Automotive sensor module with backscatter cancellation

Abstract

An antenna assembly, such as a RADAR sensor antenna assembly, incorporating destructive interference elements. In some embodiments, the assembly may include one or more waveguides, one or more antenna slots, and a plurality of destructive interference elements. The destructive interference element may be configured to reduce backscattered radiation by promoting destructive interference of electromagnetic waves incident on the destructive interference element. In some embodiments, the destructive interference element may be defined and / or exposed by a plate, which may be coupled with a waveguide block or another layer / component of the assembly.

Description

Cross-reference to related applications

[0001] This application is a continuation-in-part of co-pending application No. 18 / 375,849, filed on October 2, 2023, entitled “AUTOMOTIVE SENSOR MODULE WITHBACKSCATTERING CANCELLATION”, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. Summary of the Invention

[0002] This document discloses various embodiments of sensor assemblies and related elements, sub-assemblies, and manufacturing methods. In preferred embodiments and specific implementations, such assemblies may include a RADAR sensor module for a vehicle, including one or more novel and inventive features disclosed herein.

[0003] For example, in some embodiments disclosed herein, an antenna and / or waveguide block that may include a single structure, layer, casting, and / or molding may include one or more surfaces configured with features to facilitate destructive interference of backscattered electromagnetic waves. In some embodiments, such surfaces may be formed with repeating patterns comprising one or more sets of individual scattering elements. In summary, such scattering elements and / or sets can be used to provide a phase difference (in some cases over a wide frequency range) to achieve destructive interference of backscattered radiation.

[0004] For the purpose of illustration with more specific, non-limiting examples, some embodiments may incorporate elements such as two or more artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) elements, and in some cases, one or more ideal electrical conductor (PEC) elements. It should be understood that because PECs do not strictly exist in nature, the PEC elements disclosed herein are those intended to approximate PECs.

[0005] Furthermore, the PEC elements disclosed herein should be distinguished from the AMC elements disclosed herein because PEC elements are typically characterized by low surface impedance and / or the ability to act as a mirror for incident electromagnetic waves, thereby creating a 180-degree reflected phase. In contrast, AMC elements are designed to mimic the behavior of an ideal magnetic conductor, having very high surface impedance and generally not reversing the phase of the reflected electromagnetic wave, or at least minimizing phase reversal. Therefore, AMCs are typically periodic arrangements of cells and / or unit cells with these non-reversal characteristics relative to the incident electromagnetic wave. Thus, it should be understood that, instead of the terms “AMC” or “PEC”, some embodiments herein may be referred to as including AMC-like and / or PEC-like scattering elements. Similarly, some embodiments may be referred to as including patterns of scattering elements comprising elements configured to promote a 180-degree phase shift of the incident electromagnetic wave and / or including elements configured to avoid reversing the phase of the incident electromagnetic wave upon reflection.

[0006] In the case of a pattern / surface with a combination of PEC and AMC structures, destructive interference can be obtained at a specific frequency. Therefore, this limits the operating bandwidth but still achieves reduced backscattering. Alternatively, other solutions can be configured to achieve destructive interference over a wider frequency range.

[0007] For example, by using two different types of scattering elements (such as two different types of AMC elements) in an array and / or pattern, one scattering element can be configured to provide a reflection phase of zero or approximately zero degrees around the frequency of interest. The other type of scattering element can then be configured to provide a reflection phase of 180 degrees or approximately 180 degrees around the same frequency. Alternatively, the two elements can be configured such that the difference between their respective reflection phases is equal to or at least approximately equal to 180 degrees, while they themselves do not have zero or 180-degree reflection phases.

[0008] As another example, the array and / or pattern can be configured with three different types of scattering elements, such as two AMC elements and one PEC element. The two AMC elements can be configured to have a reflection phase of zero degrees or approximately zero degrees around two different frequencies. For example, one could have a reflection phase of zero degrees or approximately zero degrees at 76 GHz, while the other could have a reflection phase of zero degrees or approximately zero degrees at 81 GHz. The reflection phase difference would then be smoother, and when combined with the PEC element, a wider-bandwidth cancellation effect can be obtained.

[0009] In some implementations, the height of the scattering element can be used to define the frequency at which the reflected phase will cross zero degrees. The shape, type, and / or size of the element can also be used to tune the performance of the scattering array / configuration. For example, when using two sets of AMC-like elements, the reflected phase difference can be tuned by adjusting the size and / or periodicity of the elements along the array / pattern / configuration. Using complementary elements (e.g., elements with corresponding negative shapes and / or sizes in the same pattern / array) can be used to achieve scattering cancellation.

[0010] As another example, arrays and / or patterns utilizing three or more different types of scattering elements, such as three AMC elements, can be used. In some such cases, preferably in a repeating pattern, two elements (such as two different AMC or AMC-like elements) can both be configured to provide a phase difference of zero degrees or approximately zero degrees around the frequency range of interest. A third element (or in some cases, a third and a fourth element) can then be used to obtain a smooth 180-degree reflection phase change around the same frequency range.

[0011] In some implementations (such as those including multiple different AMC-like elements), broadband cancellation can be achieved by using complementary and / or negative elements.

[0012] In some embodiments, these scattering features, patterns, and / or structures may be formed on one or more surfaces of a structure (in some cases, a single layer or a single structure) on which one or more waveguides and / or antenna slots are formed. For example, an array of one or more waveguide grooves may be formed, such grooves being formed, for example, by oppositely arranged columnar members or trench waveguide grooves. Antenna slots may be formed in the same layer / structure, in some cases at the termination of each waveguide. These antenna slots may then extend from the waveguide side of the structure to the scattering side of the structure, on which the aforementioned scattering patterns / structures may be formed.

[0013] Of course, using the principles disclosed herein, it is conceivable that similar scattering patterns / structures can be formed on other waveguide, antenna, and / or sensor structures. For example, some sensor components may have antenna slots or other antenna structures formed in a single layer. However, the principles disclosed herein still allow for backscatter cancellation to improve sensor performance.

[0014] In a more specific example of a vehicle sensor assembly according to some embodiments, the module may include one or more waveguides. Each of the one or more antenna slots may be operatively coupled to at least one of the one or more waveguides. The assembly may also include an array of scattering elements that may be arranged in a repeating pattern. In some embodiments, the pattern may include a first set of scattering elements and a second set of scattering elements different from the first set of scattering elements.

[0015] In some embodiments, each of the one or more waveguides, the one or more antenna slots, and the array of scattering elements can be formed as a single-layer structure. Of course, additional layers can be added to this single layer to form a more complete assembly. In some such embodiments, the single-layer structure may include waveguide blocks, such as castings.

[0016] In some embodiments, each of the one or more waveguides may be formed on a first surface of the monolayer structure. Similarly, in some embodiments, the array of scattering elements may be formed on a second surface of the monolayer structure, the second surface being on the opposite side of the monolayer structure relative to the first surface.

[0017] In some embodiments, each component of the first set of scattering elements may include multiple scattering elements. In some such embodiments, each component of the second set of scattering elements may also include multiple scattering elements.

[0018] In some embodiments, the first set of scattering elements may include protruding scattering elements. The second set of scattering elements may similarly include protruding scattering elements. Alternatively, however, the second set of scattering elements may include recessed scattering elements. In some such embodiments, the recessed scattering element may be formed with a negative shape that is at least substantially complementary to the protruding scattering element. In some such cases, the complementary negative shape may be the same or at least substantially the same in shape and size relative to the protruding scattering element.

[0019] Some implementations may include additional groups of scattering elements, such as a third group, and in some cases, a fourth group.

[0020] In some embodiments, each of the scattering elements in the first group may include an artificial magnetic conductor. Similarly, each of the scattering elements in the second, third, and / or fourth groups may include an artificial magnetic conductor. Alternatively, one or more of the scattering elements may include a structure designed to approximate an ideal electrical conductor.

[0021] In some embodiments, each component of the first set of scattering elements includes a plurality of protruding cuboids. In some such embodiments, each component of the second set of scattering elements includes a single protruding cuboid. In some such embodiments, the area occupied by each protruding cuboid of each component of the second set is equal to or at least substantially equal to the area occupied by the plurality of protruding elements of each component of the first set.

