Controllable nuclear fusion helium cryogenic system coupled with liquid air energy storage

Abstract

The application provides a controllable nuclear fusion helium cryogenic system coupled with liquid air energy storage, belonging to the cross field of controllable nuclear fusion device cryogenic technology and large-scale energy storage technology, comprising an energy storage subsystem, an energy release subsystem, an 80K helium gas circulation subsystem, a cooling oil subsystem and a cold supplementing subsystem; the energy storage subsystem is used for liquefying ambient air and storing the ambient air in a liquid air storage tank, and shares multiple heat exchangers with the 80K helium gas circulation subsystem; the energy release subsystem takes liquid from the liquid air storage tank and exchanges heat with the 80K helium gas circulation subsystem; the 80K helium gas circulation subsystem drives helium gas through a cold compressor to ensure continuous cooling of a superconducting magnet cold shield; the cooling oil subsystem is used for cooling compressed air of the energy storage subsystem; and the cold supplementing subsystem is a closed inverse Brayton cycle, and cold energy of the cold supplementing subsystem is used for re-liquefying main air flow to compensate for system cold energy loss. The application provides a passive cold energy backup structure for the 80K cryogenic system, which does not depend on power grid power supply.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the interdisciplinary field of cryogenic technology for controlled nuclear fusion devices and large-scale energy storage technology, specifically relating to a controlled nuclear fusion helium cryogenic system coupled with liquid air energy storage. Background Technology

[0002] The 80K cold shield system in controlled nuclear fusion devices (such as tokamak) is crucial for maintaining the stable operation of superconducting magnets (4.5K). The 80K cold shield typically uses pressurized helium (80K) for active cooling. The cooling capacity of the cryogenic helium is usually provided by liquid nitrogen or a refrigerator using nitrogen as the circulating working fluid. Its cooling system includes core equipment such as compressors, cold boxes (containing turbine expanders, liquid nitrogen precooling heat exchangers, liquid nitrogen storage tanks, gas-liquid separators, etc.), distribution valve boxes, and circulating pumps.

[0003] The existing technology has the following problems:

[0004] 1. Insufficient power outage protection: The compressor in the helium refrigerator is a high-power device. When the power grid fails, it cannot be supported by the UPS (uninterruptible power supply) for a long time. After the power failure, the cold screen heats up rapidly, which may cause the superconducting magnet to lose its supercharger.

[0005] 2. Waste of cold energy resources: The 80K helium circulation system relies on liquid nitrogen precooling or helium turbine expansion mechanism for refrigeration. These cold energy sources are independent of each other and lack synergistic utilization with other large-scale cryogenic systems.

[0006] 3. Grid impact issue: The pulsed operation of the high-power load of the fusion device will impact the power grid, but the existing cryogenic system itself does not have the function of grid support.

[0007] Liquid air energy storage (LAES) is a large-scale energy storage technology that releases a large amount of high-quality cold energy (approximately -150℃ to -196℃) during the gasification power generation process. This cold energy can be used for external cooling needs. Existing technologies have proposed using LAES cold energy for cooling superconducting components, but a complete system solution has yet to emerge that deeply couples LAES with the cooling end of the 80K helium circulation system of a fusion device through physical structure, simultaneously achieving cold energy recovery and backup cooling during power outages. Summary of the Invention

[0008] To address the aforementioned technical problems, this invention provides a controllable nuclear fusion helium cryogenic system coupled with liquid air energy storage. Through the coupling design of the physical structure, it utilizes the high-grade cold energy stored in liquid air itself to provide a backup physical cold source channel for the 80K helium circulation system. At the same time, it physically couples the cold energy recovery of LAES with the 80K helium precooling requirement, reducing the dependence on liquid nitrogen precooling and providing the 80K cryogenic system with a passive cold energy backup structure that does not rely on grid power supply.

