inheritance transformation information

Abstract

Methods and apparatuses for inheriting transform information are disclosed. An example device can determine that a merge transform mode is enabled for a block. Based on the determination, the device can copy transform information associated with a merge block. The device can decode the block based on the transform information associated with the merge block.

Description

Cross-references to related applications

[0001] This application claims the benefit of European Provisional Patent Application No. 24305033.3, filed on 8 January 2024, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. Background Technology

[0002] Video coding systems can be used to compress digital video signals, for example, to reduce the storage and / or transmission bandwidth required for such signals. Video coding systems can include, for example, block-based, wavelet-based, and / or object-based systems. Summary of the Invention

[0003] Systems, methods, and means for inheriting transform information are disclosed. An example device (e.g., for video decoding or encoding) can determine that a merge transform mode is enabled for a block. Based on this determination, the device can obtain transform information associated with the merged block. For example, the merged block could be a merge candidate for the current block. The device can then decode / encode the block based on the transform information associated with the merged block.

[0004] The transform information associated with the merge block may include one or more of the following: a Multiple Transform Selection (MTS) flag indicating the use of a triangular transform, or an MTS index indicating the transform pair. The transform information associated with the merge block may include one or more of the following: an LFNST flag indicating whether a Low-Frequency Indivisible Transform (LFNST) is applied to the block, or an LFNST index indicating the transform core.

[0005] The transformation information associated with the merged block may include a joint CbCr flag indicating the use of joint chromaticity blue-chromaticity red (CbCr) for the block. The transformation information associated with the merged block may also include a sub-block transformation indicating the use of a sub-block transformation for the block.

[0006] The device can receive a merge transformation mode indication indicating whether the merge transformation mode is enabled. The device can determine whether the merge transformation mode is enabled for the block based on the merge transformation mode indication. The device can determine whether the merge transformation mode is enabled for the block by inferring the enablement of the merge transformation mode for the block based on the motion vector predictor of the merged block.

[0007] The merged block can be an intra-block. The transform information associated with the merged block can include an intra-prediction mode associated with the merged block. The device can use this intra-prediction mode as a Virtual Intra-Prediction Mode (VIPM) for the block to determine the transform information. The merge transform mode can be a merge skip mode. The device can copy (e.g., propagate) the transform information associated with the merged block for a second block. The device can decode / encode the second block based on the transform information associated with the merged block.

[0008] The device can select the block to merge from multiple merge candidates. Inter-frame block copy (IBC) merge mode can be enabled for this block. Attached Figure Description

[0009] Figure 1A This is a system diagram illustrating an example communication system that can implement one or more of the disclosed embodiments.

[0010] Figure 1B This illustrates that, according to an embodiment, it is possible to Figure 1A The diagram shows a system diagram of an example wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) used in a communication system.

[0011] Figure 1C This illustrates that, according to an embodiment, it is possible to Figure 1A The diagram shows an example radio access network (RAN) and an example core network (CN) used in the communication system.

[0012] Figure 1D This illustrates that, according to an embodiment, it is possible to Figure 1A The system diagram shown is for another example RAN and another example CN used in the communication system.

[0013] Figure 2 An example video encoder is shown.

[0014] Figure 3 An example video decoder is shown.

[0015] Figure 4 A system example is shown that can be implemented in many aspects and examples.

[0016] Figure 5 Examples of SBT location, type, and transformation type are shown.

[0017] Figure 6 An example technique for inheriting transformation information is shown. Detailed Implementation

[0018] A more detailed understanding can be obtained from the following description, which is given by way of example in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

[0019] Figure 1A This diagram illustrates an example communication system 100 that can implement one or more of the disclosed embodiments. The communication system 100 can be a multiple access system that provides content such as voice, data, video, messaging, and broadcasting to multiple wireless users. The communication system 100 enables multiple wireless users to access such content by sharing system resources, including wireless bandwidth. For example, the communication system 100 can employ one or more channel access methods, such as Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), Orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), Single Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), Zero-Tail Unique Word DFT Extended OFDM (ZT UW DTS-s OFDM), Unique Word OFDM (UW-OFDM), Resource Block Filtered OFDM, Filter Bank Multicarrier (FBMC), etc.

[0020] like Figure 1A As shown, the communication system 100 may include wireless transmit / receive units (WTRUs) 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, RAN 104 / 113, CN 106 / 115, public switched telephone network (PSTN) 108, Internet 110, and other networks 112. However, it should be understood that the disclosed embodiments contemplate any number of WTRUs, base stations, networks, and / or network elements. Each of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d can be any type of device configured to operate and / or communicate in a wireless environment. For example, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d (any of which may be referred to as a “station” and / or “STA”) may be configured to transmit and / or receive wireless signals and may include user equipment (UE), mobile stations, fixed or mobile subscriber units, subscription-based units, pagers, cellular phones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), smartphones, laptops, netbooks, personal computers, wireless sensors, hotspots or Mi-Fi devices, Internet of Things (IoT) devices, watches or other wearable devices, head-mounted displays (HMDs), vehicles, drones, medical devices and applications (e.g., remote surgery), industrial devices and applications (e.g., robots and / or other wireless devices operating in the context of industrial and / or automated processing chains), consumer electronics devices, devices operating on commercial and / or industrial wireless networks, etc. Any of WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d may be interchangeably referred to as a UE.

[0021] The communication system 100 may also include base station 114a and / or base station 114b. Each of base stations 114a and 114b may be any type of device configured to wirelessly interface with at least one of WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d to facilitate access to one or more communication networks (such as CN 106 / 115, Internet 110, and / or other networks 112). For example, base stations 114a and 114b may be base transceiver stations (BTS), Node-B, eNode B, home Node B, home eNode B, gNB, NR Node B, site controller, access point (AP), wireless router, etc. Although base stations 114a and 114b are each depicted as a single element, it should be understood that base stations 114a and 114b may include any number of interconnected base stations and / or network elements.

[0022] Base station 114a may be part of RAN 104 / 113, which may also include other base stations and / or network elements (not shown), such as base station controllers (BSCs), radio network controllers (RNCs), relay nodes, etc. Base station 114a and / or base station 114b may be configured to transmit and / or receive radio signals on one or more carrier frequencies, which may be referred to as cells (not shown). These frequencies may be in licensed spectrum, unlicensed spectrum, or a combination of licensed and unlicensed spectrum. A cell may provide coverage for a specific geographic area, which may be relatively fixed or may change over time. A cell may be further divided into cell sectors. For example, the cell associated with base station 114a may be divided into three sectors. Therefore, in one embodiment, base station 114a may include three transceivers, i.e., one for each sector of the cell. In embodiments, base station 114a may employ multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology and may utilize multiple transceivers for each sector of the cell. For example, beamforming may be used to transmit and / or receive signals in a desired spatial direction.

[0023] Base stations 114a and 114b can communicate with one or more of WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d via air interface 116, which can be any suitable wireless communication link (e.g., radio frequency (RF), microwave, centimeter wave, micrometer wave, infrared (IR), ultraviolet (UV), visible light, etc.). Any suitable radio access technology (RAT) can be used to establish air interface 116.

[0024] More specifically, as described above, the communication system 100 can be a multiple access system and can employ one or more channel access schemes, such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, SC-FDMA, etc. For example, base stations 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c in RAN 104 / 113 can implement radio technologies such as Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), which can use Wideband CDMA (WCDMA) to establish air interfaces 115 / 116 / 117. WCDMA can include communication protocols such as High-Speed ​​Packet Access (HSPA) and / or Evolved HSPA (HSPA+). HSPA can include High-Speed ​​Downlink (DL) Packet Access (HSDPA) and / or High-Speed ​​UL Packet Access (HSUPA).

[0025] In the embodiment, base station 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can implement radio technologies such as Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA), which can use Long Term Evolution (LTE) and / or LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) and / or LTE-Advanced Pro (LTE-A Pro) to establish air interface 116.

[0026] In an embodiment, base station 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement radio technologies such as NR radio access, which can use new radio (NR) to establish air interface 116.

[0027] In the embodiments, base station 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can implement various radio access technologies. For example, base station 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can jointly implement LTE radio access and NR radio access, for example, using the dual connectivity (DC) principle. Therefore, the air interface utilized by WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can be characterized by various types of radio access technologies and / or transmissions sent to / from various types of base stations (e.g., eNB and gNB).

[0028] In other embodiments, base station 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement radio technologies such as IEEE 802.11 (i.e., Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.16 (i.e., WiMAX), CDMA2000, CDMA2000 1X, CDMA2000 EV-DO, Provisional Standard 2000 (IS-2000), Provisional Standard 95 (IS-95), Provisional Standard 856 (IS-856), Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), Enhanced GSM Data Rate Evolution (EDGE), and GSM EDGE (GERAN).

[0029] Figure 1A Base station 114b can be, for example, a wireless router, a home Node B, a home eNode B, or an access point, and can utilize any suitable RAT to facilitate wireless connectivity in a local area (such as a business premises, residence, vehicle, campus, industrial facility, air corridor (e.g., for use by drones), road, etc.). In one embodiment, base station 114b and WTRUs 102c, 102d can implement radio technologies such as IEEE 802.11 to establish a wireless local area network (WLAN). In another embodiment, base station 114b and WTRUs 102c, 102d can implement radio technologies such as IEEE 802.15 to establish a wireless personal area network (WPAN). In yet another embodiment, base station 114b and WTRUs 102c, 102d can utilize cellular-based RATs (e.g., WCDMA, CDMA2000, GSM, LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, NR, etc.) to establish picocells or femtocells. Figure 1A As shown, base station 114b can have a direct connection to the Internet 110. Therefore, base station 114b does not need to access the Internet 110 via CN 106 / 115.

