Laser processing flip positioning platform
By designing a laser processing flip positioning platform, the coordinated work of the support platform components, positioning rotation mechanisms, belt slide platform components and power transmission components is solved, and the problem that traditional platforms cannot achieve double-sided processing is achieved, achieving efficient and flexible laser processing.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- CN202421511709.3
- Authority / Receiving Office
- CN · China
- Patent Type
- Utility models(China)
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-06-28
- Publication Date
- 2025-04-11
- Estimated Expiration
- 2034-06-28
AI Technical Summary
Traditional laser processing positioning platforms cannot meet the demand for double-sided processing of products, resulting in frequent disassembly and repositioning of products, reducing processing efficiency and increasing costs.
A laser processing flip positioning platform is designed, including a support platform assembly, a positioning rotation mechanism, a belt slide platform assembly and a power transmission assembly. Through the coordinated work of these components, rapid flip and double-sided processing of the product can be achieved.
It realizes rapid flip and double-sided processing of products, improves the efficiency and flexibility of laser processing, adapts to products of different shapes and sizes, and reduces operational difficulty and labor costs.
Smart Images

Figure CN222740581U_ABST
Abstract
Description
Technical Field
[0001] The utility model relates to the technical field of laser processing equipment, in particular to a laser processing flip positioning platform. Background Art
[0002] During the laser processing process, it is usually necessary to process the product (such as PCB board) on multiple sides or at different positions. In order to achieve this goal, a positioning platform is needed to fix and adjust the position of the product.
[0003] Traditional positioning platforms can usually only move and position in one plane, which cannot meet the needs of double-sided processing of products. This leads to the need to frequently disassemble and reposition products during laser processing, thereby reducing processing efficiency and increasing processing procedures and costs. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the existing technology to overcome the defects in the existing technology. Utility Model Content
[0004] The purpose of the utility model is to provide a laser processing flip positioning platform to solve the problems existing in the prior art, to be able to quickly flip the product, to achieve double-sided processing, and to improve the efficiency and flexibility of laser processing.
[0005] The technical solution adopted by the utility model to solve its technical problems is: a laser processing flipping positioning platform, comprising: a supporting platform assembly, a positioning and rotating mechanism, a belt slide assembly and a power transmission assembly, the supporting platform assembly and the positioning and rotating mechanism are both slidably mounted on the belt slide assembly, and can be driven by the power transmission assembly to synchronously reciprocate along the belt slide assembly, and the supporting platform assembly is provided with a first power device for driving itself to reciprocate along the belt slide assembly alone; the positioning and rotating mechanism comprises two positioning and rotating modules that are relatively distributed at intervals, the two positioning and rotating modules are used to clamp the product and can drive the product to flip, one of the positioning and rotating modules is provided with a second power device, the second power device is used to drive the positioning and rotating module to move, so as to adjust the distance between the two positioning and rotating modules; the supporting platform assembly comprises a platform for carrying products and a lifting drive device, the platform is located between the two positioning and rotating modules, and the lifting drive device is used to drive the platform to perform lifting movements.
[0006] As a further improvement of the utility model, the belt slide assembly includes a support frame and an upper synchronous pulley transmission assembly and a lower synchronous pulley transmission assembly which are rotatably installed at the upper and lower ends of the support frame along the length direction of the support frame respectively. The upper and lower ends of the support frame are fixed with slide rails along their length direction. The support platform assembly is slidably installed on the slide rail located at the lower end of the support frame and is connected to the lower synchronous pulley transmission assembly. The two positioning rotation modules are slidably installed on the slide rail located at the upper end of the support frame and are connected to the upper synchronous pulley transmission assembly.
[0007] As a further improvement of the present invention, the power transmission assembly includes a driving motor and a main synchronous belt pulley transmission assembly, and the main synchronous belt pulley transmission assembly is respectively connected to the upper synchronous belt pulley transmission assembly and the lower synchronous belt pulley transmission assembly through two main transmission shafts, and the driving motor is used to drive the main synchronous belt pulley transmission assembly to drive the upper synchronous belt pulley transmission assembly and the lower synchronous belt pulley transmission assembly to rotate synchronously.
