Novel sheet-shaped abnormal Hall effect element and production method thereof

Abstract

On the basis of the abnormal Hall effect, the chip type novel abnormal Hall effect element and the production method thereof are provided, a super-strong closed magnetic field is used as an external force induction magnetic material, and the strong closed magnetic field is used for inducing atomic groups (including lattices) of the magnetic material to generate magnetic domains in the magnetic domain generation process. Different magnetic poles of atomic groups (including lattices) attract each other, same magnetic poles repel each other, a magnetic field is closed, the material integrally generates a closed magnetic field and becomes a material with a self-closed magnetic field, the material is manufactured into a sheet-type device, electrodes are added, and the sheet-type abnormal Hall effect element is manufactured. The base material of the chip component has a normal-temperature and normal-pressure superconductor application prospect.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of electronic components, and more particularly to a novel chip-shaped anomalous Hall effect element and its manufacturing method. Background Technology

[0002] In 1881, Hall discovered the anomalous Hall effect while studying the Hall effect in magnetic metals. The Hall effect can be observed even without an external magnetic field; this zero-magnetic-field Hall effect is called the anomalous Hall effect. The anomalous Hall effect is fundamentally different from the ordinary Hall effect because the magnetic field in the anomalous Hall effect is generated by the spontaneous magnetization of the material itself, causing the electron's trajectory to deflect. This is unlike the anomalous Hall effect where the electron's trajectory is deflected by the Lorentz force applied by an external magnetic field. On March 15, 2013, Beijing time, the journal *Science* published an online article announcing that a team led by Academician Xue Qikun of the Chinese Academy of Sciences had experimentally discovered the "integer quantum anomalous Hall effect" for the first time. Three years later, facing numerous academicians from both Shanghai Jiao Tong University and other universities, including Xue Qikun, Xie Xincheng, Feng Donglai, and Zhang Jie, a young couple of teachers in their thirties, Li Tingxin and Liu Xiaoxue, announced a major breakthrough in the "fractional quantum anomalous Hall effect" at the Li Institute that afternoon. The experiment by Li Tingxin and Liu Xiaoxue's team, in collaboration with the theoretical work of Zhang Yang's team at the University of Tennessee, achieved this breakthrough in the study of the fractional quantum anomalous Hall effect. Using a novel moiré superlattice device made of this rotating material, they directly observed conclusive evidence of the existence of the fractional quantum anomalous Hall effect through electrical transport experiments. This work became one of only two independent experimental studies conducted internationally during the same period; the other, completed by Xiaodong Xu's research team at the University of Washington, was also published online internationally within the same week. The most fascinating aspect of the anomalous Hall effect is that it requires no external magnetic field. Humans may be able to utilize its dissipationless edge states to develop a new generation of low-energy transistors and electronic devices, thereby solving the problem of computer overheating and the bottleneck of Moore's Law. Summary of the Invention

[0003] The purpose of this invention is to overcome the shortcomings of the prior art and provide a novel sheet-like anomalous Hall effect element and its manufacturing method, which has its own closed magnetic field as a base material, including electronic devices, photonic devices, optoelectronic devices and other components placed on the surface and inside the closed magnetic field material, as well as wires connected to the outside.

[0004] The novel sheet-like anomalous Hall effect element comprises a base material with its own closed magnetic field, electronic devices, photonic devices, optoelectronic devices, and other components disposed on the surface and inside the closed magnetic field material, and wires connecting to the outside. This invention utilizes a strong external closed magnetic field as an inducing factor to induce the processed material, including semiconductor materials such as silicon, germanium, and gallium, as well as magnetic materials, especially ferromagnetic materials, particularly ferromagnetic materials doped with rare earth elements. Using a strong closed magnetic field, the atomic clusters (including the crystal lattice) of the magnetic material are induced to attract opposite magnetic poles and repel like magnetic poles during the generation of magnetic domains, thus stimulating the magnetic field closure process. The material as a whole generates a closed magnetic field. Removing the external closed magnetic field results in a material with its own closed magnetic field. This material is then fabricated into a sheet-like device, and electrodes, electronic devices, photonic devices, optoelectronic devices, and other components are added to create a sheet-like anomalous Hall effect element with its own closed magnetic field.

[0005] The method for producing the anomalous Hall effect element includes the following steps:

[0006] I. Preparation:

[0007] The preparation steps include material preparation and equipment inspection. The raw materials to be processed include semiconductor materials such as silicon, germanium, and gallium, as well as ferromagnetic materials, especially ferromagnetic materials such as iron, cobalt, and nickel, and particularly ferromagnetic materials doped with rare earth elements. Equipment inspection refers to inspecting the equipment and facilities required for production to ensure that the machines can operate normally and that normal and safe production can be guaranteed. Sampling and research are also conducted.

[0008] II. Hot working:

[0009] The raw materials are placed in a crucible and heated to a molten state in a furnace. The furnace may include an electric furnace, a gas furnace, a coal furnace, a liquid fuel furnace, a laser furnace, or a microwave furnace. The gas may include hydrogen, natural gas, coal gas, acetylene, etc. The liquid fuel may include gasoline, diesel, kerosene, methanol, ethanol, etc. The materials that have completed the heat treatment are then moved to the shaping process or the magnetic processing process.

[0010] III. Shaping Processing:

[0011] The raw materials heated to a molten state are transported into molds with closed cross-sections, such as rings, squares, rectangles, and elliptical rings, and processed into semi-finished products with closed shapes such as rings and frames. These products are then either stored for later use or proceed to the next process, magnetic processing.

[0012] IV. Magnetic processing:

[0013] By controlling the temperature of the material and gradually cooling it from its Curie point or molten state, a closed magnetic field with extremely strong magnetic induction is used as an inducing factor. This induces molten magnetic materials, especially molten ferromagnetic materials, particularly those doped with rare earth elements, to generate magnetic domains. The strong closed magnetic field induces the attraction between unlike magnetic poles and the repulsion between like magnetic poles among the atomic clusters (including the crystal lattice) of the magnetic material, thus stimulating the closing process of the magnetic field. The entire material then generates a closed magnetic field, becoming a material with its own closed magnetic field. (The external magnetic field is then removed.) The closed magnetic field applied to a material is called an external closed magnetic field. The closed magnetic field of a material itself can be classified into two states according to its composition. One state is where the material's closed magnetic field is formed by the combination of small magnetic domains. Many adjacent small magnetic domains attract each other, condensing to form a unified closed magnetic field; the entire material is a condensed closed magnetic material. The other state is where the material's closed magnetic field is formed by the magnetic field of a single magnetic domain; a single closed magnetic field material is a single magnetic domain, and the entire material is a magnetic domain with a completely closed magnetic field. The closed magnetic field can also be classified into two states according to its distribution: continuous distribution and discontinuous distribution.

[0014] The Curie point is the temperature at which the magnetic domains of a material become completely disordered, causing the material to lose its magnetism.

[0015] The methods for controlling the temperature of annular materials include (1) controlling the temperature of the flame formed by fuel oil; (2) controlling the temperature of the flame formed by natural gas; (3) controlling the temperature formed by electricity; and (4) controlling the temperature of the light cluster formed by laser.

[0016] The ways to realize an external closed magnetic field include (1) the induced magnetic field formed by a charged particle beam accelerated by an accelerator, including but not limited to electron beams, alpha particle beams, etc.; (2) the induced magnetic field formed by direct current flowing through a straight section of a superconducting cable; (3) the closed magnetic field generated by closed-shaped coils (including superconducting coil rings) such as loop coils, frame coils, and spiral coils that are energized with direct current. The loops include circular rings, elliptical rings, irregular rings, and spiral rings.

[0017] Coils can be either integral or modular. Integral closed coils are complete units; removing the magnetically processed material requires destroying the coil, which is costly and unsuitable for large-scale industrial production. Modular closed coils are formed by combining non-closed coils. When connected to direct current, they can create a closed magnetic field. Removing the magnetically processed material only requires using lifting equipment such as cranes, overhead cranes, or electric hoists to open the modular coil.

[0018] The combination methods of combined coils include aligned combination and staggered combination; the aligned combination method of combined coils refers to the characteristic that the combined ports of the combined parts of the combined coil are paired in a positive and opposite position; the staggered combination method of combined coils refers to the characteristic that the combined ports of the combined parts of the combined coil are paired in a staggered and opposite position.

[0019] The combination forms of combined coils include symmetrical combination and asymmetrical combination. A symmetrical combination refers to the combination of closed coils being symmetrical, while an asymmetrical combination refers to the combination of closed coils being asymmetrical.

[0020] The combination process of combined coils includes fully moving combination and moving-fixed combination. The fully moving combination refers to the combination of closed coils, where all parts are movable. The moving-fixed combination refers to the combination of closed coils, where some parts are fixed, such as the top or bottom part or the inner or outer part, while others are movable, such as the top or bottom part or the inner or outer part.

[0021] A material processing device is formed by a closed coil device, a mold processing chamber for placing materials, and a temperature control device for the materials. The material processing device can be referred to as a tokamak device for controlled nuclear fusion.

[0022] The materials processed are not nuclear fusion materials such as deuterium and tritium, but mainly solid materials such as ferromagnetic materials; if the coil is a combined coil, the material processing device can also be opened and closed to put in raw materials and semi-finished materials and take out finished materials; the material processing device can be mobile, which is convenient to transport between different places, or it can be non-mobile, which does not move between different places and maintains a stable position.