[0022] In some embodiments, each scattering element in the scattering element array is spaced from each of the one or more antenna slots by a distance equal to at least half the wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation used by the vehicle sensor assembly. In some such embodiments, this minimum distance is measured in a direction perpendicular to the elongated axis of each of the one or more antenna slots. In some embodiments utilizing the 76-81 GHz RADAR band, this minimum distance D may be 2 mm or about 2 mm.

[0023] In some implementations, each of the one or more waveguides may be defined between two or more rows of opposing cylindrical members.

[0024] In specific examples of an antenna module according to some embodiments, the module may include one or more waveguides defined on an inner surface. One or more antenna slots configured to deliver electromagnetic radiation to and / or from the corresponding waveguide may extend between the inner and outer surfaces. A plurality of destructive interference elements may be positioned on the outer surface. The destructive interference elements may be configured to reduce backscattered radiation by promoting destructive interference of electromagnetic waves incident on the destructive interference element. In some embodiments, the plurality of destructive interference elements may include at least two different types of destructive interference elements arranged adjacent to each other on the outer surface.

[0025] In some embodiments, the at least two different types of destructive interference elements may include a protruding element and a recessed element. In some such embodiments, the recessed element may be formed with a negative shape that is at least substantially complementary to the protruding element.

[0026] In some embodiments, the at least two different types of destructive interference elements may include two different sizes of protruding elements. In some such embodiments, the at least two different types of destructive interference elements may be arranged in an array defined by a repeating pattern, wherein a plurality of protruding elements of a first smaller size are positioned adjacent to a single protruding element of a second larger size.

[0027] In some implementations, the protruding elements may be arranged in a repeating pattern such that the area of ​​each protruding element of the second size is the same as or at least substantially the same as the area of ​​the plurality of protruding elements of the first size extending therefrom.

[0028] In some implementations, the plurality of destructive interference elements can be configured to provide a broadband destructive interference effect.

[0029] In some embodiments, the inner surface and the outer surface may each be defined on a single structure, such as a single waveguide block. In some such embodiments, the waveguide block may comprise a thermoplastic and / or absorbing material. In some such embodiments, each of the plurality of destructive interference elements may be defined by a conductive coating applied to the plastic and / or absorbing material. In some cases, the coating may also be applied to other elements of the assembly, such as each of the columnar members defining the waveguide and / or the walls defining the antenna slot.

[0030] In another specific example of a vehicle sensor module according to some embodiments, the module may include a block comprising a first surface and a second surface opposite the first surface, wherein one or more waveguides are defined on the first surface. One or more antenna slots may extend between the first surface and the second surface. An array of scattering elements may be defined on the second surface. In some embodiments, the array may be defined by a repeating pattern comprising rows and columns comprising alternating groups of scattering elements. In some such embodiments, one or more scattering elements of a first type may be positioned along the second surface in a repeating first group adjacent to one or more scattering elements of a second type in the repeating second group.

[0031] In some implementations, each of the one or more waveguides may be defined by a plurality of cylindrical members.

[0032] In some implementations, the first type of scattering element may each comprise an artificial magnetic conductor.

[0033] In some embodiments, the second type of scattering element may further include an artificial magnetic conductor, which may have a different shape relative to the first type of artificial magnetic conductor. Alternatively, the second type of scattering element may include the same shape, but with a different size relative to the first type of scattering element.

[0034] In some embodiments, the second type of scattering element may include an element configured as an approximately ideal electrical conductor.

[0035] In some implementations, each component of the first group may include multiple scattering elements.

[0036] In some embodiments, each component of the second group may further include multiple scattering elements. Alternatively, each component of the second group may include a single scattering element. In some such embodiments, the area occupied by each of the single scattering elements in each component of the second group on the second surface is the same as or at least substantially the same as the area occupied by the multiple scattering elements in each component of the first group.

[0037] In some implementations, the scattering elements may be provided integrally or partially by means of another element / layer (such as a plate) coupled to the waveguide block. In examples of such implementations, a module (such as a vehicle sensor module) may include a block comprising a first surface and a second surface opposite the first surface. One or more waveguides may be at least partially defined on the first surface. One or more openings may extend between the first and second surfaces, allowing electromagnetic waves / energy / signals to be delivered through them from the one or more waveguides. A plate may be coupled to the block, and the plate may include multiple openings configured to expose a first set of scattering elements defined on the second surface of the block.

[0038] In some embodiments, the plate may also include a second set of scattering elements, different from the first set of scattering elements. In some such embodiments, the first set of scattering elements may include a plurality of protruding scattering elements. In some embodiments, the second set of scattering elements may include a set of plate-shaped and / or flat scattering elements configured as approximately ideal electrical conductors.

[0039] In some embodiments, the first set of scattering elements and the second set of scattering elements may together define a repeating pattern configured to reduce backscattered radiation by promoting destructive interference of electromagnetic waves incident on the repeating pattern of the scattering elements.

[0040] In some embodiments, the block may include a plurality of cylindrical members positioned below the scattering elements of the second set of scattering elements. In some such embodiments, the cylindrical members may include protruding elements that may be some or all of the same or at least substantially the same as the protruding scattering elements on the block.

[0041] In some embodiments, the plate may also include a plurality of antenna slots positioned adjacent to at least one of the one or more openings to deliver electromagnetic radiation through it. In some such embodiments, the plurality of antenna slots may comprise a plurality of antenna slots formed in an array of staggered antenna slots.

[0042] In some embodiments, at least one of the one or more openings may include an elongated antenna slot. In some such embodiments, the staggered antenna slot array may be positioned adjacent to the elongated antenna slot.

[0043] In some embodiments, at least one of the one or more openings may include a transition waveguide feed tunnel extending between the first surface and the second surface.

[0044] In some implementations, at least one of the one or more openings may include an elongated antenna slot.

[0045] In another example of a module (such as an antenna module) according to some embodiments, the module may include one or more waveguides formed in a first layer of a multilayer assembly of the antenna module. One or more antenna slots may each be operatively coupled to at least one of the one or more waveguides. The module may also include an array of destructive interference elements arranged in a repeating pattern and configured to reduce backscattered radiation by promoting destructive interference of electromagnetic waves incident on the destructive interference elements. In some embodiments, the repeating pattern may include at least two different types of destructive interference elements.

[0046] In some embodiments, the second layer of the multilayer assembly may include a plate. In some such embodiments, the plate may include a plurality of openings formed in a certain pattern. In some embodiments, the plate may also include a plurality of antenna slots. In some such embodiments, the antenna slots may be formed in one or more arrays, each array including staggered antenna slots.

[0047] In some embodiments that include a plate, the repeating pattern may include a first type of destructive interference element defined by the first layer and a second type of destructive interference element defined by the plate.

[0048] In some embodiments that include a plate, the first type of destructive interference element may include a prominent scattering element. In some such embodiments, the second type of destructive interference element may include a flat scattering surface defined by the plate.

[0049] In some implementations, each of the one or more waveguides and each of the one or more antenna slots may be formed in a single waveguide block.

[0050] In some other examples of the module (such as an antenna module), the module may include: a waveguide block defining one or more waveguides; and one or more antenna slots configured to deliver electromagnetic radiation through them to and / or from the corresponding waveguides. The module may also include a plate coupled to the waveguide block, which may at least partially define and / or facilitate the patterning of destructive interference elements. In some embodiments, the plate may include multiple openings. Some embodiments may also include multiple destructive interference elements configured to reduce backscattered radiation by facilitating destructive interference of electromagnetic waves incident on the destructive interference element. In some such embodiments, the multiple destructive interference elements may include at least two different types of destructive interference elements arranged adjacent to each other. In some embodiments, one or both of the at least two different types of destructive interference elements may be formed on the plate or exposed by at least a subset of the multiple openings. In some cases, one of the at least two different types of destructive interference elements may be formed on the plate, and another of the at least two different types of destructive interference elements may be exposed by one or more openings in the plate.

[0051] In some embodiments, at least one of the at least two different types of destructive interference elements includes a prominent scattering element. In some embodiments, the prominent scattering element may be formed on the waveguide block. In some such embodiments, each prominent scattering element in at least a subset of the prominent scattering elements may be exposed by at least a subset of the plurality of openings. In some such embodiments, all of the prominent scattering elements may be exposed by the plurality of openings in the plate.

[0052] In some embodiments, at least one of the two different types of destructive interference elements may include a flat scattering element. In some such embodiments, some or all of the flat scattering element may be defined by the plate.