[0008] As a further improvement of the present invention, the supporting platform assembly also includes a platform base, and the platform is slidably mounted above the platform base through a plurality of guide columns; the lifting drive device includes a cylinder, and the cylinder is fixedly mounted on the platform base in a vertical direction and connected to the platform.
[0009] As a further improvement of the utility model, a first synchronous wheel and a plurality of first transition wheels are rotatably mounted on the outer side surface of the platform base, and the lower synchronous belt in the lower synchronous belt pulley transmission assembly is wound around the first synchronous wheel and the plurality of first transition wheels; the first power device includes a first motor, and the first motor is connected to the first synchronous wheel through a first transmission shaft.
[0010] As a further improvement of the present invention, the positioning and rotating module includes a positioning base, a third motor fixedly mounted on the positioning base, and a clamping assembly for clamping the product, and the third motor is used to drive the clamping assembly to perform rotational motion.
[0011] As a further improvement of the present invention, the clamping assembly includes a finger cylinder and two flip clamps installed on the finger cylinder, and a plurality of clamping heads are installed on both of the flip clamps.
[0012] As a further improvement of the present utility model, a second synchronous wheel and a plurality of second filter wheels are rotatably mounted on the positioning base of one of the positioning rotating modules, and the upper synchronous belt in the upper synchronous belt pulley transmission assembly is wound around the second synchronous wheel and the plurality of second filter wheels; the second power device includes a second motor, and the second motor is connected to the second synchronous wheel through a second transmission shaft.
[0013] As a further improvement of the present invention, the positioning base of the other positioning rotating module is fixedly connected to the upper synchronous belt through a synchronous belt pressure plate.
[0014] As a further improvement of the utility model, two of the upper synchronous belt pulley transmission assemblies and two of the lower synchronous belt pulley transmission assemblies are provided, and the two upper synchronous belt pulley transmission assemblies and the two lower synchronous belt pulley transmission assemblies are connected by a third transmission shaft, and one upper synchronous belt pulley transmission assembly and one lower synchronous belt pulley transmission assembly are respectively installed on the front and rear sides of the support frame.
[0015] The beneficial effects of the utility model are as follows: the utility model provides a laser processing flipping positioning platform, which carries products through a support platform component. The support platform component can perform lifting movements and can be driven independently to avoid interference with product flipping. At the same time, the platform supports products to make the products evenly distributed to ensure laser processing accuracy. The support platform component carries the products and is driven by a power transmission component to move to the laser processing station. When the front side of the product is processed, a positioning and rotating mechanism is used to clamp the product and quickly flip the product to achieve double-sided processing of the product, thereby reducing processing time and greatly improving production efficiency. It can adapt to products of different shapes and sizes, has high flexibility, and a high degree of automation, which reduces operating difficulty and labor costs. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0016] Figure 1 This is a three-dimensional diagram of the laser processing flip positioning platform of the utility model;
[0017] Figure 2 It is a three-dimensional diagram of the belt slide assembly and the power transmission assembly of the utility model;
[0018] Figure 3 It is a three-dimensional diagram of the power transmission assembly of the utility model;
[0019] Figure 4 It is a three-dimensional diagram of the support platform assembly of the utility model;
[0020] Figure 5 It is a three-dimensional diagram of the positioning and rotating mechanism of the utility model;
[0021] Figure 6 It is a three-dimensional diagram of one of the positioning and rotating modules of the positioning and rotating mechanism of the present invention.
[0022] Combined with the attached drawings, the following description is given:
[0023] 1. Support platform assembly; 11. First motor; 12. Platform; 13. Cylinder;
[0024] 14. Platform base; 15. Guide column; 16. First synchronous wheel; 17. First transition wheel;
[0025] 18. First transmission shaft; 2. Positioning rotation mechanism; 21. Positioning rotation module; 211. Positioning base; 212. Third motor; 213. Finger cylinder; 214. Flipping splint; 215. Clamping head; 22. Second motor; 23. Second synchronous wheel; 24. Second filter wheel; 25. Second transmission shaft; 26. Synchronous belt pressure plate; 3. Belt slide assembly; 31. Support frame; 32. Upper synchronous belt pulley transmission assembly; 321. Upper synchronous belt; 33. Lower synchronous belt pulley transmission assembly; 331. Lower synchronous belt; 34. Slide rail; 35. Third transmission shaft; 4. Power transmission assembly; 41. Drive motor; 42. Main synchronous belt pulley transmission assembly; 43. Main transmission shaft. DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0026] The preferred embodiments of the present invention are described in detail below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
[0027] See also Figures 1 to 6 The utility model provides a laser processing flip positioning platform, including: a support platform component 1, a positioning rotation mechanism 2, a belt slide assembly 3 and a power transmission component 4. The support platform component 1 and the positioning rotation mechanism 2 are both slidably mounted on the belt slide assembly 3, and the support platform component 1 and the positioning rotation mechanism 2 can be driven by the power transmission component 4 to synchronously reciprocate along the belt slide assembly 3. At the same time, a first power device is provided on the support platform component 1, and the first power device can drive the support platform component 1 to reciprocate along the belt slide assembly 3 alone.