[0009] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention adopts the following technical solution:

[0010] A controlled nuclear fusion helium cryogenic system coupled with liquid air energy storage includes an energy storage subsystem, an energy release subsystem, an 80K helium gas circulation subsystem, a cooling oil subsystem, and a recooling subsystem. The energy storage subsystem liquefies ambient air and stores it in a liquid air storage tank, sharing multiple heat exchangers with the 80K helium gas circulation subsystem. The energy release subsystem draws liquid air from the storage tank, drives a turbine expander to generate electricity via a booster pump, a cryogenic packed bed, and a heater, and exchanges heat with the 80K helium gas circulation subsystem. The 80K helium circulation subsystem uses a cold compressor to drive helium, which is cooled by different heat exchangers in normal and power-off modes to ensure continuous cooling of the superconducting magnet's cold shield. The cooling oil subsystem is used to cool the compressed air of the energy storage subsystem and stores the high-temperature oil after heat absorption in a cooling oil heat storage tank. During the energy release phase, the oil releases heat in the heater to increase the turbine's inlet air temperature. The recooling subsystem is a closed-loop reverse Brayton cycle, and its cooling capacity is used to reliquefy the main airflow to compensate for cooling losses.

[0011] Beneficial effects:

[0012] 1. This invention physically couples a liquid air energy storage system with an 80K helium cryogenic circulation system, utilizing the high-grade cold energy stored in the liquid air itself to provide passive cold energy backup for the 80K helium circulation system when the power grid fails, effectively preventing the superconducting magnet from losing its superheat due to the temperature rise of the cold screen.

[0013] 2. This invention uses the high-quality cold energy (approximately -150℃ to -196℃) released during the energy release process of the liquid air energy storage system to directly pre-cool and cool 80K helium gas, reducing the reliance on traditional liquid nitrogen pre-cooling or independent refrigeration units, reducing system operating energy consumption, and improving overall energy utilization efficiency.

[0014] 3. In this invention, the liquid air energy storage system can serve as a grid support unit during the pulse operation of the fusion device, rapidly releasing energy to generate electricity when needed, mitigating the impact of high-power loads on the grid, and ensuring the continuous and stable operation of the cryogenic system.

[0015] 4. Through valve switching and coordinated control of various subsystems, the system can flexibly operate in three modes: energy storage, stable operation, and energy release. It can ensure a stable supply of 80K helium under different operating conditions, and take into account the functions of energy storage, cooling and emergency response. Attached Figure Description

[0016] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of a controlled nuclear fusion helium cryogenic system coupled with liquid air energy storage according to the present invention.

[0017] The attached figures are labeled as follows: 1 First compressor, 2 First cooler, 3 Filter, 4 Adsorber, 5 First heat exchanger, 6 First valve, 7 Second valve, 8 Second heat exchanger, 9 Third heat exchanger, 10 Throttling valve, 11 Liquid air storage tank, 12 Second compressor, 13 Second cooler, 14 First turbine expander, 15 Booster pump, 16 Third valve, 17 Cold storage packed bed, 18 Fourth valve, 19 Heater, 20 Second turbine expander, 21 Uninterruptible power supply, 22 Cooling oil storage tank, 23 First circulating pump, 24 Cooling oil hot storage tank, 25 Second circulating pump, 26 Cold compressor, 27 Fourth heat exchanger, 28 Fifth heat exchanger, 29 Sixth heat exchanger, 30 Fifth valve, 31 Sixth valve, 32 Seventh valve, 33 Eighth valve, 34 Generator, 35 Ninth valve, 36 Tenth valve. Detailed Implementation

[0018] To make the objectives, technical solutions, and advantages of this invention clearer, the invention will be further described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative and not intended to limit the invention. Furthermore, the technical features involved in the various embodiments of this invention described below can be combined with each other as long as they do not conflict with each other.

