Steel wire rope stress monitoring device

Abstract

The utility model relates to the technical field of cableways, and provides a steel wire rope stress monitoring device which comprises an angle monitoring assembly, a force measuring assembly and a force pre-applying module, and the angle monitoring assembly is suitable for abutting against a steel wire rope from bottom to top; the force measuring assembly is arranged below the angle monitoring assembly and connected with the angle monitoring assembly, and the force measuring assembly is used for monitoring the pressure borne by the force measuring assembly; the force pre-applying module is arranged below the force measuring assembly and is used for assisting the force measuring assembly in zero setting. According to the steel wire rope stress monitoring device provided by the utility model, the steel wire rope stress monitoring device is in direct contact with the steel wire rope, and the accurate stress value of the steel wire rope can be obtained through simple calculation by measuring the inclination angle of the steel wire rope and the component force corresponding to the angle, so that the local stress condition of the steel wire rope can be accurately reflected; and the accuracy and comprehensiveness of stress monitoring of the steel wire rope in the cableway line are improved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The utility model relates to the technical field of cableways, in particular to a wire rope force monitoring device. Background Art

[0002] The wire rope is called the "lifeline" of the passenger ropeway. It plays a role in bearing and traction during the operation of the ropeway. The tension it is subjected to is its key working parameter. When the tension on the wire rope is too large, it will affect the service life of the wire rope. In severe cases, it will cause the wires or even strands of the wire rope to break. If the tension on the wire rope is too small, it will cause the strands of the wire rope to loosen and affect the overall stress of the ropeway line. Currently, the tension on the wire rope is mainly reflected to a certain extent by monitoring the weight stroke or tensioning oil pressure at the tensioning end. This method can only monitor the approximate range of the force and cannot accurately correspond to the specific force value; it can only roughly monitor the overall force of the line and cannot accurately reflect the actual local force of the wire rope. Utility Model Content

[0003] The embodiment of the utility model provides a wire rope force monitoring device to solve the defect in the prior art that the actual local force condition of the wire rope cannot be accurately reflected. Since the wire rope force monitoring device in the embodiment of the utility model is in direct contact with the wire rope, the accurate force value of the wire rope can be obtained by simple calculation by measuring the inclination angle of the wire rope and the component force corresponding to the angle. In this way, the local force condition of the wire rope can be accurately reflected, and the accuracy and comprehensiveness of the wire rope force monitoring in the cableway line are improved.

[0004] The wire rope force monitoring device provided by the embodiment of the utility model comprises:

[0005] An angle monitoring assembly, adapted to abut against the wire rope from bottom to top;

[0006] A force measuring assembly, the force measuring assembly is arranged below the angle monitoring assembly and connected to the angle monitoring assembly, and the force measuring assembly is used to monitor the pressure borne by the force measuring assembly;

[0007] A pre-force module is arranged below the force measuring assembly and is used to assist the force measuring assembly in zeroing.

[0008] According to the wire rope force monitoring device provided by the embodiment of the utility model, the angle monitoring component includes:

[0009] An angle monitoring body, the upper surface of which is provided with an abutment portion, the abutment portion being used to abut against the steel wire rope; an angle sensor, which is provided on the angle monitoring body and is used to monitor the angle between the steel wire rope and a horizontal plane.

[0010] According to the wire rope force monitoring device provided by the embodiment of the utility model, the abutment portion includes a limiting groove, the limiting groove extends along the length direction of the wire rope, and the limiting groove is used to limit the movement of the wire rope.

[0011] The wire rope force monitoring device provided according to the embodiment of the utility model also includes an abutment member, which is arranged on the abutment portion and is detachably connected to the abutment portion. A side of the abutment member facing away from the abutment portion is provided with a limiting groove matching the wire rope, and the limiting groove extends along the length direction of the wire rope.

[0012] According to the wire rope force monitoring device provided by the embodiment of the utility model, the angle monitoring component is rotatably connected to the force measuring component.

[0013] The wire rope force monitoring device provided according to the embodiment of the utility model further includes a hinge, and the angle monitoring component is suitable for being rotatably connected to the force measuring component through the hinge.

