggestion, the control strategy analysis unit of the dynamic control execution module generates specific control instructions, which are then sent through the 4G network via the execution drive unit. The electric gate of No. 1 siltation dam automatically opens to the specified opening degree, lowering the water level in front of the dam in advance, increasing the flood storage capacity, and preparing for the upcoming flood peak and sediment. At the same time, warning lights flash around the high-risk area and broadcast warning voices to remind any workers in the area to evacuate quickly. Feedback and Verification: After the rainfall ends, the feedback and verification module is activated. The system uses drones to take aerial photos of the controlled area and combines them with monitoring data on the water level and sediment deposition in front of the dam to evaluate the effect of the control (e.g., dam safety, peak reduction and sediment interception efficiency). The evaluation data is fed back to the data processing and analysis module to verify and fine-tune the threshold of the early warning model and the parameters of the WEPP model, so as to realize the system's self-learning and optimization. Human-computer interaction: Throughout the process, watershed managers can view the data of each monitoring point, risk warning areas (highlighted in different colors), gate opening status and warning equipment working status in real time on the map through the web interface of the human-computer interaction module. The system automatically generates a detailed report of the event, including rainfall, water level, sand level, warning time, control actions and effect evaluation. Example 2: Intelligent irrigation regulation for drought stress in vegetation restoration areas This embodiment focuses on the dynamic control application of the system in vegetation maintenance measures; Scenario: A small watershed has undergone preliminary management, with the construction of horizontal ditches and fish-scale pits and the planting of soil and water conservation forests and grasses. However, the critical period for seedlings to require water often encounters spring drought. System operation and control process: Monitoring and Analysis: The vegetation cover monitoring unit (multispectral sensor) detected that the vegetation index (NDVI) of a concentrated area of ​​Pinus tabuliformis seedlings has been declining for several days. The soil moisture sensor network of the soil and geomorphology monitoring unit showed that the average soil volumetric moisture content in the area has fallen below the preset threshold for seedling wilting coefficient. Meanwhile, the forecast of the meteorological and hydrological monitoring unit showed that there would be no effective precipitation in the next week. Intelligent Decision-Making: The data processing and analysis module, based on the above information, determines that the vegetation in the area is under moderate drought stress. The intelligent decision-making unit calls the optimization algorithm, combining the soil type, terrain slope, vegetation water requirement patterns, and the real-time water level of a nearby water source (a small reservoir), to generate a control decision recommendation: It is recommended to start the intelligent drip irrigation system (control execution unit) in the area in the early morning of the following day (when evaporation is low), with an irrigation duration of 2 hours, aiming to increase the root zone soil moisture content to 70% of field capacity. Precise execution: The dynamic control execution module automatically sends instructions to the smart drip irrigation controller in the area at a set time, and the system starts on time to carry out precise and quota irrigation. During the irrigation process, soil moisture data is monitored in real time. Feedback optimization: After irrigation, the system continuously monitors the recovery of NDVI and soil moisture in the area. The feedback verification module compares the irrigation water volume with the actual soil moisture improvement effect. If it is found that the effect is not as expected due to uneven soil texture, this information will be used to optimize the parameters of the next irrigation decision (such as adjusting the irrigation duration by zone) and gradually realize "water replenishment on demand and precise revitalization". Example 3: Online Diagnosis and Proactive Maintenance Prompts for Engineering Facility Safety This embodiment demonstrates the application of the system in the safe operation and maintenance of engineering measures; Scene: A silt-retention dam that has been in operation for many years within the watershed; System operation and control process: Routine monitoring: The engineering measures monitoring unit continuously collects structural safety data such as displacement, seepage pressure, and phreatic line of the dam, while the fixed video monitoring unit periodically captures images of the dam's exterior. Anomaly Identification and Early Warning: One day, the data processing and analysis module discovered an abnormal increase in the reading of a piezometer at the downstream toe of the dam while analyzing the real-time data stream. The trend continued. The dynamic early warning model compared this data with historical data for the same period and the design safety value, triggering a low-level early warning of "engineering safety risk (abnormal seepage)". Decision support and human intervention: Early warning information is pushed to managers via a mobile app connected to the human-computer interaction module. Simultaneously, the intelligent decision-making unit generates control and adjustment recommendations based on preset rules. a) It is recommended to dispatch drones to conduct detailed inspections of the abnormal locations and their surroundings (the command should be added to the drone task queue). b) It is recommended to appropriately lower the water level in front of the dam to reduce seepage pressure (this can be done automatically or after manual confirmation); c) Generate a maintenance work order on the management platform that recommends "manual on-site investigation"; Collaborative Response: Upon receiving the push notification, the manager immediately reviewed the detailed data, early warning analysis, and system suggestions on the app. He confirmed the drone inspection task and approved the automatic control suggestion to "reduce the water level in front of the dam by 5%." The system automatically controlled the adjustable gate to fine-tune the opening, and the drone's inspection footage was transmitted back in real time, confirming signs of dampness on the dam slope. The manager then dispatched technicians to the site for detailed inspection and handling based on the work order generated by the system, eliminating the potential hazard at its earliest stage. The above three embodiments respectively illustrate the implementation of the system of the present invention from three core dimensions: comprehensive watershed disaster prevention, vegetation maintenance measures, and engineering safety operation and maintenance. The embodiments show that the present invention successfully integrates multi-source monitoring, intelligent analysis, model decision-making and automatic execution, realizing a fundamental transformation of soil and water conservation in small watersheds from passive monitoring and lagging management to proactive early warning and dynamic regulation, and significantly improving the level of intelligence, refinement and timeliness of governance.

[0029] Although embodiments of the invention have been shown and described, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes, modifications, substitutions and alterations can be made to these embodiments without departing from the principles and spirit of the invention, the scope of which is defined by the appended claims and their equivalents.