[0030] RAN 104 / 113 can communicate with CN 106 / 115, which can be any type of network configured to provide voice, data, application, and / or Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) services to one or more of WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d. Data can have different Quality of Service (QoS) requirements, such as different throughput requirements, latency requirements, error tolerance requirements, reliability requirements, data throughput requirements, mobility requirements, etc. CN 106 / 115 can provide call control, billing services, location-based services, prepaid calling, internet connectivity, video distribution, etc., and / or perform advanced security functions such as user authentication. Although not explicitly stated... Figure 1AAs shown, but it should be understood, RAN 104 / 113 and / or CN106 / 115 can communicate directly or indirectly with other RANs that use the same RAT as or a different RAT than RAN 104 / 113. For example, in addition to being connected to RAN 104 / 113, which may be utilizing NR radio technology, CN 106 / 115 can also communicate with another RAN (not shown) using GSM, UMTS, CDMA 2000, WiMAX, E-UTRA, or WiFi radio technology.

[0031] CN 106 / 115 can also act as a gateway for WTRU 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to access PSTN 108, the Internet 110, and / or other networks 112. PSTN 108 may include a circuit-switched telephone network providing Common Old-Style Telephone Service (POTS). The Internet 110 may include a global system of interconnected computer networks and devices using common communication protocols, such as Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), User Datagram Protocol (UDP), and / or Internet Protocol (IP) from the TCP / IP Internet Protocol suite. Network 112 may include wired and / or wireless communication networks owned and / or operated by other service providers. For example, network 112 may include another CN connected to one or more RANs, which may use the same RAT as RAN 104 / 113 or a different RAT.

[0032] Some or all of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d in communication system 100 may include multi-mode capability (e.g., WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d may include multiple transceivers for communicating with different wireless networks via different wireless links). For example, Figure 1A The WTRU 102c shown can be configured to communicate with base station 114a, which can employ cellular-based radio technology, and with base station 114b, which can employ IEEE 802 radio technology.

[0033] Figure 1B This is a system diagram illustrating example WTRU 102. (See diagram below.) Figure 1B As shown, WTRU 102 may include a processor 118, a transceiver 120, a transmit / receive element 122, a speaker / microphone 124, a keyboard 126, a display / touchpad 128, non-removable memory 130, removable memory 132, a power supply 134, a global positioning system (GPS) chipset 136, and / or other peripheral devices 138, etc. It should be understood that WTRU 102 may include any sub-combination of the foregoing elements while remaining consistent with the embodiments.

[0034] Processor 118 can be a general-purpose processor, a special-purpose processor, a conventional processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), multiple microprocessors, one or more microprocessors associated with a DSP core, a controller, a microcontroller, an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) circuit, any other type of integrated circuit (IC), a state machine, etc. Processor 118 can perform signal encoding, data processing, power control, input / output processing, and / or any other functions that enable WTRU 102 to operate in a wireless environment. Processor 118 can be coupled to transceiver 120, and transceiver 120 can be coupled to transmitting / receiving element 122. Although Figure 1B While the processor 118 and transceiver 120 are depicted as separate components, it should be understood that the processor 118 and transceiver 120 may be integrated together in an electronic package or chip.

[0035] Transmitting / receiving element 122 can be configured to transmit signals to or receive signals from a base station (e.g., base station 114a) via air interface 116. For example, in one embodiment, transmitting / receiving element 122 can be an antenna configured to transmit and / or receive RF signals. In another embodiment, transmitting / receiving element 122 can be a transmitter / detector configured to transmit and / or receive, for example, IR, UV, or visible light signals. In yet another embodiment, transmitting / receiving element 122 can be configured to transmit and / or receive both RF signals and optical signals. It should be understood that transmitting / receiving element 122 can be configured to transmit and / or receive any combination of wireless signals.

[0036] Although the transmitting / receiving element 122 is in Figure 1B While depicted as a single element, WTRU 102 may include any number of transmitting / receiving elements 122. More specifically, WTRU 102 may employ MIMO technology. Thus, in one embodiment, WTRU 102 may include two or more transmitting / receiving elements 122 (e.g., multiple antennas) for transmitting and receiving wireless signals via air interface 116.

[0037] Transceiver 120 can be configured to modulate signals transmitted by transmitting / receiving element 122 and demodulate signals received by transmitting / receiving element 122. As described above, WTRU 102 can have multimode capability. Therefore, transceiver 120 can include multiple transceivers to enable WTRU 102 to communicate via various RATs (e.g., NR and IEEE 802.11).

[0038] The processor 118 of WTRU 102 can be coupled to a speaker / microphone 124, a keyboard 126, and / or a display / touchpad 128 (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD) unit or an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display unit) and can receive user input data from them. The processor 118 can also output user data to the speaker / microphone 124, keyboard 126, and / or display / touchpad 128. Furthermore, the processor 118 can access information and store data from any type of suitable memory, such as non-removable memory 130 and / or removable memory 132. Non-removable memory 130 may include random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), a hard disk, or any other type of memory storage device. Removable memory 132 may include a subscriber identity module (SIM) card, memory stick, secure digital storage (SD) card, etc. In other embodiments, the processor 118 can access information and store data from memory that is not physically located on WTRU 102 (such as on a server or home computer (not shown)).

[0039] The processor 118 can receive power from the power supply 134 and can be configured to distribute power to and / or control other components in the WTRU 102. The power supply 134 can be any suitable device for powering the WTRU 102. For example, the power supply 134 may include one or more dry cell batteries (e.g., nickel-cadmium (NiCd), nickel-zinc (NiZn), nickel metal hydride (NiMH), lithium-ion (Li-ion), etc.), solar cells, fuel cells, etc.

[0040] The processor 118 may also be coupled to a GPS chipset 136, which may be configured to provide location information (e.g., longitude and latitude) about the current location of the WTRU 102. As a supplement to or alternative to the information from the GPS chipset 136, the WTRU 102 may receive location information from base stations (e.g., base stations 114a, 114b) via air interface 116 and / or determine its location based on the timing of signals received from two or more nearby base stations. It should be understood that the WTRU 102 may acquire location information using any suitable location determination method while remaining consistent with the embodiments.

[0041] The processor 118 may be further coupled to other peripheral devices 138, which may include one or more software and / or hardware modules providing additional features, functions, and / or wired or wireless connectivity. For example, peripheral devices 138 may include accelerometers, electronic compasses, satellite transceivers, digital cameras (for photos and / or video), Universal Serial Bus (USB) ports, vibration devices, television transceivers, hands-free headsets, Bluetooth® modules, FM radio units, digital music players, media players, video game player modules, internet browsers, virtual reality and / or augmented reality (VR / AR) devices, activity trackers, etc. Peripheral devices 138 may include one or more sensors, which may be one or more of the following: gyroscopes, accelerometers, Hall effect sensors, magnetometers, orientation sensors, proximity sensors, temperature sensors, time sensors; geolocation sensors; altimeters, light sensors, touch sensors, magnetometers, barometers, gesture sensors, biometric sensors, and / or humidity sensors.

[0042] WTRU 102 may include a full-duplex radio for which the transmission and reception of some or all signals (e.g., associated with specific subframes for both UL (e.g., for transmission) and downlink (e.g., for reception)) may be concurrent and / or simultaneous. The full-duplex radio may include an interference management unit to reduce and / or substantially eliminate self-interference through hardware (e.g., chokes) or via signal processing (e.g., a separate processor (not shown) or via processor 118). In an embodiment, WTRU 102 may include a half-duplex radio for which the transmission and reception of some or all signals (e.g., associated with specific subframes for UL (e.g., for transmission) or downlink (e.g., for reception)) may be concurrent and / or simultaneous.

[0043] Figure 1C This is a system diagram illustrating RAN 104 and CN 106 according to an embodiment. As described above, RAN 104 can employ E-UTRA radio technology to communicate with WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c via air interface 116. RAN 104 can also communicate with CN 106.

[0044] RAN 104 may include eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c, but it should be understood that RAN 104 may include any number of eNode-Bs while remaining consistent with the embodiments. Each of eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c may include one or more transceivers for communicating with WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c via air interface 116. In one embodiment, eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c may implement MIMO technology. Therefore, for example, eNode-B 160a may use multiple antennas to transmit radio signals to and / or receive radio signals from WTRU 102a.

[0045] Each of the eNode-B 160a, 160b, and 160c can be associated with a specific cell (not shown) and can be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, user scheduling in UL and / or DL, etc. Figure 1C As shown, eNode-B 160a, 160b, and 160c can communicate with each other via the X2 interface.

[0046] Figure 1C The CN 106 shown may include a Mobility Management Entity (MME) 162, a Serving Gateway (SGW) 164, and a Packet Data Network (PDN) Gateway (or PGW) 166. While each of the foregoing elements is depicted as part of the CN 106, it should be understood that any of these elements may be owned and / or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.

[0047] The MME 162 can connect to each of the eNode-Bs 162a, 162b, and 162c in RAN 104 via the S1 interface and can act as a control node. For example, the MME 162 can be responsible for authenticating users of WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c, bearer activation / deactivation, selecting specific service gateways, etc., during the initial attachment of WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c. The MME 162 can provide control plane functions for handover between RAN 104 and other RANs (not shown) employing other radio technologies such as GSM and / or WCDMA.

[0048] The SGW 164 can connect to each of the eNode Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c in RAN 104 via the S1 interface. The SGW 164 can typically route and forward user data packets to / from WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c. The SGW 164 can perform other functions, such as anchoring the user plane during inter-eNode B handover, triggering paging when DL data is available for WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c, and managing and storing the context of WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c.