[0014] According to the wire rope force monitoring device provided by the embodiment of the utility model, the force measuring component includes:

[0015] A force monitoring body is disposed below the angle monitoring component and connected to the angle monitoring component;

[0016] The force measuring module is arranged on the force monitoring body and is used to monitor the pressure borne by the force monitoring body.

[0017] According to the wire rope force monitoring device provided by the embodiment of the utility model, the force measuring component also includes an angle measurement module, the angle measurement module is arranged on the force monitoring body, and the angle measurement module is used to monitor the angle between the force monitoring body and the horizontal plane.

[0018] The wire rope force monitoring device provided according to the embodiment of the utility model also includes a leveling device, which is arranged below the force measuring component and is used to adjust the angle between the force measuring component and the horizontal plane.

[0019] The wire rope force monitoring device provided by the embodiment of the utility model makes the angle monitoring component abut against the bottom of the wire rope, and arranges a force measuring component below the angle monitoring component. In this way, during use, the inclination angle of the wire rope is monitored by the angle monitoring component, and the pressure borne by the force measuring component is monitored by the force measuring component. Simple trigonometric function calculation can easily obtain the actual force of the wire rope; in addition, the wire rope force monitoring device provided by the embodiment of the utility model arranges a pre-stressing module below the force measuring component, and the pre-stressing module can assist the force measuring component in zeroing. In this way, after the force measuring component is zeroed, if the internal stress of the wire rope changes, the force measuring component can directly reflect the change in the stress, so that the force change of the wire rope can be made more direct and clear; furthermore, too many calculation steps will lead to a large error in the final result. The force measuring component is zeroed by pre-stressing, which can reduce the calculation steps of the change in the stress in the wire rope and reduce the calculation error of the change.

[0020] Compared with the prior art, the wire rope force monitoring device provided in the embodiment of the utility model can obtain the accurate force value of the wire rope by simple calculation by measuring the inclination angle of the wire rope and the component force corresponding to the angle; in addition, the wire rope force monitoring device is in direct contact with the wire rope, which can accurately reflect the local force condition of the wire rope, greatly improving the accuracy and comprehensiveness of wire rope force monitoring in the cableway line, and can provide strong technical data support for the safety monitoring of the passenger cableway, that is, greatly improving the safety of the passenger cableway. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0021] In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the present invention or the prior art, the drawings required for use in the embodiments or the description of the prior art will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are some embodiments of the present invention. For ordinary technicians in this field, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without paying creative work.

[0022] Figure 1 It is a schematic diagram of the overall structure of the wire rope force monitoring device provided by the embodiment of the utility model;

[0023] Figure 2 This is one of the principle schematic diagrams of the wire rope force monitoring device provided by the embodiment of the utility model;

[0024] Figure 3 This is the second principle schematic diagram of the wire rope force monitoring device provided in the embodiment of the utility model.

[0025] Reference numerals:

[0026] 100: Angle monitoring component; 110: Angle monitoring body; 120: Angle sensor; 200: Force measuring component; 210: Force monitoring body; 220: Angle measuring module; 300: Articulated part; 400: Pre-stressing module; 500: Leveling device. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0027] In order to make the purpose, technical solution and advantages of the utility model clearer, the technical solution of the utility model will be clearly and completely described below in conjunction with the drawings in the utility model. Obviously, the described embodiments are part of the embodiments of the utility model, not all of the embodiments. Based on the embodiments in the utility model, all other embodiments obtained by ordinary technicians in this field without creative work are within the scope of protection of the utility model.

[0028] In the description of the embodiments of the present application, it should be noted that, unless otherwise clearly specified and limited, the terms "connected" and "connection" should be understood in a broad sense, for example, it can be a fixed connection, a detachable connection, or an integral connection; it can be a mechanical connection or an electrical connection; it can be directly connected or indirectly connected through an intermediate medium. For ordinary technicians in this field, the specific meanings of the above terms in the embodiments of the present application can be understood according to specific circumstances.

[0029] In the embodiments of the present application, unless otherwise clearly specified and limited, a first feature being "above" or "below" a second feature may mean that the first and second features are in direct contact, or the first and second features are in indirect contact through an intermediate medium. Moreover, a first feature being "above", "above" or "above" a second feature may mean that the first feature is directly above or obliquely above the second feature, or simply means that the first feature is higher in level than the second feature. A first feature being "below", "below" or "below" a second feature may mean that the first feature is directly below or obliquely below the second feature, or simply means that the first feature is lower in level than the second feature.