[0053] The features, structures, steps, or characteristics disclosed in this document in connection with one embodiment may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more alternative embodiments. Attached Figure Description

[0054] Referring to the accompanying drawings, non-limiting and non-exhaustive embodiments of this disclosure are described, including various embodiments of this disclosure, wherein:

[0055] Figure 1 It is a perspective view of the scattering / cancellation surface that can be incorporated into a more complete antenna module, such as a vehicle RADAR sensor module, according to some implementation schemes;

[0056] Figure 2 This is a perspective view of another scattering / cancellation surface according to other implementation schemes;

[0057] Figure 3 This is a perspective view of another scattering / cancellation surface according to some implementation schemes;

[0058] Figure 4 It is an exploded perspective view of an antenna / waveguide assembly including a scattering / cancellation surface according to some implementation schemes;

[0059] Figure 5 yes Figure 4 A perspective view of the antenna / waveguide assembly;

[0060] Figure 6 yes Figure 4 Antenna / waveguide components and Figure 5 Perspective view of opposite sides;

[0061] Figure 7 This is an exploded perspective view of the antenna / waveguide assembly according to other implementation schemes;

[0062] Figure 8 yes Figure 7 A perspective view of the antenna / waveguide assembly;

[0063] Figure 9 yes Figure 7 Antenna / waveguide components and Figure 8 Perspective view of opposite sides;

[0064] Figure 10 This is a perspective view of the first side of a waveguide / antenna structure with a scattering surface configuration;

[0065] Figure 11 yes Figure 10 A perspective view of the second side of the waveguide / antenna structure;

[0066] Figure 12 This is a cross-sectional view of a portion of another antenna / waveguide assembly;

[0067] Figure 13 It is an exploded view of a waveguide / antenna assembly having a scattering surface configured at least partially defined by a plate;

[0068] Figure 14 yes Figure 13 A perspective view of the waveguide / antenna assembly, showing the plate positioned above the block defining the waveguide;

[0069] Figure 15 This is a perspective view of a defined waveguide block without a plate; and

[0070] Figure 16 From and Figure 15 The diagram shows a perspective view of the block viewed from opposite sides. Detailed Implementation

[0071] The following provides a detailed description of apparatuses, systems, and methods consistent with various embodiments of this disclosure. While several embodiments are described, it should be understood that this disclosure is not limited to any specific embodiment of the disclosed particular embodiments, but covers many alternatives, modifications, and equivalents. Furthermore, although numerous specific details are set forth in the following description to provide a thorough understanding of the embodiments disclosed herein, some embodiments may be practiced without some or all of these details. Moreover, for clarity, certain technical materials known in the prior art have not been described in detail to avoid unnecessarily obscuring this disclosure.

[0072] As used herein, the term "substantially" refers to the complete or nearly complete extent or degree to which an action, feature, attribute, state, structure, event, or result functions as indicated. For example, a "substantially" cylindrical or "substantially" vertical object would mean that the object / feature is cylindrical / vertical or nearly cylindrical / vertical, thus achieving the same or nearly the same function. The just-permissible deviation provided by this term can depend on the specific context. "Substantially" also applies when used in a negative sense to refer to the complete or nearly complete absence of a certain action, feature, attribute, state, structure, event, or result. For example, a structure "substantially without" a bottom either completely or nearly completely lacks a bottom, such that its effect is substantially the same as having no bottom at all.

[0073] Similarly, the term “approximately” as used in this paper is to provide flexibility for the endpoints of a numerical range, meaning that a given value can be “slightly above” or “slightly below” the endpoints while still achieving the functionality associated with that range.

[0074] The embodiments of this disclosure can be best understood by referring to the accompanying drawings, in which similar components are represented by similar numbers. It will be readily understood that, as generally described and illustrated in the accompanying drawings, the components of the disclosed embodiments can be arranged and designed in a wide variety of different configurations. Therefore, the following detailed description of embodiments of the apparatus and method is not intended to limit the scope of this disclosure (as claimed), but is merely a representative illustration of possible embodiments of this disclosure. Furthermore, unless otherwise indicated, the steps of the method need not be performed in any particular order, nor even sequentially, nor necessarily only once. Certain preferred embodiments and additional details of specific embodiments will now be described in more detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.

[0075] Figure 1A portion of a scattering surface configuration 110 according to some embodiments is depicted, which can be incorporated into a module for a sensor assembly, such as a RADAR sensor assembly for a vehicle. As will be better understood in conjunction with the following figures, features on this surface may preferably be distributed in a repeating pattern or at least substantially distributed along one or more portions and / or surfaces of the RADAR or other sensor assembly (such as along blocks that may integrally or partially define one or more waveguides and / or one or more antennas in some cases), given spatial constraints and other feature requirements. Thus, although Figure 1 Not shown, but typical embodiments are expected to also incorporate an antenna slot and / or waveguide. In the preferred embodiments discussed below, relative to Figure 1 The elements of the scattering surface configuration 110 shown may have waveguides formed on opposing surfaces, in some cases on opposing surfaces of the same single structure and / or layer. In some such embodiments, an antenna slot may extend from the waveguide layer through the structure / layer to the scattering surface layer.

[0076] As described below in conjunction with other accompanying drawings, in some embodiments, the waveguide may be defined by a groove, which may be defined by a cylindrical member. In some cases, the cylindrical member defining the waveguide groove may include a first plurality of cylindrical members extending in one row and a second plurality of cylindrical members extending in another row, and in some embodiments, the second plurality of cylindrical members may be parallel to the first plurality of cylindrical members. However, it should be understood that in the same embodiment or in other embodiments, other grooves and / or antennas may not be defined by any cylindrical member or other features shared with other grooves / antennas.

[0077] For example, although not depicted in the figures, some embodiments may include one or more waveguides defined by trench-like walls rather than spaced-apart columnar members. Similarly, some embodiments may include ridges extending through the grooves between opposing structures (whether columnar members or trench-like walls) defining the waveguide grooves. Furthermore, if desired, any or all of the waveguide and / or antenna structures discussed herein may be formed or otherwise disposed on both sides of a block or may be formed in a separate layer or other separate structure.

[0078] In a preferred embodiment, the block defining the waveguide, antenna, and / or scattering element may comprise a casting, such as a casting comprising zinc or other suitable preferred metallic material. However, in other anticipated embodiments, the block may alternatively comprise plastic or other materials, which may be formed using, for example, an injection molding process. In some such embodiments, metal inserts, coatings, etc., may be used if desired. In a typical sensor assembly, as previously mentioned, the sensor assembly may be specifically configured for use in a vehicle, and other structures may be combined with the block / casting. For example, various additional layers may be coupled to the block to form a complete antenna assembly and / or module.

[0079] Figure 1 The scattering element configuration includes a repeating pattern comprising a first group of scattering elements and a second group of scattering elements distinct from the first group. More specifically, the scattering configuration 110 includes a first group 115 comprising members defined by subgrids of scattering elements 116, each of which includes a protruding block or cuboid shape. Each member of the first group 115 of scattering elements 116 comprises a plurality of scattering elements 116, i.e., a three-by-three array or grid of scattering elements 116. However, it should be understood that this is only one example. The number of scattering elements 116 in each member of each repeating group 115 may vary according to many contemplated embodiments.

[0080] For example, fewer or more subgrids of scattering elements 116 may be used, such as subgrids each having two, four, five or more subgrids. In some embodiments, each component of each group may include a single scattering element. In some embodiments, non-uniform grids may be used, such as grids having components consisting of columns and rows with a mismatch in the number of individual scattering elements. Similarly, as discussed in more detail below in conjunction with other embodiments, the shape and / or size of the scattering elements may also vary as needed.

[0081] For example, in addition to a cuboid shape, protruding scattering elements can be formed in various preferred three-dimensional shapes, such as X-shapes, plus or cross shapes, circles, cylinders, rods, ellipses, open rings, triangles, hexahedrons, or other polygons. Similarly, recessed scattering elements can be formed in various shapes, including shapes that are negative and / or complementary to any of the shapes mentioned above. In some embodiments, the same scattering pattern and / or configuration may combine protruding and recessed shapes having complementary or negative shapes corresponding to the protruding shapes in the pattern.