[0049] SGW 164 can connect to PGW 166, which can provide WTRU 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet-switched networks (such as Internet 110) to facilitate communication between WTRU 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices.

[0050] CN 106 can facilitate communication with other networks. For example, CN 106 can provide WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c with access to circuit-switched networks (such as PSTN 108) to facilitate communication between WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c and traditional landline communication equipment. For example, CN 106 may include an IP gateway (e.g., an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) server) or can communicate with an IP gateway that acts as an interface between CN 106 and PSTN 108. Furthermore, CN 106 can provide WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c with access to other networks 112, which may include other wired and / or wireless networks owned and / or operated by other service providers.

[0051] Despite Figures 1A to 1D The WTRU is described as a wireless terminal, but it is conceivable that in some representative embodiments, such a terminal may (e.g., temporarily or permanently) use a wired communication interface with a communication network.

[0052] In a representative embodiment, the other network 112 may be a WLAN.

[0053] A WLAN in Infrastructure Basic Services Set (BSS) mode may have an access point (AP) for that BSS and one or more stations (STAs) associated with the AP. The AP may have access or an interface to a distribution system (DS) or another type of wired / wireless network that carries traffic into and / or out of the BSS. Traffic originating outside the BSS destined for a STA can reach and be delivered to the STA via the AP. Traffic originating from a STA destined outside the BSS can be sent to the AP for delivery to the appropriate destination. Traffic between STAs within the BSS can be sent via the AP, for example, where a source STA can send a traffic flow to the AP and the AP can deliver the traffic flow to the destination STA. Traffic between STAs within the BSS can be considered and / or referred to as peer-to-peer traffic. Peer-to-peer traffic can be sent between the source STA and the destination STA (e.g., directly between them) using Direct Link Establishment (DLS). In some representative embodiments, the DLS may use 802.11e DLS or 802.11z Tunneled DLS (TDLS). WLANs using the Standalone BSS (IBSS) mode can function without an access point (AP), and STAs within the IBSS or using the IBSS (e.g., all STAs) can communicate directly with each other. The IBSS communication mode may sometimes be referred to as a "self-organizing" communication mode in this document.

[0054] When operating in 802.11ac infrastructure mode or a similar mode, the AP can transmit beacons on a fixed channel, such as the primary channel. The primary channel can be of fixed width (e.g., a 20 MHz wide bandwidth) or dynamically set via signaling. The primary channel can be the operational channel of the BSS and can be used by the STA to establish a connection with the AP. In some representative embodiments, Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA / CA) with collision avoidance can be implemented, for example, in an 802.11 system. With CSMA / CA, each STA (including the AP) can listen on the primary channel. If the primary channel is listened to / detected and / or determined to be busy by a particular STA, that particular STA can back off. At any given time, there can be only one STA (e.g., only one station) transmitting in a given BSS.

[0055] High-throughput (HT) STAs can communicate using a 40 MHz wide channel, for example, by combining a primary 20 MHz channel with adjacent or non-adjacent 20 MHz channels to form a 40 MHz wide channel.

[0056] Very High Throughput (VHT) STAs can support wide channels of 20MHz, 40MHz, 80MHz, and / or 160MHz. 40MHz and / or 80MHz channels can be formed by combining consecutive 20MHz channels. A 160MHz channel can be formed by combining eight consecutive 20MHz channels or by combining two non-consecutive 80MHz channels, which can be referred to as an 80+80 configuration. For the 80+80 configuration, after channel coding, the data is divided into two streams by a segmented parser. Each stream can be processed separately using Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) and time-domain processing. These streams can be mapped onto the two 80MHz channels, and the data can be transmitted by the transmitting STA. At the receiver of the receiving STA, the above operations for the 80+80 configuration can be reversed, and the combined data can be sent to the Media Access Control (MAC).

[0057] 802.11af and 802.11ah support sub-1 GHz operating modes. The channel operating bandwidth and carrier in 802.11af and 802.11ah are reduced compared to those used in 802.11n and 802.11ac. 802.11af supports 5 MHz, 10 MHz, and 20 MHz bandwidths in the TV white space (TVWS) spectrum, and 802.11ah supports 1 MHz, 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, and 16 MHz bandwidths using non-TVWS spectrum. According to a representative embodiment, 802.11ah can support instrument-type control / machine-type communication, such as MTC devices in macro coverage areas. MTC devices may have certain capabilities, such as limited capabilities, including support (e.g., only support) certain and / or limited bandwidths. MTC devices may include batteries with a battery life exceeding a threshold (e.g., to maintain a very long battery life).

[0058] A WLAN system (which may support multiple channels and channel bandwidths, such as 802.11n, 802.11ac, 802.11af, and 802.11ah) includes a channel that can be designated as the primary channel. The primary channel can have a bandwidth equal to the maximum common operating bandwidth supported by all STAs in the BSS. The bandwidth of the primary channel can be set and / or limited by the STAs supporting the minimum bandwidth operating mode among all STAs operating in the BSS. In the 802.11ah example, for STAs supporting (e.g., only supporting) the 1MHz mode (e.g., MTC type devices), the primary channel can be 1MHz wide, even if the AP and other STAs in the BSS support 2MHz, 4MHz, 8MHz, 16MHz, and / or other channel bandwidth operating modes. Carrier Sense and / or Network Allocation Vector (NAV) settings can depend on the status of the primary channel. If the primary channel is busy, for example because an STA (which only supports the 1MHz operating mode) is transmitting to the AP, the entire available band can be considered busy, even if most of the band remains idle and may be available.

[0059] In the United States, the available frequency band for 802.11ah is 902MHz to 928MHz. In South Korea, the available frequency band is 917.5MHz to 923.5MHz. In Japan, the available frequency band is 916.5MHz to 927.5MHz. Depending on the country code, the total available bandwidth for 802.11ah ranges from 6MHz to 26MHz.

[0060] Figure 1D This is a system diagram illustrating RAN 113 and CN 115 according to an embodiment. As described above, RAN 113 may employ NR radio technology to communicate with WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c via air interface 116. RAN 113 may also communicate with CN 115.

[0061] RAN 113 may include gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c, but it should be understood that RAN 113 may include any number of gNBs while remaining consistent with the embodiments. Each of gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c may include one or more transceivers for communicating with WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c via air interface 116. In one embodiment, gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c may implement MIMO technology. For example, gNBs 180a and 180b may utilize beamforming to transmit signals to and / or receive signals from gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c. Thus, for example, gNB 180a may use multiple antennas to transmit radio signals to and / or receive radio signals from WTRU 102a. In embodiments, gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c may implement carrier aggregation technology. For example, gNB 180a may transmit multiple component carriers (not shown) to WTRU 102a. A subset of these component carriers may be on unlicensed spectrum, while the remaining component carriers may be on licensed spectrum. In embodiments, gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c may implement Cooperative Multipoint (CoMP) technology. For example, WTRU 102a may receive cooperative transmissions from gNBs 180a and 180b (and / or gNB 180c).

[0062] WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c using transmissions associated with scalable parameter sets. For example, OFDM symbol spacing and / or OFDM subcarrier spacing can vary for different transmissions, different cells, and / or different portions of the radio transmission spectrum. WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c using subframes or transmission time intervals (TTIs) of various or scalable lengths (e.g., containing different numbers of OFDM symbols and / or varying absolute time lengths).

[0063] gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c can be configured to communicate with WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c in standalone and / or non-standalone configurations. In standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c without simultaneously accessing other RANs (e.g., eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c). In standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can use one or more of gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c as mobility anchors. In standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can use signals in unlicensed frequency bands to communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c. In a non-standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can communicate / connect with gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c, while also communicating / connecting with another RAN (such as eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c). For example, WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can implement DC principles to communicate substantially simultaneously with one or more gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c and one or more eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c. In a non-standalone configuration, eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c can act as mobility anchors for WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c, and gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c can provide additional coverage and / or throughput for serving WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c.

[0064] Each of gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c can be associated with a specific cell (not shown) and can be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, user scheduling in UL and / or DL, network slicing support, dual connectivity, interoperability between NR and E-UTRA, routing user plane data to User Plane Functions (UPF) 184a and 184b, routing control plane information to Access and Mobility Management Functions (AMF) 182a and 182b, etc. Figure 1D As shown, gNB 180a, 180b, and 180c can communicate with each other via the Xn interface.

[0065] Figure 1DThe CN 115 shown may include at least one AMF 182a, 182b, at least one UPF 184a, 184b, at least one Session Management Function (SMF) 183a, 183b, and possibly a Data Network (DN) 185a, 185b. While each of the foregoing elements is depicted as part of the CN 115, it should be understood that any of these elements may be owned and / or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.

[0066] AMF 182a and 182b can connect to one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c in RAN 113 via the N2 interface and can act as control nodes. For example, AMF 182a and 182b can be responsible for authenticating users of WTRU 102a, 102b, and 102c, supporting network slicing (e.g., handling different PDU sessions with different requirements), selecting specific SMFs 183a and 183b, managing registration areas, terminating NAS signaling, mobility management, etc. AMF 182a and 182b can use network slicing to customize CN support for WTRU 102a, 102b, and 102c based on the type of service being utilized by WTRU 102a, 102b, and 102c. For example, different network slices can be established for different use cases, such as services relying on Ultra Reliable Low Latency (URLLC) access, services relying on Enhanced Massive Mobile Broadband (eMBB) access, and services for Machine Type Communication (MTC) access. AMF 162 can provide control plane functions for switching between RAN 113 and other RANs (not shown) that use other radio technologies, such as LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro and / or non-3GPP access technologies (such as WiFi).