[0019] like Figure 1 As shown, the controllable nuclear fusion helium cryogenic system coupled with liquid air energy storage according to the present invention includes an energy storage subsystem, an energy release subsystem, an 80K helium circulation subsystem, a cooling oil subsystem, and a cooling replenishment subsystem. The energy storage subsystem liquefies ambient air and stores it in liquid air tank 11, sharing multiple heat exchangers with the 80K helium circulation subsystem. The energy release subsystem draws liquid from the liquid air tank 11, drives the second turbine expander to generate electricity via booster pump 15, cold storage bed 17, and heater 19, and exchanges heat with the 80K helium circulation subsystem. The 80K helium circulation subsystem drives helium through a cold compressor, which is cooled by different heat exchangers in normal and power-off modes to ensure continuous cooling of the superconducting magnet's cold shield. The cooling oil subsystem cools the compressed air of the energy storage subsystem and stores the high-temperature oil after heat absorption in a hot storage tank, then releases heat in heater 19 during the energy release phase to increase the turbine inlet air temperature. The cooling replenishment subsystem is a closed-loop reverse Brayton cycle, whose cooling capacity is used to reliquefy the main airflow to compensate for cooling losses.

[0020] The energy storage subsystem includes a first compressor 1, a first cooler 2, a filter 3, an adsorber 4, a first heat exchanger 5, a first valve 6, a second valve 7, a third heat exchanger 9, a throttle valve 10, a liquid air storage tank 11, a cold storage bed 17, a fourth heat exchanger 27, and a ninth valve 35 and a tenth valve 36. The return gas pipelines from the outlets of the first and third heat exchangers and the throttle valve are sequentially connected to form a cold energy recovery path. The downstream of the first valve is connected to the inlet of the cold storage bed. The outlet of the cold storage bed is connected to the inlet of the third heat exchanger via the second valve. The tenth valve is connected to the inlet of the first compressor for introducing ambient air. The ninth valve is connected between the outlet of the first heat exchanger and the inlet of the second heat exchanger. In energy storage mode, the tenth valve is opened to introduce ambient air, and the ninth valve is closed to allow high-pressure air to enter the cold storage bed for liquefaction. Simultaneously, the cooling replenishment subsystem is activated to supplement the cold energy. Its working process is as follows: ambient air enters the first compressor 1 through the tenth valve 36 for pressurization, and then passes through the first cooler 2 for cooling, the filter 3 and the adsorber 4 for purification in sequence. Subsequently, it is initially cooled in the first heat exchanger 5, and enters the cold storage packed bed 17 through the first valve 6 for liquefaction. The liquefied high-pressure liquid air is further cooled through the second valve 7, the second heat exchanger 8 and the third heat exchanger 9, and then reduced to atmospheric pressure by the throttle valve 10. The liquid phase is stored in the liquid air storage tank 11, and the gas phase flows through the fourth heat exchanger 27, the third heat exchanger 9 and the first heat exchanger 5 in sequence to recover the cold energy and then returns to the inlet of the first compressor 1, forming a closed loop.

[0021] The energy release subsystem includes a liquid air storage tank 11, a booster pump 15, a third valve 16, a cold storage packed bed 17, a fourth valve 18, a heater 19, a second turbine expander 20, an uninterruptible power supply 21, and a generator 34. The outlet of the liquid air storage tank is connected to the inlet of the booster pump, the outlet of the booster pump is connected to the inlet of the sixth heat exchanger, the outlet of the sixth heat exchanger is connected to the inlet of the cold storage packed bed via the third valve, the outlet of the cold storage packed bed is connected to the inlet of the heater via the fourth valve, the outlet of the heater is connected to the inlet of the second turbine expander, and the outlet of the second turbine expander discharges gas. During operation, liquid air is pressurized from liquid air storage tank 11 by booster pump 15, first heated in sixth heat exchanger 29, then enters cold storage packed bed 17 through third valve 16 to absorb cold energy and completely vaporize, then enters heater 19 through fourth valve 18, where it is further heated by high-temperature cooling oil, and finally drives second turbine expander 20 to expand and do work, driving generator 34 to generate electricity; uninterruptible power supply 21 is connected to booster pump 15, and generator 34 is connected to second turbine expander 20.