[0023] During the magnetic processing of materials, a low-temperature equipment system can be used to cool the materials, such as cooling them to the liquid nitrogen temperature range;

[0024] During the magnetic processing of materials, a high-pressure equipment system can be used to pressurize the materials, such as increasing the pressure to make the materials subject to pressure greater than 100 times the atmospheric pressure.

[0025] During the magnetic processing of materials, a low-temperature equipment system and a high-pressure equipment system can be used together to cool and pressurize the materials.

[0026] V. Testing:

[0027] By utilizing the anomalous Hall effect, instruments are used to detect the magnetic induction intensity, magnetic field strength, and resistance of the material's own closed magnetic field.

[0028] VI. Machining:

[0029] Using cutting machines, stretching machines, drawing machines, and wire drawing machines, ring-shaped materials with their own closed magnetic fields are processed into shapes such as blocks, plates, tubes, sheets, lines, rods, and filaments; cutting machines are used to cut materials into sheets.

[0030] In addition to directly utilizing materials with their own closed magnetic fields, materials with their own closed magnetic fields can be combined with materials without their own closed magnetic fields, such as ordinary superconductors, conductors, resin plastics, and semiconductors, through composite material production technologies such as welding (including explosive welding), bonding, coating, riveting, lamination, and mixing, to form composite materials that play a unique role in specific scenarios.

[0031] Two or more different materials with their own closed magnetic fields can be combined into one through composite material production technologies such as welding (including explosive welding), bonding, coating, riveting, lamination, and mixing to form composite materials, which can play a unique role in specific scenarios.

[0032] VII. Packaging and Testing Components; Adding electrodes, electronic devices, optical devices, and optoelectronic devices, new chip-type anomalous Hall effect components are produced. Specific methods for mounting electrodes, electronic devices, optical devices, and optoelectronic devices include printing, electroplating, lamination, welding, riveting, and bonding. The packaging process is as follows: Materials with their own closed magnetic fields, after passing magnetic processing and testing, are cut into small wafers (dies) with their own closed magnetic fields through a dicing process. These wafers are then glued to islands on corresponding substrates (lead frames) using adhesive. Ultra-fine metal (gold, tin, copper, aluminum) wires or conductive resin are used to connect the bonding pads of the wafers to the corresponding leads on the substrate, forming the required circuit. The individual wafers with their own closed magnetic fields are then encapsulated and protected with plastic shells. After encapsulation, a series of operations are performed, such as post-molded curing, trimming and forming, plating, and printing. After packaging, finished product testing is performed, typically involving processes such as incoming inspection, testing, and packaging, before finally being stored and shipped. In short, the packaging process is as follows: dicing, die mounting, bonding, molding, deflashing, electroplating, printing, lead trimming and shaping, visual inspection, finished product testing, and packaging and shipping.

[0033] The beneficial effects of this invention are as follows: Based on the anomalous Hall effect, this invention provides a novel chip-type anomalous Hall effect element and its manufacturing method. It utilizes an ultra-strong closed magnetic field as an external force to induce magnetic materials. This powerful closed magnetic field induces the atomic clusters (including the crystal lattice) of the magnetic material to attract opposite magnetic poles and repel like magnetic poles during the generation of magnetic domains. The magnetic field closes, and the material as a whole generates a closed magnetic field, becoming a material with its own closed magnetic field. This material is then fabricated into a chip-type device, and electrodes are added to create a chip-type anomalous Hall effect element. The basic material of this chip element has the potential to be used as a room-temperature, room-pressure superconductor. Attached Figure Description

[0034] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the material processing device in the production method of a novel sheet-like anomalous Hall effect element and its manufacturing process described in this invention.

[0035] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram illustrating the generation of a right-handed closed magnetic field by a novel sheet-like anomalous Hall effect element and its manufacturing method as described in this invention.

[0036] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram illustrating the implementation of space experiments;

[0037] The realization of the objective, functional features and advantages of the present invention will be further explained in conjunction with the embodiments and with reference to the accompanying drawings. Detailed Implementation

[0038] I. Technical Solution

[0039] This invention discloses a novel chip-shaped anomalous Hall effect element comprising a base material with its own closed magnetic field, electronic devices, photonic devices, optoelectronic devices, and other components disposed on and within the surface of the closed magnetic field material, and wires connecting to the outside. This invention utilizes a strong external closed magnetic field as an inducing factor to induce the processed material, including semiconductor materials such as silicon, germanium, and gallium, as well as magnetic materials, especially ferromagnetic materials, particularly ferromagnetic materials doped with rare earth elements. The strong closed magnetic field induces the atomic clusters (including the crystal lattice) of the magnetic material to attract opposite magnetic poles and repel like magnetic poles during the generation of magnetic domains, thus stimulating the magnetic field closure process. The material as a whole generates a closed magnetic field. Removing the external closed magnetic field results in a material with its own closed magnetic field. This material is then fabricated into a chip device, and electrodes, electronic devices, photonic devices, optoelectronic devices, and other components are added to create a chip-shaped anomalous Hall effect element with its own closed magnetic field.

[0040] The method for producing the anomalous Hall effect element includes the following steps:

[0041] I. Preparation:

[0042] The preparation steps include material preparation and equipment inspection. The raw materials to be processed include semiconductor materials such as silicon, germanium, and gallium, as well as ferromagnetic materials, especially ferromagnetic materials such as iron, cobalt, and nickel, and particularly ferromagnetic materials doped with rare earth elements. Equipment inspection refers to inspecting the equipment and facilities required for production to ensure that the machines can operate normally and that normal and safe production can be guaranteed. Sampling and research are also conducted.

[0043] II. Hot working:

[0044] The raw materials are placed in a crucible and heated to a molten state in a furnace. The furnace may include an electric furnace, a gas furnace, a coal furnace, a liquid fuel furnace, a laser furnace, or a microwave furnace. The gas may include hydrogen, natural gas, coal gas, acetylene, etc. The liquid fuel may include gasoline, diesel, kerosene, methanol, ethanol, etc. The materials that have completed the heat treatment are then moved to the shaping process or the magnetic processing process.

[0045] III. Shaping Processing:

[0046] The raw materials heated to a molten state are transported into molds with closed cross-sections, such as rings, squares, rectangles, and elliptical rings, and processed into semi-finished products with closed shapes such as rings and frames. These products are then either stored for later use or proceed to the next process, magnetic processing.

[0047] IV. Magnetic processing:

[0048] By controlling the material's temperature and gradually cooling it from its Curie point or molten state, a strong closed magnetic field is used as an inducing factor. This induces molten magnetic materials, especially molten ferromagnetic materials, particularly those doped with rare earth elements, to generate magnetic domains. The strong closed magnetic field induces the attraction between unlike poles and the repulsion between like poles among the atoms (including the crystal lattice) during the generation of magnetic domains, thus stimulating the closing process of the magnetic field. The entire material then generates its own closed magnetic field, becoming a material with its own closed magnetic field. The externally applied magnetic field is then removed. A closed magnetic field, hereinafter referred to as an external closed magnetic field, and a closed magnetic field of a material with its own closed magnetic field, hereinafter referred to as an internal closed magnetic field, can be classified into two states according to their composition. One state is that the material's own closed magnetic field is formed by the combination of small magnetic domains. The opposite magnetic poles of many adjacent small magnetic domains attract each other and condense to form an overall closed magnetic field. The entire material is a closed magnetic material in a condensed state. The other state is that the material's own closed magnetic field is formed by the magnetic field of a single magnetic domain. A single closed magnetic field material is a single magnetic domain, and the entire material is a magnetic domain with an overall closed magnetic field. According to the distribution of the closed magnetic field, there are also two states: one is a continuous distribution, and the other is a discontinuous distribution.

[0049] The Curie point is the temperature at which the magnetic domains of a material become completely disordered, causing the material to lose its magnetism.

[0050] The methods for controlling the temperature of annular materials include (1) controlling the temperature of the flame formed by fuel oil; (2) controlling the temperature of the flame formed by natural gas; and (3) controlling the temperature formed by electricity.

[0051] The ways to realize an external closed magnetic field include (1) the induced magnetic field formed by a charged particle beam accelerated by an accelerator, including but not limited to electron beams, alpha particle beams, etc.; (2) the induced magnetic field formed by direct current flowing through a straight section of a superconducting cable; (3) the closed magnetic field generated by closed-shaped coils (including superconducting coil rings) such as loop coils, frame coils, and spiral coils that are energized with direct current. The loops include circular rings, elliptical rings, irregular rings, and spiral rings.

[0052] Coils can be either integral or modular. Integral closed coils are complete units; removing the magnetically processed material requires destroying the coil, which is costly and unsuitable for large-scale industrial production. Modular closed coils are formed by combining non-closed coils. When connected to direct current, they can create a closed magnetic field. Removing the magnetically processed material only requires using lifting equipment such as cranes, overhead cranes, or electric hoists to open the modular coil.

[0053] The combination methods of combined coils include aligned combination and staggered combination; the aligned combination method of combined coils refers to the characteristic that the combined ports of the combined parts of the combined coil are paired in a positive and opposite position; the staggered combination method of combined coils refers to the characteristic that the combined ports of the combined parts of the combined coil are paired in a staggered and opposite position.