[0067] SMFs 183a and 183b can connect to AMFs 182a and 182b in CN 115 via the N11 interface. SMFs 183a and 183b can also connect to UPFs 184a and 184b in CN 115 via the N4 interface. SMFs 183a and 183b can select and control UPFs 184a and 184b and configure service flow routing through UPFs 184a and 184b. SMFs 183a and 183b can perform other functions, such as managing and allocating UE IP addresses, managing PDU sessions, controlling policy enforcement and QoS, and providing downlink data notifications. PDU session types can be IP-based, non-IP-based, Ethernet-based, etc.

[0068] UPF 184a and 184b can connect to one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c in RAN 113 via the N3 interface. The N3 interface can provide WTRU 102a, 102b, and 102c with access to packet-switched networks (such as Internet 110) to facilitate communication between WTRU 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices. UPF 184 and 184b can perform other functions such as routing and forwarding packets, enforcing user plane policies, supporting multi-homed PDU sessions, handling user plane QoS, buffering downlink packets, and providing mobility anchoring.

[0069] CN 115 can facilitate communication with other networks. For example, CN 115 may include an IP gateway (e.g., an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) server) or may communicate with an IP gateway that acts as an interface between CN 115 and PSTN 108. Furthermore, CN 115 can provide WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c with access to other networks 112, which may include other wired and / or wireless networks owned and / or operated by other service providers. In one embodiment, WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c may be connected to local data networks (DNs) 185a and 185b via the N3 interface to UPFs 184a and 184b and the N6 interface between UPFs 184a and 184b and DNs 185a and 185b.

[0070] Given Figures 1A to 1D and with Figures 1A to 1D Correspondingly, one or more of the functions described herein with respect to one or more of the following can be performed by one or more emulation devices (not shown): WTRU 102a to 102d, base stations 114a and 114b, eNode-B 160a to 160c, MME 162, SGW 164, PGW 166, gNB 180a to 180c, AMF 182a and 182b, UPF 184a and 184b, SMF 183a and 183b, DN 185a and 185b, and / or any other devices described herein. An emulation device can be one or more devices configured to emulate one or more of the functions described herein. For example, an emulation device can be used to test other devices and / or simulate network and / or WTRU functions.

[0071] Simulation devices can be designed to perform one or more tests on other devices in laboratory and / or carrier network environments. For example, one or more simulation devices can perform one or more functions while being fully or partially implemented and / or deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network to test other devices within the communication network. One or more simulation devices can perform one or more functions while being temporarily implemented / deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network. Simulation devices can be directly coupled to another device and / or use over-the-air wireless communication to perform tests for testing purposes.

[0072] One or more simulation devices can perform one or more functions without being implemented / deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network. For example, simulation devices can be used in test scenarios in a test laboratory and / or in wired and / or wireless communication networks that are not deployed (e.g., under test) to perform tests on one or more components. One or more simulation devices can be test devices. Simulation devices can transmit and / or receive data using direct RF coupling and / or wireless communication via RF circuitry (e.g., which may include one or more antennas).

[0073] This application describes multiple aspects, including tools, features, examples, models, methods, etc. Many of these aspects are described in detail and often in a manner that may sound restrictive, at least to illustrate the various characteristics. However, this is for clarity of description and does not limit the application or scope of these aspects. In fact, all the different aspects can be combined and interchanged to provide other aspects. Furthermore, these aspects can also be combined and interchanged with aspects described in prior applications.

[0074] The aspects described and envisioned in this application can be implemented in many different forms. Figures 5 to 6 Some examples can be provided, but other examples can be envisioned. Figures 5 to 6 The discussion does not limit the breadth of implementations. At least one aspect generally relates to video encoding and decoding, and at least one other aspect generally relates to the transmission of generated or encoded bitstreams. These and other aspects can be implemented as methods, apparatus, computer-readable storage media having instructions stored thereon for encoding or decoding video data according to any of the methods, and / or computer-readable storage media having bitstreams generated according to any of the methods stored thereon.

[0075] In this application, the terms “reconstruction” and “decoding” are used interchangeably, the terms “pixel” and “sample” are used interchangeably, and the terms “image”, “picture” and “frame” are used interchangeably.

[0076] This document describes various methods, and each method includes one or more steps or actions for implementing the method. Unless the correct operation of the method requires a specific order of steps or actions, the order and / or use of specific steps and / or actions can be modified or combined. Additionally, terms such as "first" and "second" can be used in various examples to modify elements, components, steps, operations, etc., such as, for example, "first decoding" and "second decoding." Unless specifically required, the use of such terms does not imply an ordering of the modified operations. Therefore, in this example, the first decoding does not need to be performed before the second decoding and can occur, for example, before, during, or in a period overlapping with the second decoding.

[0077] The various methods and other aspects described in this application can be used to modify the module, for example, such as Figure 2 and Figure 3 The decoding modules of the video encoder 200 and decoder 300 are shown. Furthermore, the subject matter disclosed herein can be applied, for example, to any type, format, or version of video coding, whether described in a standard or recommendation, whether pre-existing or future-developed, and any extensions to such standards and recommendations. Unless otherwise indicated or technically excluded, the aspects described in this application may be used alone or in combination.

[0078] Various numerical values, such as 1, 2, 4, 7, 8, 16, 32, 64, etc., are used in the examples describing this application. These and other specific values ​​are for illustrative purposes only, and the aspects described are not limited to these specific values.

[0079] Figure 2 This is a diagram illustrating an example video encoder 200. Variations of the example encoder 200 can be envisioned, but for clarity, the encoder 200 is described below without describing all anticipated variations.

[0080] Before encoding, the video sequence may undergo pre-coding processing (201), such as applying a color transformation to the input color image (e.g., a conversion from RGB 4:4:4 to YCbCr 4:2:0), or performing remapping of the input image components to obtain a signal distribution that is more robust to compression (e.g., using histogram equalization for one of the color components). Metadata (e.g., which may include film grain parameters determined through pre-processing as described herein) may be associated with the pre-processing and attached to the bitstream.

[0081] In encoder 200, the image is encoded by encoder elements as described below. The image to be encoded is divided (202) and processed in units, for example, coding units (CUs). Each unit is encoded using, for example, an intra-frame mode or an inter-frame mode. When a unit is encoded in intra-frame mode, it performs intra-frame prediction (260). In inter-frame mode, motion estimation (275) and compensation (270) are performed. The encoder decides (205) whether to use intra-frame mode or inter-frame mode to encode the unit, and indicates the intra-frame / inter-frame decision by, for example, a prediction mode flag. The prediction residual is calculated, for example, by subtracting (210) the predicted block from the original image block.

[0082] The predicted residual is then transformed (225) and quantized (230). The quantized transform coefficients, along with the motion vector and other syntax elements, are entropy encoded (245) to output a bitstream. The encoder can skip the transform and apply quantization directly to the untransformed residual signal. The encoder can bypass both the transform and quantization, i.e., the residual is directly encoded without applying either the transform or quantization process.

[0083] The encoder decodes the encoded blocks to provide a reference for further prediction. Quantized transform coefficients are dequantized (240) and inverse transformed (250) to decode the prediction residuals. The decoded prediction residuals and the predicted blocks are combined (255) to reconstruct image blocks. A loop filter (265) is applied to the reconstructed image to perform, for example, deblocking / SAO (Sample Adaptive Offset) filtering to reduce coding artifacts. The filtered image is stored in the reference image buffer (280).

[0084] Figure 3 This is a diagram illustrating an example video decoder. In example decoder 300, the bitstream is decoded by decoder elements as described below. Video decoder 300 generally performs the same operations as... Figure 2 The encoding process described herein is the inverse of the decoding process. Encoder 200 generally also performs video decoding as part of the video data encoding.

[0085] Specifically, the decoder's input includes a video bitstream, which can be generated by the video encoder 200. The bitstream is first entropy decoded (330) to obtain transform coefficients, motion vectors, and other encoded information. Image segmentation information indicates how the image is segmented. Therefore, the decoder can segment (335) the image based on the decoded image segmentation information. The transform coefficients are dequantized (340) and inverse transformed (350) to decode the prediction residuals. The decoded prediction residuals and the predicted blocks are combined (355) to reconstruct image blocks. The predicted blocks can be obtained from intra-frame prediction (360) or motion-compensated prediction (i.e., inter-frame prediction) (375) (370). A loop filter (365) is applied to the reconstructed image. The filtered image is stored in a reference image buffer (380).

[0086] The decoded image can undergo further post-decoding processing (385), such as inverse color transformation (e.g., conversion from YCbCr4:2:0 to RGB 4:4:4) or inverse remapping of the process that performs the inverse of the remapping process performed in pre-encoding processing (201). Post-decoding processing can utilize metadata derived in pre-encoding processing and signaled in the bitstream. In the example, the decoded image (e.g., after applying a loop filter (365) and / or after post-decoding processing (385) if post-decoding processing is used) can be sent to a display device for presentation to the user.

[0087] Figure 4 This is a diagram illustrating examples of systems that can implement the various aspects and examples described herein. System 400 can be embodied as a device including the various components described below and configured to perform one or more aspects described herein. Examples of such devices include, but are not limited to, various electronic devices such as personal computers, laptop computers, smartphones, tablet computers, digital multimedia set-top boxes, digital television receivers, personal video recording systems, networked home appliances, and servers. Elements of system 400 can be embodied individually or in combination in a single integrated circuit (IC), multiple ICs, and / or discrete components. For example, in at least one example, the processing and encoder / decoder elements of system 400 are distributed across multiple ICs and / or discrete components. In many examples, system 400 is communicatively coupled to one or more other systems or other electronic devices, for example, via a communication bus or through dedicated input and / or output ports. In many examples, system 400 is configured to implement one or more aspects described herein.