[0028] The positioning and rotating mechanism 2 includes two positioning and rotating modules 21 that are spaced and relatively distributed. The two positioning and rotating modules 21 are used to clamp the product and drive the product to flip so as to achieve double-sided processing of the product. A second power device is provided on one of the positioning and rotating modules 21, and the second power device is used to drive the positioning and rotating module 21 to move so as to adjust the distance between the two positioning and rotating modules 21.
[0029] Furthermore, the supporting platform assembly 1 includes a platform 12 for carrying products and a lifting drive device. The platform 12 is located between the two positioning and rotating modules 21. The lifting drive device is used to drive the platform 12 to perform lifting movements.
[0030] After the product to be processed is placed and positioned on the platform 12, the power transmission component 4 drives the support platform component 1 and the positioning rotation mechanism 2 to slide synchronously along the belt slide assembly 3 until the platform 12 carries the product to the laser processing station, and the front of the product is processed first; then the power transmission component 4 drives the support platform component 1 and the positioning rotation mechanism 2 to reset, and one of the positioning rotation modules 21 is driven by the second power device to move toward the other positioning rotation module 21, and then the two positioning rotation modules 21 clamp the two sides of the product; at the same time, the lifting drive device drives the platform 12 to descend, and the first power device drives The support platform assembly 1 slides to move the platform 12 away from the bottom of the product to avoid interfering with the product flipping; then the two positioning rotation modules 21 drive the product to flip 180 degrees, and the first power device drives the support platform assembly 1 to slide to return the platform 12 to the bottom of the product, and then the lifting drive device drives the platform 12 to lift the supporting product upward; finally, the two positioning rotation modules 21 release the product and reset, and the power transmission assembly 4 drives the support platform assembly 1 and the positioning rotation mechanism 2 to slide synchronously along the belt slide assembly 3 until the platform 12 carries the product to the laser processing station to process the back of the product.
[0031] The utility model carries products via a support platform assembly 1, which can be lifted and lowered, and driven independently to avoid interference with product flipping. At the same time, the platform 12 supports products so that the products are evenly distributed to ensure laser processing accuracy. The support platform assembly 1 carries the products and is driven by a power transmission assembly 4 to move to a laser processing station. When the front processing of the product is completed, a positioning and rotating mechanism 2 is used to clamp the product and quickly flip the product to achieve double-sided processing of the product, thereby reducing processing time and greatly improving production efficiency. The utility model can adapt to products of different shapes and sizes, has high flexibility, and has a high degree of automation, which reduces operating difficulty and labor costs.
[0032] See also Figure 2 The belt slide assembly 3 includes a support frame 31 and an upper synchronous belt pulley transmission assembly 32 and a lower synchronous belt pulley transmission assembly 33 which are rotatably mounted at the upper and lower ends of the support frame 31 along the length direction of the support frame 31 .
[0033] In this embodiment, two upper synchronous belt pulley transmission assemblies 32 and two lower synchronous belt pulley transmission assemblies 33 are provided, and one upper synchronous belt pulley transmission assembly 32 and one lower synchronous belt pulley transmission assembly 33 are respectively installed on the front and rear sides of the support frame 31.
[0034] The two upper synchronous belt pulley transmission assemblies 32 are connected via a third transmission shaft 35 to achieve synchronous rotation; similarly, the two lower synchronous belt pulley transmission assemblies 33 are connected via another third transmission shaft 35 to achieve synchronous rotation.