[0030] In the description of this specification, the description with reference to the terms "one embodiment", "some embodiments", "example", "specific example", or "some examples" etc. means that the specific features, structures, materials or characteristics described in conjunction with the embodiment or example are included in at least one embodiment or example of the embodiments of the present application. In this specification, the schematic representations of the above terms do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment or example. Moreover, the specific features, structures, materials or characteristics described may be combined in any one or more embodiments or examples in a suitable manner. In addition, those skilled in the art may combine and combine the different embodiments or examples described in this specification and the features of the different embodiments or examples, without contradiction.

[0031] Figure 1 It is a schematic diagram of the overall structure of the wire rope force monitoring device provided by the embodiment of the utility model; Figure 2 It is one of the principle schematic diagrams of the wire rope force monitoring device provided in the embodiment of the utility model.

[0032] See also Figure 1 The utility model provides a wire rope force monitoring device, the monitoring device includes an angle monitoring component 100 and a force measuring component 200, the force measuring component 200 is arranged below the angle monitoring component 100 and connected to the angle monitoring component 100, and the end of the force measuring component 200 away from the angle monitoring component 100 abuts on a supporting platform. It should be noted that the supporting platform here can be the ground, or a supporting frame in the middle of a cableway, etc. The supporting platform can provide a supporting point for the force measuring component 200. In the use state, the wire rope is normally set at an angle, and the angle monitoring component 100 is suitable for abutting against the bottom of the wire rope from bottom to top. The force on the wire rope will be transmitted to the angle monitoring component 100, and the force measuring component 200 arranged below the angle monitoring component 100 can monitor the pressure on the force measuring component 200.

[0033] See also Figure 2 After the angle monitoring component 100 is in contact with the wire rope, the angle α between the wire rope and the horizontal plane can be read. It is easy to understand that the force in the direction B in the figure is read by the force measuring component 200. From the Pythagorean theorem, it can be known that the actual force on the wire rope, that is, the force in the direction Α in the figure is equal to the force in the direction B divided by the sine value of the angle α.

[0034] It can be understood that the wire rope force monitoring device provided by the embodiment of the utility model allows the angle monitoring component 100 to abut against the bottom of the wire rope, and a force measuring component 200 is arranged below the angle monitoring component 100. In this way, during use, the inclination angle of the wire rope is monitored by the angle monitoring component 100, and the pressure borne by the force measuring component 200 is monitored by the force measuring component 200. Simple trigonometric function calculations can easily determine the actual force of the wire rope.

[0035] Compared with the prior art, the wire rope force monitoring device provided in the embodiment of the utility model can obtain the accurate force value of the wire rope by simple calculation by measuring the inclination angle of the wire rope and the component force corresponding to the angle; in addition, the wire rope force monitoring device is in direct contact with the wire rope, which can accurately reflect the local force condition of the wire rope, greatly improving the accuracy and comprehensiveness of wire rope force monitoring in the cableway line, and can provide strong technical data support for the safety monitoring of the passenger cableway, that is, greatly improving the safety of the passenger cableway.

[0036] Continue reading Figure 2In an optional embodiment of the utility model, the angle monitoring assembly 100 includes an angle monitoring body 110 and an angle sensor 120, wherein the upper surface of the angle monitoring body 110 is provided with an abutment portion, and during use, the abutment portion is suitable for abutting against the bottom of the wire rope, and the angle sensor 120 is arranged on the angle monitoring body 110, and the angle sensor 120 is used to monitor the angle α between the angle monitoring body 110 and the horizontal plane, that is, to monitor the angle α between the wire rope and the horizontal plane. It can be understood that the angle sensor 120 is easy to obtain, and such a setting can greatly reduce the manufacturing cost of the angle monitoring assembly 100.