[0054] The combination forms of combined coils include symmetrical combination and asymmetrical combination. A symmetrical combination refers to the combination of closed coils being symmetrical, while an asymmetrical combination refers to the combination of closed coils being asymmetrical.

[0055] The combination process of combined coils includes fully moving combination and moving-fixed combination. The fully moving combination refers to the combination of closed coils, where all parts are movable. The moving-fixed combination refers to the combination of closed coils, where some parts are fixed, such as the top or bottom part or the inner or outer part, while others are movable, such as the top or bottom part or the inner or outer part.

[0056] A material processing device is formed by a closed coil device, a mold processing chamber for placing materials, and a temperature control device for the materials. The material processing device can be referred to as a tokamak device for controlled nuclear fusion.

[0057] The materials processed are not nuclear fusion materials such as deuterium and tritium, but mainly solid materials such as ferromagnetic materials; if the coil is a combined coil, the material processing device can also be opened and closed to put in raw materials and semi-finished materials and take out finished materials; the material processing device can be mobile, which is convenient to transport between different places, or it can be non-mobile, which does not move between different places and maintains a stable position.

[0058] During the magnetic processing of materials, a low-temperature equipment system can be used to cool the materials, such as cooling them to the liquid nitrogen temperature range;

[0059] During the magnetic processing of materials, a high-pressure equipment system can be used to pressurize the materials, such as increasing the pressure to make the materials subject to pressure greater than 100 times the atmospheric pressure.

[0060] During the magnetic processing of materials, a low-temperature equipment system and a high-pressure equipment system can be used together to cool and pressurize the materials.

[0061] V. Testing:

[0062] By utilizing the anomalous Hall effect, instruments are used to detect the magnetic induction intensity, magnetic field strength, and resistance of the material's own closed magnetic field.

[0063] VI. Machining:

[0064] Using cutting machines, stretching machines, drawing machines, and wire drawing machines, ring-shaped materials with their own closed magnetic fields are processed into blocks, plates, sheets, lines, rods, and filaments; cutting machines are used to cut materials into sheets.

[0065] In addition to directly utilizing materials with their own closed magnetic fields, materials with their own closed magnetic fields can be combined with materials without their own closed magnetic fields, such as ordinary superconductors, conductors, resin plastics, and semiconductors, through composite material production technologies such as welding (including explosive welding), bonding, coating, riveting, lamination, and mixing, to form composite materials that play a unique role in specific scenarios.

[0066] Composite materials are formed by combining two or more different materials that have their own closed magnetic fields through composite material production technologies such as welding (including explosive welding), bonding, coating, riveting, lamination, and mixing.

[0067] VII. Packaging and Testing Components; Adding electrodes, electronic devices, optical devices, and optoelectronic devices, new chip-type anomalous Hall effect components are produced. Specific methods for mounting electrodes, electronic devices, optical devices, and optoelectronic devices include printing, electroplating, lamination, welding, riveting, and bonding. The packaging process is as follows: Materials with their own closed magnetic fields, after passing magnetic processing and testing, are cut into small wafers (dies) with their own closed magnetic fields through a dicing process. These wafers are then glued to islands on corresponding substrates (lead frames) using adhesive. Ultra-fine metal (gold, tin, copper, aluminum) wires or conductive resin are used to connect the bonding pads of the wafers to the corresponding leads on the substrate, forming the required circuit. The individual wafers with their own closed magnetic fields are then encapsulated and protected with plastic shells. After encapsulation, a series of operations are performed, such as post-molded curing, trimming and forming, plating, and printing. After packaging, finished product testing is performed, typically involving processes such as incoming inspection, testing, and packaging, before finally being stored and shipped. In short, the packaging process is as follows: dicing, die mounting, bonding, molding, deflashing, electroplating, printing, lead trimming and shaping, visual inspection, finished product testing, and packaging and shipping.

[0068] II. Scheme Demonstration:

[0069] This invention conforms to scientific principles. During the transition of ferromagnetic materials from a molten liquid state to a solid-liquid mixture, eventually becoming solid materials, the molecules of the ferromagnetic material form magnetic domains with a specific structure due to van der Waals forces and the repulsion and attraction between like and unlike magnetic poles of the electron magnetic moments. Placing the ferromagnetic material in a strong closed magnetic field environment (e.g., a closed magnetic field with a magnetic induction intensity of 5T, 10T, 20T, 30T, or 35T) and using this strong external closed magnetic field to magnetically treat the domain formation process, utilizing the repulsion and attraction between like and unlike magnetic poles, induces and intervenes in the formation of magnetic domains in the material, resulting in the generation of magnetic domains with closed magnetic fields. As the ferromagnetic material generates these domains, the electron magnetic moments repel each other, attracting each other, and the interatomic distance decreases until... The attractive force between opposite magnetic poles and the repulsive force between electrons reach equilibrium. When the strong external closed magnetic field is removed, the material's own closed magnetic field can continue to exist because the material's magnetic domains are closed structures. Electrons enter the closed magnetic field of the material's own closed magnetic domains through the electrodes on the material. Under the action of Lorentz force and electric field force, they move in a curved path, forming an anomalous Hall effect. Therefore, the material can be designed and manufactured into a new type of chip-type anomalous Hall effect device. Because the magnetic domain magnetic field is closed, the magnetism of the new chip-type Hall effect device can be maintained for a long time without being easily demagnetized, which is novel and practical.

[0070] Ferromagnetic materials processed by a strong closed magnetic field theoretically have the potential to become superconductors. The force exerted on a moving charge by a magnetic field is commonly called the Lorentz force. When a charge moves perpendicular to the magnetic field, the force exerted by the magnetic field on the moving charge is equal to the product of the charge's magnitude, velocity, and magnetic induction intensity. The Lorentz force is f = qvB, where q is the magnitude of each free charge, v is the directional velocity of the free charge, and B is the magnetic induction intensity of the closed magnetic field. The radius of a charged particle's orbit in a uniform circular motion within a uniform magnetic field is proportional to its velocity. If the mass of the charged particle is m... The radius of the orbit of a charged particle moving in a circle perpendicular to the magnetic field is r = mv / qB, and the period of motion is T = 2πm / qB. If the mass, speed, and charge of the charged particle are constant, when a magnetic field of a certain magnetic induction intensity changes from non-existent to present, and the magnetic induction intensity increases, the radius of motion of the charged particle moving in a circle perpendicular to the magnetic field direction will decrease, and the period of motion will also decrease. For a given atom, if the radius of the orbit of the outer electrons decreases, it means that the space occupied by the atom decreases, that is, the volume of the atom shrinks. The attraction between the magnetic moments of electrons will also reduce the interatomic distance. As the volume of the atoms that make up a substance decreases, the spacing between atoms also decreases, and thus the volume of the substance also decreases. The low-temperature and high-pressure conditions in traditional low-temperature and high-temperature superconductor technologies can also shrink or compress atoms or atomic groups, reducing the interatomic spacing and atomic volume. High-speed electrons exhibit wave-particle duality. When a wave propagates, if it is blocked by an object whose size is close to or smaller than its wavelength, it will bypass the object and continue its propagation. If it passes through a hole or slit whose size is close to or smaller than its wavelength, the wave will propagate forward around the hole or slit; this phenomenon is called diffraction. In the microscopic atomic world, if a high-speed electron is blocked by an obstacle whose size is close to or smaller than its wavelength... When the size of the barrier d ≈ or ≤ the wavelength λ of the extranuclear electron, the prerequisite for electron diffraction is met. Due to inertia, electrons can spontaneously diffract, overcoming the barrier in a diffracted motion; this is spontaneous diffraction of extranuclear electrons. Spontaneous diffraction of extranuclear electrons is an inertial motion and does not lose any energy. When extranuclear electrons spontaneously diffract and leave a certain extranuclear spacetime, they form holes. Holes and spin magnets attract adjacent extranuclear electrons, especially their paired electrons, bringing them back to their original spatial range and maintaining the pairing. Since this attraction is an internal force of the electrons on the system, no external energy is needed; relying solely on the properties of the material itself, current can be formed without any hindrance, demonstrating superconductivity. Spontaneous electron diffraction causes electron clouds (sometimes written as electron gas) of the same energy level to cross and connect, forming continuous electron cloud bands.Materials contain many paired electrons; many electron pairs are formed and broken up simultaneously; when the distance between electrons in a crystalline material is close enough and the thermal motion of electrons is weak enough, relatively stable electron pairs will be formed, such as Cooper pairs; the wave-particle duality of electrons causes the holes that appear with them to also have wave-particle duality; in an electrically neutral environment, a certain electron wave corresponds to a certain hole wave; both holes and electrons are charge carriers.