[0088] System 400 includes at least one processor 410 configured to execute instructions loaded therein to implement, for example, the aspects described herein. Processor 410 may include embedded memory, input / output interfaces, and a variety of other circuitry known in the art. System 400 includes at least one memory 420 (e.g., a volatile memory device and / or a non-volatile memory device). System 400 includes a storage device 440, which may include non-volatile memory and / or volatile memory, including but not limited to electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), read-only memory (ROM), programmable read-only memory (PROM), random access memory (RAM), dynamic random access memory (DRAM), static random access memory (SRAM), flash memory, disk drives, and / or optical disk drives. As a non-limiting example, storage device 440 may include internal storage devices, attached storage devices (including removable and non-removable storage devices), and / or network-accessible storage devices.

[0089] System 400 includes an encoder / decoder module 430 configured to, for example, process data to provide encoded or decoded video, and the encoder / decoder module 430 may include its own processor and memory. The encoder / decoder module 430 represents a module that may be included in a device to perform encoding and / or decoding functions. As is known, a device may include one or both of an encoding module and a decoding module. Additionally, the encoder / decoder module 430 may be implemented as a separate element of system 400, or may be incorporated into processor 410 as a combination of hardware and software, as is known to those skilled in the art.

[0090] Program code to be loaded onto processor 410 or encoder / decoder 430 to execute the various aspects described herein may be stored in storage device 440 and subsequently loaded onto memory 420 for execution by processor 410. According to various examples, one or more of processor 410, memory 420, storage device 440, and encoder / decoder module 430 may store one or more of a variety of items during the execution of the processes described herein. Such stored items may include, but are not limited to, input video, decoded video or portions of decoded video, bitstreams, matrices, variables, and intermediate or final results from the processing of equations, formulas, operations, and operational logic.

[0091] In some examples, the memory within processor 410 and / or encoder / decoder module 430 is used to store instructions and provide working memory for processing during encoding or decoding. However, in other examples, external memory (e.g., the processing device may be processor 410 or encoder / decoder module 430) is used for one or more of these functions. External memory may be memory 420 and / or storage device 440, such as volatile memory and / or non-volatile flash memory. In several examples, external non-volatile flash memory is used to store, for example, the operating system of a television. In at least one example, fast external volatile memory (such as RAM) is used as working memory for video encoding and decoding operations.

[0092] Inputs to the components of system 400 may be provided by a variety of input devices as indicated in box 445. Such input devices include, but are not limited to, (i) a radio frequency (RF) section that receives, for example, RF signals transmitted over the air by a broadcaster, (ii) component (COMP) input terminals (or a set of COMP input terminals), (iii) a universal serial bus (USB) input terminal, and / or (iv) a high-definition multimedia interface (HDMI) input terminal. Figure 4 Other examples not shown include composite video.

[0093] In various examples, the input device of block 445 has associated corresponding input processing elements, as known in the art. For example, the RF section may be associated with elements suitable for: (i) selecting a desired frequency (also known as selecting a signal, or band-limiting a signal to a frequency band), (ii) down-converting the selected signal, (iii) band-limiting it again to a narrower frequency band to select (e.g.,) a signal band that may be referred to as a channel in some examples), (iv) demodulating the down-converted and band-limited signal, (v) performing error correction, and / or (vi) demultiplexing to select a desired data packet stream. The RF section of various examples includes one or more elements performing these functions, such as frequency selectors, signal selectors, band limiters, channel selectors, filters, downconverters, demodulators, error correctors, and demultiplexers. The RF section may include tuners performing a variety of these functions, including, for example, down-converting a received signal to a lower frequency (e.g., intermediate frequency or near-baseband frequency) or baseband. In one set-top box example, the RF section and its associated input processing elements receive RF signals transmitted via a wired (e.g., cable) medium and perform frequency selection by filtering, down-converting, and re-filtering to the desired frequency band. Various examples rearrange the order of the aforementioned (and other) components, remove some of these components, and / or add other components that perform similar or different functions. Adding components may include inserting components between existing components, such as, for example, inserting amplifiers and analog-to-digital converters. In many examples, the RF section includes an antenna.

[0094] USB and / or HDMI terminals may include corresponding interface processors for connecting system 400 to other electronic devices via USB and / or HDMI connections. It should be understood that multiple aspects of input processing (e.g., Reed-Solomon error correction) may be implemented as needed, for example, within a separate input processing IC or within processor 410. Similarly, aspects of USB or HDMI interface processing may be implemented as needed, either within a separate interface IC or within processor 410. The demodulated, error-corrected, and demultiplexed stream is provided to various processing elements, including, for example, processor 410 and encoder / decoder 430, which operate in combination with memory and storage elements to process the data stream as needed for presentation on an output device.

[0095] Various components of system 400 can be provided within an integrated housing. Within the integrated housing, various components can be interconnected and transmit data therebetween using suitable connection means 425 (e.g., internal buses known in the art, including inter-IC (I2C) buses, wiring, and printed circuit boards).

[0096] System 400 includes a communication interface 450 that enables communication with other devices via a communication channel 460. The communication interface 450 may include, but is not limited to, a transceiver configured to send and receive data via the communication channel 460. The communication interface 450 may include, but is not limited to, a modem or network interface card (NIC), and the communication channel 460 may be implemented, for example, within a wired and / or wireless medium.

[0097] In several examples, a wireless network, such as a Wi-Fi network (e.g., IEEE 802.11, where IEEE stands for Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), is used to stream or otherwise provide data to system 400. In these examples, the Wi-Fi signal is received via communication channel 460 and communication interface 450, which are adapted for Wi-Fi communication. Communication channel 460 in these examples is typically connected to an access point or router that provides access to external networks, including the Internet, to allow streaming applications and other over-the-top services to communicate. Other examples use a set-top box to provide streaming data to system 400, delivering data via an HDMI connection in input box 445. Still other examples use an RF connection in input box 445 to provide streaming data to system 400. As described above, several examples provide data in a non-streaming manner. Additionally, several examples use wireless networks other than Wi-Fi, such as cellular networks or Bluetooth® networks.

[0098] System 400 can provide output signals to a variety of output devices, including a display 475, a speaker 485, and other peripheral devices 495. Various examples of the display 475 include one or more of, for example, a touchscreen display, an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display, a curved display, and / or a foldable display. The display 475 can be used in a television, tablet computer, laptop computer, cellular phone (mobile phone), or another device. The display 475 can also be integrated with other components (e.g., as in a smartphone) or separate (e.g., an external monitor for a laptop computer). In various examples, other peripheral devices 495 include one or more of a standalone digital video disc (or digital universal disc) (DVD, for both terms), an optical disc player, a stereo system, and / or a lighting system. Various examples utilize one or more peripheral devices 495 that provide functionality based on the output of system 400. For example, an optical disc player performs the function of playing the output of system 400.

[0099] In various examples, signaling such as AV.Link, Consumer Electronics Control (CEC), or other communication protocols that enable device-to-device control with or without user intervention is used to transmit control signals between system 400 and display 475, speaker 485, or other peripheral devices 495. Output devices can be communicatively coupled to system 400 via dedicated connections through corresponding interfaces 470, 480, and 490. Alternatively, output devices can be connected to system 400 via communication interface 450 using communication channel 460. Display 475 and speaker 485 can be integrated into a single unit along with other components of system 400, such as in an electronic device like a television. In various examples, display interface 470 includes display drivers, such as, for example, a timing controller (TCon) chip.

[0100] The display 475 and speaker 485 may optionally be separated from one or more other components, for example, if the RF section of input 445 is part of a separate set-top box. In various examples where the display 475 and speaker 485 are external components, the output signal may be provided via a dedicated output connection, including, for example, an HDMI port, a USB port, or a COMP output.

[0101] The example can be implemented by computer software, hardware, or a combination of hardware and software, using processor 410. As a non-limiting example, the example can be implemented by one or more integrated circuits. Memory 420 can be of any type suitable for the technical environment and can be implemented using any suitable data storage technology, such as optical memory devices, magnetic memory devices, semiconductor-based memory devices, fixed memory, and removable memory, as a non-limiting example. Processor 410 can be of any type suitable for the technical environment and can encompass one or more of microprocessors, general-purpose computers, special-purpose computers, and processors based on multi-core architectures, as a non-limiting example.

[0102] Various implementations involve decoding. As used herein, "decoding" can encompass all or part of a process, such as performing a received encoded sequence to produce a final output suitable for display. In various examples, such processes include one or more processes typically performed by a decoder, such as entropy decoding, inverse quantization, inverse transform, and differential decoding. In various examples, such processes also or alternatively include processes performed by a decoder of various embodiments described herein, such as determining that a merge transform mode is enabled for a block; based on this determination, copying transform information associated with the merged block; and decoding the block based on the transform information associated with the merged block.

[0103] As further examples, in one example, "decoding" refers only to entropy decoding; in another example, "decoding" refers only to differential decoding; and in yet another example, "decoding" refers to a combination of entropy decoding and differential decoding. Whether the phrase "decoding process" is intended to specifically refer to a subset of operations or generally to a broader decoding process will be clear based on the specific context of the description and is believed to be understood by those skilled in the art.

