Method for producing lucid ganoderma from sweet-scented osmanthus byproducts and interplanting lucid ganoderma and towel gourds

Abstract

The invention discloses a method for producing lucid ganoderma from sweet-scented osmanthus by-products and interplanting the lucid ganoderma and towel gourds, which comprises the following steps: S1, preparing a lucid ganoderma culture medium and a fungus bag, namely crushing and mixing sweet-scented osmanthus wood chips, sweet-scented osmanthus seed crushed materials, oyster powder and towel gourd stems according to a ratio, braising for half an hour, fishing out, bagging and sterilizing to obtain a sterilized culture medium; inoculating and cultivating bacteria until hyphae grow over the substrate; s2, a ganoderma lucidum growing field is built and managed, in mid-to-late April, the material bags subjected to fungus growing are moved into a ganoderma lucidum shed, and ganoderma lucidum growing management is conducted in a semi-bag-removing mode; s3, interplanting the towel gourds; s4, ganoderma lucidum growing environment control: controlling the temperature in the ganoderma lucidum shed to be less than 32 DEG C, and controlling the humidity in the ganoderma lucidum growing management period to be greater than 90%; step S5, harvesting and post-processing. The interplanting mode improves the land utilization rate per unit area, the ganoderma lucidum and the towel gourds grow synergistically, the yield of the ganoderma lucidum and the towel gourds is stable, the quality is guaranteed, effective components of the ganoderma lucidum are completely reserved, the planting income per unit area is greatly increased, and the method is suitable for large-scale application and popularization.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of intercropping of loofah and Ganoderma lucidum. More specifically, this invention relates to a method for producing Ganoderma lucidum from Osmanthus fragrans by-products and intercropping it with loofah. Background Technology

[0002] Currently, in Ganoderma lucidum cultivation, the culture medium mostly uses a mixture of sawdust and wheat bran, failing to effectively utilize agricultural waste (such as loofah vines and discarded Ganoderma lucidum culture medium). This not only wastes resources but also increases cultivation costs. In Osmanthus cultivation, only the flowers are harvested; the branches and seeds generated during management are waste, and improper disposal can pollute the environment. Furthermore, incomplete sterilization of some culture media or improper control of temperature, humidity, and light in the mycelium-growing environment easily leads to contamination by other microorganisms, reducing the germination rate of Ganoderma lucidum spores and the yield of fruiting bodies, resulting in a high rate of deformed fruiting bodies. Simultaneously, the growth of Ganoderma lucidum requires diffused light, high humidity, and suitable conditions. Concentration, current management relies heavily on manual experience for regulation, making it difficult to accurately maintain a stable environment and affecting the uniformity of fruiting body growth.

[0003] When loofah is grown alone, a separate trellis system is required, resulting in low space utilization. Furthermore, separate cultivation of Ganoderma lucidum and loofah fails to achieve resource complementarity, and the waste substrate generated from Ganoderma lucidum cultivation, if disposed of carelessly, easily creates an environmental burden. In addition, existing intercropping techniques suffer from poor compatibility of growth conditions between crops. Edible fungi prefer moist conditions, while most plants are not tolerant of dampness. The lack of a coordinated management plan tailored to the growth needs of both Ganoderma lucidum and other plants makes it difficult to balance their growth, limiting economic benefits per unit area. Moreover, the lack of effective control measures to cope with sudden environmental changes such as strong sunlight further impacts crop yield and quality. Summary of the Invention

[0004] To achieve these objectives and other advantages according to the present invention, a preferred embodiment of the present invention provides a method for producing Ganoderma lucidum from Osmanthus fragrans by-products and intercropping it with loofah, comprising the following steps: Step S1: Preparation of Ganoderma lucidum culture medium and fabrication of mushroom bags Mix 20-80% osmanthus wood chips, 10-20% osmanthus seed powder, 1-2% oyster shell powder, 5-8% loofah vine powder, and the remaining proportion of water in the specified proportion, then let it sit, pack it into bags, and sterilize it to obtain a sterilized culture medium. Under sterile conditions, inoculate the sterilized bags with inoculum at a mass ratio of 1:100 to culture medium, seal the bags, and transfer them to a culture room for inoculation until the mycelium has fully grown the substrate. In the Ganoderma lucidum culture medium, osmanthus sawdust and crushed osmanthus seeds provide carbon and nitrogen sources such as cellulose and lignin, while oyster shell powder supplements minerals such as calcium and phosphorus. Crushed loofah vines are rich in organic matter, which can promote the absorption of nutrients by Ganoderma lucidum mycelium. Sterilization treatment kills miscellaneous bacteria and insect eggs in the raw materials, preventing them from competing with Ganoderma lucidum mycelium for nutrients. Aseptic inoculation prevents contamination by exogenous bacteria, ensuring pure mycelial culture. When loofah is intercropped in the Ganoderma lucidum greenhouse, the shading layer formed by the loofah vines can reduce strong light, which matches the characteristic of Ganoderma lucidum preferring diffused light. At the same time, the organic waste generated from Ganoderma lucidum cultivation, after treatment, can provide nutrients for loofah and reduce pests and diseases, forming an ecological synergy mechanism of resource recycling and complementary growth environment. Spraying water on the leaves increases air humidity through transpiration, meeting the high humidity growth requirements of Ganoderma lucidum. The short stipes of Ganoderma lucidum buds are retained during harvesting because there are still active mycelia at the base of the stipes, which can germinate into a second flush of Ganoderma lucidum through mycelial regeneration.