[0035] Furthermore, slide rails 34 are fixed at the upper and lower ends of the support frame 31 along its length direction. The support platform assembly 1 is slidably installed on the slide rail 34 located at the lower end of the support frame 31 through a slider and is connected to the lower synchronous belt pulley transmission assembly 33; the two positioning rotation modules 21 are slidably installed on the slide rail 34 located at the upper end of the support frame 31 through a slider and are connected to the upper synchronous belt pulley transmission assembly 32.
[0036] See also Figure 2 and Figure 3 The power transmission assembly 4 includes a driving motor 41 and a main synchronous belt pulley transmission assembly 42. The driving motor 41 is installed on the frame of the laser processing equipment through a motor fixing plate. The main synchronous belt pulley transmission assembly 42 is respectively connected to the upper synchronous belt pulley transmission assembly 32 and the lower synchronous belt pulley transmission assembly 33 through two main transmission shafts 43. The driving motor 41 is connected to the main synchronous belt pulley transmission assembly 42. The driving motor 41 is used to drive the main synchronous belt pulley transmission assembly 42 to drive the upper synchronous belt pulley transmission assembly 32 and the lower synchronous belt pulley transmission assembly 33 to rotate synchronously through the two main transmission shafts 43.
[0037] See also Figure 4 The supporting platform assembly 1 further includes a platform base 14, and the platform 12 is slidably mounted above the platform base 14 through a plurality of guide pillars 15. The lifting drive device includes a cylinder 13, which is fixedly mounted on the platform base 14 along the vertical direction and connected to the platform 12, and the cylinder 13 is used to drive the platform 12 to perform lifting motion.
[0038] The first synchronous wheels 16 and the first transition wheels 17 are rotatably mounted on both outer sides of the platform base 14, and the lower synchronous belt 331 in the lower synchronous belt pulley transmission assembly 33 is wound around the first synchronous wheel 16 and the first transition wheels 17. The first synchronous wheels 16 on both sides of the platform base 14 are connected by a first transmission shaft 18.
[0039] The first power device includes a first motor 11 , which is fixedly mounted on the platform base 14 , and a motor shaft of the first motor 11 is transmission-connected to a first transmission shaft 18 via a first synchronous belt pulley transmission assembly.
[0040] In this embodiment, the driving motor 41 and the first motor 11 are both servo motors with a brake function.
[0041] When the first motor 11 is not working, the first synchronous wheel 16 will not rotate under the action of the brake of the first motor 11. Therefore, when the drive motor 41 drives the upper synchronous pulley transmission assembly 32 and the lower synchronous pulley transmission assembly 33 to rotate, the support platform assembly 1 is driven to slide along the belt slide assembly 3 as a whole under the cooperation of the lower synchronous belt 331 and the first synchronous wheel 16.
[0042] When the drive motor 41 is not working, the upper synchronous pulley transmission assembly 32 and the lower synchronous pulley transmission assembly 33 will not rotate under the action of the brake of the drive motor 41, that is, the lower synchronous belt 331 remains fixed. Therefore, when the first motor 11 drives the first synchronous wheel 16 to rotate through the first transmission shaft 18, with the cooperation of the lower synchronous belt 331, the support platform assembly 1 is driven to slide along the belt slide assembly 3 alone.
[0043] See also Figure 5 and Figure 6 The two positioning and rotating modules 21 each include a positioning base 211, a third motor 212 fixedly mounted on the positioning base 211, and a clamping assembly for clamping a product, wherein the third motor 212 is used to drive the clamping assembly to perform a rotational motion.
[0044] The clamping assembly includes a finger cylinder 213 and two flip clamps 214. The finger cylinder 213 is connected to the motor shaft of the third motor 212. The two flip clamps 214 are installed on the finger cylinder 213 and are relatively distributed up and down. A plurality of clamping heads 215 are installed on the two flip clamps 214. The clamping heads 215 can be made of soft rubber to avoid pinching the product. When the finger cylinder 213 drives the two flip clamps 214 to move closer to the middle, the clamping heads 215 on the two flip clamps 214 are used to clamp and fix the product. Then, the third motor 212 drives the finger cylinder 213 and the two flip clamps 214 thereon to drive the product to flip.