[0104] Various implementations involve encoding. In a manner similar to the above discussion of “decoding,” the term “encoding,” as used herein, can encompass all or part of a process performed, for example, on an input video sequence to produce an encoded bitstream. In various examples, such processes include one or more processes typically performed by an encoder, such as segmentation, differential coding, transform, quantization, and entropy coding. In various examples, such processes also or alternatively include processes performed by an encoder according to various embodiments described herein, such as determining whether a merge transform mode is enabled for a block; based on this determination, copying transform information associated with the merged block; and encoding the block based on the transform information associated with the merged block.

[0105] As another example, in one example, "encoding" refers only to entropy encoding; in another example, "encoding" refers only to differential encoding; and in yet another example, "encoding" refers to a combination of differential and entropy encoding. Whether the phrase "encoding process" is intended to specifically refer to a subset of operations or generally to a broader encoding process will be clear based on the specific context of the description and is believed to be understood by those skilled in the art.

[0106] Note that the syntax elements used in this article (such as encoding syntax, such as tu_joint_cbcr_residual_flag, cu_sbt_flag, etc.) are descriptive terms. Therefore, they do not preclude the use of other syntax element names.

[0107] When accompanying drawings are presented as flowcharts, it should be understood that block diagrams of the corresponding devices are also provided. Similarly, when accompanying drawings are presented as block diagrams, it should be understood that flowcharts of the corresponding methods / processes are also provided.

[0108] The embodiments and aspects described herein can be implemented, for example, in methods or processes, apparatuses, software programs, data streams, or signals. Even if discussed only in the context of a single form of implementation (e.g., discussed only as a method), implementations of the discussed features can be implemented in other forms (e.g., apparatuses or programs). Apparatuses can be implemented, for example, in suitable hardware, software, and firmware. Methods can be implemented, for example, in a processor, which generally refers to a processing device, including, for example, a computer, microprocessor, integrated circuit, or programmable logic device. Processors also include communication devices, such as, for example, computers, cellular phones, portable / personal digital assistants (“PDAs”), and other devices that facilitate information communication between end users.

[0109] References to “an example” or “an example” or “an implementation” or “an implementation” and their variations mean that a particular feature, structure, characteristic, etc., described in connection with that example is included in at least one example. Therefore, the phrases “in an example” or “in a sample” or “in an implementation” or “in an implementation” and any other variations appearing throughout this application do not necessarily refer to the same example.

[0110] Additionally, this application may refer to "determining" various types of information. Determining information may include, for example, one or more of estimation information, calculation information, prediction information, or information retrieved from memory. Obtaining may include receiving, retrieving, constructing, generating, and / or determining.

[0111] Additionally, this application may refer to "accessing" various types of information. Accessing information may include, for example, receiving information, retrieving information (e.g., from memory), storing information, moving information, copying information, calculating information, determining information, predicting information, or estimating information, or more of these.

[0112] Additionally, this application may refer to "receiving" various types of information. Like "accessing," receiving is intended to be a broad term. Received information may include, for example, accessed information or retrieved information (e.g., from memory) or more. Furthermore, "receiving" is generally referred to in some way during operations such as, for example, storing information, processing information, transmitting information, moving information, copying information, erasing information, calculating information, determining information, predicting information, or estimating information.

[0113] It should be understood that the use of any of the following: “ / ”, “and / or”, and “…at least one of…”, such as in the cases of “A / B”, “A and / or B”, and “at least one of A and B”, is intended to cover selecting only the first listed option (A), or only the second listed option (B), or both options (A and B). As another example, in the cases of “A, B, and / or C” and “at least one of A, B, and C”, such wording is intended to cover selecting only the first listed option (A), or only the second listed option (B), or only the third listed option (C), or only the first and second listed options (A and B), or only the first and third listed options (A and C), or only the second and third listed options (B and C), or all three options (A, B, and C). As will be apparent to those skilled in the art and related fields, this can be extended to any number of items listed.

[0114] Furthermore, as used herein, the term "signal" refers, among other things, to instructing the corresponding decoder to do something. Encoder signals may include, for example, the number of intensity intervals, the number of model values, particle parameters, particle identifiers, scaling factors, etc. In this way, in the examples, the same parameters are used on both the encoder and decoder sides. Thus, for example, the encoder may transmit (explicit signaling) specific parameters to the decoder so that the decoder can use the same specific parameters. Conversely, if the decoder already has specific parameters as well as other parameters, signaling can be used without transmission (implicit signaling) to simply allow the decoder to know and select specific parameters. Bit savings are achieved in various examples by avoiding the transmission of any actual functionality. It should be understood that signaling can be done in various ways. For example, in various examples, one or more syntax elements, flags, etc., are used to signal information to the corresponding decoder. Although the foregoing refers to the verb form of the term "signal," the term "signal" can also be used as a noun in this document.

[0115] As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, implementations can generate various signals formatted to carry information, which can be stored or transmitted, for example. The information may include, for example, instructions for performing a method, or data generated by one of the described implementations. For example, a signal may be formatted to carry a bit stream of the example described. Such a signal may be formatted as, for example, electromagnetic waves (e.g., using the radio frequency portion of the spectrum) or baseband signals. Formatting may include, for example, encoding a data stream and modulating a carrier wave with the encoded data stream. The information carried by the signal may be, for example, analog or digital information. As is known, signals can be transmitted via a variety of different wired or wireless links. Signals may be stored on, or accessed or received from, a processor-readable medium.

[0116] This document describes numerous examples. Features of the examples may be provided individually or in any combination across multiple claim classes and types. Additionally, examples may include one or more of the features, devices, or aspects described herein, individually or in any combination across multiple claim classes and types. For example, the features described herein may be implemented in a bitstream or signal including information generated as described herein. This information may allow a decoder to decode, encode, bitstream, and / or decode the bitstream according to any of the described embodiments. For example, the features described herein may be implemented by creating and / or transmitting and / or receiving and / or decoding a bitstream or signal. For example, the features described herein may be implemented as a method, process, apparatus, medium storing instructions, medium storing data, or signal. For example, the features described herein may be implemented by a TV, set-top box, cellular phone, tablet computer, or other electronic device performing decoding. The TV, set-top box, cellular phone, tablet computer, or other electronic device may display (e.g., using a monitor, screen, or other type of display) a resulting image (e.g., an image reconstructed from the residual of a video bitstream). The TV, set-top box, cellular phone, tablet computer, or other electronic device may receive a signal including an encoded image and perform decoding.

[0117] In some examples, transform coding for inter-frame coded blocks can be improved. For instance, MTS can be enabled for inter-frame blocks. In the examples, improved trained transform kernels can be used. Secondary transforms of LFNST / NSPT can be used for inter-frame coded blocks.

[0118] This can reduce the amount of information used to specify transform selection for inter-frame coding blocks. For example, the transform selection for the current block can be copied from merge candidate blocks. In this case, prediction and transform information can be copied to reduce signaling overhead and improve coding gain.

[0119] This article provides features associated with MTS used for inter-frame coded blocks.

[0120] For the MTS of inter-frame coded CUs, one or more (e.g., four) candidates (e.g., {(DST7, DST7),(DST7, DCT8),(DCT8, DST7),(DCT8, DCT8)}) can be used for CUs (e.g., per CU). For larger resolution sequences (e.g., width > 1080), the maximum CU size used for the inter-frame MTS can be set to 32 (e.g., inter-frame MTS for CUs with width <= 32 and height <= 32). For the remaining sequences (e.g., with smaller resolutions), the maximum CU size can be set to 16. For 4-point, 8-point, and / or 16-point transforms, the AMT transform kernels (e.g., DST-7 and DCT-8) can be replaced with separable KLTs.

[0121] This paper provides features associated with the Low Frequency Inseparable Transform (LFNST) and Inseparable Main Transform (NSPT) used for inter-frame coded blocks.

[0122] LFNST can refer to a transform coding tool. LFNST can be enhanced by more transform sets (to obtain finer directional granularity (e.g., from 4 to 35)) and / or more transform kernels (e.g., from 2 to 3 per set) in the set. Larger kernels can be introduced for larger blocks.

[0123] NSPT can replace the separable DCT-II plus LFNST transform combination (e.g., for block shapes of 4×4, 4×8 / 8×4, 4×16 / 16×4, 8×8, 8×16 / 16×8, 4×32 / 32×4, and 8×32 / 32×8). The kernel mapping used for intra-prediction modes can be the same as LFNST.

[0124] Inter-frame MTS can be enabled for CTC. In this case, DST-VII and DCT-VIII can be replaced with separable KLTs (e.g., for small blocks). In the example, LFNST / NSPT can be applied to intra-coded blocks (e.g., intra-coded blocks only). For example, LFNST / NSPT may not be used for inter-coded blocks. Some inter-frame prediction residuals can exhibit directional features. LFNST / NSPT can be more efficient in handling directional features. LFNST / NSPT can be adapted for inter-coded blocks.

[0125] To use LFNST / NSPT for inter-frame coding, a Virtual Intra-Prediction Mode (VIPM) can be employed. A VIPM (e.g., each VIPM) can represent a feature, such as a specific orientation. A VIPM can be derived by applying a DIMD-like process (e.g., which can be used in MIP and IntraTMP) to inter-frame prediction blocks. The horizontal and vertical gradients of pixels within a prediction block can be computed (e.g., using the Sobel operator). The horizontal and vertical gradients of pixels (e.g., each pixel) can be used to derive the orientation. The gradient magnitudes of pixels (e.g., each pixel) can be accumulated over the corresponding orientation. The intra-frame prediction mode corresponding to the strongest accumulation can be selected as the VIPM. Using the VIPM, the transform set of LFNST / NSPT can be derived. For inter-frame coding, the kernel mapping can be the same as the kernel mapping of intra-frame LFNST / NSPT.