[0071] The formation of electron pairs follows certain rules. Electrons in crystalline materials exhibit both repulsive forces between like charges and attractive forces between magnets formed by electron spins. When these forces reach a dynamic equilibrium, relatively stable electron pairs can form. Electrons with equal charges and opposite spins always pair at the lowest energy level. Charge carriers exhibit wave-particle duality. In crystals, not only does the lattice vibrate, but electrons also vibrate. When the lattice vibration direction aligns with the electron vibration direction, the lattice vibration drives its own electrons to move, creating holes. These holes attract neighboring electrons, guiding them to move and fill the original positions of the lattice electrons. Lattice vibration can attract electrons close to the lattice within an electron pair, causing a tearing and destructive effect. However, the vibration of the lattice behind the electron pair exerts a compressive protective effect on the electron pair group (there are many electron pairs between lattices, not just one) through the repulsive forces between electrons. Electrons near the lattice move their paired electrons, and the resulting holes attract nearby electrons; this constitutes electron movement throughout the crystalline material. However, the attraction of electrons to holes requires energy, and the repulsion of electrons also requires energy. In other words, electrons need to absorb energy to jump to the area where holes are located, which introduces resistance and prevents superconductivity. If the distance d between the lattice and nearby electrons is approximately equal to or less than the wavelength λ of the nearby electrons, the nearby electrons undergo inertial motion through spontaneous diffraction during vibrational propagation. Therefore, they do not need to absorb or radiate energy, resulting in no energy loss and thus superconductivity. Electrons capable of spontaneous diffraction and electrons forming relatively stable electron pairs are two necessary elements for superconductivity. Since both lattice vibrations and electron vibrations are propagating vibrations, the lattice will return to its original position after leaving it, rather than moving forward continuously with the vibration. Therefore, lattice vibrations guide the inertial motion of electron pairs but do not determine superconductivity. If the crystal lattice moves forward along with the phonons, then it is no longer vibration, but flow, which is a fluid.

[0072] Now we calculate the energy of the 0K superconducting state; in the textbook "Superconducting Physics" edited by Professor Zhang Yuheng of the University of Science and Technology of China, the energy of the 0K superconducting state is calculated as follows (Superconducting Physics, edited by Zhang Yuheng, Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China Press, 2009, 1, 3rd edition, pp. 326-327):

[0073] For any given point with two sets of electronic states (p↑, -p↓) and (p′↑, p′↓), there are four possible states involving transitions:

[0074] Ψ1: (p↑,-p↓) and (p′↑,p′↓) states are empty;

[0075] Ψ2: The (p↑, -p↓) state has a pair of electrons, and the (p′↑, p′↓) state is empty;

[0076] Ψ3: The (p↑, -p↓) state is empty, and the (p′↑, p′↓) state has a pair of electrons;

[0077] Ψ4: The states (p↑, -p↓) and (p′↑, p′↓) are all occupied;

[0078] The general state Ψ should be a superposition of these four states, that is...

[0079] Ψ=|c1| 2 Ψ1+|c2| 2 Ψ 2 +|c3| 2 Ψ3+|c4| 2 Ψ4 (1)

[0080] In the formula, |c1|2 represents the probability that both the (p↑, -p↓) and (p′↑, p′↓) states are empty, and |c2| 2 This represents the probability of the second scenario, and so on.

[0081] Let v p It is a weight of a pair of electron-occupied (p↑, -p↓) states, v 2 p This represents the probability of occupying the (p′↑, -p′↓) state, u p It is a pair of electrons that do not occupy the (p↑, -p↓) state weights, u 2 p It is the probability that a pair of electrons does not occupy the (p′↑, -p′↓) state, therefore

[0082] |v p | 2 +|u p | 2 =1 (2)

[0083] Then |c1| 2 =u 2p u 2 p′ , |c2| 2 =v 2 p u 2 p′ ,|c3| 2 =u 2 p v 2 p′ ,|c4| 2 =v 2 p v 2 p′ ;

[0084] The total energy of an electronic system is the sum of the kinetic energy of each electron and the energy of their interactions.

[0085] In (p) i ↑, -p i In terms of their kinetic energy, ↓

[0086]

[0087] E F It is the Fermi energy, i.e., the chemical potential μ; however, in (p i The probability of a pair of electrons occupying a state (↑, -pi↓) is v 2 pi Therefore, the total kinetic energy of the system is

[0088]

[0089] This indicates that the thickness of the upper and lower surfaces of the Fermi surface is... Summing the electronic states in the shell;

[0090] As mentioned earlier, when a pair of electrons transitions from the (p, -p↓) state to the (p'↑, -p'↓) state, they will be attracted to each other. The potential energy of this attraction is -V. Due to Pauli's principle, the initial state must be an occupied state of (p↑, -p↓) and an empty state of (p'↑, -p'↓); the final state must be an empty state of (p↑, -p↓) and an occupied state of (p'↑, -p'↓) for a transition from the initial state to the final state. Therefore, the interaction can only occur during the transition from the p2 state to the p3 state. Thus, the potential energy of this electron pair transition is -Vvpup'vp'up. This is the entire process of a pair of electrons transitioning from the (p↑, -p↓) state to the (p↑, -p↓) state. Therefore, the total energy of the system is...

[0091]

[0092] To find the ground state energy, we need to... It is the weight of a certain p1 electron, which can be obtained from equation (5).

[0093]

[0094] because The only difference is that p′ and p represent the superposition of state numbers, which are the same.

[0095]

[0096] Therefore

[0097]

[0098] and

[0099] Substituting equation (7) into equation (6) yields

[0100]

[0101] make

[0102] but

[0103] This is The quadratic equation has two roots. Neglecting one root and writing p1 as p, we get...

[0104]

[0105] but

[0106] Substituting equations (10) and (12) into equation (9a), we get

[0107]

[0108] Δ is the band gap, and the band gap of an electron pair is 2Δ.

[0109] The textbook reasoning deals with the case where electron pairs do not undergo quantum resonance. Quantum resonance can occur between electrons in an electron pair system, between electrons and electron pairs in an electron pair system, and between electron pairs themselves at and below the critical temperature. If electrons in an electron pair system undergo quantum resonance at 0 K, and the total energy of the electron pair system in a quantum resonance state is w′0, then let J be the ratio of the total energy w′0 of the electron pair system at 0 K in a quantum resonance state to the total energy w0 of the electron pair system at 0 K not in a quantum resonance state.

[0110]

[0111] Therefore, the band gap in the quantum resonance state is JΔ, and the band gap of the electron pair in the quantum resonance state is 2JΔ. Since w′0 is often greater than w0, J ≥ 1 is often present, reflecting strong or even super-strong coupling between electrons in the electron pair system. This allows the electron pair to persist under high-temperature conditions. Once the detection method disrupts the quantum resonance state of the electron pair, the electron pair will return to its normal state.

[0112] When the lattice vibration direction is opposite to or relative to the electron vibration direction, the preceding lattice vibration will hinder its own electron movement, and the repulsive force between lattice electrons will impede electron vibration, thus preventing the formation of holes. The following lattice electrons vibrate, leaving their original positions and forming holes. However, because their vibration direction is opposite to that of the electrons, the holes attract electrons, hindering electrons from vibrating in the opposite direction, preventing the formation of electron-electron pairs, and therefore preventing the formation of a superconducting state. If the pressure and low temperature conditions cause the distance d between the lattice and neighboring electrons to be approximately equal to or less than the wavelength λ of the neighboring electrons, the neighboring electrons will undergo inertial motion through spontaneous diffraction during vibration propagation, traversing the lattice without energy loss. However, due to the lack of electron-electron pair forces and spontaneous diffraction, superconductivity cannot be formed. Furthermore, if the lattice is twisted at an angle, so that the lattice vibration direction is not completely opposite to the electron vibration direction, but according to the parallelogram law, although the vibration directions are opposite in one component direction, they can achieve consistency in another component direction. Lattice vibrations also drive the movement of their own electrons in this direction, thus creating holes. The attraction of holes to neighboring electrons guides the movement of neighboring electrons to fill the original positions of the lattice electrons. The electrons in the neighboring lattice also drive the movement of their paired electrons, and the resulting holes attract the movement of neighboring electrons. This forms the electron movement of the entire crystal material. If the distance d between the lattice and the neighboring electrons is approximately equal to or less than the wavelength λ of the neighboring electrons, the neighboring electrons in the lattice undergo inertial motion in the form of spontaneous diffraction during vibration propagation, so there is no energy loss, thus forming superconductivity. There is a repulsive force between electrons in the crystal material and an attractive force between the magnets formed by electron spins. When the repulsive force between electrons and the attractive force between the electron spin magnets reach a dynamic equilibrium, electrons can form relatively stable electron pairs. The relative stability of the electron pair system maintains the existence of the electron pair. When one electron moves, the other electrons follow, thus maintaining the continuity of electron movement and forming superconducting current. Electrons with equal charge and opposite spin always pair up at the lowest energy. Iron (Fe) is a good conductor of electricity at room temperature, but it is difficult to achieve superconductivity at low temperatures, often requiring doping with other impurities. If a strong closed magnetic field is used to induce the magnetic domains to develop in the direction of the closed magnetic field during the formation of magnetic domains in ferromagnetic materials such as iron, the overall magnetic field (or total magnetic field) of the iron-based material will eventually close, transforming into a closed magnetic field and forming a ferromagnetic material with a closed magnetic field. The crystal structure of iron will then twist at a certain angle. Crystal vibrations and electron vibrations interact, achieving directional consistency in a certain vibrational direction.The Lorentz force is f = qvB, where q is the charge of each free charge, v is the directional velocity of the free charge, and B is the magnetic induction intensity of the closed magnetic field. For a charged particle undergoing uniform circular motion in a uniform magnetic field, its orbital radius is proportional to its velocity. If the mass of the charged particle is m, the orbital radius of the charged particle moving perpendicular to the magnetic field is r = mv / qB, and the period is T = 2πm / qB. If the mass, velocity, and charge of the charged particle are constant, when a magnetic field of a certain intensity changes from non-existent to existent, and the magnetic induction intensity increases, the orbital radius of the charged particle moving perpendicular to the magnetic field will decrease, and the period will also decrease. For a given atom, if the orbital radius of the outer electrons changes from... The shrinking of atoms means that the space occupied by atoms decreases, i.e., the volume of atoms shrinks. As the volume of the atoms composing an object decreases, the spacing between atoms also decreases. If the distance d between the lattice of an iron conductor with its own closed magnetic field and the neighboring electrons is approximately equal to or less than the wavelength λ of the neighboring electrons, the neighboring electrons can undergo inertial motion in the form of spontaneous diffraction during vibrational propagation, thus without energy loss, thereby forming superconductivity. In crystalline materials, electrons are subject to both repulsive forces between like charges and attractive forces between magnets formed by electron spin. When the repulsive forces between like charges and the attractive forces between electron spin magnets reach a dynamic equilibrium, electrons can form relatively stable electron pairs, replenishing the electrons that undergo spontaneous diffraction and maintaining the formation of superconducting current.