[0045] The second synchronous wheels 23 and the second filter wheels 24 are rotatably mounted on both sides of the positioning base 211 of one positioning rotating module 21, and the upper synchronous belt 321 in the upper synchronous belt wheel transmission assembly 32 is wound around the second synchronous wheels 23 and the second filter wheels 24. The second synchronous wheels 23 on both sides of the positioning base 211 are connected by a second transmission shaft 25. The positioning base 211 of the other positioning rotating module 21 is fixedly connected to the upper synchronous belt 321 through a synchronous belt pressing plate 26.
[0046] The second power device includes a second motor 22 , which is fixedly mounted on the positioning base 211 , and a motor shaft of the second motor 22 is transmission-connected to a second transmission shaft 25 via a second synchronous belt pulley transmission assembly.
[0047] In this embodiment, the second motor 22 is also a servo motor with a brake function.
[0048] When the second motor 22 is not working, the second synchronous wheel 23 will not rotate under the action of the brake of the second motor 22. Therefore, when the driving motor 41 drives the upper synchronous pulley transmission assembly 32 and the lower synchronous pulley transmission assembly 33 to rotate, the upper synchronous belt 321 and the second synchronous wheel 23 cooperate to drive one of the corresponding positioning rotation modules 21 to move, and the other positioning rotation module 21 is fixed to the upper synchronous belt 321 by the synchronous belt pressure plate 26, so it will also be driven by the upper synchronous belt 321 to move synchronously.
[0049] When the driving motor 41 is not working, the upper synchronous belt pulley transmission assembly 32 and the lower synchronous belt pulley transmission assembly 33 will not rotate under the action of the brake of the driving motor 41, that is, the upper synchronous belt 321 remains fixed. Therefore, when the second motor 22 drives the second synchronous wheel 23 to rotate through the second transmission shaft 25, with the cooperation of the upper synchronous belt 321, it is possible to drive one of the corresponding positioning rotating modules 21 to slide along the belt slide assembly 3 alone, thereby adjusting the distance between the two positioning rotating modules 21 to facilitate clamping or leaving the product.
[0050] It can be seen that the laser processing flipping and positioning platform of the utility model carries the product through the support platform component 1. The support platform component 1 can perform lifting and lowering movements and can be driven independently to avoid interference with product flipping. At the same time, the product is supported by the platform 12 to make the product evenly distributed to ensure the laser processing accuracy. The support platform component 1 carries the product and is driven by the power transmission component 4 to move to the laser processing station. When the front processing of the product is completed, the positioning and rotating mechanism 2 is used to clamp the product and quickly flip the product to achieve double-sided processing of the product, thereby reducing processing time and greatly improving production efficiency. It can adapt to products of different shapes and sizes, has high flexibility, and a high degree of automation, which reduces operating difficulty and labor costs.
[0051] In the above description, many specific details are described to facilitate a full understanding of the present invention. However, the above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention. The present invention can be implemented in many other ways different from those described herein, so the present invention is not limited by the specific implementation disclosed above. At the same time, any person familiar with the technical field can make many possible changes and modifications to the technical solution of the present invention by using the methods and technical contents disclosed above without departing from the scope of the technical solution of the present invention, or modify it into an equivalent embodiment of equivalent changes. Any simple modification, equivalent change and modification made to the above embodiments based on the technical essence of the present invention without departing from the content of the technical solution of the present invention still falls within the scope of protection of the technical solution of the present invention.
Claims
1. A laser processing flip positioning platform, characterized in that: include: A support platform assembly (1), a positioning and rotating mechanism (2), a belt slide assembly (3) and a power transmission assembly (4); the support platform assembly (1) and the positioning and rotating mechanism (2) are both slidably mounted on the belt slide assembly (3) and can be driven by the power transmission assembly (4) to synchronously reciprocate along the belt slide assembly (3); and the support platform assembly (1) is provided with a first power device for driving itself to independently reciprocate along the belt slide assembly (3); the positioning and rotating mechanism (2) comprises two positioning and rotating modules which are spaced apart and relatively distributed. (21), the two positioning and rotating modules (21) are used to clamp the product and can drive the product to flip, one of the positioning and rotating modules (21) is provided with a second power device, the second power device is used to drive the positioning and rotating module (21) to move, so as to adjust the distance between the two positioning and rotating modules (21); the supporting platform assembly (1) comprises a platform (12) for carrying the product and a lifting drive device, the platform (12) is located between the two positioning and rotating modules (21), and the lifting drive device is used to drive the platform (12) to perform lifting movement.