[0005] Step S2: Site setup and management In mid-to-late April, the bags of cultured fungi are moved into the Ganoderma lucidum shed. The Ganoderma lucidum is managed by partially removing the bags. A 2-3 cm thick layer of decomposed rice husks and crushed corn cobs is laid on the ground of the shed, with a volume ratio of 2:1. On top of this layer, a 3-5 cm thick layer of decomposed Ganoderma lucidum culture medium and garden soil is laid, with a volume ratio of 1:3. 0.2-0.3% of photosynthetic bacteria solution and 0.1% of potassium humate are evenly added to the mixed layer. Fermentation lasts for 10-15 days, during which the pile is turned over once. Among them, the decomposed Ganoderma lucidum residue contains rich microbial communities and residual nutrients, which can improve soil structure, increase soil organic matter content, and provide a fertile soil environment for subsequent loofah planting; at the same time, the microorganisms in the residue can promote soil nutrient transformation and improve soil fertility.

[0006] Step S3: Intercropping of loofah Plant two rows of loofah gourds in each Ganoderma lucidum greenhouse, with a row spacing of 1.5m and a 30cm wide management passage between the two rows. The plant spacing of the loofah gourds is 0.8-1.0m. Use 4-5 Ganoderma lucidum bags per m². 2 Placement; When planting loofah, apply 200-300g of organic fertilizer, which is a mixture of Ganoderma lucidum fungus bran and soybean meal in a 2:1 mass ratio, into the planting hole. The loofah vines are guided by a grid frame so that the vines form a uniform shade layer above the Ganoderma lucidum shed. Specialized organic fertilizer provides loofah seedlings with ample and gentle nutrients, promoting root development and early growth. Simultaneously, the microorganisms in the organic fertilizer further improve the soil microenvironment. The shading layer formed by the loofah vines prevents direct sunlight on Ganoderma lucidum in summer, creating a suitable environment for its growth with diffused light, reducing the temperature within the growing area, and minimizing the inhibitory effect of high temperatures on Ganoderma lucidum growth. Through the synergistic effect of nutrient supply and environmental regulation, the growth needs of loofah are met while providing favorable growth conditions for Ganoderma lucidum, achieving complementarity in resource utilization and environmental adaptation.

[0007] Step S4: Environmental Control During Production Control the temperature inside the Ganoderma lucidum shed to be below 32℃, maintain humidity above 90% during the Ganoderma lucidum growth period, and ensure sufficient oxygen in the growth area through ventilation. When the humidity of the site is below 90%, water can be sprayed onto the loofah leaves to increase air humidity through leaf transpiration. When the humidity of the site is below 90%, water can be sprayed onto the leaves of the loofah to increase the air humidity through leaf transpiration, which can help regulate the humidity of the growing site. This is because the loofah leaves have a large surface area and strong transpiration, which can effectively increase the air humidity in the growing site and reduce the frequency and amount of water used for separate water spraying. At the same time, leaf transpiration can make the humidity distribution more even, avoiding local humidity that is too high or too low, which will affect the growth of Ganoderma lucidum.

[0008] Step S5: Harvesting and Post-harvest Processing Select tender Ganoderma lucidum buds. When the base of the buds changes color, use a sterilized knife to cut the base of the stipe horizontally, leaving 0.5-1cm of stipe for regeneration. After harvesting, stop watering for 2 days, then spray with soy milk to promote the growth of the second flush of Ganoderma lucidum. Dry the harvested buds, slice them and preserve them.

[0009] Preferably, in step S1, the sterilization treatment is to maintain the center of the cultivation bag at 100°C for 10-12 hours under normal pressure, or at 121°C and 0.1 MPa under high pressure for 1.5-2 hours; during the incubation process, the temperature is controlled at 25-28°C, the humidity is controlled at 60-70%, and the culture is carried out in the dark for 20-25 days.

[0010] Preferably, in step S1, after sterilization, a compound functional bacterial agent with a mass concentration of 0.3-0.5% is added to the culture medium, which is a mixture of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria, Bacillus subtilis, and Bacillus mucilaginosus in a mass ratio of 1:1:0.5.

[0011] Among them, phosphate-solubilizing bacteria can secrete organic acids to convert insoluble phosphorus in the culture medium into soluble phosphorus for absorption by Ganoderma lucidum mycelia; Bacillus subtilis can produce antibacterial substances to inhibit the growth of miscellaneous bacteria, while its metabolites can promote the activity of Ganoderma lucidum mycelia; Bacillus mucilaginosus can fix nitrogen in the air and convert it into a nitrogen source that Ganoderma lucidum can utilize. The three work together to improve the nutrient utilization rate of the culture medium.

[0012] Preferably, in step S2, during the management of the fruiting process, the fruiting area is adjusted to a diffused light environment using loofah vines, and humidification and ventilation are carried out twice daily to control the temperature within the fruiting area. The concentration should not exceed 0.1% to avoid deformed Ganoderma lucidum fruiting bodies. At the same time, the temperature in the fruiting area should be maintained at 25-28°C to promote fruiting body differentiation.