[0022] The 80K helium circulation subsystem includes a cold compressor 26, a fourth heat exchanger 27, a fifth heat exchanger 28, a sixth heat exchanger 29, and fifth valves 30, sixth valves 31, seventh valves 32, and eighth valves 33. The cold compressor outlet has two paths: one path connects to the inlet of the fourth heat exchanger via the eighth valve, and the other path connects to the inlet of the sixth heat exchanger via the seventh valve. The outlets of the fourth and sixth heat exchangers merge and connect to the inlet of the fifth heat exchanger. The fifth heat exchanger outlet has two paths: one path connects to the user via the sixth valve, and the other path also connects to the user via the fifth valve.

[0023] The 80K helium circulation subsystem switches between two cooling paths based on the power grid status: during normal operation (Mode 1 and Mode 2 below), high-temperature helium (i.e., Figure 1 The user return gas is pressurized by the cold compressor 26 and then flows through the eighth valve 33 and the sixth valve 31, sequentially through the fourth heat exchanger 27 (which exchanges heat with the throttled low-temperature air) and the fifth heat exchanger 28 immersed in liquid air. After being cooled to 80K, it is supplied to the user. When the power is off (mode 3 below), the system switches to the fifth valve 30 and the seventh valve 32, so that the helium first passes through the sixth heat exchanger 29 (which exchanges heat with the pressurized liquid air of the energy release subsystem) and then enters the fifth heat exchanger 28 to supply the user, ensuring that the superconducting magnet cold screen continuously obtains low-temperature helium.

[0024] The cooling oil subsystem includes a cooling oil cold storage tank 22, a first circulation pump 23, a cooling oil hot storage tank 24, a second circulation pump 25, and shared equipment—a first cooler 2 and a heater 19. The outlet of the cooling oil cold storage tank is connected to the inlet of the first circulation pump, the outlet of the first circulation pump is connected to the inlet of the cooling oil channel of the first cooler, and the outlet of the cooling oil channel of the first cooler is connected to the inlet of the cooling oil hot storage tank. The outlet of the cooling oil hot storage tank is connected to the inlet of the second circulation pump, the outlet of the second circulation pump is connected to the inlet of the cooling oil channel of the heater, and the outlet of the cooling oil channel of the heater is connected to the inlet of the cooling oil cold storage tank. During the energy storage phase, low-temperature oil is sent from the cooling oil cold storage tank 22 to the first cooler 2 via the first circulation pump 23, absorbs heat from the compressed air, and is then stored in the cooling oil hot storage tank 24. During the energy release phase, high-temperature oil is sent from the cooling oil hot storage tank 24 to the heater 19 via the second circulation pump 25, releasing heat to raise the temperature of the high-pressure air, thereby increasing the turbine output power. The cooled oil is then returned to the cooling oil cold storage tank 22, realizing cross-period storage and utilization of thermal energy.

[0025] The cooling subsystem comprises a second compressor 12, a second cooler 13, a second heat exchanger 8, and a first turboexpander 14 connected in sequence. Low-pressure nitrogen or a nitrogen-helium mixture at room temperature is pressurized by the second compressor 12 and pre-cooled by the second cooler 13 before entering the high-temperature side of the second heat exchanger 8. There, it is cooled by the low-temperature reflux medium from the first turboexpander 14, then undergoes adiabatic expansion and cooling in the first turboexpander 14 before returning to the low-temperature side of the second heat exchanger 8 to provide cooling. Finally, it is reheated and re-enters the compressor. The cooling subsystem primarily compensates for liquid air evaporation losses and improves liquefaction efficiency. It operates in both energy storage and stable operation modes, and introduces the main airflow into the second heat exchanger 8 for reliquefaction via the ninth valve 35.