[0082] The repeating pattern also includes a second group 120 of scattering elements 122, each of which comprises a single flat surface designed to approximate an ideal electrical conductor (PEC). Thus, unlike the first group 115, each component of the second group 120 comprises a single element 122. Similarly, in a preferred embodiment, each of the individual protruding scattering elements 116 of the first group 115 may comprise an artificial magnetic conductor.

[0083] like Figure 1 As shown, the area occupied by each element 122 of the second group 120 is at least substantially equal to the area occupied by the plurality of protruding elements 116 of each member of the first group 115. In other words, the "coverage area" of each member of the two groups 115 / 120 is along... Figure 1 The repeating patterns shown are at least substantially the same.

[0084] However, as will be apparent from the discussion in conjunction with the other accompanying figures below, it is not necessary for the pattern to be applied along the entire surface and / or portion of the sensor assembly to which the scattering element is applied. In fact, as needed, the pattern is applied along the edges of the surface and / or with other elements of the module / assembly (such as antenna slots). Figure 1 (Not shown in the image) Adjacent portions may include protruding elements of different sizes and / or different numbers. However, preferably, any portion of such portions / surfaces not occupied by other functional elements is occupied by scattering elements, and it may be desirable to use as many consistent patterns as possible to form the pattern throughout the configuration given spatial constraints.

[0085] For example Figure 1 As shown, the protruding scattering element 116 of the first group 115 protrudes to the same or at least substantially the same height as the element 122 of the group 120. However, again, this is not necessarily the case for all embodiments.

[0086] Figure 2 A portion of a scattering surface configuration 210 according to other embodiments is depicted. Again, this configuration 210 can be incorporated into a module for a sensor assembly, such as a RADAR sensor assembly for a vehicle. Furthermore, preferably, features on this surface can be distributed across one or more surfaces of a portion of such an assembly, such as along the surface of a waveguide and / or antenna block, preferably in a repeating pattern. Therefore, although... Figure 2 Not shown, but typical implementations are expected to incorporate antenna slots, waveguides, and / or other components / features of RADAR or other sensor assemblies.

[0087] and Figure 1 The scattering elements are configured similarly. Figure 2The scattering element configuration includes a repeating pattern comprising a first group of scattering elements and a second group of scattering elements distinct from the first group. More specifically, the scattering configuration 210 includes a first group 215 comprising members defined by subgrids of scattering elements 216, each of which comprises a protruding block or cuboid shape. Each member of the repeating first group 215 of scattering elements 216 comprises a plurality of scattering elements 216, i.e., a three-by-three array or grid of scattering elements 216. However, this is only one example. The number of scattering elements 216 in each member of each repeating group 215 may vary according to many anticipated embodiments.

[0088] For example, fewer or more subgrids of scattering elements 216 may be used, such as subgrids having two, four, five or more subgrids each. In some embodiments, each component of each group may include a single scattering element. Similarly, the shape and / or size of the scattering elements may also vary as needed.

[0089] The repeating pattern also includes a second group 220 of scattering elements 222, each of which includes a plurality of recessed scattering elements 222. However, with Figure 1 The configuration differs; like the first group 215 of scattering elements 222, the second group 220 of scattering elements 222 includes a plurality of scattering elements 216 arranged in a grid (or sub-grid). In the depicted embodiment, the grid of the second group 220 of scattering elements 216 matches that of the first group 215 of scattering elements 222 in terms of the number of scattering elements in each grid and in terms of the space / area / coverage occupied by each element of each group 215 / 220.

[0090] However, again, this is not necessarily the case for all envisioned embodiments. In fact, the space, area, and / or coverage of each component or subgrid of the first group 215 may be identical or at least partially different from each component or subgrid of the second group 220. For example, as shown in some more detailed embodiments discussed below, some embodiments may include scattering elements having repeating patterns of the same or at least substantially identical groups of components in space, area, and / or coverage over a large portion of a particular surface of a part of the sensor assembly, but may have portions that differ in space, area, and / or coverage, such as portions near surface edges (e.g., peripheral edges or edges near other functional elements, such as antenna slots). Similarly, other embodiments are envisioned that may include groups of components / grids on a pattern on a surface that are never identical and / or never repeat in terms of space, area, and / or coverage.

[0091] For example Figure 2As shown, each recessed scattering element 222 of each component of group 220 is formed with at least substantially complementary negative shapes relative to each protruding scattering element 216 of each component of group 215. In the depicted embodiments, these negative shapes are formed such that each of the protruding scattering elements 216 of group 215 can fit within the corresponding recessed scattering element 222 of group 220. However, various alternative configurations are again contemplated. For example, in some embodiments, the shape and / or size of the recessed scattering element does not need to match or at least substantially match the corresponding shape and / or size of the protruding scattering element. Furthermore, although in the depicted embodiments the height of the protruding scattering element 216 is the same as or at least substantially the same as the depth of the corresponding recessed scattering element 222, this is not necessarily the case in all contemplated embodiments.

[0092] As previously mentioned, in a preferred embodiment, a pattern may be used in which the grid forming the protruding scattering elements 216 of the first group 215 (where each member of the first group 215 includes a plurality of protruding scattering elements 216 arranged in a grid) is arranged in a repeating pattern adjacent to the grid forming the recessed scattering elements 222 of the second group 220 (again, where each member of the second group 220 includes a plurality of recessed scattering elements 222 arranged in a grid), such that each member of group 215 is positioned adjacent to at least one (in some cases, four, depending on which member is being considered) member of group 220 in an alternating grid at a higher level. In a preferred embodiment, all members of both groups 215 and 220 comprise artificial magnetic conductors.

[0093] Figure 3 The image depicts yet another example of a portion of a scattering surface configuration 310 according to other embodiments. Again, this configuration 310 can be incorporated into a module for a sensor assembly, such as a RADAR sensor assembly for a vehicle. Furthermore, features on this surface can be distributed across one or more surfaces of a portion of such an assembly, such as along the surface of a waveguide and / or antenna block, preferably in a repeating pattern. Therefore, although... Figure 3 Not shown, but typical implementations are expected to incorporate antenna slots, waveguides, and / or other components / features of RADAR or other sensor assemblies.

[0094] and Figure 1 and Figure 2 The scattering elements are configured similarly. Figure 3The scattering element configuration includes a repeating pattern comprising a first group of scattering elements and a second group of scattering elements distinct from the first group. More specifically, the scattering configuration 310 includes a first group 315 comprising individual protruding scattering elements 316. Thus, each component of the repeating first group 315 of scattering elements 316 comprises a single scattering element 316. However, this is only one example. The number of scattering elements 316 in each component of each repeating group 315 can vary according to many anticipated embodiments. Similarly, the shape and / or size of the scattering elements can also vary as needed.

[0095] Figure 3 The illustrated repeating pattern also includes a second group 320 of scattering elements 322, each of which comprises a single recessed scattering element 322. Similar to the members of group 315, each member of the second group 320 of scattering elements 322 comprises a single recessed scattering element 322. In the depicted embodiment, the second group 320 of scattering elements 322 matches the first group 315 of scattering elements 316 in terms of the number (one) of scattering elements in each member of the grid and in terms of the space / area / coverage area occupied by each member of each group 315 / 320.

[0096] Furthermore, this may not be the case for all anticipated implementations. In fact, the space, area, and / or coverage of each component or subgrid in the first group 315 may be consistent with or at least partially different from each component or subgrid in the second group 320.

[0097] For example Figure 3 As shown, each recessed scattering element 322 of each component of group 320 is formed with at least substantially complementary negative shapes relative to the protruding scattering element 316 of each component of group 315. In the depicted embodiment, these negative shapes are formed such that each protruding scattering element 316 of group 315 can fit within the corresponding recessed scattering element 322 of group 320. In other words, each protruding scattering element 316 is positioned adjacent to one or more recessed scattering elements 322, and these elements 316 / 322 alternate back and forth in the horizontal and vertical directions, preferably throughout the pattern 310. Furthermore, in a preferred embodiment, all components of both groups 315 and 320 comprise artificial magnetic conductors.

[0098] However, various alternative configurations are again envisioned. For example, in some embodiments, the shape and / or size of the recessed scattering element does not need to match or at least substantially match the corresponding shape and / or size of the protruding scattering element. Furthermore, although in the depicted embodiments the height of the protruding scattering element 316 is the same as or at least substantially the same as the depth of the corresponding recessed scattering element 322, this is not necessarily the case in all anticipated embodiments.