[0013] During the growth stage of Ganoderma lucidum fruiting bodies, strong light can cause cell wall thickening and abnormal pigment deposition, resulting in deformed fruiting bodies. 500-1000 lux of scattered light can meet the light signal requirements for fruiting body differentiation while avoiding damage from strong light. Spray humidification increases air humidity through atomized water. Since Ganoderma lucidum fruiting bodies lack a cuticle, high humidity (in conjunction with humidity management during fruiting body development) can prevent water loss and shrinkage, while also providing moisture for cell division. The respiration of Ganoderma lucidum produces… ,when When the concentration is greater than 0.1%, it will inhibit the growth of the fruiting body apex, leading to poor cap development and deformities. Ventilation can help keep the mushroom shed warm. Exhaust and replenish fresh air (containing oxygen) to meet the respiration needs of the fruiting body; 25-28℃ is the optimal temperature for the differentiation of Ganoderma lucidum fruiting bodies. At this temperature, the primordia of the fruiting body form rapidly, the cells differentiate evenly, and the growth cycle can be shortened.

[0014] Preferably, 30 days after the loofah planting in step S3, the following operation is also included: When the loofah vines have climbed to half the height of the grid and the Ganoderma lucidum has entered the early stage of primordia differentiation, spray a 0.2% (w / w) compound nutrient solution onto the surface of the Ganoderma lucidum bag at a rate of 8 mL / bag. At the same time, bury 50g / plant loofah vine granules in the soil around the loofah roots, once every 10 days. The loofah vine granules are made by pressing crushed loofah vines, with a particle diameter of 3-5mm. The compound nutrient solution is a mixture of soy milk, 0.01% (w / w) vitamin B12 solution, and 0.05% (w / w) potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution in a volume ratio of 100:1:2.

[0015] The differentiation of Ganoderma lucidum fruiting body primordia requires sufficient small-molecule carbon, nitrogen, and trace elements. The soy milk in the compound nutrient solution provides amino acids, polysaccharides, and other carbon and nitrogen sources; vitamin B12 promotes the activity of mycelial metabolic enzymes; and potassium dihydrogen phosphate supplements phosphorus and potassium. After fermentation with the compound functional microbial agent, macromolecules (such as proteins and polysaccharides) are broken down into small-molecule peptides and monosaccharides, making them easier for the Ganoderma lucidum primordia to absorb. Simultaneously, the metabolic products of the microbial agent regulate the microenvironment on the surface of the substrate bag, inhibiting the growth of unwanted bacteria. After being buried, the loofah vine granules slowly degrade in the soil, releasing nutrients such as cellulose and organic matter, providing continuous nutrition for the loofah roots and avoiding nutrient loss caused by one-time fertilization. Furthermore, the granule degradation process improves soil aggregate structure, increases permeability, and facilitates loofah root respiration and nutrient absorption. This process is repeated every 10 days, aligning with the nutrient requirements of Ganoderma lucidum primordia growth and loofah root absorption, avoiding nutrient excess or deficiency.

[0016] Preferably, the mixture of decomposed rice husks and crushed corn cobs laid in step S2 is supplemented and spread in the soil gaps between the Ganoderma lucidum bag and the loofah root system at a rate of 500g / ㎡. After supplementation, it is lightly turned with a small rake to make the mixture of the bedding layer and the soil reach 30%.

[0017] If the gaps between the Ganoderma lucidum substrate bag and the loofah roots are not properly filled, it will disrupt the soil continuity, causing water to easily escape through the gaps or resulting in uneven air circulation. This may lead to localized areas of excessively dry or wet soil, affecting the respiration of the mycelium at the bottom of the Ganoderma lucidum substrate bag and the water absorption of the loofah roots. Adding a layer of well-rotted rice husks and crushed corn cobs as a bedding layer can fill the gaps due to its loose structure, reducing water loss. Simultaneously, the bedding layer will slowly decompose in the soil, releasing organic matter and improving soil fertility. The mixing ratio should be controlled at 30%. This ensures the bedding layer effectively fills the gaps and improves the soil without reducing the soil's water retention capacity due to an excessively high proportion. If the mixing ratio is too high (>40%), the soil is prone to insufficient water retention, leading to water loss from the Ganoderma lucidum substrate bag; if the mixing ratio is too low (<20%), it cannot effectively fill the gaps, limiting the improvement effect. Gentle turning ensures that the bedding layer is evenly mixed with the soil, preventing localized accumulation of the bedding layer and ensuring a balance between soil aeration and water retention.

[0018] Preferably, when the ambient light intensity is higher than 6000 lux for three consecutive days, the vine training density of the loofah vines in step S3 is adjusted. By increasing the lateral traction of the vines on the grid frame, the leaf coverage of the loofah is increased to 60-65%. At the same time, step S4 is activated to control the temperature inside the greenhouse at 26-27℃ and the humidity at 93-95%, and a 0.1% propylene glycol solution is sprayed onto the loofah leaves.