Claims

1. A small watershed soil and water conservation monitoring and dynamic control system, characterized in that, include: The data acquisition module is deployed within the small watershed to collect multi-source monitoring data related to soil and water conservation in real time. The data transmission module is communicatively connected to the data acquisition module and is used to transmit the multi-source monitoring data to the data processing center; The data processing and analysis module, deployed in the data processing center, is used to receive, store and process the multi-source monitoring data, and to perform analysis and calculation through the built-in soil and water loss assessment model and dynamic early warning model to generate watershed soil and water conservation status assessment results and regulation decision recommendations. The dynamic control execution module is communicatively connected to the data processing and analysis module, and is used to receive the control decision suggestions and drive one or more control execution units deployed in the watershed to perform adaptive actions. The human-computer interaction module, connected to the data processing and analysis module, is used to display monitoring data, evaluation results, early warning information and control status, and to receive manual intervention commands from users.

2. The small watershed soil and water conservation monitoring and dynamic control system according to claim 1, characterized in that: The data acquisition module includes: The meteorological and hydrological monitoring unit is used to collect data on precipitation, rainfall intensity, wind speed, wind direction, evaporation, water level, and flow rate. The soil and geomorphology monitoring unit is used to collect data on soil moisture content, soil compaction, surface roughness, gully erosion development, and slope stability. Vegetation cover monitoring unit is used to collect data on vegetation cover, leaf area index and vegetation type; The engineering measures monitoring unit is used to collect data on the structural status and sediment accumulation of terraces, silt-retaining dams, grain dams, and sand-trapping dams. The image acquisition unit is used to acquire high-resolution remote sensing images, drone aerial images, and fixed-point video data of the watershed.

3. The small watershed soil and water conservation monitoring and dynamic control system according to claim 1, characterized in that: The data processing and analysis module includes: The data fusion and standardization unit is used to perform spatiotemporal registration, denoising, interpolation and standardization processing on the multi-source monitoring data; The model library unit stores the soil erosion assessment model and the dynamic early warning model. The soil erosion assessment model includes at least a distributed hydrological soil erosion model based on physical processes. The dynamic early warning model is based on real-time monitoring data and model prediction results, combined with preset thresholds, to provide early warning of soil erosion risk, engineering safety risk and non-point source pollution risk. The intelligent decision-making unit is used to generate control decision suggestions for different watershed units and risk types based on the assessment results and early warning information by calling a preset control rule base or using an optimization algorithm. The suggestions include at least the selection of control execution units, control timing and control intensity.

4. The small watershed soil and water conservation monitoring and dynamic control system according to claim 1, characterized in that: The dynamic control execution module includes: The regulation strategy parsing unit is used to parse the regulation decision suggestions and generate specific control instructions; An execution drive unit, connected to the control strategy parsing unit, is used to send the control command to the corresponding control execution unit; The control and execution unit includes one or more of the following: an adjustable gate system, an intelligent sprinkler / drip irrigation system, an ecological drainage valve, and a warning device.

5. The small watershed soil and water conservation monitoring and dynamic control system according to claim 1, characterized in that: The system also includes: The feedback verification module is used to acquire the watershed status data after the dynamic regulation execution module takes action, and feed the status data back to the data processing and analysis module to verify and adaptively correct the effectiveness of the soil and water loss assessment model, dynamic early warning model and regulation decision suggestions.

6. The small watershed soil and water conservation monitoring and dynamic control system according to claim 1, characterized in that: The control method of the control system includes the following steps: S1: Real-time acquisition of multi-source monitoring data within the small watershed via the data acquisition module; S2: The multi-source monitoring data is aggregated to the data processing center through the data transmission module; S3: The data processing and analysis module processes and analyzes the multi-source monitoring data, uses the soil and water loss assessment model to assess the current situation, and uses the dynamic early warning model to provide risk warnings, thereby generating control decision recommendations. S4: The dynamic control execution module receives and executes the control decision suggestion, driving the corresponding control execution unit to perform actions; S5: The human-computer interaction module displays information about each stage of the system in real time and receives external commands; S6: Obtain the monitoring data after adjustment through the feedback verification module, and perform feedback verification and optimization on the system.

7. A small watershed soil and water conservation monitoring and dynamic control system according to claim 6, characterized in that: In step S3, the generation of regulatory decision recommendations specifically includes: Based on the soil erosion risk warning level, determine the engineering control units that need to be activated and their control parameters; Based on rainfall forecasts and soil moisture data, generate vegetation irrigation or ecological water allocation plans; Based on abnormal data from engineering structure monitoring, generate engineering maintenance warnings and emergency control instructions.

8. A small watershed soil and water conservation monitoring and dynamic control system according to claim 6, characterized in that: In step S4, driving the corresponding control execution unit to perform actions includes: Based on the regulatory decision-making recommendations, the adjustable gate opening of silt-retention dams or granaries is automatically controlled to regulate the sediment storage and discharge relationship; An automatic start-stop intelligent irrigation system replenishes water to the vegetation restoration area; Automatically opens ecological drainage valves to divert excessive runoff; Trigger the audible and visual warning devices to issue early warnings to personnel and vehicles entering high-risk areas.

9. A small watershed soil and water conservation monitoring and dynamic control system according to claim 1, characterized in that: The data transmission module adopts a hybrid wired and wireless networking method, including one or more of fiber optic, 4G / 5G network, LoRa, and NB-IoT.

10. A small watershed soil and water conservation monitoring and dynamic control system according to claim 1, characterized in that: The human-computer interaction module provides web and mobile applications, supporting functions such as monitoring data visualization, early warning information push, historical data query, report generation, and remote manual control.

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