[0099] Figure 4 A RADAR sensor assembly 400 according to some embodiments is depicted. Assembly 400 includes a frame 405 that can be used to couple various layers, such as a PCB layer 402, an radome layer 404, and an antenna / waveguide layer 410. As mentioned above, in some embodiments, layer 410 may comprise a single-layer structure (such as a waveguide block or casting) that may include both a waveguide and an antenna.

[0100] In the depicted implementation, each of the waveguides may be formed on the first surface (bottom surface, which is on) of the monolayer structure 410. Figure 4 Not visible in the middle; see also Figure 6 The scattering element array can be formed on the second surface of the monolayer structure 410, which is on the opposite side of the monolayer structure 410 relative to the first surface (i.e., from the...). Figure 4 (The top surface as observed from the angle).

[0101] More specifically, structure 410 includes an array of scattering elements comprising alternating rows and columns of different elements, namely a first group 415 of scattering elements, each element of group 415 comprising a grid or array of protruding scattering elements 416, such as Figure 5 As better depicted, the second group 420 of scattering elements 422, each member of which includes a single flat surface designed to approximate an ideal electrical conductor (PEC). Therefore, unlike the first group 415, each member of the second group 420 includes a single element 422. Similarly, in a preferred embodiment, all members of the first group 415 include artificial magnetic conductors.

[0102] Artificial magnetic conductors can be configured into scattering element patterns to provide a reflection phase of zero degrees or approximately zero degrees with respect to the frequency of interest. By combining artificial magnetic conductors with scattering elements that more closely resemble ideal electrical conductors, narrower band solutions can be provided, since the reflection phase slope of a PEC under normal incident light is typically 180 degrees over the frequency. Therefore, ideal or near-ideal cancellation can be achieved at a single frequency.

[0103] However, various other options can be employed to achieve wider phase cancellation. In fact, wider cancellation can be achieved by using two different types of artificial magnetic conductors, each configured to achieve different reflection / reflection phases. For example, wider cancellation can be achieved by providing in the pattern / configuration a first artificial magnetic conductor configured to provide a reflection phase relative to a first frequency of interest and a second artificial magnetic conductor configured to have a reflection phase at a second frequency of interest (whose phase may be offset by 180 degrees from the phase of the first artificial magnetic conductor).

[0104] Similarly, other combinations including more than two types of artificial magnetic conductors (AMCs) or including multiple types of artificial magnetic conductors and one or more ideal electrical conductors (PECs) can be employed to further broaden the operating and / or cancellation bandwidth. For example, a combination of a first AMC structure having a first reflection phase at a specific frequency, a second AMC structure having a second reflection phase at a specific frequency, and a PEC structure can be combined on a scattering configuration / pattern. The combined reflection phase difference can then be smoother, and when combined with a PEC, a wider cancellation bandwidth can be obtained.

[0105] As another example of providing the possibility of even wider cancellation, three (or more) different types of AMC structures can be employed, each configured to provide a different reflection phase at a specific frequency or frequency range. In some cases, two of the AMC structures can be configured to provide a phase difference of zero degrees or approximately zero degrees around the frequency range of interest, while a third AMC structure can be configured to obtain a smooth reflection phase change of 180 degrees or approximately 180 degrees around the same frequency range.

[0106] For the purposes of this disclosure, the term "ideal electrical conductor" should be interpreted as including surfaces and / or blocks that may be part of a repeating scattering configuration and / or pattern that reflects incident electromagnetic waves normally with a phase shift of 180 degrees or at least substantially 180 degrees. PEC elements are typically metallic. Therefore, elements intended to achieve this result, although obviously not strictly limited to ideal electrical conductors, may be referred to herein as "PEC-like".

[0107] Given various constraints (such as space occupied by other functional elements, manufacturing considerations, etc.), the components of groups 415 and 420 are preferably located in... Figure 5 The structure 410 shown is covered with an alternating grid pattern on its entire surface, or at least on a portion of the surface area that is as reasonably sized as possible.

[0108] A series of elongated antenna slots 430 positioned along structure 410 are also shown. Each of these antenna slots 430 extends between opposite sides of structure 410—that is, in Figure 5 The side shown includes the scattering array / element and Figure 6 The waveguides of the defined component 400 extend between one side of each other.

[0109] The area occupied by at least substantially each element 422 and component of the second group 420 is at least substantially equal to the area occupied by each of the plurality of protruding elements 416 of each component of the first group 415. However, as Figure 5As shown, there are components in both groups 415 and 420, where this is not the case due to space considerations. For example, there are areas adjacent to the outer edge of component 400, adjacent to antenna slot 430, or adjacent to other elements of component 400, where the shape and / or size of groups 415 and 420 have been modified, such as... Figure 5 As shown.

[0110] It should also be noted that in the depicted embodiments and all other embodiments disclosed herein, the pattern may be repeated in a non-uniform and / or unequal grid of individual scattering components / elements. For example, although in Figure 5 In one implementation, the majority of the scattering pattern comprises prominent AMC elements in a repeating 3×3 grid, but these grids may be larger (such as 4×4 or 5×5), smaller (such as 1×1 or 2×2), or unequal (such as 2×4, 4×2, 3×1, 2×3, 1×3, etc.).

[0111] However, in order to avoid excessively affecting the performance of the system / antenna, it may be preferable to ensure that the scattering element is placed symmetrically or at least substantially symmetrically with respect to the phase center of the antenna or at least a subset of the antenna, so that the radiation pattern and / or angle estimation are not excessively affected.

[0112] For example Figure 5 As shown, preferably, a minimum distance D is maintained between each antenna slot 430 of component 400 and each scattering element (such as each protruding scattering element 416 of group 415) in at least a subset of the scattering element array or scattering elements. In some embodiments, this distance D can be at least half the wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation used by the vehicle sensor component. Therefore, in the case of an automotive RADAR sensor component or module utilizing the 76-81 GHz RADAR band, the distance D can be at least about 2 mm.

[0113] In some embodiments, the distance D can be measured in a direction perpendicular to the elongated axis of each antenna slot 430. However, it should be understood that some embodiments may include non-straight antenna slots. For example, the antenna slot 430 may oscillate back and forth as described, for example, in U.S. Patent No. 11,349,220, entitled “OSCILLATING WAVEGUIDES AND RELATED SENSORASSEMBLIES,” published May 31, 2022, and which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. With respect to such antenna slots, it is contemplated that the distance D can still be maintained relative to the elongated axis of the antenna slot, wherein the slot oscillates back and forth on opposite sides of the elongated axis from which the distance is measured. However, alternatively, the distance D may be provided to maintain the distance between any portion of the antenna slot rather than between the axis itself, and the distance may be measured in a direction perpendicular to the axis or in any direction.

[0114] Therefore, in some embodiments, whether using antenna slots of various shapes and sizes or other types of antenna structures, a minimum distance D can be maintained in any direction relative to the antenna slot 430 and / or other antenna structures. Similarly, although in some embodiments a distance D can be maintained relative to a protruding scattering element, in some embodiments a distance D can be maintained relative to all scattering elements in the scattering element array.

[0115] Figure 6 The opposite sides of structure 410 are shown, defining various waveguides of component 400. As shown in the figure, the waveguides may be defined by cylindrical members 432. In the depicted embodiment, each of the waveguides is defined by multiple rows of opposing cylindrical members 432 on either side of each waveguide. However, various alternative embodiments are, of course, contemplated.

[0116] For example, adjacent columnar members 432 spaced apart in a single row can be used to define one or more waveguides. Similarly, in other embodiments, other structures can be used to define waveguides, such as waveguides defined by continuous trench-like walls.

[0117] For example Figure 6 As shown, and as previously mentioned, antenna slots 430 are formed at the ends of each waveguide, wherein each antenna slot 430 originates from... Figure 6 The structure / layer 410 shown extends to one side. Figure 5 The side shown. Furthermore, in the depicted embodiment, waveguide ridge 435 extends within a subset of the waveguide along the axis of each such waveguide. However, again, it should be understood that waveguide ridge 435 does not need to be part of all intended embodiments having scattering arrays and / or elements.