[0113] The pseudogap is a special case in superconductor research. If external pressure, magnetic attraction, and low temperature conditions allow the repulsive force between like charges and the attractive force between electron spin magnets to reach a dynamic equilibrium, electrons form relatively stable electron pairs, resulting in a superconducting gap; however, if the distance d between the lattice and neighboring electrons is greater than the wavelength λ of the neighboring electrons, the neighboring electrons cannot undergo inertial motion in the form of spontaneous diffraction during vibrational propagation, thus failing to form superconductivity; this superconducting gap in a non-superconducting state is called the pseudogap.

[0114] II. Perfect Diamagnetism and Ampere's Force

[0115] Superconductors possess perfect diamagnetism. Why do superconductors exhibit perfect diamagnetism? The perfect diamagnetism of a superconductor doesn't arise spontaneously; it stems from the superconductor's own magnetic field repelling external magnetic fields. An applied magnetic field first causes a change in the superconductor's surface magnetic field, starting from 0B. This changing magnetic field transforms into a changing electric field, driving electrons to form a superconducting current. According to Lenz's law, the induced magnetic field generated by this superconducting current opposes the change in the applied magnetic field, increasing the repulsion from zero Tesla (0B) until the applied magnetic field is completely rejected. This is a superconducting current that resists external magnetic fields, consuming the energy applied by the external magnetic field. Therefore, this superconducting current is a lossless diamagnetic superconducting current for the superconductor. Because this diamagnetic superconducting current cuts through the applied magnetic field, it is subject to the Ampere force, and the electrons within it are subject to the Lorentz force. The effect of the superconducting diamagnetic current is that when the magnetic induction intensity of the applied magnetic field is large enough, the spontaneous diffraction or spontaneous tunneling effect of the electrons outside the superconductor is disrupted, and the superconducting state transforms into a non-superconducting state. Since the superconducting diamagnetic current is composed of many moving electrons, its diamagnetic effect reflects the collective repulsion of the applied magnetic field by the induced magnetic fields of many moving electrons. Because the instantaneous motion of electrons can be considered linear motion, the existence of the superconducting diamagnetic current proves that the small closed magnetic field formed by the linear motion of electrons repels the applied open magnetic field. Many weak repulsive forces combine to form a relatively strong repulsive force against the applied magnetic field. Both the superconducting diamagnetic current and the superconductor belong to the condensation effect of condensed matter.

[0116] Previous research revealed incomplete understanding of the Ampere force and Lorentz force; the direction of the Ampere force was determined using the left-hand rule. The specific method is as follows: extend your left hand, making your thumb perpendicular to the other four fingers and all in the same plane as your palm. Let the magnetic field lines enter from the palm, and point your four fingers in the direction of the current. The direction your thumb points is the direction of the Ampere force experienced by the current-carrying conductor in the magnetic field. The Ampere force is the force exerted on a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field. Its magnitude can be calculated using the formula f = IBLsinα, where f is the Ampere force, I is the current intensity, L is the length of the conductor, B is the magnetic flux density, and α is the angle between the current direction and the B direction. The direction of the Ampere force is perpendicular to the plane defined by the direction of the current-carrying conductor and the magnetic field, and the directions of I, B, and F are determined by the left-hand rule. The Ampere force and the Lorentz force are related physical concepts; the Lorentz force is the force exerted on a single charge in a magnetic field, while the Ampere force is the resultant force exerted on a large number of charges (i.e., current) in a magnetic field. The Lorentz force is related to the direction of motion of the charge. The force perpendicular to the direction of the current in the conductor does no work; however, the Ampere force is perpendicular to the direction of the current in the conductor, but not necessarily perpendicular to the direction of the conductor's motion, therefore the Ampere force can do work. According to the left-hand rule, the Ampere force and the Lorentz force are forces in the direction of the ray. In the experiment, the current-carrying rod should translate to one side under the action of the Ampere force, either to the left or right, or forward or backward, just like dragging a metal rod or cylinder to one side with a string. However, this is not the case. The current-carrying metal rod in the experiment does not translate to one side, but rolls to one side. The same result is obtained when the rod is replaced with a square rod. Why? This is because people previously overlooked the magnetic force of the external magnetic field on the magnetic field induced by the current. This situation has an important impact on generators and motors, especially on electromechanical devices such as nanogenerators and nanomotors. The external magnetic field and the magnetic field induced by the current exist simultaneously in the same place and interact with each other.

[0117] II. Ampere's Space Experiment Scheme and the Dynamics of Extranuclear Electron Spin

[0118] Further research is needed on the Ampere force and the Lorentz force. The formulas for the Ampere force F = BLI experienced by an electric current moving perpendicular to the magnetic field lines, and the Lorentz force f = qvB experienced by an electron moving perpendicular to the magnetic field lines, are empirical summaries of experimental results, not the essence of the experimental results. Uncurrent-carrying conductors and stationary conductors with static electricity do not experience the Ampere force in a magnetic field; current-carrying conductors experience the Ampere force perpendicular to the direction of the magnetic field; current-carrying conductors generate closed induced magnetic fields; stationary electrons in a magnetic field do not experience the Lorentz force; electrons moving through the magnetic field experience the Lorentz force perpendicular to the direction of the magnetic field; moving electrons also generate small closed induced magnetic fields. This shows that an external magnetic field, in addition to exerting a force on the current or electrons, also indirectly exerts a force on the current-carrying conductor or moving electrons through the closed induced magnetic field generated by the current or electrons. Figure 2As shown, when the magnetic field is parallel to the paper and pointing downwards, and the current in the conductor is perpendicular to the paper and pointing inwards, a closed magnetic field is generated that rotates to the right. A closed induced magnetic field aligned with the direction of the external magnetic field's magnetic field lines will not be affected by the external magnetic field because like poles repel and unlike poles attract. A closed induced magnetic field not aligned with the direction of the external magnetic field's magnetic field lines will be affected by the external magnetic field because like poles repel and unlike poles attract. The right half of the current-induced closed magnetic field is more aligned with the external magnetic field, while the left half is more opposite. Therefore, the left half of the current-induced closed magnetic field experiences a downward repulsive force from the external magnetic field, which is greater than the upward attractive force experienced by the right half. Overall, the current experiences a downward torsional force on the left side, causing the conductor to rotate counterclockwise and roll to the left. Similarly, when the magnetic field is parallel to the paper and pointing upwards, and the current in the conductor is perpendicular to the paper and pointing inwards, the current... When the conductor experiences an upward torsional force from the right, the closed induced magnetic field causes it to rotate counterclockwise and roll to the left. Similarly, when the magnetic field is parallel to the paper and pointing downwards, and the current in the conductor is perpendicular to the paper and pointing outwards, the current experiences a downward torsional force from the right, causing the closed induced magnetic field to rotate clockwise and roll to the right. Likewise, when the magnetic field is parallel to the paper and pointing upwards, and the current in the conductor is perpendicular to the paper and pointing outwards, the current experiences an upward torsional force from the left, causing the closed induced magnetic field to rotate clockwise and roll to the right. This aligns with experimental facts but contradicts the left-hand rule's description of the direction of the Ampere force. Some might argue that the stick rolls because of friction between the guide rails at both ends and the stick itself, causing it to roll like a wheel. However, this view overlooks the fact that when a wheel cannot rotate due to bearing corrosion, moving the wheel results in translational motion. To more fully demonstrate the nature of the Ampere force and the Lorentz force, a space experiment could be designed. Figure 3 As shown, the experimental equipment includes a battery holder, a set of dry batteries, three copper wires, an aluminum rod, a switch, and a U-shaped magnet. The experimental process includes: (1) bringing the experimental equipment into the space station; (2) connecting the equipment, placing the dry batteries in the battery holder, turning on the switch, connecting one end of a copper wire to the battery holder and the other end to the switch, placing the aluminum rod between the U-shaped magnets with the N pole on top and the S pole on the bottom, wrapping one end of each of the two copper wires around the two ends of the aluminum rod, and connecting the other end to either the battery holder or the switch; (3) closing the switch, observing the motion of the aluminum rod, recording the experimental conditions, and transmitting the experimental video to the ground; (4) experimental analysis: if the aluminum rod rolls after being energized with direct current, then the classical electromagnetic understanding of the Ampere force and the Lorentz force is incomplete; if the aluminum rod translates after being energized with direct current, then the classical electromagnetic understanding of the Ampere force and the Lorentz force is complete.