[0019] Strong external light (>6000 lux) can penetrate the film of the Ganoderma lucidum greenhouse and directly shine into the greenhouse, causing a sudden rise in temperature. Simultaneously, the strong light can damage the cell structure of the Ganoderma lucidum fruiting bodies, leading to deformities and darkening of the fruiting bodies. Furthermore, loofah leaves are prone to water loss and wilting under strong light and high temperatures, reducing the shading effect. This application increases leaf coverage to 60-65% through lateral traction, which can reduce the light intensity inside the greenhouse (down to 1500-2000 lux) by blocking light, meeting the requirement of Ganoderma lucidum for diffused light. It also lowers the greenhouse temperature through water evaporation and heat absorption, while maintaining high humidity (93-95%) to prevent water loss from the Ganoderma lucidum fruiting bodies due to high temperatures. After spraying with a propylene glycol solution, a transparent protective film forms on the surface of the loofah leaves, reducing leaf water evaporation. At the same time, a small amount of propylene glycol can be absorbed by the leaves, promoting the activity of photosynthetic enzymes and preventing photosynthetic inhibition caused by strong light, thus maintaining a stable shading effect. After lateral traction, the light intensity inside the greenhouse can be reduced to 1500-2000 lux, and the Ganoderma lucidum fruiting bodies are not damaged by strong direct sunlight, with the deformity rate controlled below 3%.

[0020] This invention offers at least the following beneficial effects: The method for intercropping Ganoderma lucidum with loofah uses waste materials such as crushed osmanthus seeds (a byproduct of osmanthus cultivation) and crushed loofah vines as raw materials, reducing resource waste. Furthermore, it creates a suitable growing environment for both crops. The loofah vines, guided by a grid system, form a 60-70% shade layer, meeting the diffused light requirements of Ganoderma lucidum, allowing for precise temperature and humidity control, and is further enhanced by ventilation. The concentration reduces the deformity rate of Ganoderma lucidum fruiting bodies, while the substrate for Ganoderma lucidum cultivation provides nutrients for loofah and promotes loofah growth. Moreover, the planting method of this invention significantly improves economic benefits. The intercropping mode increases the land utilization rate per unit area. Ganoderma lucidum and loofah grow synergistically, with stable yields and guaranteed quality for both. The effective components of Ganoderma lucidum are fully preserved, greatly increasing the planting income per unit area. It is suitable for large-scale promotion and application.

[0021] Other advantages, objectives and features of the present invention will become apparent in part from the following description, and in part from those skilled in the art through study and practice of the invention. Detailed Implementation

[0022] The present invention will be further described in detail below with reference to embodiments, so that those skilled in the art can implement it based on the description.

[0023] The following description is intended to disclose the invention and enable those skilled in the art to implement it. The preferred embodiments described below are merely examples, and other obvious modifications will occur to those skilled in the art. The basic principles of the invention defined in the following description can be applied to other embodiments, modifications, improvements, equivalents, and other technical solutions that do not depart from the spirit and scope of the invention.

[0024] It is understood that the term "a" should be understood as "at least one" or "one or more", that is, in one embodiment, the number of an element can be one, while in another embodiment, the number of the element can be multiple, and the term "a" should not be understood as a limitation on the number.

[0025] Example 1 A method for producing Ganoderma lucidum from Osmanthus fragrans by-products and intercropping it with loofah includes the following steps: Step S1: Preparation of Ganoderma lucidum culture medium and fabrication of mushroom bags A mixture of 70% osmanthus sawdust, 20% osmanthus seed powder, 2% oyster shell powder, and 8% loofah vine powder was added to 63% water, then bagged and sterilized to obtain a sterilized culture medium. Under aseptic conditions, 100 g of the culture medium was inoculated into each sterilized bag at a ratio of 1:100. After sealing, the bags were transferred to a culture room for mycelial growth until the mycelium completely covered the substrate. In step S1, the sterilization process involved high pressure at 121°C and 0.1 MPa for 2 hours. During mycelial growth, the temperature was controlled at 28°C, the humidity at 60-70%, and the culture was carried out in the dark for 20 days. After sterilization, a 0.3% (w / w) compound functional microbial agent, composed of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria, Bacillus subtilis, and Bacillus mucilage in a 1:1:0.5 (w / w) ratio, was added to the culture medium.

[0026] Step S2: Site setup and management In mid-to-late April, the bags of cultured mushrooms are moved into the Ganoderma lucidum shed. The mushrooms are then managed using a semi-bagging method. A 2-3 cm thick layer of well-rotted rice husks and crushed corn cobs is laid on the ground of the shed, with a volume ratio of 2:1. Above this layer, a 3-5 cm thick layer of well-rotted Ganoderma lucidum culture medium and garden soil is laid, with a volume ratio of 1:3. 0.2-0.3% of photosynthetic bacteria solution and 0.1% of potassium humate are evenly mixed into the mixed layer. In step S2, during the mushroom cultivation management process, the mushroom cultivation area is adjusted to a diffused light environment, and humidification and ventilation are carried out twice a day to control the humidity within the mushroom cultivation area. The concentration should not exceed 0.1% to avoid deformed Ganoderma lucidum fruiting bodies, while maintaining the temperature in the fruiting area at 28°C to promote fruiting body differentiation.