[0118] Figures 7 to 9 A RADAR sensor assembly 700 according to other embodiments is depicted. Assembly 700 again includes a frame 705, a PCB layer 702, an radome layer 704, and an antenna / waveguide layer 710. Layer 710 may again include a single-layer structure, such as a waveguide block or casting, which may include both a waveguide and an antenna, and may include scattering elements configured to provide destructive interference to incoming backscattered radiation.

[0119] In the depicted implementation, each of the waveguides is again formed on the first surface (bottom surface, which is on) of the monolayer structure 710. Figure 9 (shown above). The scattering element array is formed on the second surface of the monolayer structure 710, which is on the opposite side of the monolayer structure 710 relative to the first surface (i.e., from...). Figure 7 The top surface viewed from an angle, it is Figure 8 (This is shown in more detail below).

[0120] More specifically, structure 710 includes an array of scattering elements comprising alternating rows and columns of different elements: a first group 715 of scattering elements, each member of group 715 comprising a grid or array of protruding scattering elements 716; and a second group 720 of scattering elements 722, each member comprising a single flat surface designed to approximate an ideal electrical conductor (PEC). Thus, unlike the first group 715, each member of the second group 720 comprises a single element 722. Similarly, in a preferred embodiment, all members of the first group 715 comprise artificial magnetic conductors.

[0121] Given various constraints (such as space occupied by other functional elements, manufacturing considerations, etc.), the components of groups 715 and 720 are preferably located in... Figure 8 The structure 710 shown is decorated with an alternating grid pattern on its entire surface, or at least on a portion of the surface area that is as reasonably sized as possible.

[0122] One of the main differences between component 400 and component 700 is the number of prominent scattering elements 716 in each member of group 715. Specifically, the number of scattering elements 716 in each member is four, arranged in a subarray or grid along each member of group 715. However, as Figure 8 As shown, some groups (such as those along the upper and right outer edges of component 700) may include one or two protruding scattering elements 716. The components of groups 720 adjacent to these components may be modified to have the same, or at least substantially the same, or similar shape and / or size. Similarly, as shown along the left outer edge of component 700, some components of groups 715 and / or 720 may be increased in size, number of individual elements, and / or shape.

[0123] A series of elongated antenna slots 730 positioned along structure 710 are also shown. Each of these antenna slots 730 extends between opposite sides of structure 710—that is, in Figure 8 The side shown includes the scattering array / element and Figure 9 The waveguides of the defined component 700 extend between one side of each other.

[0124] As another distinction between component 400 and component 700, each of the antenna slots 730 includes one or more recesses 734 extending along one or both sides of the antenna slot 730. Unlike the antenna slot 730, these recesses 734 do not form openings that extend through the structure / layer in which each of these features is formed. However, these recesses 734 may be otherwise configured to resemble or mimic the antenna slot 730 without actually including a slot. Figure 8 As shown, some antenna slots 730 may have multiple grooves 734 adjacent to one or both sides of them, while other antenna slots may include a single groove 734 adjacent to one or both sides of them, or include a single groove 734 on one side and multiple grooves 734 on the opposite side.

[0125] The area occupied by each element 722 of the second group 720, or at least substantially each element 722, is equal to or at least substantially equal to the area occupied by each of the plurality of protruding elements 716 of each member of the first group 715. However, as Figure 8 As shown, there are components in both groups 715 and 720, where this is not the case due to space considerations. For example, there are areas adjacent to the peripheral edge of component 700, adjacent to antenna slot 730, or adjacent to other elements of component 700 (such as holes configured for fasteners), where the shape and / or size of groups 715 and 720 have been modified. For example, as Figure 8 As shown, the components of groups 715 and 720 along the left edge of component 700 are slightly larger, and those along the right edge are slightly smaller.

[0126] For example Figure 8 As shown, preferably, a minimum distance D is maintained between each antenna slot 730 of component 700 and each scattering element (such as each protruding scattering element 716 of group 715 and / or each flat / PEC scattering element of group 720) in at least a subset of the scattering element array or scattering elements. In some embodiments, this distance D may be at least half the wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation used by the vehicle sensor component. Therefore, in the case of an automotive RADAR sensor component or module utilizing the 76-81 GHz RADAR band, the distance D may be at least about 2 mm.

[0127] In some embodiments, the distance D can be measured in a direction perpendicular to the elongated axis of each antenna slot 730. However, some embodiments may include non-linear antenna slots, as previously mentioned. Thus, for example, if the antenna slot oscillates back and forth, the distance D can still be maintained relative to the elongated axis of the antenna slot, wherein the slot oscillates back and forth on opposite sides of the elongated axis from which the distance is measured. Alternatively, however, the distance D may be provided to maintain the distance between any part of the antenna slot rather than between the axis itself, and the distance may be measured in a direction perpendicular to the axis or in any direction.

[0128] Furthermore, due to the presence of the recess 734, in some embodiments, a distance D may be maintained relative to the recess 734 in a direction perpendicular to the axis of the recess 734, or alternatively in any direction relative to the recess 734, rather than relative to the antenna recess 730 itself. However, for some embodiments, it may be desirable to maintain a minimum distance D relative to the slot 730 rather than the recess 734. Similarly, a minimum distance D may be maintained relative to a protruding scattering element (such as element 716), or a distance D may be maintained relative to all scattering elements (including PEC / flat scattering elements within the scattering element array).

[0129] Figure 9 The waveguide side of structure 710 is depicted. As shown in the figure, the waveguide may be defined by cylindrical members 732. However, again, various alternative embodiments are contemplated, including different numbers of rows of cylindrical members 732 and different types of waveguides.

[0130] For example Figure 9 As shown, antenna slots 730 are formed at the ends of each waveguide, wherein each antenna slot 730 originates from... Figure 9 The structure / layer 710 shown extends to one side. Figure 8 The side shown. Furthermore, in the depicted embodiment, waveguide ridge 735 extends along the axis of each such waveguide within each waveguide of a subset of the waveguides.

[0131] Figure 10 and Figure 11 Another embodiment of the waveguide and / or antenna structure 1010 is depicted, which may be incorporated into, or a portion thereof (such as a scattering element pattern) may be incorporated into, a more complete RADAR or other sensor assembly. Figure 10 As shown, the scattering element pattern includes a first group 1015 of scattering elements 1016 arranged in a grid pattern or array and a second group 1020 of scattering elements 1022.

[0132] Each of the scattering elements 1016 in the first group 1015 includes a protruding scattering element 1016, and each of the scattering elements 1022 in the second group 1020 includes a recessed scattering element 1022. As described above, in some preferred embodiments, the components of each group 1015 / 1020 may include the same number of individual scattering elements 1016 / 1022 along all or at least a portion (in some cases, at least substantially all) of the pattern.

[0133] Furthermore, in the depicted embodiments, the components of each group 1015 / 1020 may occupy the same or at least substantially the same area, space, and / or coverage area. Similarly, each individual scattering element 1016 / 1022 may occupy the same or at least substantially the same area / space / coverage area. Moreover, the size, shape, height, and / or depth of the protruding scattering element 1016 may match or at least substantially match the size, shape, height, and / or depth of the recessed scattering element 1022. For example, the shape and depth of the recessed scattering element 1022 may be configured to define or at least substantially define a complementary or negative shape relative to the protruding scattering element 1016.

[0134] As previously mentioned, in a preferred embodiment, each individual scattering element in the individual scattering elements 1016 / 1022 of one or both of the components in each group 1015 / 1020 may comprise an artificial magnetic conductor. Also as previously mentioned, and as... Figure 10 As shown, in a preferred embodiment, each individual scattering element in one or both of the components of each group 1015 / 1020, in one of the individual scattering elements 1016 / 1022, can be positioned to maintain a minimum distance D relative to the antenna slot 1030, or alternatively, to maintain a minimum distance D relative to the recess 1034, which may extend adjacent to and parallel to the antenna slot 1030. Similarly, this distance can be determined by combining... Figure 10 The sensor assembly using the array / pattern depicted uses electromagnetic radiation at approximately half the wavelength. Therefore, in the case of an automotive RADAR sensor assembly or module utilizing the 76-81 GHz RADAR band, the distance D can be at least about 2 mm. Similarly, the distance D can be measured perpendicular to the axis of the antenna slot 1030 and / or recess 1034, or in some embodiments, it can be maintained throughout the array / pattern in any direction relative to any portion of the antenna slot 1030 or recess 1034.