[0119] Specifically, regarding electrons moving through a magnetic field, if they not only undergo circular motion perpendicular to the magnetic field direction but also spin motion, this explains why extranuclear electrons spin—their motion through the cutting magnetic field of the atomic nucleus creates an induced magnetic field, which, in turn, is subject to the magnetic force of the nucleus's magnetic field, causing them to rotate. This means that electron spin is a conditional microscopic motion, not an unconditional intrinsic motion. In the Ampere force experiment, the rod moves in a rolling motion, not a translational motion, after being energized. Such experimental results demonstrate that classical electromagnetism is related to the Ampere force and the Lorentz kinetic law. The determination of force direction is imperfect; if a current-carrying conductor remains stationary in an external magnetic field, then the external magnetic field will experience a reaction force from the closed induced magnetic field, repelling the external magnetic field and exhibiting diamagnetism; an external magnetic field can cause a material to exit the superconducting state and become a normal conductor, or it can cause a material to enter the superconducting state, changing from a conductor to a superconductor; in short, the force of a magnetic field on a current-carrying conductor includes not only the Ampere force but also a force that generates torque, which is the resultant force of the two; the force of a magnetic field on a moving charge includes not only the Lorentz force but also a force that generates torque, which is the resultant force of the two;

[0120] III. Implementation Method:

[0121] Example 1

[0122] (1) Preparation; the preparation steps include material preparation and equipment inspection; the raw material to be prepared is industrial iron; equipment inspection refers to inspecting the equipment and facilities required for production to ensure that the machines can operate normally and guarantee normal and safe production, and taking samples for research.

[0123] (2) Hot processing; put a sufficient amount of industrial iron into a crucible and heat it to a molten state in a gas furnace; the furnace is a gas furnace; the gas is hydrogen; the material that has completed hot processing can enter the shaping process or the magnetic processing process.

[0124] (3) Shaping process: The industrial iron heated to a molten state is transported into a circular mold with a closed horizontal cross section and processed into a semi-finished product with a closed shape such as a ring or frame. It is either stored for later use or enters the next process, magnetic processing.

[0125] (4) Magnetic machining;

[0126] (4.1) Start the crane and use the crane to open the annular chamber magnetic processing machine. The annular chamber of the magnetic processing machine consists of two symmetrical superconducting coils. The lower superconducting coil is fixed, while the upper superconducting coil is movable. The two superconducting coils together form the magnetic processing space of the annular chamber. Use the crane to lift the upper superconducting coil and open the magnetic processing machine.

[0127] (4.2) Place the heat-resistant mold with an annular groove into the chamber of the annular magnetic processing machine. The crane lifts the crucible containing molten industrial iron and pours it into the mold.

[0128] (4.3) Close the switch and apply direct current to the superconducting coil to perform magnetic processing;

[0129] By controlling the temperature of the flame formed by hydrogen combustion, controlling the distance between the flame and the heat-resistant mold, and thus controlling the temperature of industrial iron, the high-temperature industrial iron is gradually cooled from its molten state. This allows for a gradual increase in the magnetic induction intensity of the superconducting coil, for example, from 1T to 5T, then to 10T, then to 15T, then to 20T, and then to 30T, etc. Using a closed magnetic field with extremely strong magnetic induction intensity as an inducing factor, this strong closed magnetic field induces the atomic clusters (including the crystal lattice) of the magnetic material to attract opposite magnetic poles and repel like magnetic poles during the formation of magnetic domains, thus exciting the magnetic field closure process. The material generates its own closed magnetic field, becoming a material with its own closed magnetic field, after the external closed magnetic field is removed. The closed magnetic field of a material with its own closed magnetic field has two states according to its composition. One state is that the material's own closed magnetic field is formed by the combination of small magnetic domains. The opposite magnetic poles of many adjacent small magnetic domains attract each other and condense to form an overall closed magnetic field. The entire material is a closed magnetic material in a condensed state. The other state is that the material's own closed magnetic field is formed by the magnetic field of a single magnetic domain. A single closed magnetic field material is a single magnetic domain. The entire material is a magnetic domain with an overall closed magnetic field. According to the distribution of the closed magnetic field, there are also two states: one is a continuous distribution, and the other is a discontinuous distribution.

[0130] Priority 1: During the magnetic processing of materials, a cryogenic equipment system can be used to cool the materials, such as cooling them to the liquid nitrogen temperature range;

[0131] Option 2: During the magnetic processing of materials, a high-pressure equipment system can be used to pressurize the materials, such as increasing the pressure to subject the materials to pressure of more than 100 atmospheres.

[0132] Option 3: During the magnetic processing of materials, a low-temperature equipment system and a high-pressure equipment system can be used to cool and pressurize the materials together.

[0133] (4.4) Repeatedly perform magnetic processing from high temperature to low temperature and then from high temperature to low temperature to make the closed magnetic field of industrial iron more uniform, more complete and more thorough.

[0134] (4.5) Disconnect the power switch and turn on the magnetic processing machine;

[0135] (5) Sampling and testing; using the anomalous Hall effect, the magnetic induction intensity, magnetic field strength, and resistance of the material's own closed magnetic field are detected by instruments.

[0136] (6) Machining; using cutting machines, stretching machines, drawing machines, and wire drawing machines to process ring-shaped materials with their own closed magnetic fields into blocks, plates, sheets, lines, rods, and filaments with closed magnetic fields; using cutting machines to cut materials into sheets;

[0137] (7) Packaging and testing components; adding electrodes, electronic devices, optical devices, and optoelectronic devices to produce chip-type novel anomalous Hall effect elements. The specific methods for setting and installing electrodes, electronic devices, optical devices, and optoelectronic devices include printing, electroplating, printing, bonding, welding, riveting, and adhesive bonding. The packaging process is as follows: materials with their own closed magnetic field, which have passed the inspection after magnetic processing, are cut into small wafers (Die) with their own closed magnetic field after the dicing process. Then, the cut wafers with their own closed magnetic field are attached to the islands of the corresponding substrate (lead frame) frame with adhesive. Then, the bonding pads of the wafers are connected to the corresponding leads of the substrate using ultra-fine metal (gold, tin, copper, aluminum) wires or conductive resin to form the required circuit. Then, the independent wafers with their own closed magnetic field are packaged and protected with plastic shells. After plastic encapsulation, a series of operations are required, such as post-mold curing, trim and form, electroplating, and printing. After packaging, finished product testing is performed, typically involving processes such as incoming inspection, testing, and packaging, before finally being stored and shipped. A typical packaging process flow is: dicing, die mounting, bonding, molding, deflashing, electroplating, printing, lead trimming and shaping, visual inspection, finished product testing, and packaging and shipping.

[0138] Example 2

[0139] (1) Preparation; the preparation steps include material preparation and equipment inspection; the raw material to be prepared is industrial iron; equipment inspection refers to inspecting the equipment and facilities required for production to ensure that the machines can operate normally and guarantee normal and safe production, and taking samples for research.

[0140] (2) Thermal processing - shaping processing - magnetic processing;

[0141] (2.1) Start the crane and use the crane to open the annular chamber magnetic processing machine. The annular chamber of the magnetic processing machine consists of two symmetrical superconducting coils. The lower superconducting coil is fixed, while the upper superconducting coil is movable. The two superconducting coils together form the magnetic processing space of the annular chamber. Use the crane to lift the upper superconducting coil and open the magnetic processing machine.

[0142] (2.2) Place the heat-resistant mold with the annular groove into the chamber of the annular magnetic processing machine, and the crane lifts the industrial iron and pours it into the mold;

[0143] (2.3) Control the temperature of the flame formed by hydrogen combustion and control the distance between the flame and the heat-resistant mold to make industrial iron transform into a molten state;

[0144] (2.4) Close the switch and apply direct current to the superconducting coil to perform magnetic processing;

[0145] By controlling the temperature of the flame formed by hydrogen combustion, controlling the distance between the flame and the heat-resistant mold, and thus controlling the temperature of industrial iron, the molten industrial iron is gradually cooled down from a high temperature. This allows for a gradual increase in the magnetic induction intensity of the superconducting coil, for example, from 1T to 5T, then to 10T, then to 15T, then to 20T, and then to 30T, etc. Using a closed magnetic field with extremely strong magnetic induction intensity as an inducing factor, this strong closed magnetic field induces the atomic clusters (including the crystal lattice) of the magnetic material to attract opposite magnetic poles and repel like magnetic poles during the formation of magnetic domains, thus stimulating the magnetic field closure process and inducing the material to... When a material generates its own closed magnetic field, it becomes a material with its own closed magnetic field. The external closed magnetic field is then removed. The closed magnetic field of a material with its own closed magnetic field can exist in two states according to its composition. One state is where the material's own closed magnetic field is formed by the combination of small magnetic domains. Many adjacent small magnetic domains attract each other, condensing to form a unified closed magnetic field; the entire material is a condensed closed magnetic material. The other state is where the material's own closed magnetic field is formed by the magnetic field of a single magnetic domain. A single closed magnetic field material is a single magnetic domain; the entire material is a domain with a completely closed magnetic field. The closed magnetic field can also be distributed in two ways: continuously or discontinuously.