[0026] The working process of the controlled nuclear fusion helium cryogenic system coupled with liquid air energy storage according to the present invention is as follows:

[0027] 1. Working process of the energy storage subsystem:

[0028] The ambient air is pressurized by the first compressor 1, becoming a high-temperature, high-pressure state. It then enters the first cooler 2, where it exchanges heat with low-temperature cooling oil, becoming a high-pressure, normal-temperature state. It then sequentially enters the filter 3 and the adsorber 4 to remove impurities, compressor lubricating oil, moisture, carbon dioxide, and other components mixed in the high-pressure air. The clean high-pressure air then enters the first heat exchanger 5, where it exchanges heat with low-temperature return air, undergoing initial cooling. It then passes through the first valve 6 and enters the cold storage bed 17, where it exchanges heat with the cold storage medium, continuing to cool and liquefy into high-pressure liquid air. It then sequentially passes through the second valve 7, the second heat exchanger 8, and the third heat exchanger 9, continuing to cool until it reaches a high-pressure, subcooled state of liquid air. Finally, it is depressurized to 1 atm by the throttle valve 10, and the air becomes a gas-liquid two-phase state. The liquid air is stored in the liquid air storage tank 11. The low-temperature air then sequentially passes through the fourth heat exchanger 27, the third heat exchanger 9, and the first heat exchanger 5, where it exchanges heat and mixes with the ambient air before re-entering the first compressor 1.

[0029] 2. Working process of the energy release subsystem:

[0030] The liquid air in the liquid air storage tank 11, after being pressurized by the booster pump 15, enters the sixth heat exchanger 29 to exchange heat with high-temperature helium, initially increasing its temperature. Then, after passing through the third valve 16, it enters the cold storage packed bed 17 to exchange heat with the cold storage medium, storing the remaining cold energy of the liquid air in the packed bed. After vaporizing into high-pressure air, it passes through the fourth valve 18 and then enters the heater 19 to exchange heat with high-temperature cooling oil, further increasing the air temperature. The high-temperature, high-pressure air then enters the second turbine expander 20 to depressurize and expand to atmospheric pressure, simultaneously driving the turbine expander impeller and generator 34 to rotate, generating electrical energy. The uninterruptible power supply 21 supplies power to the booster pump 15 in the event of a power grid failure, ensuring the normal startup of the energy release subsystem. After startup, the generator 34 provides the electrical energy.

[0031] 3. Working process of the 80K helium circulation subsystem:

[0032] The high-temperature helium gas returning from the user is pressurized by the cold compressor 26. When the energy storage subsystem is working, it enters the fourth heat exchanger 27 to exchange heat with the low-temperature air generated after the high-pressure liquid air is throttled, performing the first stage of cooling. Then, the low-temperature helium gas passes through the eighth valve 33 and enters the fifth heat exchanger 28 for further cooling to ensure that the helium gas is completely cooled to the target temperature. The fifth heat exchanger 28 is immersed in liquid air. Then, the low-temperature helium gas passes through the sixth valve 31 and is supplied to the user's cooling screen system to maintain the low-temperature environment for the operation of the superconducting magnet.

[0033] When the power grid suddenly fails, in order to maintain normal operation and prevent the superconducting magnet from losing its quench, the energy release subsystem needs to be activated. At this time, the high-temperature helium gas (user return gas) returning from the user is pressurized by the cold compressor 26 and enters the sixth heat exchanger 29 to exchange heat with the pressurized liquid air for the first stage of cooling. Then, the low-temperature helium gas enters the fifth heat exchanger 28 after passing through the fifth valve 30 for further cooling to ensure that the helium gas is completely cooled to the target temperature. In order to ensure that the helium gas is cooled to the target temperature, the liquid air storage tank 11 must maintain a certain liquid level so that the fifth heat exchanger 28 is immersed in the liquid air. Then, the low-temperature helium gas is supplied to the user's cooling screen system after passing through the seventh valve 32.