[0135] Figure 11 The waveguide side of structure 1010 is depicted. As shown in the figure, the waveguide may be defined by cylindrical member 1032 or any other type of waveguide available to those skilled in the art. Again, antenna slots 1030 are formed at the ends of each waveguide, wherein each antenna slot 1030 extends from... Figure 11The structure / layer 1010 shown extends to one side. Figure 10 The side shown. In addition, the waveguide ridge 1035 may optionally extend along at least a portion of the axis of each such waveguide in at least one subset of the waveguides.

[0136] Figure 12 This is a cross-sectional view of the waveguide and / or antenna structure 1210 according to other embodiments. In this embodiment, certain materials and coatings may be selected to further improve the performance of RADAR or other sensor assemblies incorporating the waveguide and / or antenna structure 1210 or other similar elements and / or structures.

[0137] More specifically, structure 1210 is shown as including a substrate or core 1211, which may comprise a thermoplastic material, and in some such embodiments, the thermoplastic material may comprise an absorber or absorbing material. Structure 1210 may comprise a bulk of material defining structure 1210. In a preferred embodiment, the plastic and / or absorbing material constituting core 1211 may comprise a lossy material configured to absorb electromagnetic radiation / signals (such as RADAR signals). Thus, in some such embodiments, the lossy material may have a dielectric constant between about 4 and about 12. In some such embodiments, the dielectric constant may be between about 6 and about 9. In a very specific example of a preferred embodiment, the dielectric constant may be about 8.

[0138] In other preferred embodiments, the plastic and / or absorbent material of core 1211 may comprise a lossy material with a dielectric constant between about 6 and about 14. In some such embodiments, the dielectric constant may be between about 9 and about 14 or between about 6 and about 9.

[0139] In a preferred embodiment, in addition to having a preferred dielectric constant or instead of having a preferred dielectric constant, the absorbent material of core 1211 may include an absorbent material having a dielectric loss tangent between about 0.1 and about 0.7. More preferably, the dielectric loss tangent of the material may be between about 0.15 and about 0.65. In some such embodiments, the dielectric loss tangent of the material may be between about 0.3 and about 0.6, or more preferably between about 0.5 and about 0.6. In a very specific example of a preferred embodiment, the dielectric loss tangent of the material may be about 0.56.

[0140] In other preferred embodiments, in addition to having a preferred dielectric constant or instead of having a preferred dielectric constant, the absorbent material may have a dielectric loss tangent between about 0.2 and about 0.6. In some such embodiments, the dielectric loss tangent of the material may be between about 0.3 and about 0.6, or between about 0.2 and about 0.3. Furthermore, it should be understood that in a given design, one or both of these parameters (dielectric constant and / or dielectric loss tangent) may vary within about + / - 20%.

[0141] For example Figure 12 As shown, a coating and / or layer 1213 may be applied to one or more portions of the core 1211. In a preferred embodiment, the coating / layer 1213 may comprise a conductive material, such as a metallic coating. In the depicted embodiment, the coating 1213 extends along the entire waveguide surface of the element 1210, including each of the cylindrical members 1232 that define the waveguide therein.

[0142] The coating / layer 1213 may also extend along the wall defining each of the various antenna slots 1230, one of which is in Figure 12 As shown (of course, other antenna slots may also exist). Furthermore, in the depicted embodiment, a coating / layer 1213 may be applied to opposite sides of element 1210, which may include a pattern and / or array of scattering elements, as previously discussed. Therefore, as... Figure 12 As shown, the same coating / layer 1213 can be used to define an array / pattern of scattering elements, including the protruding scattering element 1216 and the PEC / plate-shaped scattering element 1222. Of course, in various alternative embodiments, any other type, shape, size and / or pattern of scattering elements can be defined, in some cases completely defined, or coated / layered with the conductive coating.

[0143] In some embodiments, the conductive coating and / or metallic coating 1213 may include, for example, copper, nicotrome nickel-chromium, aluminum, silver, or zinc. As will be understood by those skilled in the art, different coating materials may be more suitable for a particular process, application, and / or function.

[0144] In a preferred embodiment, the conductive coating and / or metallic coating 1213 may comprise an electroplated coating. However, in other embodiments and related specific implementations, coating 1213 may be applied in other ways, such as using, for example, metal patterning, metal deposition, and / or photolithography. In other embodiments and / or specific implementations, the conductive coating and / or metallic coating may be applied using, for example, a physical vapor deposition (PVD) process, which may include sputtering deposition (sputtering) and evaporation.

[0145] In some implementations and specific practices, the coating process may include the use of plasma cleaning to provide a clean surface for the coating to be applied. For example, a thin adhesive layer of sputterable chromium may be used to improve adhesion between the plastic box / or absorber material and the conductive and / or metallic coating.

[0146] As another example, in some implementations and specific practices, selective coating (partial coating) can be applied by creating a pattern on a mask. This process can involve chemical etching, micromachining, and / or photolithography. The mask used for this purpose can be, for example, a glass plate patterned with chromium on one side. In the case of photolithography, the pattern can be printed onto a photoresist by projecting UV light onto the mask, since glass is transparent under UV light while chromium is opaque. Another potentially suitable method could involve coating the structure, then creating a negative pattern on the mask, which can then be etched again.

[0147] In some embodiments, a plastic material may be used for the conductive coating / layer 1213. Some embodiments may also include two or more different types of coatings. For example, a first coating configured to facilitate signal propagation in waveguides and / or antenna sections may be applied, and a second coating configured to absorb radio signals may be applied.

[0148] In some implementations and related manufacturing methods, the plastic components of the assembly may be injection molded and then coated with one or more metal layers using any process available to those skilled in the art. Such coatings are preferably formed uniformly on the plastic part.

[0149] Figure 13 This is an exploded view of a waveguide / antenna assembly 1300 according to other embodiments. Assembly 1300 includes a scattering surface configuration partially defined by a plate 1350 configured to couple with a waveguide block 1305 defining another portion of the scattering surface configuration. According to some embodiments, plate 1350 and block 1305 may be incorporated into a module for a sensor assembly, such as a RADAR sensor assembly for a vehicle.

[0150] As previously explained, the scattering surface configuration of component 1300 is arranged in a repeating pattern throughout or at least substantially throughout one or more portions and / or surfaces of the RADAR or other sensor component defining component 1300. In the depicted embodiment, this repeating pattern is provided at least in part by plate 1350.

[0151] More specifically, plate 1350 includes a series of flat and / or plate-like regions 1322 and a series of openings 1323. For example... Figure 14As shown, opening 1323 can be configured to expose a series of protruding scattering elements 1316A below. By providing a repeating pattern of opening 1323 and flat scattering elements 1322 (which can be configured as approximately ideal electrical conductors), a scattering surface configuration similar to those previously described can be provided for assembly 1300, but at least in part by providing separate layers / plates 1350.

[0152] In the depicted embodiment, the surface area of ​​opening 1323 may be the same as, or at least substantially the same as, the surface area of ​​some, most, or all of the adjacent flat scattering elements 1322. In other words, as previously described, the space, area, and / or “coverage area” of each component or subgrid of the first set of scattering elements may be consistent with or at least partially different from each component or subgrid of the second set.

[0153] However, it should be understood that, Figure 13 and Figure 14 As shown, some components and / or groups (such as some components and / or groups of components along the peripheral edge of component 1300) may include a smaller such “coverage area” and / or a smaller number of scattering components. In other words, some components of scattering element groups 1315 and / or 1322 may be increased or decreased in size, number of individual elements, and / or shape.

[0154] In the depicted embodiment, two types of protruding elements are visible: protruding scattering element 1316A and protruding element 1316B. Protruding element 1316B can simply provide a series of contact points to facilitate coupling of plate 1350. Furthermore, providing protruding elements 1316A and 1316B, preferably evenly spaced, on the entire surface or at least a portion of the surface of waveguide block 1305 simplifies manufacturing.

[0155] However, it should be understood that other embodiments are contemplated in which the protruding element 1316B, which will ultimately be covered / laid over by plate 1350, may be omitted. Similarly, although the shapes of protruding elements 1316A and 1316B are shown as different in the figures (protruding element 1316A is cylindrical and protruding element 1316B is cuboid), this is not necessary in all contemplated embodiments. In fact, it may be preferred that all protruding elements (including protruding scattering elements and any elements below plate 1350) be of the same or at least substantially the same shape and / or size.