2. The laser processing flip positioning platform according to claim 1, characterized in that: The belt slide assembly (3) comprises a support frame (31) and an upper synchronous belt pulley transmission assembly (32) and a lower synchronous belt pulley transmission assembly (33) which are rotatably mounted on the upper and lower ends of the support frame (31) along the length direction of the support frame (31), respectively; the upper and lower ends of the support frame (31) are both fixed with slide rails (34) along the length direction thereof; the support platform assembly (1) is slidably mounted on the slide rail (34) located at the lower end of the support frame (31) and is connected to the lower synchronous belt pulley transmission assembly (33); the two positioning rotation modules (21) are both slidably mounted on the slide rail (34) located at the upper end of the support frame (31) and are connected to the upper synchronous belt pulley transmission assembly (32).
3. The laser processing flip positioning platform according to claim 2, characterized in that: The power transmission assembly (4) comprises a driving motor (41) and a main synchronous belt pulley transmission assembly (42); the main synchronous belt pulley transmission assembly (42) is respectively connected to the upper synchronous belt pulley transmission assembly (32) and the lower synchronous belt pulley transmission assembly (33) through two main transmission shafts (43); the driving motor (41) is used to drive the main synchronous belt pulley transmission assembly (42) to drive the upper synchronous belt pulley transmission assembly (32) and the lower synchronous belt pulley transmission assembly (33) to rotate synchronously.
4. The laser processing flip positioning platform according to claim 2, characterized in that: The supporting platform assembly (1) further comprises a platform base (14), and the platform (12) is slidably mounted above the platform base (14) via a plurality of guide columns (15); the lifting drive device comprises a cylinder (13), and the cylinder (13) is fixedly mounted on the platform base (14) in a vertical direction and connected to the platform (12).
5. The laser processing flip positioning platform according to claim 4, characterized in that: A first synchronous wheel (16) and a plurality of first transition wheels (17) are rotatably mounted on the outer side surface of the platform base (14); a lower synchronous belt (331) in the lower synchronous belt pulley transmission assembly (33) is wound around the first synchronous wheel (16) and the plurality of first transition wheels (17); the first power device comprises a first motor (11), and the first motor (11) is connected to the first synchronous wheel (16) via a first transmission shaft (18).
6. The laser processing flip positioning platform according to claim 2, characterized in that: The positioning and rotating module (21) comprises a positioning base (211), a third motor (212) fixedly mounted on the positioning base (211), and a clamping assembly for clamping a product, wherein the third motor (212) is used to drive the clamping assembly to perform a rotational motion.
7. The laser processing flip positioning platform according to claim 6, characterized in that: The clamping assembly comprises a finger cylinder (213) and two flip clamps (214) mounted on the finger cylinder (213), and a plurality of clamping heads (215) are mounted on both of the flip clamps (214).
8. The laser processing flip positioning platform according to claim 6, characterized in that: A second synchronous wheel (23) and a plurality of second filter wheels (24) are rotatably mounted on the positioning base (211) of one of the positioning rotating modules (21); an upper synchronous belt (321) in the upper synchronous belt wheel transmission assembly (32) is wound around the second synchronous wheel (23) and the plurality of second filter wheels (24); and the second power device comprises a second motor (22), and the second motor (22) is connected to the second synchronous wheel (23) via a second transmission shaft (25).
9. The laser processing flip positioning platform according to claim 8, characterized in that: The positioning base (211) of the other positioning rotation module (21) is fixedly connected to the upper synchronous belt (321) via a synchronous belt pressure plate (26).
10. The laser processing flip positioning platform according to claim 2, characterized in that: The upper synchronous belt pulley transmission assembly (32) and the lower synchronous belt pulley transmission assembly (33) are each provided with two, and the two upper synchronous belt pulley transmission assemblies (32) and the two lower synchronous belt pulley transmission assemblies (33) are connected via a third transmission shaft (35), and one upper synchronous belt pulley transmission assembly (32) and one lower synchronous belt pulley transmission assembly (33) are respectively installed on the front and rear sides of the support frame (31).