[0027] In step S2, the mixture of decomposed rice husks and crushed corn cobs is spread in 500g / ㎡ in the soil gaps between the Ganoderma lucidum bags and the loofah roots. After spreading, it is gently turned over with a small rake to make the mixture of the layer and the soil reach 30%.

[0028] Step S3: Intercropping of loofah Plant two rows of loofah in each Ganoderma lucidum shed, with a row spacing of 1.5m and a 30cm wide management passage reserved between the two rows. The loofah plant spacing is 0.8m. Place 4-5 Ganoderma lucidum bags per square meter. When planting loofah, apply 200-300g of organic fertilizer made by fermenting a mixture of Ganoderma lucidum fungal residue and soybean meal in a 2:1 mass ratio into the planting hole. The loofah vines are guided by a grid frame to form a uniform shade layer above the Ganoderma lucidum shed. Thirty days after the loofah planting in step S3, the following operations are also included: When the loofah vines have climbed to half the height of the grid and the Ganoderma lucidum has entered the early stage of primordia differentiation, spray a 0.2% (w / w) compound nutrient solution onto the surface of the Ganoderma lucidum bag at a rate of 8 mL / bag. At the same time, bury 50 g / plant loofah vine granules in the soil around the loofah roots. Apply the compound nutrient solution and loofah vine granules every 10 days. The loofah vine granules are made from the remaining loofah vine powder from step S1 and have a particle diameter of 5 mm. The compound nutrient solution is a mixture of soy milk, a 0.01% (w / w) vitamin B12 solution, and a 0.05% (w / w) potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution in a volume ratio of 100:1:2.

[0029] Step S4: Environmental Control During Production Control the temperature inside the Ganoderma lucidum shed to be below 32℃, maintain humidity above 90% during the Ganoderma lucidum growth period, and ensure sufficient oxygen in the growth area through ventilation. When the humidity of the site is below 90%, water can be sprayed onto the loofah leaves to increase air humidity through leaf transpiration. Step S5: Harvesting and Post-harvest Processing When the base of the Ganoderma lucidum buds changes color, use a sterilized knife to cut the base of the stipe horizontally, leaving 0.5-1cm of stipe for regeneration; stop watering for 2 days after harvesting, then spray with soy milk to promote the growth of the second flush of Ganoderma lucidum, and dry the harvested Ganoderma lucidum buds, slice and preserve them.

[0030] When the ambient light intensity is above 6000 lux for three consecutive days, adjust the vine training density of the loofah vines in step S3. By increasing the lateral traction of the vines on the grid frame, the leaf coverage of the loofah can be increased to 60-65%. At the same time, turn on step S4 to control the temperature inside the greenhouse at 26-27℃ and the humidity at 93-95%, and spray the loofah leaves with a 0.1% propylene glycol solution.

[0031] Example 2 The difference from Example 1 is that S1 contains 75% osmanthus wood chips, 15% osmanthus seed powder, 2% oyster powder and 8% loofah vine powder, and S3 has a loofah plant spacing of 1.0m.

[0032] Example 3 S1 contains 80% osmanthus wood chips, 14% osmanthus seed powder, 1% oyster powder, and 5% loofah vine powder. In S3, the loofah plant spacing is 1.0m.

[0033] Comparative Example 1 The difference from Example 1 is that in S2, a 2-3cm thick layer of decomposed rice husks and crushed corn cobs was not laid on the surface of the Ganoderma lucidum shed, nor was a 3-5cm thick layer of decomposed Ganoderma lucidum culture medium and garden soil laid on top of the layer.

[0034] Comparative Example 2 The difference from Example 1 is that in step S1, the compound functional bacterial agent with a mass concentration of 0.3-0.5% was not added to the culture medium after sterilization.

[0035] Comparative Example 3 The difference from Example 1 is that in step S3, the following operation was not performed 30 days after the loofah was planted: when the loofah vines covered half the height of the grid frame and the Ganoderma lucidum entered the early stage of fruiting body primordia differentiation, a compound nutrient solution with a mass concentration of 0.2% was sprayed onto the surface of the Ganoderma lucidum material bag, and at the same time, 50g / plant of loofah vine granules were buried in the soil around the loofah roots, sprayed once every 10 days. The loofah vine granules were made by pressing the remaining loofah vine crushed material in step S1, and the granule diameter was 3-5mm. The compound nutrient solution was made by mixing soybean milk, a vitamin B12 solution with a mass concentration of 0.01%, and a potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution with a mass concentration of 0.05% in a volume ratio of 100:1:2.

[0036] Comparative Example 4 The difference from Example 1 is that the subbase is 50% mixed with the soil.

[0037] Comparative Example 5 The difference from Example 1 is that the mixing degree between the subbase and the soil reaches 10%.

[0038] Comparative Example 6 The difference from Example 1 is that when the ambient light intensity is higher than 6000 lux for three consecutive days, the vine density of the loofah vine in step S3 is not adjusted.