[0156] For example Figure 13 and Figure 14As shown, the diffuser 1350 may also include a series of antenna slots 1331. In the depicted embodiment, the antenna slots 1331 are formed in an alternating, spaced array, each of which may be positioned adjacent to a slot, opening, and / or waveguide feature formed in the underlying waveguide block 1305 to receive electromagnetic waves passing through it.

[0157] Therefore, as Figure 15 As shown, it depicts a waveguide and / or antenna structure 1310 formed by a waveguide block 1305 without a scattering plate, each of various arrays of staggered antenna slots 1331 being located adjacent to a corresponding waveguide structure consisting of a waveguide ridge 1335 and a centrally located waveguide tunnel 1330 or other openings extending through the waveguide block 1305 to deliver electromagnetic waves / energy. In some embodiments, the tunnel 1330 itself may include one or more waveguide ridges.

[0158] As shown on opposite sides of waveguide block 1305, in some embodiments, the waveguide may be defined on one or both sides of waveguide block 1305. Such a waveguide may be defined by columnar member 1332 and waveguide ridge 1335, which may, but need not, resemble the aforementioned protruding elements 1316A / 1316B.

[0159] It should be understood that in the accompanying drawings (including but not limited to) Figure 16 Various additional components are not shown in this description, but these may be included in a more complete depiction of the waveguide / antenna assembly. Examples of such features not shown to avoid obscuring the details of the inventive concept as prevented herein include electrical components for generating and / or receiving signals, such as chips / PCBs, electromagnetic feed and / or switching structures, etc.

[0160] It should also be understood that various alternative configurations will be envisioned and / or apparent to those skilled in the art upon acquiring the benefits of this disclosure. For example, although an interlaced array 1331 of antenna slots is depicted in plate 1350 of the embodiment shown in the figures, in other embodiments, such an interlaced array may be replaced by elongated antenna slots. In other embodiments, antenna slots or other openings (including, but not limited to, elongated antenna slots and arrays of antenna slots) may be formed together in another part of the assembly, such as waveguide block 1305. In some such embodiments, a larger opening may be formed in the diffuser plate to expose the underlying antenna elements of the assembly. Similarly, other types of waveguides may be used, including, for example, trench waveguides, instead of waveguides formed by rows of spaced-apart columnar members 1332.

[0161] It should also be understood that various embodiments combining any of the features mentioned herein are also contemplated. For example, the board may be provided with some antenna slots, such as in the form of an interlaced array in some cases, and may also include other openings configured to expose the antenna slots or other antenna openings formed in the underlying structure such as waveguide blocks.

[0162] Furthermore, the specific shapes and patterns of the scattering elements shown in the accompanying drawings are merely examples. Any other shapes and patterns shown in the preceding drawings or otherwise known to those skilled in the art can be incorporated into the context of an assembly having a scattering plate. For example, all scattering element features may be disposed on the plate, rather than some scattering element features being disposed on the plate and some scattering element features being disposed on a block or other underlying structure. Similarly, plates can be used to incorporate, either integrally or partially, a scattering surface configuration including protruding and recessed scattering elements, such as... Figure 10 As shown.

[0163] The foregoing description has been described with reference to various embodiments and specific implementations. However, those skilled in the art will understand that various modifications and changes can be made without departing from the scope of this disclosure. For example, various operational steps and components used to perform these operational steps may be implemented in various ways depending on the specific application or taking into account any cost function associated with system operation. Therefore, any one or more steps may be deleted, modified, or combined with other steps. Furthermore, this disclosure should be considered illustrative rather than restrictive, and all such modifications are intended to be included within its scope. Similarly, benefits, other advantages, and solutions to problems have been described above with reference to various embodiments. However, benefits, advantages, solutions to problems, and any elements that may enable any benefit, advantage, or solution to occur or become more significant should not be construed as critical, necessary, or essential features or elements.

[0164] Those skilled in the art will understand that many changes can be made to the details of the above embodiments without departing from the basic principles of the invention. Therefore, the scope of the invention should be determined only by the following claims.

Claims

1. A vehicle sensor module, the vehicle sensor module comprising: The block includes a first surface and a second surface opposite to the first surface; One or more waveguides, said one or more waveguides being at least partially defined on the first surface; One or more openings extending between the first surface and the second surface; as well as A plate coupled to the block, wherein the plate includes a plurality of openings configured to expose a first set of scattering elements defined on the second surface of the block.

2. The vehicle sensor module according to claim 1, wherein the board further comprises a second set of scattering elements different from the first set of scattering elements.

3. The vehicle sensor module of claim 2, wherein the first set of scattering elements comprises a plurality of protruding scattering elements, and wherein the second set of scattering elements comprises a set of flat scattering elements configured as approximately ideal electrical conductors.

4. The vehicle sensor module of claim 3, wherein the first set of scattering elements and the second set of scattering elements together define a repeating pattern, the repeating pattern being configured to reduce backscattered radiation by promoting destructive interference of electromagnetic waves incident on the repeating pattern of the scattering elements.

5. The vehicle sensor module of claim 3, wherein the block includes a plurality of cylindrical members positioned below the scattering elements of the second set of scattering elements.

6. The vehicle sensor module of claim 1, wherein the plate further comprises a plurality of antenna slots, and each of the plurality of antenna slots is positioned adjacent to at least one of the one or more openings to deliver electromagnetic radiation therethrough.

7. The vehicle sensor module of claim 6, wherein the plurality of antenna slots comprises a plurality of antenna slots formed in an array of staggered antenna slots.

8. The vehicle sensor module of claim 7, wherein at least one of the one or more openings comprises an elongated antenna slot, and wherein the staggered antenna slot array is positioned adjacent to the elongated antenna slot.

9. The vehicle sensor module of claim 1, wherein at least one of the one or more openings includes a transition waveguide feed tunnel extending between the first surface and the second surface.

10. The vehicle sensor module of claim 1, wherein at least one of the one or more openings comprises an elongated antenna slot.

11. An antenna module, the antenna module comprising: One or more waveguides are formed in the first layer of the multilayer assembly of the antenna module; One or more antenna slots, each of the one or more antenna slots being operatively coupled to at least one of the one or more waveguides; as well as An array of destructive interference elements, arranged in a repeating pattern and configured to reduce backscattered radiation by promoting destructive interference of electromagnetic waves incident on the destructive interference elements, the repeating pattern comprising at least two different types of destructive interference elements.

12. The antenna module of claim 11, wherein the second layer of the multilayer assembly comprises a plate, and wherein the plate comprises a plurality of openings formed in a pattern.

13. The antenna module of claim 12, wherein the plate further comprises a plurality of antenna slots.

14. The antenna module of claim 12, wherein the repeating pattern comprises a first type of destructive interference element defined by the first layer and a second type of destructive interference element defined by the plate.

15. The antenna module of claim 14, wherein the first type of destructive interference element includes a protruding scattering element, and wherein the second type of destructive interference element includes a flat scattering surface defined by the plate.

16. The antenna module of claim 11, wherein each of the one or more waveguides and each of the one or more antenna slots is formed in a single waveguide block.

17. An antenna module, the antenna module comprising: Waveguide block, the waveguide block defining one or more waveguides; One or more antenna slots, the one or more antenna slots being configured to deliver electromagnetic radiation through them toward and / or from the corresponding waveguide; A plate, said plate being coupled to said waveguide block, wherein said plate includes a plurality of openings; and A plurality of destructive interference elements, wherein the destructive interference elements are configured to reduce backscattered radiation by promoting destructive interference of electromagnetic waves incident on the destructive interference elements, wherein the plurality of destructive interference elements includes at least two different types of destructive interference elements arranged adjacent to each other, and wherein at least one of the at least two different types of destructive interference elements is formed on the plate or exposed by at least a subset of the plurality of openings.

18. The antenna module of claim 17, wherein at least one of the at least two different types of destructive interference elements includes a prominent scattering element.

19. The antenna module of claim 18, wherein the protruding scattering element is formed on the waveguide block, and wherein each of the protruding scattering elements in at least a subset of the protruding scattering elements is exposed by at least a subset of the plurality of openings.

20. The antenna module of claim 17, wherein at least one of the two different types of destructive interference elements comprises a flat scattering element, and wherein the flat scattering element is defined by the plate.

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