[0034] 4. Cooling oil subsystem operation process:

[0035] When the energy storage subsystem is working, the low-temperature cooling oil in the cooling oil cold storage tank 22 is driven by the first circulation pump 23 and enters the first cooler 2 to cool the high-temperature air, turning it into high-temperature cooling oil, which is then stored in the cooling oil hot storage tank 24. When the energy release subsystem is working, the high-temperature cooling oil in the cooling oil hot storage tank 24 is driven by the second circulation pump 25 and enters the heater 19 to heat the high-pressure air to increase the power output of electrical energy. After the cooling oil cools down, it returns to the cooling oil cold storage tank 22 for storage.

[0036] 5. Working process of the cooling subsystem:

[0037] The cooling subsystem is a closed-loop reverse Brayton refrigeration subsystem that uses nitrogen or a nitrogen-helium mixture as the refrigerant. It is used to supplement the cooling capacity of the energy storage subsystem and the 80K helium circulation subsystem. Its working process is as follows: the ambient temperature low-pressure refrigerant is pressurized by the second compressor 12, cooled by the second cooler 13, and then enters the second heat exchanger 8. After exchanging heat with the low-temperature circuit, it enters the first turbine expander 14 for further expansion and cooling, and then returns to the second heat exchanger 8 to provide cooling capacity for the high-temperature passage of the air and the circulating refrigerant. After returning to ambient temperature, it re-enters the second compressor 12.

[0038] The present invention provides a controlled nuclear fusion helium cryogenic system coupled with liquid air energy storage, which has three main operating modes.

[0039] Mode 1, Energy Storage Mode:

[0040] When the liquid level in the liquid air storage tank 11 is too low, a large amount of liquid air needs to be replenished. The energy storage subsystem is started, the tenth valve 36 is opened to allow air from the environment to be added to the system, the ninth valve 35 is closed to allow high-pressure air to enter the cold storage bed 17 for cooling and liquefaction. At the same time, the cooling replenishment subsystem is started to replenish the cooling capacity, accelerate the air liquefaction rate and improve the liquefaction rate.

[0041] Mode 2, Stable Operation Mode:

[0042] When the liquid air storage tank 11 is sufficiently filled, the system only needs to consider the heat load of the high-temperature helium in the 80K helium circulation subsystem on the consumption of liquid air. In this mode, no external air replenishment is required. Only the cooling subsystem is activated, closing the tenth valve 36, the first valve 6, and the second valve 7, and opening the ninth valve 35. The high-temperature helium heat load causes some of the liquid air to vaporize through the fifth heat exchanger 28. After the air passes through the fourth heat exchanger 27, the third heat exchanger 9, and the first heat exchanger 5 for heat recovery, it enters the first compressor 1, and then passes through the first cooler 2, the filter 3, the adsorber 4, and the first heat exchanger 5 in sequence. Finally, it enters the second heat exchanger 8 through the ninth valve 35, is cooled and liquefied by the cooling subsystem, and finally returns to the liquid air storage tank 11.

[0043] Mode 3, Energy Release Mode:

[0044] When the power grid suddenly fails, the energy storage system needs to respond quickly to output electrical energy. At this time, the energy release subsystem starts its working process, closes the first valve 6 and the second valve 7, and opens the third valve 16 and the fourth valve 18. The uninterruptible power supply 21 first supplies power to the booster pump 15 to ensure the normal start-up of the energy release subsystem. After the start-up, the generator 34 supplies electrical energy to all power-consuming units.

[0045] During operation in all three modes, the 80K helium circulation subsystem must be in operation. The switching is coordinated by the opening and closing of the valves to ensure that the cryogenic helium supplied to the user is cooled to 80K. When starting mode one and mode two, valves 33 and 31 are opened, and valves 30 and 32 are closed. When starting mode three, valves 30 and 32 are opened, and valves 33 and 31 are closed.