[0039] Experiment 1 Ganoderma lucidum cultivation experiment: Ganoderma lucidum was cultivated for 60 days according to the methods of Examples 1-3 and Comparative Examples 1-6, respectively. At the same time, Ganoderma lucidum was cultivated in a greenhouse with no intercropping of loofah according to the specifications of Example 1, as a control group. The cap size, cap thickness, stipe length, average yield and biological efficiency of Ganoderma lucidum in Examples 1-3, Comparative Examples 1-6 and the control group were recorded. The results are shown in Table 1.

[0040] Table 1

[0041] As shown in Table 1, the data of Examples 1-3 using the intercropping cultivation method of this application all show significant advantages and exhibit a stable and optimized growth trend. Regarding cap size, Example 1 was 13.93 cm, Example 2 was 14.14 cm, and Example 3 was 14.69 cm, all falling within the 13.93-14.69 cm range. This represents an improvement of 14.37%-20.61% compared to the control group (simply cultivated Ganoderma lucidum, 12.18 cm). In terms of cap thickness, Examples 1-3 were 1.49 cm, 1.47 cm, and 1.51 cm respectively, remaining within the optimal range of 1.47-1.51 cm. The control group was only 1.31 cm, indicating an increase of 12.21%-15.27% in thickness. Regarding average yield, Example 1 was 548.35 g / bag, Example 2 was 543.25 g / bag, and Example 3 was 556.21 g / bag, significantly higher than the control group's 529.36 g / bag. For bags, the yield of the examples increased by 2.62%-5.07%; in terms of biological efficiency, the yields of examples 1-3 were 54.18%, 54.26%, and 56.17%, respectively, while the yield of the blank group was 50.87%, and the efficiency of the examples increased by 3.31%-5.3%.

[0042] In contrast, compared to comparisons 1-6, all indicators declined to varying degrees due to the lack of key cultivation steps in the documents. Comparative Example 1 showed lower cap size, cap thickness, stipe length, average yield, and biological efficiency compared to the Example. This was because Comparative Example 1 lacked a cushion layer and a mixing layer, failing to optimize water and fertilizer retention and soil aeration. This resulted in obstructed mycelial respiration at the bottom of the Ganoderma lucidum substrate bag and accelerated water loss, thus affecting cap development. Comparative Example 2 did not include a compound functional microbial agent, losing the dual effects of nutrient conversion and inhibition of miscellaneous bacteria. Although there was no significant disadvantage in cap size in the short term, long-term growth indicators were prone to decline due to insufficient nutrient supply and interference from miscellaneous bacteria. Comparative Example 3 did not undergo additional nutrient supply operations (spraying compound nutrient solution and burying loofah vine granules). The document pointed out that this operation could supplement small molecule carbon and nitrogen sources and trace elements in the early stage of Ganoderma lucidum fruiting body primordia differentiation. Without this, primordia development lacked nutritional support, leading to a decrease in yield and efficiency. Comparative Examples 4-5 had abnormal mixing. Excessive mixing (50%) resulted in insufficient soil water retention, while excessive mixing (10%) failed to effectively fill soil gaps, both damaging the soil microenvironment for Ganoderma lucidum growth. Comparative Example 6 The failure to adjust the vine density under strong light and the excessive light intensity inside the greenhouse damaged the Ganoderma lucidum fruiting body cells, resulting in a reduction in cap thickness.

[0043] Furthermore, in terms of environmental control, step S3 of this application clearly states that the loofah vines are guided through a grid frame to form a 60-70% shade layer, precisely matching the growth characteristics of Ganoderma lucidum, which prefers diffused light and dislikes direct sunlight. It points out that strong light can cause thickening of the cell walls and abnormal pigment deposition in Ganoderma lucidum fruiting bodies, while this shade layer can control the light intensity inside the greenhouse within a suitable diffused light range, avoiding deformed fruiting bodies. This is the core environmental factor that resulted in the cap size and thickness of the embodiment being superior to the control group. Simultaneously, step S4 employs strict temperature control inside the greenhouse below 32℃, combined with spraying water onto the loofah leaves to increase humidity through transpiration, ensuring that the humidity of the growing environment is stably maintained above 90%. It also emphasizes that 25-28℃ is the optimal temperature for Ganoderma lucidum fruiting body differentiation, and high humidity can prevent the fruiting bodies from losing water and shrinking. This synergistic temperature and humidity control mechanism directly promotes the activity of Ganoderma lucidum mycelium and the development of fruiting bodies, with multiple dimensions and factors jointly driving the improvement of average yield and biological efficiency.

[0044] Experiment 2 Luffa cultivation experiment: Luffa were cultivated for 60 days according to the methods of Examples 1-3 and Comparative Examples 1-6, respectively. At the same time, luffa was cultivated in a greenhouse with no intercropping of Ganoderma lucidum according to the specifications of Example 1 as a control group. The yield of luffa in Examples 1-3, Comparative Examples 1-6 and the control group were recorded respectively. The results are shown in Table 2.