[0126] The distribution of inter-frame LFNST / NSPT indices can differ from that of intra-frame LFNST / NSPT indices. The signaling for inter-frame LFNST / NSPT indices can also differ from that for intra-frame LFNST / NSPT indices. Intra-frame LFNST / NSPT index binarization can use one or more (e.g., two) context-coded bits for each symbol (e.g., each symbol). Truncated unary codes employing different context models can be used for inter-frame LFNST / NSPT index coding.

[0127] This article provides characteristics associated with the joint CbCr.

[0128] Chromatic residual joint coding (JCCR) tools (e.g., where chroma residuals are jointly encoded) can be supported. The use (e.g., activation) of a JCCR mode can be indicated by a TU-level flag (e.g., tu_joint_cbcr_residual_flag). The selected mode can be indicated by chroma CBF (e.g., implicitly). The flag tu_joint_cbcr_residual_flag can be present if one or more chroma CBFs used for the TU are equal to 1. Chroma QP offset values ​​can be signaled for the JCCR mode in the PPS and stripe header (e.g., to distinguish these chroma QP offset values ​​from the usual chroma QP offset values ​​signaled for regular chroma residual coding modes). These chroma QP offset values ​​can be used to derive chroma QP values ​​for one or more blocks encoded using the JCCR mode. A JCCR mode can have one or more (e.g., three) sub-modes. If the corresponding JCCR submode (e.g., submode 2 in Table 1) is enabled in the TU, the corresponding chroma QP offset can be added to the applied luma-derived chroma QP during quantization and decoding of that TU. For other JCCR submodes (e.g., submodes 1 and 3 in Table 1), the chroma QP can be derived in the same manner as regular Cb or Cr blocks. The chroma residuals reconstructed from the transmitted transform blocks (e.g., resCb and resCr) are depicted in Table 1. If the JCCR mode is activated, the joint chroma residual blocks (e.g., a single joint chroma residual block, e.g., resJointC[x][y] in Table 1) can be signaled. The residual blocks of Cb (e.g., resCb) and the residual blocks of Cr (e.g., resCr) can be derived taking into account information such as tu_cbf_cb, tu_cbf_cr, and / or CSign (e.g., the sign value specified in the strip header).

[0129] On the encoder side, the joint chromaticity components can be derived as described herein. Depending on the mode (e.g., listed in Table 1), the encoder can generate resJointC{1,2} as follows. If the mode is equal to 2 (e.g., with reconstruction Cb = C, Cr = CSign), the encoder can generate resJointC{1,2} as follows. (if the individual residuals of C are given), then the joint residuals can be determined according to the following formula:

[0130] If the pattern equals 1 (e.g., with reconstruction Cb = C, Cr = (CSign) If the individual residuals of C) / 2 are given, then the combined residuals can be determined according to the following formula:

[0131] If the mode equals 3 (e.g., a single residual, reconstruction Cr = C, Cb = (CSign) C) / 2), then the joint residual can be determined according to the following formula:

[0132]

[0133] Table 1 - Reconstruction of chroma residuals. The value CSign is a sign value (+1 or -1) specified in the stripe header, and resJointC[ ][ ] is the residual being transmitted.

[0134] The three joint chroma coding submodes described in Table 1 can be supported (e.g., only) in the I stripe. In the P and B stripes, mode 2 can be supported (e.g., mode 2 only). In the P and B stripes, the syntax element tu_joint_cbcr_residual_flag can exist if both chroma CBFs are 1 (e.g., it can exist only if both chroma CBFs are 1).

[0135] The JCCR mode can be combined with the Chromatic Transform Skip (TS) mode. To accelerate encoder decisions, the JCCR transform selection can depend on whether the independent encoding of the Cb and Cr components selects DCT-2 or TS as the optimal transform and / or whether there are non-zero coefficients in the independent chroma encoding. For example, if a chroma component (e.g., one chroma component) selects DCT-2 (or TS) while the other component is zero (e.g., all zeros), or if both chroma components select DCT-2 (or TS), then DCT (or TS) can be considered in the JCCR encoding (e.g., only DCT-2 (or TS)). Otherwise, if a component (e.g., one component selects DCT-2 while the other selects TS, then both DCT-2 and TS can be considered in the JCCR encoding.

[0136] This article provides the features associated with SBT. Figure 5 Examples of SBT location, type, and transformation type are shown.

[0137] In some examples, a sub-block transform can be introduced for inter-frame predicted CUs. In this transform mode, a sub-part of the residual block (e.g., only the sub-part) can be encoded for the CU. If the inter-frame predicted CU has a cu_cbf equal to 1, a signaling flag (e.g., cu_sbt_flag) can be used to indicate whether the entire residual block or a sub-part of the residual block is encoded. In the former case (e.g., the entire residual block is encoded), the inter-frame MTS information can be parsed to determine the transform type of the CU. In the latter case (e.g., a sub-part of the residual block is encoded), a portion of the residual block can be encoded with an inferred adaptive transform, while another portion of the residual block can be set to zero.

[0138] If SBT is used for inter-frame coding CU, the SBT type and SBT location information can be signaled in the bitstream. For example... Figure 5 As shown, there can be two SBT types and two SBT locations. For SBT-V (or SBT-H), the TU width (or height) can be equal to half the CU width (or height) or 1 / 4 of the CU width (or height), resulting in a 2:2 split or a 1:3 / 3:1 split. A 2:2 split can be analogous to a binary tree (BT) split. A 1:3 / 3:1 split can be analogous to an asymmetric binary tree (ABT) split. In an ABT split, small regions (e.g., only small regions) can include non-zero residuals. If the CU's dimension (e.g., one dimension) is 8 in the luminance sample, then a 1:3 / 3:1 split along that dimension may not be allowed. For a CU, there can be (e.g., at most) 8 SBT modes.

[0139] Position-dependent transform kernel selection can be applied to the luma transform blocks in SBT-V and SBT-H (e.g., chroma TB always uses DCT-2). The positions in SBT-H and SBT-V (e.g., two positions) can be associated with different kernel transforms. For example, the horizontal and vertical transforms for each SBT position (e.g., each SBT position) can be... Figure 5 As shown in the diagram. For example, the horizontal and vertical transformations for SBT-V position 0 can be DCT-8 and DST-7, respectively. If one side of the residual TU is greater than 32, the transformations for both dimensions can be set to DCT-2. In this case, the sub-block transformation can jointly specify the TU splicing, cbf, and horizontal and vertical kernel transformation types of the residual block.

[0140] SBT can be excluded from use in CUs coded with combined inter-frame and intra-frame modes.

[0141] The merging mode for transform information can be used to determine the transform information used for a block. If enabled, transform information can be copied from the merged block (e.g., instead of being decoded from the bitstream). This can reduce the bit rate because signaling for a portion (e.g., a large portion) of the transform-related syntax associated with the block can be bypassed. The transform information used for a block can be inherited from the merged block.

[0142] The main transformation information can be inherited.

[0143] Information related to the selection of the primary transform can be inherited from the merge candidates. For example, the following syntax elements can be inherited: MTS flags (e.g., flags indicating whether to use the DCT2 transform or other trigonometric transforms); and / or MTS indices (e.g., if DCT2 is not used, the index (from 0 to 3) indicates which transform pairs to use).

[0144] Example MTS transform syntax elements (e.g., both of these syntax elements) can be inherited. This can reduce up to 3 bits per CU.

[0145] Transformation information can be inherited from merge candidates (e.g., in the case of IBC merge mode).

[0146] Secondary transformation information can be inherited.

[0147] Information about secondary transformations (e.g., LFNST or NSTP) can be inherited. For example, consider the following syntax elements: an LFNST flag (e.g., indicating whether LFNST is applied to the current block); and / or an LFNST index (e.g., indicating which transformation kernel to use if LFNST is applied). Up to 4 bits can be saved per CU.

[0148] If LFNST / NSPT is enabled for IBC blocks, the transformation information described herein can be inherited from merge candidates (e.g., in the case of IBC merge mode).

[0149] The combined CbCr information can be inherited.

[0150] For each TU (e.g., each TU), a combined CbCr indicator (e.g., a flag) can be encoded to indicate the use of combined CbCr (e.g., whether combined CbCr is enabled or disabled). If merge mode is used, the use of combined CbCr for a block can be inferred from the use of combined CbCr for the merged blocks, as described herein. For example, this flag can be inherited (e.g., instead of being notified by a signal in the case of merge mode).

[0151] SBT information can be inherited.

[0152] For each TU (e.g., each TU), SBT indications (e.g., flags) can be encoded to indicate the use of SBTs (e.g., whether SBTs are enabled or disabled). If merge mode is used, the SBT usage for a block can be inferred from the SBT usage of the merged blocks, as described herein. For example, the flag can be inherited (e.g., instead of being notified by a signal in the case of merge mode). The same SBT information from the reference block can be used.

[0153] In the example, the SBT merge flag can be encoded (e.g., only) if the reference block is encoded with SBT. This can help reduce signaling overhead and / or restrict the inheritance of SBT information to the referenced block (e.g., only to the block referenced by the SBT block).

[0154] This article provides features associated with signaling the merge transformation flag.

[0155] Merge flags can be reused to inherit transformation information. For example, if a block's merge indication (e.g., a merge flag) indicates that a merge mode is used for that block, the decoder can determine the transformation information of the current block based on the transformation information of the merged blocks. Reusing merge flags can be associated with the lowest cost in signaling.