[0037] In an optional embodiment of the utility model, the abutment portion includes a limit groove, which extends along the length direction of the wire rope, and openings are provided at both ends of the limit groove. During the use of the wire rope force monitoring device, the limit groove can form a semi-enclosed structure from the bottom of the wire rope, wrapping the wire rope from bottom to top. From another perspective, the cross-sectional shape of the limit groove is "C"-shaped. It can be understood that during use, such a structure can well limit the left and right swing of the wire rope, that is, limit the movement of the wire rope along the direction perpendicular to the axis of the angle monitoring body 110, which can prevent the wire rope from slipping out of the abutment portion, and can avoid the influence of the wire rope movement on the measurement data. In other words, the monitoring accuracy of the wire rope force monitoring device can be improved.

[0038] In an optional embodiment of the utility model, an abutment piece is further included, and the abutment piece is arranged on the abutment portion, and the abutment piece and the abutment portion are detachably connected. There are many ways of detachable connection. For example, a buckle can be provided on one of the abutment portion and the abutment piece, and a slot can be provided on the other. Through the cooperation of the buckle and the slot, the abutment portion and the abutment piece can be connected to each other; the abutment portion and the abutment piece can also be fastened by fasteners such as bolts and screws; the abutment piece can also be bonded to the abutment portion by an adhesive. There are many ways of detachable connection, which are not listed one by one in this article.

[0039] A side of the abutment piece facing away from the abutment portion is provided with a limiting groove matching the wire rope, and the limiting groove extends along the length direction of the wire rope, and the structure of the limiting groove is similar to the aforementioned limiting groove; in an optional embodiment of the utility model, a plurality of abutment pieces of different types can be prefabricated, so that when faced with wire ropes of different types and sizes, a suitable abutment piece can be selected according to the type of the wire rope to be monitored, and through simple replacement, the wire rope force monitoring device can meet the use requirements of wire ropes of different types and sizes. It can be understood that by providing an abutment piece, the versatility and practicality of the wire rope force monitoring device can be improved, so that the wire rope force monitoring device can be used in more complex working environments.

[0040] Continue reading Figure 1In an optional embodiment of the utility model, the angle monitoring component 100 and the force measuring component 200 are rotationally connected. There are many ways of rotational connection. For example, a hinge 300 can be set to enable the angle monitoring component 100 and the force measuring component 200 to be rotationally connected by hinged connection. The rotational connection can also be achieved by pivoting, universal joint connection or universal shaft connection. Specifically, it can be adaptively selected according to actual conditions.

[0041] The actual application environment of the wire rope force monitoring device is relatively complex. For example, when the bottom support platform is uneven or at a certain angle, the wire rope force monitoring device may not be used, or the angle monitoring of the angle monitoring component 100 may be affected; or, when the inclination angle of the wire rope in the actual environment deviates greatly from the preset angle between the angle monitoring component 100 and the force measuring component 200, the wire rope force monitoring device may not be used, or the angle monitoring of the angle monitoring component 100 may be affected. It can be understood that by setting the angle monitoring component 1 00 is rotatably connected with the force measuring component 200. When the angle monitoring component 100 abuts against the wire rope, it can be deflected according to the actual inclination angle of the wire rope. This can improve the practicability of the wire rope force monitoring device. By simply changing the angle between the angle monitoring component 100 and the force measuring component 200, the problem that the wire rope force monitoring device cannot be used due to the above-mentioned reasons can be avoided. The fit between the angle monitoring component 100 and the wire rope can be greatly improved, and the accuracy of the angle monitoring component 100 in monitoring the inclination angle of the wire rope is improved.

[0042] In an optional embodiment of the present utility model, the force measuring component 200 includes a force monitoring body 210 and a force measuring module. The force monitoring body 210 is arranged below the angle monitoring component 100 and connected to the angle monitoring component 100. The force measuring module is arranged on the force monitoring body 210. The force measuring module is used to monitor the pressure borne by the force monitoring body 210. During the actual use of the wire rope force monitoring device, the component force of the stress in the wire rope can be transmitted to the force monitoring body 210 through the angle monitoring component 100. The component force is obtained by the force measuring module, and the force of the wire rope can be calculated.

[0043] Figure 3 This is the second principle schematic diagram of the wire rope force monitoring device provided in the embodiment of the utility model.