[0046] Those skilled in the art will readily understand that the above description is merely a preferred embodiment of the present invention and is not intended to limit the present invention. Any modifications, equivalent substitutions, and improvements made within the spirit and principles of the present invention should be included within the scope of protection of the present invention.

Claims

1. A controlled nuclear fusion helium cryogenic system coupled with liquid air energy storage, characterized in that, The system comprises an energy storage subsystem, an energy release subsystem, an 80K helium circulation subsystem, a cooling oil subsystem, and a recooling subsystem. The energy storage subsystem liquefies ambient air and stores it in a liquid air tank, sharing multiple heat exchangers with the 80K helium circulation subsystem. The energy release subsystem draws liquid from the liquid air tank, passes it through a booster pump, a cold storage bed, and a heater, and then drives a turbine expander to generate electricity, exchanging heat with the 80K helium circulation subsystem. The 80K helium circulation subsystem uses a cold compressor to drive helium, which is cooled by different heat exchangers in normal and power-off modes to ensure continuous cooling of the superconducting magnet's cold shield. The cooling oil subsystem cools the compressed air of the energy storage subsystem and stores the heat-absorbing high-temperature oil in a cooling oil hot storage tank, releasing heat in the heater during the energy release phase to increase the turbine inlet temperature. The recooling subsystem is a closed-loop reverse Brayton cycle, whose cooling capacity is used to reliquefy the main airflow to compensate for cooling losses.

2. The controlled nuclear fusion helium cryogenic system coupled with liquid air energy storage according to claim 1, characterized in that, The energy storage subsystem includes a first compressor, a first cooler, a filter, an adsorber, a first heat exchanger, a first valve, a second valve, a third heat exchanger, a throttle valve, a ninth valve, a tenth valve, and a liquid air storage tank connected in sequence. The return gas pipelines of the outlets of the first heat exchanger, the third heat exchanger, and the throttle valve are connected in sequence to form a cold energy recovery path. The downstream of the first valve is connected to the inlet of the cold storage bed. The outlet of the cold storage bed is connected to the inlet of the third heat exchanger via the second valve. The tenth valve is connected to the inlet of the first compressor for introducing ambient air. The ninth valve is connected between the outlet of the first heat exchanger and the inlet of the second heat exchanger. In energy storage mode, the tenth valve is opened to introduce ambient air, and the ninth valve is closed to allow high-pressure air to enter the cold storage bed for liquefaction. At the same time, the cooling replenishment subsystem is started to replenish the cold energy.

3. The controlled nuclear fusion helium cryogenic system coupled with liquid air energy storage according to claim 2, characterized in that, The energy release subsystem includes a liquid air storage tank, a booster pump, a third valve, a cold storage bed, a fourth valve, a heater, a second turbine expander, an uninterruptible power supply (UPS), and a generator. The outlet of the liquid air storage tank is connected to the inlet of the booster pump, the outlet of the booster pump is connected to the inlet of the sixth heat exchanger, the outlet of the sixth heat exchanger is connected to the inlet of the cold storage bed via the third valve, the outlet of the cold storage bed is connected to the inlet of the heater via the fourth valve, the outlet of the heater is connected to the inlet of the second turbine expander, and the outlet of the second turbine expander discharges gas. In energy release mode, the first and second valves are closed, and the third and fourth valves are opened. The UPS supplies power to the booster pump to start the energy release process. The liquid air is vaporized and heated by the booster pump and the cold storage bed, driving the second turbine expander to generate electricity.