[0045] Table 2

[0046] Table 2 clearly shows the significant differences between the examples, the control group, and the comparative example in terms of loofah yield per mu (667 square meters). Examples 1-3 adopted the intercropping scheme of this application, and the yields per mu reached 8564 kg, 8688 kg, and 8612 kg, respectively, which are all in the high yield range of 8564-8688 kg. Compared with the control group (loofah cultivation alone, 6804 kg), the yield increase was as high as 25.87%-27.69%, and the yield difference among the examples was small, which reflects the stability of this cultivation method. Comparative Example 1 yielded 7132 kg per mu, a decrease of 16.72% compared to Example 1. This is because Comparative Example 1 lacked the cushion layer and mixing layer, which improve soil fertility, water retention, and aeration. Their absence worsened soil structure, reduced the efficiency of water and fertilizer absorption by the loofah roots, and hindered growth. Comparative Example 2 yielded 7245 kg per mu, 15.4% lower than Example 1. This is because Comparative Example 2 did not add a compound functional microbial agent, thus losing the agent's promoting effect on soil nutrient transformation (such as phosphorus solubilization and nitrogen fixation), reducing soil fertility utilization, and resulting in insufficient nutrient supply for the loofah in the later stages. Comparative Example 3 yielded 7424 kg per mu, a decrease of 13.31% compared to Example 1. Comparative Example 3 did not provide additional nutrients, emphasizing the use of a compound nutrient solution (soybean milk, 0.01% vitamin B12 solution, and 0.05% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution in a 100:1:2 ratio). Mixing (fermented with compound functional microbial agents for 24 hours) can supplement the amino acids, vitamins, and minerals needed for loofah growth. The loofah vine particles can slowly release cellulose and organic matter. Without these, the loofah lacks continuous nutritional support in its later growth stages, resulting in a decrease in yield. In Comparative Example 4, the mixing degree between the bedding layer and the soil was 50%, and the yield per mu was 7656 kg, which was 10.6% lower than that of Example 1. In Comparative Example 5, the mixing degree was 10%, and the yield per mu was 8178 kg, which was 4.51% lower than that of Example 1. This is because both excessively high and low mixing of the bedding layer and the soil are not good. In Comparative Example 4, the mixing degree between the bedding layer and the soil was too high (50%), which led to a decrease in the soil's water retention capacity, making the loofah roots prone to water shortage. In Comparative Example 5, the mixing degree was too low (10%), which could not effectively improve the soil structure, both of which affected the absorption of nutrients by the loofah. In Comparative Example 6, the vine density was not adjusted under strong light, and the yield per mu was 7698 kg, which was lower than that of Example 1. The 10.11% decrease is due to strong external light (>6000 lux), which causes the leaves of the loofah to lose water and wilt, reduces the shading effect, and thus affects the photosynthesis of the loofah, leading to a reduction in the accumulation of organic matter and ultimately a decrease in yield.

[0047] The high-yield advantages of Examples 1-3 stem from the synergistic effect of multiple factors. Firstly, step S3 specifies that 200-300g of organic fertilizer, a mixture of Ganoderma lucidum fungal residue and soybean meal fermented in a 2:1 mass ratio, should be applied to the planting hole when planting the loofah. This organic fertilizer provides sufficient and suitable nutrients for the loofah seedlings, promoting root development and early growth. Simultaneously, the microorganisms in the organic fertilizer improve the soil microenvironment. Furthermore, the waste substrate generated during Ganoderma lucidum cultivation (such as the waste Ganoderma lucidum substrate in step S2), after composting, becomes an important component of the mixed layer. Upon degradation, it releases a large amount of organic matter, continuously supplementing nutrients for loofah growth, forming a resource cycle from Ganoderma lucidum cultivation waste to loofah nutrients. This avoids the nutrient deficiency problem when simply planting loofah, laying a nutritional foundation for high loofah yields. On the one hand, there's no need to build separate shading facilities for the loofah; the loofah vines grow using the grid framework of the Ganoderma lucidum greenhouse, saving planting costs and space resources. On the other hand, the greenhouse maintains a suitable temperature (≤32℃) and high humidity (>90%) environment, allowing the Ganoderma lucidum to release nutrients through respiration. This not only meets the growth requirements of Ganoderma lucidum but also aligns with the warm and humid environment preferred by loofah, reducing the inhibitory effects of environmental stresses such as high temperatures and drought on loofah growth. Furthermore, the planting density of 1.5m between rows and 0.8-1.0m between plants in step S3, coupled with 30cm wide management aisles, ensures good ventilation and light penetration between loofah plants while facilitating field management. This avoids flower and fruit drop caused by improper density, further guaranteeing yield.

[0048] Although embodiments of the present invention have been disclosed above, they are not limited to the applications listed in the specification and embodiments. They can be applied to various fields suitable for the present invention. For those skilled in the art, other modifications can be easily made. Therefore, without departing from the general concept defined by the claims and their equivalents, the present invention is not limited to the specific details and embodiments shown and described herein.