[0044] See also Figures 1 to 3In an optional embodiment of the present invention, the force measuring assembly 200 further includes an angle measuring module 220, which is disposed on the force monitoring body 210 and is used to monitor the angle between the force monitoring body 210 and the horizontal plane. Due to the complexity of the actual environment, the force measuring assembly 200 may not be perpendicular to the horizontal plane. In other words, the force measuring assembly 200 may not be perpendicular to the supporting platform. In this case, even if the force component transmitted by the wire rope can be monitored by the force measuring module, it is difficult to calculate the force condition of the wire rope itself. Figure 3 It can be understood that by setting the angle measurement module 220 on the force monitoring body 210, the angle α1 between the force monitoring body 210 and the horizontal plane can be monitored by the angle measurement module 220, and the angle α2 between the wire rope and the horizontal plane can be monitored by the angle monitoring component 100. The angle α between the auxiliary line perpendicular to the force measuring component 200 and the wire rope can be obtained by simple calculation. Based on the calculation formula that the force Α on the wire rope is equal to the component force B divided by the sine value of the angle α, the force on the wire rope can be obtained. In this way, even if the force measuring component 200 and the horizontal plane are not perpendicular to each other, the wire rope force monitoring device can also monitor the force state of the wire rope. In other words, by setting the angle measurement module 220, the versatility and adaptability of the wire rope force monitoring device can be improved, so that it can be used in more complex working environments.

[0045] Continue reading Figure 1 In an optional embodiment of the utility model, the wire rope force monitoring device further includes a pre-stressing module 400, which is arranged below the force measuring assembly 200. The pre-stressing module 400 can specifically adopt a jack, a hydraulic telescopic device or a threaded adjustment device, etc. During use, when the wire rope force monitoring device is installed below the wire rope, an upward supporting force can be generated by the pre-stressing module 400. It can be understood that in this state, the force measuring assembly 200 will be subjected to two forces in opposite directions, namely the downward component of the wire rope and the upward supporting force generated by the pre-stressing module 400. By adjusting the pre-stressing module The supporting force generated by 400 is large enough to make the supporting force and the component force equal, so that the force measuring component 200 can have a balance point where the force is zero. In other words, it is the zeroing process of the force measuring component 200. After the force measuring component 200 is zeroed, if the internal stress of the wire rope changes, the force measuring component 200 can directly reflect the change in the stress. In this way, the force change of the wire rope can be made more direct and clear. Furthermore, too many calculation steps will lead to a large error in the final result. By pre-applying supporting force to zero the force measuring component 200, the calculation steps of the stress change in the wire rope can be reduced, thereby reducing the calculation error of the change.

[0046] Continue reading Figure 1In an optional embodiment of the utility model, the wire rope force monitoring device includes a leveling device 500, and the leveling device 500 is arranged at the lower end of the force measuring component 200. The leveling device 500 is used to adjust the angle between the force measuring component 200 and the horizontal plane. In other words, it adjusts the verticality of the force measuring component 200. It can be understood that by adjusting the verticality of the force measuring component 200 by the leveling device 500, the influence of objective factors such as the supporting platform on the angle between the force measuring component 200 and the horizontal plane can be avoided, and the accuracy of the wire rope force monitoring device in monitoring the wire rope force can be improved.

[0047] The following is a method for using the wire rope force monitoring device provided by the embodiment of the utility model:

[0048] 1. Select the abutment that matches the model of the wire rope to be tested, and install the abutment on the wire rope force monitoring device;

[0049] 2. Place the wire rope force monitoring device below the wire rope, so that the angle monitoring assembly 100 abuts against the wire rope from bottom to top;

[0050] 3. Move the wire rope force monitoring device to make the leveling device 500 abut against the supporting platform;

[0051] 4. Adjust the angle of the angle monitoring assembly 100 or adjust the leveling device 500 so that the limiting groove on the abutment member is completely in contact with the wire rope;

[0052] 5. Reset the force measuring module to zero through the pre-stressing module 400;

[0053] 6. Set the monitoring threshold of the force measurement module;

[0054] 7. Real-time recording of the component force value monitored by the force measuring module, the angle α2 between the steel wire rope and the horizontal plane monitored by the angle sensor 120, and the angle α1 between the force monitoring body 210 and the horizontal plane monitored by the angle measurement module 220;

[0055] 8. Calculate the force on the wire rope.