[0146] Priority 1: During the magnetic processing of materials, a cryogenic equipment system can be used to cool the materials, such as cooling them to the liquid nitrogen temperature range;

[0147] Option 2: During the magnetic processing of materials, a high-pressure equipment system can be used to pressurize the materials, such as increasing the pressure to subject the materials to pressure of more than 100 atmospheres.

[0148] Option 3: During the magnetic processing of materials, a low-temperature equipment system and a high-pressure equipment system can be used to cool and pressurize the materials together.

[0149] (2.5) Repeatedly perform magnetic processing from high temperature to low temperature and then from high temperature to low temperature to make the closed magnetic field of industrial iron more uniform, complete and thorough.

[0150] (2.6) Disconnect the power switch and turn on the magnetic processing machine;

[0151] (3) Sampling and testing; using the anomalous Hall effect, the magnetic induction intensity, magnetic field strength, and resistance of the material's own closed magnetic field are detected by instruments;

[0152] (4) Machining; using cutting machines, stretching machines, drawing machines, and wire drawing machines to process ring-shaped materials with their own closed magnetic fields into block-shaped, plate-shaped, sheet-shaped, wire-shaped, rod-shaped, and filament-shaped materials with closed magnetic fields; using cutting machines to cut materials into sheets;

[0153] (5) Packaging and testing components; In addition to electrodes, electronic devices, optical devices, and optoelectronic devices, new chip-type anomalous Hall effect elements are produced. The specific methods for setting and installing electrodes, electronic devices, optical devices, and optoelectronic devices include printing, electroplating, printing, bonding, welding, riveting, and adhesive bonding. The packaging process is as follows: Materials with their own closed magnetic field, which have passed the magnetic processing test, are cut into small wafers with their own closed magnetic field after the dicing process. Then, the cut wafers with their own closed magnetic field are attached to the islands of the corresponding substrate (lead frame) frame with adhesive. Then, the bonding pads of the wafers are connected to the corresponding leads of the substrate using ultra-fine metal (gold, tin, copper, aluminum) wires or conductive resin to form the required circuit. Then, the independent wafers with their own closed magnetic field are encapsulated and protected with plastic shells. After encapsulation, a series of operations are performed, such as post-curing, trimming and forming, electroplating, and printing. After packaging, finished product testing is performed, typically involving processes such as incoming inspection, testing, and packaging, before finally being stored and shipped. A typical packaging process flow is: dicing, die mounting, bonding, molding, deflashing, electroplating, printing, lead trimming and shaping, visual inspection, finished product testing, and packaging and shipping.

[0154] Example 3:

[0155] (1) Preparation; the preparation steps include material preparation and equipment inspection; the raw material to be prepared is industrial iron; equipment inspection refers to inspecting the equipment and facilities required for production to ensure that the machines can operate normally and guarantee normal and safe production, and taking samples for research.

[0156] (2) Thermal processing - shaping processing - magnetic processing;

[0157] (2.1) Start the crane and use the crane to open the annular chamber magnetic processing machine. The annular chamber of the magnetic processing machine consists of two symmetrical superconducting coils. The lower superconducting coil is fixed, while the upper superconducting coil is movable. The two superconducting coils together form the magnetic processing space of the annular chamber. Use the crane to lift the upper superconducting coil and open the magnetic processing machine.

[0158] (2.2) Place the heat-resistant mold with the annular groove into the chamber of the annular magnetic processing machine, and the crane lifts the industrial iron and pours it into the mold;

[0159] (2.3) Control the temperature of the flame formed by hydrogen combustion and control the distance between the flame and the heat-resistant mold to make industrial iron transform into a molten state;

[0160] (2.4) Close the switch and apply direct current to the superconducting coil to perform magnetic processing;

[0161] By controlling the temperature of the flame formed by hydrogen combustion, controlling the distance between the flame and the heat-resistant mold, and thus controlling the temperature of industrial iron, the molten industrial iron is gradually cooled down from a high temperature. This allows for a gradual increase in the magnetic induction intensity of the superconducting coil, for example, from 1T to 5T, then to 10T, then to 15T, then to 20T, and then to 30T, etc. Using a closed magnetic field with extremely strong magnetic induction intensity as an inducing factor, this strong closed magnetic field induces the atomic clusters (including the crystal lattice) of the magnetic material to attract opposite magnetic poles and repel like magnetic poles during the formation of magnetic domains, thus stimulating the magnetic field closure process and inducing the material to... When a material generates its own closed magnetic field, it becomes a material with its own closed magnetic field. The external closed magnetic field is then removed. The closed magnetic field of a material with its own closed magnetic field can exist in two states according to its composition. One state is where the material's own closed magnetic field is formed by the combination of small magnetic domains. Many adjacent small magnetic domains attract each other, condensing to form a unified closed magnetic field; the entire material is a condensed closed magnetic material. The other state is where the material's own closed magnetic field is formed by the magnetic field of a single magnetic domain. A single closed magnetic field material is a single magnetic domain; the entire material is a domain with a completely closed magnetic field. The closed magnetic field can also be distributed in two ways: continuously or discontinuously.

[0162] Priority 1: During the magnetic processing of materials, a cryogenic equipment system can be used to cool the materials, such as cooling them to the liquid nitrogen temperature range;

[0163] Option 2: During the magnetic processing of materials, a high-pressure equipment system can be used to pressurize the materials, such as increasing the pressure to subject the materials to pressure of more than 100 atmospheres.

[0164] Option 3: During the magnetic processing of materials, a low-temperature equipment system and a high-pressure equipment system can be used to cool and pressurize the materials together.

[0165] (2.5) Repeatedly perform magnetic processing from high temperature to low temperature and then from high temperature to low temperature to make the closed magnetic field of industrial iron more uniform, complete and thorough.

[0166] (2.6) Disconnect the power switch and turn on the magnetic processing machine;

[0167] (3) Sampling and testing; using the anomalous Hall effect, the magnetic induction intensity, magnetic field strength, and resistance of the material's own closed magnetic field are detected by instruments;

[0168] (4) Machining; using cutting machines, stretching machines, drawing machines, and wire drawing machines to process ring-shaped materials with their own closed magnetic field into wire-shaped materials with a closed magnetic field.

[0169] 5. Take a linear material with its own closed magnetic field, make it into a coil, replace the superconducting coil, and use it as a combined coil in a toroidal magnetic machining machine; or make it into a wire, replace the superconducting wire, and be part of the toroidal magnetic machining machine.

[0170] 6. Preparation. The preparation steps include material preparation and equipment inspection; the raw material to be prepared is industrial iron; equipment inspection refers to inspecting the equipment and facilities required for production to ensure that the machines can operate normally and guarantee normal and safe production, and taking samples for research.

[0171] (8) Thermal processing - shaping processing - magnetic processing;

[0172] (8.1) Start the crane and use the crane to open the annular chamber magnetic processing machine. The annular chamber of the magnetic processing machine consists of two symmetrical superconducting coils, with the lower half of the superconducting coil fixed. The upper and lower superconducting coils together form the magnetic processing space of the annular chamber. Use the crane to lift the upper half of the superconducting coil and open the magnetic processing machine.

[0173] (8.2) Place the heat-resistant mold with the annular groove into the chamber of the annular magnetic processing machine, and the crane lifts the industrial iron and pours it into the mold;

[0174] (8.3) Control the temperature of the flame formed by hydrogen combustion and control the distance between the flame and the heat-resistant mold to transform industrial iron into a molten state;

[0175] (8.4) Close the switch and apply direct current to the superconducting coil to perform magnetic processing;

[0176] By controlling the temperature of the flame formed by hydrogen combustion, controlling the distance between the flame and the heat-resistant mold, and thus controlling the temperature of industrial iron, the molten industrial iron is gradually cooled down from a high temperature. This allows for a gradual increase in the magnetic induction intensity of the superconducting coil, for example, from 1T to 5T, then to 10T, then to 15T, then to 20T, and then to 30T, etc. Using a closed magnetic field with extremely strong magnetic induction intensity as an inducing factor, this strong closed magnetic field induces the atomic clusters (including the crystal lattice) of the magnetic material to attract opposite magnetic poles and repel like magnetic poles during the formation of magnetic domains, thus stimulating the magnetic field closure process and inducing the material to... When a material generates its own closed magnetic field, it becomes a material with its own closed magnetic field. The external closed magnetic field is then removed. The closed magnetic field of a material with its own closed magnetic field can exist in two states according to its composition. One state is where the material's own closed magnetic field is formed by the combination of small magnetic domains. Many adjacent small magnetic domains attract each other, condensing to form a unified closed magnetic field; the entire material is a condensed closed magnetic material. The other state is where the material's own closed magnetic field is formed by the magnetic field of a single magnetic domain. A single closed magnetic field material is a single magnetic domain; the entire material is a domain with a completely closed magnetic field. The closed magnetic field can also be distributed in two ways: continuously or discontinuously.