Claims

1. A method for producing Ganoderma lucidum from Osmanthus fragrans by-products and intercropping it with loofah, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: Step S1: Preparation of Ganoderma lucidum culture medium and fabrication of mushroom bags Mix 20-80% osmanthus wood chips, 10-20% osmanthus seed powder, 1-2% oyster shell powder, 5-8% loofah vine powder, and the remaining proportion of water in the specified proportion, then let it sit, pack it into bags, and sterilize it to obtain a sterilized culture medium. Under sterile conditions, inoculate the sterilized bags with inoculum at a mass ratio of 1:100 to culture medium, seal the bags, and transfer them to a culture room for inoculation until the mycelium has fully grown the substrate. Step S2: Site setup and management In mid-to-late April, the bags of cultured fungi are moved into the Ganoderma lucidum shed. The Ganoderma lucidum is managed by partially removing the bags. A 2-3 cm thick layer of decomposed rice husks and crushed corn cobs is laid on the ground of the shed, with a volume ratio of 2:

1. On top of this layer, a 3-5 cm thick layer of decomposed Ganoderma lucidum culture medium and garden soil is laid, with a volume ratio of 1:

3. 0.2-0.3% of photosynthetic bacteria solution and 0.1% of potassium humate are evenly added to the mixed layer. Fermentation lasts for 10-15 days, during which the pile is turned over once. Step S3: Intercropping of loofah Plant two rows of loofah in each Ganoderma lucidum greenhouse, with a row spacing of 1.5m and a 30cm wide management passage between the two rows. The loofah plant spacing is 0.8-1.0m. Use 4-5 Ganoderma lucidum bags per m². 2 Placement; When planting loofah, apply 200-300g of organic fertilizer, which is a mixture of Ganoderma lucidum fungus bran and soybean meal in a 2:1 mass ratio, into the planting hole. The loofah vines are guided by a grid frame so that the vines form a uniform shade layer above the Ganoderma lucidum shed. Step S4: Environmental Control During Production Control the temperature inside the Ganoderma lucidum shed to be below 32℃, maintain humidity above 90% during the Ganoderma lucidum growth period, and ensure sufficient oxygen in the growth area through ventilation. When the humidity of the site is below 90%, water can be sprayed onto the loofah leaves to increase air humidity through leaf transpiration. Step S5: Harvesting and Post-harvest Processing Select tender Ganoderma lucidum buds. When the base of the buds changes color, use a sterilized knife to cut the base of the stipe horizontally, leaving 0.5-1cm of stipe for regeneration. After harvesting, stop watering for 2 days, then spray with soy milk to promote the growth of the second flush of Ganoderma lucidum. Dry the harvested buds, slice them and preserve them.

2. The method for producing Ganoderma lucidum from Osmanthus fragrans by-products and intercropping it with loofah according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step S1, the sterilization treatment is to maintain the center of the cultivation bag at 100°C for 10-12 hours under normal pressure, or at 121°C and 0.1 MPa under high pressure for 1.5-2 hours; during the incubation process, the temperature is controlled at 25-28°C, the humidity is controlled at 60-70%, and the culture is carried out in the dark for 20-25 days.

3. The method for producing Ganoderma lucidum from Osmanthus fragrans by-products and intercropping it with loofah according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step S1, after sterilization, a compound functional bacterial agent with a mass concentration of 0.3-0.5% is added to the culture medium. The agent is composed of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria, Bacillus subtilis, and Bacillus mucilaginosus in a mass ratio of 1:1:0.

5.

4. The method for producing Ganoderma lucidum from Osmanthus fragrans by-products and intercropping it with loofah according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step S2, during the management of the fruiting process, the fruiting area is adjusted to a diffused light environment using loofah vines. Humidification is achieved through daily misting and ventilation twice a day to control the temperature within the fruiting area. The concentration should not exceed 0.1% to avoid deformed Ganoderma lucidum fruiting bodies. At the same time, the temperature in the fruiting area should be maintained at 25-28°C to promote fruiting body differentiation.

5. The method for producing Ganoderma lucidum from Osmanthus fragrans by-products and intercropping it with loofah according to claim 1, characterized in that, Step S3, 30 days after the loofah plants are planted, includes the following operations: When the loofah vines have climbed to half the height of the grid and the Ganoderma lucidum has entered the early stage of primordia differentiation, spray a 0.2% (w / w) compound nutrient solution onto the surface of the Ganoderma lucidum bag at a rate of 8 mL / bag. At the same time, bury 50g / plant loofah vine granules in the soil around the loofah roots, once every 10 days. The loofah vine granules are made by pressing crushed loofah vines, with a particle diameter of 3-5mm. The compound nutrient solution is a mixture of soybean milk, 0.01% (w / w) vitamin B12 solution, and 0.05% (w / w) potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution in a volume ratio of 100:1:

2.

6. The method for producing Ganoderma lucidum from Osmanthus fragrans by-products and intercropping it with loofah according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step S2, the mixture of decomposed rice husks and crushed corn cobs that was laid in step S2 is added at a rate of 500g / ㎡ to the soil gaps between the Ganoderma lucidum bag and the loofah roots. After adding, it is gently turned over with a small rake to make the mixture of the layer and the soil reach 30%.

7. The method for producing Ganoderma lucidum from Osmanthus fragrans by-products and intercropping it with loofah according to claim 1, characterized in that, When the ambient light intensity is above 6000 lux for three consecutive days, adjust the vine training density of the loofah vines in step S3. By increasing the lateral traction of the vines on the grid frame, the leaf coverage of the loofah can be increased to 60-65%. At the same time, turn on step S4 to control the temperature inside the greenhouse at 26-27℃ and the humidity at 93-95%, and spray the loofah leaves with a 0.1% propylene glycol solution.

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