[0056] It should be noted that by setting the monitoring threshold of the force measuring module, an early warning effect can be achieved. By setting an alarm device, such as a buzzer alarm, when the force monitored by the force measuring module exceeds or is less than the monitoring threshold, the controller can promptly issue an alarm message through the alarm device.

[0057] Wire rope force monitoring device principle decomposition:

[0058] like Figure 2 As shown in the figure, Α represents the tension on the wire rope, and B is the measured force in the other direction (i.e., the value measured by the force measurement module). According to the principle of force decomposition, Α=B / sinα;

[0059] In actual measurement, the measurement relationship is as follows Figure 3 As shown, the absolute angle α1 of B can be measured by the angle measurement module 220, and the absolute angle α2 of A can be measured by the angle sensor 120, then α=90°-α1+α2.

[0060] From the above, we can conclude that the tension on the wire rope is Α=B / sin(90°-α1+α2).

[0061] It should be noted that the technical solutions in various embodiments of the present utility model can be combined with each other, but the basis for the mutual combination is that it can be implemented by ordinary technicians in the field; when the combination of technical solutions is contradictory or cannot be implemented, it should be deemed that such combination of technical solutions does not exist, that is, it does not belong to the protection scope of the present utility model.

[0062] Finally, it should be noted that the above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solutions of the utility model, rather than to limit it. Although the utility model has been described in detail with reference to the aforementioned embodiments, those skilled in the art should understand that they can still modify the technical solutions described in the aforementioned embodiments, or make equivalent replacements for some of the technical features therein. However, these modifications or replacements do not deviate the essence of the corresponding technical solutions from the spirit and scope of the technical solutions of the various embodiments of the utility model.

Claims

1. A wire rope force monitoring device, characterized in that: include: An angle monitoring assembly (100) adapted to abut against the steel wire rope from bottom to top; A force measuring assembly (200), wherein the force measuring assembly (200) is arranged below the angle monitoring assembly (100) and is connected to the angle monitoring assembly (100), and the force measuring assembly (200) is used to monitor the pressure borne by the force measuring assembly (200); and a pre-force module (400), wherein the pre-force module (400) is arranged below the force measuring assembly (200), and the pre-force module (400) is used to assist the force measuring assembly (200) in performing zero adjustment.

2. The wire rope force monitoring device according to claim 1, characterized in that: The angle monitoring component (100) comprises: An angle monitoring body (110), wherein an abutment portion is provided on the upper surface of the angle monitoring body (110), and the abutment portion is used to abut against the steel wire rope; An angle sensor (120) is provided on the angle monitoring body (110) and is used to monitor the angle between the steel wire rope and the horizontal plane.

3. The wire rope force monitoring device according to claim 2, characterized in that: The abutting portion comprises a limiting groove, the limiting groove extends along the length direction of the steel wire rope, and the limiting groove is used to limit the movement of the steel wire rope.

4. The wire rope force monitoring device according to claim 2, characterized in that: It also includes an abutment member, which is arranged on the abutment portion and detachably connected to the abutment portion. A side of the abutment member facing away from the abutment portion is provided with a limiting groove matching the steel wire rope, and the limiting groove extends along the length direction of the steel wire rope.

5. The wire rope force monitoring device according to claim 1, characterized in that: The angle monitoring component (100) is rotationally connected to the force measuring component (200).

6. The wire rope force monitoring device according to claim 5, characterized in that: It also includes a hinge (300), and the angle monitoring component (100) is suitable for being rotatably connected to the force measuring component (200) through the hinge (300).

7. The wire rope force monitoring device according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that: The force measuring assembly (200) comprises: A force monitoring body (210) is disposed below the angle monitoring component (100) and connected to the angle monitoring component (100); The force measuring module is arranged on the force monitoring body (210) and is used to monitor the pressure borne by the force monitoring body (210).

8. The wire rope force monitoring device according to claim 7, characterized in that: The force measuring assembly (200) further comprises an angle measuring module (220), wherein the angle measuring module (220) is arranged on the force monitoring body (210), and the angle measuring module (220) is used to monitor the angle between the force monitoring body (210) and a horizontal plane.

9. The wire rope force monitoring device according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that: It also comprises a leveling device (500), wherein the leveling device (500) is arranged below the force measuring assembly (200), and the leveling device (500) is used to adjust the angle between the force measuring assembly (200) and a horizontal plane.

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