[0156] In some examples, a separate indicator (e.g., independent of the merge flag) can indicate whether transform information should be inherited from the merge block. If merge mode is used, an example indicator (e.g., referred to as the merge transform indicator) can be signaled. If the merge transform flag is set to one, the merge transform flag can indicate that transform information should not be signaled (but copied from the merge block). Otherwise (e.g., if the merge transform flag is not one), transform information can be signaled to the decoder.

[0157] For example, the encoder can evaluate whether to inherit transform information or find alternative transform information (e.g., optimal transform information based on rate-distortion criteria). Additional signaling can be used (e.g., compared to some other techniques described herein). Gain can be maintained through appropriate encoder selection.

[0158] In the example, the merge transform flag can be signaled in IBC merge mode. For example, the merge transform flag can be used to indicate / determine whether transform information is inherited from the IBC reference block.

[0159] This paper provides features associated with the implicit derivation of the merge transformation flag.

[0160] In some examples, if a merge mode is used, the merge transform flag can be signaled. In other examples, the merge transform flag can be inferred on the decoder side (e.g., it may not be explicitly signaled).

[0161] If the selected merging candidate's motion vector predictor refers to an intra-coded block in a reference picture, or an intra-coded block in an inter-coded reference picture, then the merging transform flag can be inferred to be 0.

[0162] If the selected merging candidate's motion vector predictor refers to a block in a reference image encoded with a different QP, the merging transform flag can be inferred to be 0.

[0163] In the example, VIPM information can be used to infer the merge transformation pattern.

[0164] LFNST / NSPT can be used for inter-frame blocks. A VIPM can be derived for the current block (e.g., first). Based on the VIPM, an LFNST / NSPT kernel set can be selected. Secondary transform information can be encoded using this block.

[0165] For example, VIPM information for encoded inter-frame blocks (e.g., each encoded inter-frame block) can be stored. If a merge mode is used, the VIPM information of a selected merge candidate can be compared with the VIPM of the current block. Transformation information can be derived from the merge candidates (e.g., if two modes are close to each other and can be determined based on one or more of the following criteria).

[0166] For example, transformation information can be determined based on the following formula:

[0167] Threshold can be set to 2 or 4.

[0168] Candidates can be merged and reordered based on VIM information.

[0169] The merged candidate list can store VIPM information for each candidate (e.g., each candidate). The list can be reordered by comparing the VIPM information of a candidate with the VIPM information of the current block (e.g., candidates whose VIPM is close to that of the current block are tested first).

[0170] Intra-prediction mode can be inherited as VIM.

[0171] For intra-frame blocks, if residual samples are far from the reference sample, they can have large absolute values ​​(e.g., this may not be the case for inter-frame blocks). Transform information inherited from intra-frame blocks (e.g., MTS flags, MTS indexes, LFNST flags, and LFNST indexes) may not be suitable for the current merged block residuals.

[0172] In some examples, if the merge candidate is an intra block, the intra prediction mode (IPM) from the merge candidate can be inherited by the current merge block as the VIPM. The current merge block can infer the MTS and LFNST transform sets from the inherited IPM (e.g., without performing an intra mode derivation process, such as DIMD). In this case, transform set selection (e.g., transform set selection only) may be affected. Transform search and signaling procedures can be performed to fit the residual statistics of the current merge block.

[0173] In the example, if the merge candidate consists of several intra-frame CUs, the average IPM from that group of CUs can be inherited as the VIM by the current merge block.

[0174] In the example, the VIPM can be calculated for the current merge block (e.g., using DIMD). The VIPM can then be compared to the IPM of the merge candidates. For example, .

[0175] If the absolute difference between the VIPM of the current merge block and the inherited IPM is below a certain threshold, transform information from the merge candidate can be inherited (e.g., directly). In this case, transform search and signaling can be omitted for the current merge block. Otherwise (e.g., if the absolute difference between the VIPM of the current merge block and the inherited IPM is above a certain threshold), the VIPM of the current merge block can be used to infer the MTS and LFNST transform sets. In this case, the regular transform search and signaling procedures can be performed.

[0176] The CU merge skip mode can be used.

[0177] If a CU is encoded in a skip mode (e.g., in a merge mode with zero residuals), the CU can inherit transformation-related information from its selected merge candidate (e.g., although no transformation or inverse transformation occurs for such a skip CU).

[0178] Transform-related information can be propagated to future coding units that can be encoded in a merged mode (e.g., these coding units can then benefit from the derived transform information data). This propagation mechanism for transform parameters can be applied to the primary transform, secondary transform, and / or joint Cb-Cr parameters described herein.

[0179] The merged transformation information can be retrieved.

[0180] Merging information can be copied from a reference block. A reference block can reside within multiple CUs / PUs / TUs. This document describes the techniques used for selecting a reference CU / PU / TU.

[0181] In the example, template matching can be used to find the closest reference CU / PU / TU. For example, the current CU / PU / TU template can be compared with multiple candidates around the reference block. The best candidate can be selected (e.g., the one with the smallest distance in terms of template cost).

[0182] In the example, merge information can be stored (e.g., each time CU encoding / decoding (e.g., encoding and / or decoding) is completed). For example, MTS / LFNST / SBT / JointCbCr can be stored for later use. If referenced by the current block, this information can be copied from the information stored in the reference block.

[0183] Although the features and elements are described above in specific combinations, those skilled in the art will understand that each feature or element can be used alone or in any combination with other features and elements. Furthermore, the methods described herein can be implemented in a computer program, software, or firmware incorporated into a computer-readable medium for execution by a computer or processor. Examples of computer-readable media include electronic signals (transmitted over a wired or wireless connection) and computer-readable storage media. Examples of computer-readable storage media include, but are not limited to, read-only memory (ROM), random access memory (RAM), registers, cache memory, semiconductor memory devices, magnetic media (such as internal hard disks and removable disks), magneto-optical media, and optical media (such as CD-ROMs) and digital versatile optical discs (DVDs). The processor associated with the software can be used to implement a radio frequency transceiver for use in a WTRU, UE, terminal, base station, RNC, or any host computer.

Claims

1. An apparatus for video decoding, the apparatus comprising: The processor is configured as follows: Determine whether to enable merge transformation mode for the block; Based on the determination, the transformation information associated with the merged block is copied; as well as The block is decoded based on the transformation information associated with the merged block.

2. The device of claim 1, wherein the transformation information associated with the merging block includes one or more of the following: a multi-transform selection (MTS) flag indicating the use of trigonometric transformation and an MTS index indicating the transform pair.

3. The device of claim 1, wherein the transform information associated with the merged block includes one or more of the following: an LFNST flag indicating whether a low-frequency inseparable transform (LFNST) is applied to the block and an LFNST index indicating the transform core.

4. The device of claim 1, wherein the transformation information associated with the merged block includes a joint CbCr flag indicating the use of joint chromatic blue-chromatic red (CbCr) for the block.

5. The device of claim 1, wherein the transformation information associated with the merged block includes a sub-block transformation indicating the application of a sub-block transformation to the block.

6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the processor is further configured to receive a merge transformation mode flag indicating that the merge transformation mode is enabled, and wherein determining that the merge transformation mode is enabled for the block is based on the merge transformation mode flag.

7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the merged block is an intra-block, the transform information associated with the merged block includes an intra-prediction mode associated with the merged block, and wherein the processor is further configured to use the intra-prediction mode as a Virtual Intra-Prediction Mode (VIPM) for the block.

8. The device of claim 1, wherein the merging transformation mode includes a merging skip mode, the block is a first block, and the processor is further configured to: The transformation information associated with the merged block is copied for the second block; and The second block is decoded based on the transformation information associated with the merged block.

9. The device of claim 1, wherein the processor is further configured to select the merge block from a plurality of merge candidates.

10. The device of any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein an inter-block copy (IBC) merging mode is enabled for the block.

11. An apparatus for video encoding, the apparatus comprising: The processor is configured as follows: Determine whether to enable merge transformation mode for the block; Based on the determination, the transformation information associated with the merged block is copied; as well as The block is encoded based on the transformation information associated with the merged block.

12. The device of claim 11, wherein the transformation information associated with the merging block includes one or more of the following: a multi-transform selection (MTS) flag indicating the use of trigonometric transformation and an MTS index indicating the transform pair.

13. The device of claim 11, wherein the transform information associated with the merged block includes one or more of the following: an LFNST flag indicating whether a low-frequency inseparable transform (LFNST) is applied to the block and an LFNST index indicating the transform core.

14. The device of claim 11, wherein the transformation information associated with the merged block includes a joint CbCr flag indicating the use of joint chromatic blue-chromatic red (CbCr) for the block.

15. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the transformation information associated with the merged block includes a sub-block transformation indicating the application of a sub-block transformation to the block.

16. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the processor is further configured to receive a merge transformation mode flag indicating that the merge transformation mode is enabled, and wherein determining that the merge transformation mode is enabled for the block is based on the merge transformation mode flag.

17. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the merged block is an intra-block, the transform information associated with the merged block includes an intra-prediction mode associated with the merged block, and wherein the processor is further configured to use the intra-prediction mode as a Virtual Intra-Prediction Mode (VIPM) for the block.

18. The device of claim 11, wherein the merging transformation mode includes a merging skip mode, the block is a first block, and the processor is further configured to: The transformation information associated with the merged block is copied for the second block; and The second block is encoded based on the transformation information associated with the merged block.

19. The device of claim 11, wherein the processor is further configured to select the merge block from a plurality of merge candidates.

20. The device of any one of claims 11 to 19, wherein an inter-block copy (IBC) merging mode is enabled for the block.

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