[0177] Priority 1: During the magnetic processing of materials, a cryogenic equipment system can be used to cool the materials, such as cooling them to the liquid nitrogen temperature range;

[0178] Option 2: During the magnetic processing of materials, a high-pressure equipment system can be used to pressurize the materials, such as increasing the pressure to subject the materials to pressure of more than 100 atmospheres.

[0179] Option 3: During the magnetic processing of materials, a low-temperature equipment system and a high-pressure equipment system can be used to cool and pressurize the materials together.

[0180] (8.5) Repeatedly perform magnetic processing from high temperature to low temperature and then from high temperature to low temperature to make the closed magnetic field of industrial iron more uniform, complete and thorough.

[0181] (8.6) Disconnect the power switch and turn on the magnetic processing machine;

[0182] (9) Sampling and testing; using the anomalous Hall effect, the magnetic induction intensity, magnetic field strength, and resistance of the material's own closed magnetic field are detected by instruments.

[0183] (10) Machining; using cutting machines, stretching machines, drawing machines, and wire drawing machines to process ring-shaped materials with their own closed magnetic fields into block-shaped, plate-shaped, sheet-shaped, wire-shaped, rod-shaped, or filament-shaped materials with closed magnetic fields; using cutting machines to cut wire-shaped or filament-shaped materials into sheets;

[0184] (11) Packaging and testing components; with the addition of electrodes, electronic devices, optical devices, and optoelectronic devices, a new type of chip-type anomalous Hall effect element is produced. The specific methods for setting and installing electrodes, electronic devices, optical devices, and optoelectronic devices include printing, electroplating, printing, bonding, welding, riveting, and adhesive bonding. The packaging process is as follows: materials with their own closed magnetic field are tested and qualified after magnetic processing. After the dicing process, they are cut into small wafers with their own closed magnetic field. Then, the cut wafers with their own closed magnetic field are attached to the islands of the corresponding substrate (lead frame) frame with adhesive. Then, the bonding pads of the wafers are connected to the corresponding leads of the substrate using ultra-fine metal (gold, tin, copper, aluminum) wires or conductive resin to form the required circuit. Then, the independent wafers with their own closed magnetic field are packaged and protected with plastic shells. After plastic encapsulation, a series of operations are performed, such as post-curing, trimming and forming, electroplating, and printing. After packaging, finished product testing is performed, typically involving processes such as incoming inspection, testing, and packaging, before finally being stored and shipped. A typical packaging process flow is: dicing, die mounting, bonding, molding, deflashing, electroplating, printing, lead trimming and shaping, visual inspection, finished product testing, and packaging and shipping.

[0185] (12) Repeat steps (6) to (11) to manufacture a new type of chip-type anomalous Hall effect device.

[0186] The foregoing has shown and described the basic principles, main features, and advantages of the present invention. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited to the details of the exemplary embodiments described above, and that the invention can be implemented in other specific forms without departing from its spirit or essential characteristics. Therefore, the embodiments should be considered exemplary and non-limiting in all respects. The scope of the invention is defined by the appended claims rather than the foregoing description, and all variations falling within the meaning and scope of equivalents of the claims are intended to be included within the present invention. No reference numerals in the claims should be construed as limiting the scope of the claims.

[0187] Furthermore, it should be understood that although this specification describes embodiments, not every embodiment contains only one independent technical solution. This narrative style is merely for clarity. Those skilled in the art should consider the specification as a whole, and the technical solutions in each embodiment can also be appropriately combined to form other embodiments that can be understood by those skilled in the art.

Claims

1. A novel chip-shaped anomalous Hall effect element, characterized in that: The components include basic materials with their own closed magnetic fields, electronic devices, photonic devices, optoelectronic devices, and other components placed on the surface and inside the closed magnetic field material, as well as wires connecting to the outside. A strong external closed magnetic field is used as an inducing factor to induce the processed material, including semiconductor materials such as silicon, germanium, and gallium, magnetic materials, especially ferromagnetic materials, and ferromagnetic materials doped with rare earth elements. The strong closed magnetic field induces the atomic clusters (including the crystal lattice) of the magnetic material to attract opposite magnetic poles and repel like magnetic poles during the generation of magnetic domains, thus stimulating the magnetic field closure process. The material as a whole generates a closed magnetic field. After removing the external closed magnetic field, it becomes a material with its own closed magnetic field. The material is then fabricated into a chip device, and electrodes, electronic devices, photonic devices, optoelectronic devices, and other components are added to create a chip-type anomalous Hall effect element with its own closed magnetic field.

2. A method for manufacturing a novel chip-shaped anomalous Hall effect element, characterized in that: Includes the following steps: I. Preparation: The preparation steps include material preparation and equipment inspection to ensure that the machine can operate normally and guarantee normal and safe production, and sampling for research; II. Hot working: Place the raw materials into a crucible and heat them in a furnace until they are molten. III. Shaping Processing: The raw materials, heated to a molten state, are transported and placed into a closed cross-section. IV. Magnetic Machining: By controlling the temperature of the material and gradually cooling it from its Curie point or molten state, a closed magnetic field with extremely strong magnetic induction is used as an inducing factor. This induces molten magnetic materials, especially molten ferromagnetic materials, particularly those doped with rare earth elements, to generate magnetic domains. The strong closed magnetic field induces the attraction between unlike magnetic poles and the repulsion between like magnetic poles among the atomic clusters (including the crystal lattice) of the magnetic material, thus stimulating the closing process of the magnetic field. The entire material then generates a closed magnetic field, becoming a material with its own closed magnetic field. (The external magnetic field is then removed.) The closed magnetic field applied to a material is called an external closed magnetic field. The closed magnetic field of a material itself can be classified into two states according to its composition. One state is where the material's closed magnetic field is formed by the combination of small magnetic domains. Many adjacent small magnetic domains attract each other, condensing to form a unified closed magnetic field; the entire material is a condensed closed magnetic material. The other state is where the material's closed magnetic field is formed by the magnetic field of a single magnetic domain; a single closed magnetic field material is a single magnetic domain, and the entire material is a magnetic domain with a completely closed magnetic field. The closed magnetic field can also be classified into two states according to its distribution: continuous distribution and discontinuous distribution. The Curie point is the temperature at which the magnetic domains of a material become completely disordered, causing the material to lose its magnetism. The methods for controlling the temperature of annular materials include (1) controlling the temperature of the flame formed by fuel oil; (2) controlling the temperature of the flame formed by natural gas; and (3) controlling the temperature formed by electricity. The ways to realize an external closed magnetic field include (1) the induced magnetic field formed by a charged particle beam accelerated by an accelerator, including but not limited to electron beams, alpha particle beams, etc.; (2) the induced magnetic field formed by direct current flowing through a straight section of a superconducting cable; (3) the closed magnetic field generated by closed-shaped coils (including superconducting coil rings) such as loop coils, frame coils, and spiral coils that are energized with direct current. The loops include circular rings, elliptical rings, irregular rings, and spiral rings. Coils include integral and composite forms; During the magnetic processing of materials, a low-temperature equipment system can be used to cool the materials, such as cooling them to the liquid nitrogen temperature range; During the magnetic processing of materials, a high-pressure equipment system can be used to pressurize the materials, such as increasing the pressure to make the materials subject to pressure greater than 100 times the atmospheric pressure. During the magnetic processing of materials, a low-temperature equipment system and a high-pressure equipment system can be used together to cool and pressurize the materials. V. Testing: By utilizing the anomalous Hall effect, instruments are used to detect the magnetic induction intensity, magnetic field strength, and resistance of the material's own closed magnetic field. VI. Machining: Using cutting machines, stretching machines, drawing machines, and wire drawing machines, ring-shaped materials with their own closed magnetic fields are processed into blocks, plates, sheets, lines, rods, and filaments; cutting machines are used to cut materials into sheets. VII. Packaging and Testing Components; By adding electrodes, electronic components, optical components, and optoelectronic components, a new type of chip-type anomalous Hall effect element is produced. Specific methods for mounting electrodes, electronic components, optical components, and optoelectronic components include printing, electroplating, printing, bonding, welding, riveting, and adhesive bonding. The packaging process is as follows: materials with their own closed magnetic field, after passing magnetic processing and inspection, are cut into small wafers (dies) with their own closed magnetic field after a dicing process. These wafers are then glued to islands on a corresponding substrate (lead frame) using adhesive. Ultra-fine metal (gold, tin, copper, aluminum) wires or conductive resin are used to connect the bonding pads of the wafers to the corresponding leads on the substrate, forming the required circuit. The individual wafers with their own closed magnetic field are then encapsulated and protected with a plastic shell. After encapsulation, a series of operations are performed, such as post-curing, lead trimming and molding, electroplating, and printing. After packaging, finished product testing is conducted, typically involving inspection, testing, and packaging, before finally being stored and shipped. Materials with their own closed magnetic field are combined with materials without their own closed magnetic field, such as ordinary superconductors, conductors, resin plastics, and semiconductors, through composite material production technologies such as welding (including explosive welding), bonding, coating, riveting, lamination, printing, and mixing, to form composite materials. Two or more different materials with their own closed magnetic fields are combined into one to form a composite material through composite material production technologies such as welding (including explosive welding), bonding, coating, riveting, lamination, printing, mixing, etc.

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