4. The controlled nuclear fusion helium cryogenic system coupled with liquid air energy storage according to claim 1, characterized in that, The 80K helium circulation subsystem includes a cold compressor, a fourth heat exchanger, a fifth heat exchanger, a sixth heat exchanger, and valves five, six, seven, and eight. The cold compressor outlet is divided into two paths: one path connects to the inlet of the fourth heat exchanger via valve eight, and the other path connects to the inlet of the sixth heat exchanger via valve seven. The outlets of the fourth and sixth heat exchangers merge and connect to the inlet of the fifth heat exchanger. The outlet of the fifth heat exchanger is divided into two paths: one path connects to the user via valve six, and the other path also connects to the user via valve five. When the power grid is supplying power normally, valves eight and six are opened, and valves five and seven are closed, allowing helium to flow sequentially through the fourth and fifth heat exchangers for cooling. When the power grid is interrupted, valves five and seven are opened, and valves eight and six are closed, allowing helium to flow sequentially through the sixth and fifth heat exchangers for cooling.

5. The controlled nuclear fusion helium cryogenic system coupled with liquid air energy storage according to claim 1, characterized in that, The cooling oil subsystem includes a cooling oil cold storage tank, a first circulation pump, a cooling oil hot storage tank, a second circulation pump, a first cooler, and a heater. The outlet of the cooling oil cold storage tank is connected to the inlet of the first circulation pump, the outlet of the first circulation pump is connected to the inlet of the cooling oil passage of the first cooler, and the outlet of the cooling oil passage of the first cooler is connected to the inlet of the cooling oil hot storage tank. The outlet of the cooling oil hot storage tank is connected to the inlet of the second circulation pump, the outlet of the second circulation pump is connected to the inlet of the cooling oil passage of the heater, and the outlet of the cooling oil passage of the heater is connected to the inlet of the cooling oil cold storage tank. In energy storage mode, low-temperature oil is sent from the cooling oil cold storage tank to the first cooler via the first circulation pump, absorbs heat from the compressed air, and is then stored in the cooling oil hot storage tank. In energy release mode, high-temperature oil is sent from the cooling oil hot storage tank to the heater via the second circulation pump, releases heat, and then returns to the cooling oil cold storage tank.

6. The controlled nuclear fusion helium cryogenic system coupled with liquid air energy storage according to claim 1, characterized in that, The cooling subsystem includes a second compressor, a second cooler, a second heat exchanger, and a first turboexpander connected in sequence, forming a closed reverse Brayton cycle.

7. The controlled nuclear fusion helium cryogenic system coupled with liquid air energy storage according to claim 2, characterized in that, In stable operation mode, the tenth valve, the first valve, and the second valve are closed, and the ninth valve is opened. The vaporized air generated by the 80K helium circulation subsystem is then passed through the fourth heat exchanger, the third heat exchanger, and the first heat exchanger to recover its cooling capacity before entering the first compressor. After passing through the first cooler, filter, adsorber, and the first heat exchanger, it enters the second heat exchanger through the ninth valve and is reliquefied by the cooling replenishment subsystem.

8. The controlled nuclear fusion helium cryogenic system coupled with liquid air energy storage according to claim 7, characterized in that, In stable operation mode, the vaporized air in the energy storage subsystem flows sequentially through the fourth heat exchanger, the third heat exchanger, and the first heat exchanger to recover cold energy before entering the first compressor for reliquefaction cycle.

9. A controlled nuclear fusion helium cryogenic system coupled with liquid air energy storage according to claim 3, characterized in that, In the energy release mode, the liquid air of the energy release subsystem is pressurized from the liquid air storage tank by a booster pump, and first exchanges heat with high-temperature helium in the sixth heat exchanger to initially raise its temperature. Then it enters the cold storage packed bed through the third valve, absorbs cold energy and is completely vaporized. Subsequently, it enters the heater through the fourth valve and is further heated by high-temperature cooling oil.

10. A controlled nuclear fusion helium cryogenic system coupled with liquid air energy storage according to claim 4, characterized in that, The fifth heat exchanger of the 80K helium circulation subsystem is completely immersed in liquid air in the liquid air storage tank to ensure that the helium is cooled to the target temperature of 80K.

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